Wonoasih Villagers’ Awareness Against River Sand Mining

Activity in Wonoasih River Probolinggo

Sueb1, Livia Apriliani

1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas
Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang 05 Malang 65145, Indonesia

Corresponding author: sueb.fmipa@ac.id

Abstract. Sand mining activities have become one of the promising jobs for some people. This
activity can improve the economy of the community because sand is an important raw material
in the world of infrastructure development. However, many mining activities do not pay
attention to environmental sustainability, resulting in a lot of pollution and environmental
problems resulting from mining activities. Sand mining activities in rivers can damage the
surrounding ecosystems and reduce river water quality. Therefore it is important for the
community to begin to realize the dangers of continuous sand mining activities.

Keywords: Sand mining, activity, economy, environment.

1. Introduction
Bromo Mountain is on of any vulcanic mountain which is placed near Probolinggo City, East
Java, Indonesia. Altough it’s status doesn’t as active as before, but in 2016 Bromo Mountain has
erupting it’s cold lava with a lot of sand through every river, include Wonoasih River in Probolinggo
City. Sand, as one of overflow natural resource of mining commodity, used to be staple of
construction material of many infrastructure. In realitym sand mining activity can be a new job field to
increase their economy requirement [1].
Sand mining has done by extracting sand from any environment, like beach, river, etc. When
sand extraction (mining) happened, there will be deposition of stones and all of ground mineral which
is can damage environment thereabouts. Sand mining on river can imbalancing the material in the
river and killed a lot of habitats in that river [2].
Sand mining activity can decrease quality of life and producing wasted. Environment preservation
can be judged from river/ water and air quality also sea recovery.Suherman [1], said that thre is 7 steps
to do sand mining, likes: cleaning mining area, entrenching, sieving, washing, loading, lifting, and
reclamating after-mining [3]. Unfortunately, not every miners (even conventional or modern) did those
steps carefully. From those problems, researcher interest to make up an article about sand mining in
Wonoasih Village to knowing Wonoasih Villagers’ awareness against sand mining which can damage
environment preservation, especially on the river nearby their village.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Kind of Penelitian
This reseach has analyse using quantitative descriptive statitics. Quantitative statistics has
chosen because we did not do eksperiment but involving data in number and relationships
between every variables.
2.2. Date and Time
This research located in Probolinggo City, especially near Wonoasih River from January until
February
2.3 Population and Sample
The population in this research including 30 respondents from Wonoasih Village between 15-
40 years old.Respondents are choosen using purposive sampling/ judgemental sampling
thecnique.
2.4 Data Collection Technique
Data in this study taken from direct observation, interview, questionnaire, and literature.
Questionnaire has spread because we can understanding respondents view about the problems.
Instead, questionnaire is flexible, easy to testing validity and reability, and can apply in
different population in very short time.
2.5 Research Instrument
Instrument used in this research is questionnaire adapted from [3]. The questuionnaire outlines
has shown in table 2.3.1

Tabel 2.3.1 Qouestionnaire Outlines

PART QUESTIONS
A: Demographic Data Questions 1-3 based on gender, age, and
respondents’ position in the village.
B: General questions on sand mining Respondents will show how far thir
interact with sand mining activity
C: Sudut pandang terhadap efek Respondents’ will received chance to
penambangan pasir spoke up their opinions about sand
mining
D: Solusi terhadap aktivitas Respondents’ will give their suggestions
penambangan pasir and recommendations about sand
mining activity
Diadaptasi dari [3]

2.6 Data Analyze Technique

This research was analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistics. The demographic data of
mean age, distance of home from extraction site and the mean of involvement by villagers in
extraction was calculated. Data collected was further presented on tables, pic charts, and
histograms which is easy to interpret and simplify the results. Secondary data was collected
from related literature sources.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Data Analysis
 Demographic data of respondents by gender
Respondents in this study were both females and males. The inclusion criteria for the
questionnaire survey was on females and males above 15 years who was available in a
sampled household and voluntary take part in this study.
 Gender Frequency Percentage
Female 19 63,3
Male 11 36,7
Total 30 100
Table 3.1.1 Distribution of respondents by gender
Table 3.1.1 shows 19 females and 11 males were concidered for data analysis.
More females willing and interested in taking part in the study because females
population is more than males. But, the females often visit the sand mining to
sending lunch for their husband or their father or just to walking around.

 Demographic data of respondents by age

10

0
15-20 21-25 25-30 31-35 36-40

Respondents Age

Figure 3.2 Distirbution of respondents by age

The data shows that the 21-25 age group had a high frquency and consisted of
young literate adults who could understand the questions and are aware of
environmental issues. The 31-35 age group being the second high frequency,
because they are also involved in sand mining activity.

 Demographic data of respondents by position in village

This data has filled from questionnaire which is filled by ordinary villagers in Wonoasih
Village who also take part in odd-scale mining activities.

 Demographic data of respondents by distance from mining area

Data in Figure 3.4 shown that almost of all of respondents are lived near mining areas,
obviously 501-1000 meters from mining areas. This is because Wonoasih River is water
source of agricultural fields and grazing land which is needed by villagers.

above 1500

1001-1500

501-1000

0-500

0 5 10 15 20

Figure 3.4
Distribution of respondents by homestead distance from mining areas
 Distribution of respondents’ homes on distance from gravel roads used by tipper trucks

Distance from Frequency Percentage

gravel road
( meters )
0-500 5 16,7
501-1000 10 33,3
1001-1500 8 26,7
1501-2000 7 23,3
Above 2000 0 0
Total 30 100
Table 3.5 Distribution of respondents’ homes on distance
from the gravel roads used by tipper trucks.

Table 3.5 shows that the modal class is 501-1000 meaning even the sand mining is
far enough it is still affecting villagers’ live. This means Wonoasih Village are
affected more by air pollution in frm of dust and noise pollution as negative
impacts of sand mining from tipper trucks passing day and night.

3.2 Distribution of respondents’ visit to sand and gravel extraction sites

Visit to the Extraction Sites

10
8
6
4
2
0
Sometimes Rarely Yes No

Figure 3.6
Respondents’ visits to extraction sites

Figure 3.6 shows that sometimes villagers visiting the extaction sites and gravel mining
areas regularly for various reasons. Most respondents who indicated that they often visit
extraction were men 30-35 years old who go farming lands. Besides, respondents below
30 years who indicated rarely visit extraction sites. This is because it most likely some are
schooling, work in different place or have little interest in mining as an activity. Women
dominated the sometimes and rarely options probably because the are ever occupied by
ther uties in home and are not involved much in sand mining activities.

 Activities of respondents at and around mining areas

Activity Frequency Precentage
Get domestic water 3 10
Sand mining 2 6.7
Fishing 3 10
 Gardening 6 20
Farming 6 20
Herding livestock 6 20
Others 4 13.3
Total 30 100
Table 3.7. Respondents Activity at and around mining areas
Data collcted and displayed in Table 3.7 show that people come around to mining areas
for various reasons. The main activity is to gardening, farming, and herding livestock,
which is has 6 frequency for each reasons. The lowest data came from people who join the
sand mining activity because almost all of villagers are farmer or breeder.
PART QUESTIONS Interval
A: Demographic Data Questions 1-3 based on gender, -
age, and respondents’ position
in the village.
B: General questions on sand Respondents will show how far -
mining thir interact with sand mining
activity
C: Viewpoint on the effects Respondents’ will received 1-5= Feeling nothing
of sand mining chance to spoke up their 6-10= Feeling disturbed
opinions about sand mining 11-15= try to stop the
sandmining

D: Solution to sand mining Respondents’ will give their -

activities suggestions and
recommendations about sand
mining activity

 Respondents argumentation about sand mining near their village

From essay questionnaire, rspondents can write their own views about sand and gravel
extraction in their village. They also write all of the negative impacts from sand mining
activity. By data collected, we found that village still have lo awareness about negative
impacts activity.

3.2 Results

Sand mining activities are one of the activities that clearly and directly reflect the
quality of the environment. Sand as a material that has high economic value then encourages
certain regional governments or communities to sell land in their area to be mined. Over time,
these sand mining activities are rampant in many rivers and are increasingly detrimental to the
environment. [5].
Sand is used in many development activities, one of which is reclamation, but the
extraction of land in the river can damage the river ecosystem. Sand mining activities can
cause noise, dust, truck traffic that damage roads, air pollution, and unpleasant scenes [6]. On
the other hand, Mattanama et al. [7] stated that the existence of sand mining activities could
become a new field of employment for many people.
Based on the results of the data obtained. It is seen that the distribution of population
affects people's awareness of a natural phenomenon. This can be seen from the gender of
respondents who have more women. According to [8], only a few women are interested in
sand mining activities and usually tend to be very rare to visit mining areas. In addition, the
 age range also affects the level of public awareness of sand mining activities [9]. Young
people tend to be interested and have an awareness of the dangers of sand mining activities.
However, most of these respondents work outside the village (not involved in mining
activities) so they tend to be less active in providing solutions for sand mining activities [10].
In fact, sand mining activities are indeed able to improve the economy of the
surrounding residents. This is evidenced by the presence of several people who work as
miners and their economies are lifted [11]. This fact is supported by the statement [12] that the
presence of sand and rocks carried by mountain eruptions can increase the motivation of
residents to carry out mining activities. Because of this motivation, there are many rocks and
sand which mine products can be sold so that the people's economy is increasingly lifted [13].
Based on the respondents' point of view, there is a tendency that they tend to feel
disturbed by the activity of sand mining and have not thought / realized the dangers of sand
mining in the environment. On the other hand, the existence of mining activities in addition to
spreading the environment can also endanger human safety. In rural areas, rivers are often the
main arena for children [14]. As a result of sand mining activities, the shallow river becomes
deeper and often miners leave the remaining holes in mining activities which of course
becomes very dangerous if many small children play there [15]. In addition, the large number
of sand load trucks can damage infrastructure such as roads and bridges which certainly can
have a major influence on community activities there [16].

4. Conclusions

Sand is one of the commodities that brings great benefits in human life, especially in the development
activities. This then prompted the landowners to sell their land for mining, even though miners often
did illegal mining activities, including in the river. The existence of sand mining activities in the river
can affect the balance of the ecosystem around the river. In addition, sand mining activities can affect
the lives of citizens both socially and economically. The community basically still does not have
awareness of natural damage caused by sand mining activities even though they are already quite
disturbed by dust and sound pollution and road damage due to sand mining.

References
[1] Suherman D W, Suryaningtyas D T and Mulatsih S 2015 Impact of Sand Mining to the Land and
Water Conditions at Sukaratu Sub District, Tasikmalaya District J. Nat. Resour. Environ.
Manag. 5 99–105
[2] Sankara P 2017 Impacts of Sand Mining on Environment – A Review SSRG Int. J. Geo
informatics Geol. Sci. 4 1–6
[3] Madyise T 2013 Case Studies of Environmental Impacts of Sand Mining and
[4] Anggraini N, Malik Y, Geografi D P, Pendidikan F, Pengetahuan I, Indonesia P, Linggajati D and
Lingkungan K 2013 the Influence of Sand Mining Against the Environmental Quality in
Sukaratu Sub-District Tasikmalaya District 3 1–14
[5] Mngeni A and Nakin Motebang 2016 The Effects of Sand Mining on Rural Comunities
Suistainable Development and Planning VIII
[6] Onwuka, S. V., Duluora, J. O., and Amaechi, I. E., 2013. Socio-Economic impacts of Sand and
Gravel Mining activities in Nsugbe, Anambra state Nigeria. Albanian Journal of Agricultural
Science Vol.12 (2), 229-235.
[7] Mattamana, B. A., Varghese, S., and Kichu, P., 2013. River Sand Inflow Assessment and Optimal
Sand mining policy Development. International Journal of Emergency Technology and Advanced
Engineering. V 3.
[8] Ikhsan, J., Fujita, M., and Takebayashi, H., 2009. Sustainable Sand Mining in Merapi area using
Groundsills.
[9] Mensah, J. V., 1997. Causes and Effects of Coastal Sand Mining in Ghana, Singapore Journal of
tropical Geography, Vol.18 (1), 69-88. Department of geography, National University of
Singapore and Blackwell Publisher Limited.
[10] Khan, S., & Sugie, A. (2015). Sand mining and its social impacts on local society in rural
Bangladesh: A case study of a village in Tangail district. Journal of Urban and Regional Studies
on Contemporary India, 2, 1–11.
[11] Basavarajappa H.T, Narayan, Jeevan., and Manjunatha, M C. 2014.. Sand Mining, Management,
and Its Environmental Impact
[12] Osei, Victor. 2016. An Assessment of The Environmental and Socio-Economy Impacts of Sand
Mining Act
[13] Ashraf et al, (2010). Sand mining effects, causes and concerns.
[14] Basavarajappa H.T, Pushpavathi K.N. and Balasubramanian A. Manjunatha M.C (2012).
Mapping and Integration of Geology and Geomorphological Landforms of Mysore district,
Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Frontiers of Geosciences. Edited
Vol.1, No.1, Pp.64-75.
[16] Widiyanto, K., Ansori, C., 2009, Evaluasi SatuanGenetika Wilayah Aktivitas Penambangan Pasir
di S. Luk Ulo, Kebumen, Proceeding International Conference On Earth Science and
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August 2009, Vol II Hal 89-97, ISBN: 978-979-17549-4-1
 APPENDICES
ANGKET SURVEI
(Adapted from [3])

PART A.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Tick the correct option.
1. GENDER: Male Female

2. AGE GROUP 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

36-40

3. POSITION IN VILLAGE: CHIEF HERDMAN VDC MEMBER ORDINARY

VILLAGER

PART B.
GENERAL QUESTIONS ON SAND MINING AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION
For questions 4-8, tick the appropriate answer.
4. How far do you live from soil mining areas approximately? 0-500m
501-1000m 1001-1500m 1501-2000m
above 2000m

5. How far do you live from the main gravel road used by tipper trucks transporting
sand and gravel (meters)? 0-500m 501-1000
1001-1500
above 1501

6. Do you often visit the soil mining area? YES NO SOMETIMES

RARELY

7. If yes, choose and tick activities you normally do at the soil mining areas.
Get domestic water sand mining fishing
gardening farming herding livestock others, specify

This is important for PART C AND D. Fill in your opinions in the spaces provided.
All answers are considered correct, important and will be treated with
confidentiality
PART C
RESIDENTS’ VIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SAND MINING
AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION
1. How do you feel about sand mining and gravel extraction?----------------------------
----- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 --------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
2. The sand mining might be affecting you as a resident in a nearby village. If yes,
state the effects the activity has on your life.---------------------------------------------
------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
3. What can be the advantages of extracting soil from the environment?---------------
(a)To residents--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(b) The community---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4. Have you observed any negative impacts? YES NO
If yes , select the impacts you have observed Land degradation Deepening of
riverbanks Soil erosion Deep pits with/without water Land alterations Loss of
vegetation Others, specify-------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
5. (a) Had you ever heard of accidents reported during soil mining?--------------------
------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------- ------------------------------
(b)How does the community react to such accidents------------------------------------
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PART D
SOLUTIONS TO SAND MINING AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION
6. What can you recommend as the immediate solutions to the negative impacts
of sand mining and gravel extraction:
(a) at Kumakwane community level---------------------------------------------------
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-----------------------------
(b) At District level----------------------------------------------------------------------
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--------------------
(c) At national level----------------------------------------------------------------------
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7. What rehabilitation programmes can be implemented in your area---------------
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DOKUMENTASI

Gambar sungai dan pasir hasil pertambangan.