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ABSTRACT

In this modern competitive industrial world one can get a step ahead of his competitor by selection of
proper material handling equipment. Material handling process is overhead for the production but it is
heart of any process plant. Still people prefer most advanced material handling equipment even
though they are costly. But cost can be justified after prolonged usage of that equipment.

Bucket Conveyer has evolved as advanced material handling equipment in mechanized bulk material
handling industry. The effective use of different type of bucket Conveyers are completely depends on
its design and type of bulk material. In this report different types of bucket Conveyer are discussed
along their different parts and the design of centrifugal discharge bucket Conveyer with
simultaneous buckets for lifting wheat at a certain height is reported for a particular output rate.
Detailed design, CAD parts, coding for the design procedure of bucket Conveyer, fabrication related
data and future scope of work and at last satisfactory conclusion is worked out in successive chapters.
Energy conservation is one of the growing concerns of today. Energy sources are depleting at
higher rate so, their conservation is necessary. Non-renewable resources are used for making energy
such as wind power, solar power, hydro power etc. these energy sources are infinite and can be used
endlessly for producing energy. Solar bucket conveyor system is a project that utilizes solar power to
develop a conveyor system. The conveyor system designed is able to provide gentle handling and
least spillage. The other advantages of this solar bucket conveyor system are that it requires low
maintenance and also it operates quietly. Growing demands of systems employing renewable energy
sources had increased demands for such projects.

Energy is an important component in economic infrastructure of a country. The Sources of


conventional energy is limited. They are reducing day by day. By using solar vehicle we can
save conventional energy sources and control pollution.
The explosion of the fossil fuel in the motor gives power to the wheels. For the solar car, the sun's
energy is converted to electricity with the help of the solar cells.It is very important for the car to
be very efficient since its power source is the sun and it may not be present all the time.
A solar car is a solar vehicle used for land transport. Solar cars are usually run on only power from
the sun, although some models will supplement that power using a battery, or use solar panels to
recharge batteries or run auxiliary systems for a car that mainly uses battery power.
Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and
automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy
input into the car. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races. Some
prototypes have been designed for public use, although no cars primarily powered by the sun are
available commercially.
Solar cars depend on a solar array that uses photovoltaic cells (PV cells) to convert sunlight into
electricity. Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat, PV cells directly
convert sunlight into electricity.[1] When sunlight (photons) strike PV cells, they excite electrons
and allow them to flow, creating an electric current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials
such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Crystalline silicon is the most common
material used and has an efficiency rate of 15-20%.
Solar cars can accomplish this through photovoltaic cells (PVC). PVCs are the components in solar
paneling that convert the sun's energy to electricity. They're made up of semiconductors, usually
made of silicon, that absorb the light. The sunlight's energy then frees electrons in the
semiconductors, creating a flow of electrons. That flow generates the electricity that powers the
battery or the specialized car motor in solar cars. For more details about solar energy, read How
Solar Cells Work.
Solar power has great potential as an energy source for many different types of residential homes
and businesses. Most people know that getting energy from the sun is a "clean", environmentally-
friendly and renewable way to generate energy. What most people don't know, however, is that
solar power is affordable for many homeowners.

3. PV CELL
Photovoltaics (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using
semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics,
photochemistry, and electrochemistry.

PV systems have the major disadvantage that the power output is dependent on direct sunlight, so
about 10-25% is lost if a tracking system is not used, since the cell will not be directly facing the
sun at all times. [2(B)]
P-type and n-type materials
Intrinsic crystal Solar cells are running on junction effect principle. To understand junction effect,
we should understand n-type and p-type material. Doping process is needed to obtain n-type or p-
type material. Doping means inserting another atom into the bulk crystal. Consider silicon crystal:
each silicon atom has four electrons in its valance band and these electrons make bonds with other
Silicon atom. You can see the silicon crystal in the left side with valance electrons of each Si atom.
Note that we call that structure as crystal since all Si atoms are perfectly aligned. We can convert
this structure in to n-type or p-type by doping different atoms. For example let’s
dope it by boron. Boron atom has 3 electrons in its valance band. When we insert B atom instead
of a Si atom, one bond between B atom and a Si atom will be very weak. To complete the perfect
symmetry in this stricter, crystal will be aimed to catch an external electron. As you can see an
electron is missing since B atom has 3 electrons in its PVImage6valence band. This missing bond
can be treated a positively charged particle called ‘hole’. This material is called
p-type material. What if we dope Phosphorous atom instead of Boron atom? Phosphorous atom
has 5 electrons in its valance band. [2(C)]

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When P atom is inserted into the Si lattice, 4 electrons will be able make bond with neighbor Si
atoms. However 5th electron will be hanged on. So, it will be in an energy level that very close to
conduction band since it will be nearly free. This nearly free electron can easily leave P atom with a
small thermal energy. Note that there is an extra electron in this new structure. So we call this new
material n-type material. In contrast to p-type material, n-type material has a tendency to give
electrons. Consequently we have two types of materials. One wants to give electrons and the other
wants to receive electrons. We can create a p-n junction by bringing them together.[2(A)]

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The type of solar power produced by a photovoltaic solar cell is called direct current or DC the
same as from a battery. Most photovoltaic solar cells produce a “no load” open
circuit voltage (nothing connected to it) of about 0.5 to 0.6 volts when there is no external circuit
connected. This output voltage (VOUT) depends very much on the load current ( I ) demands of the
PV cell. For example on very cloudy or dull day the current demand would be low and so the cell
could provide the full output voltage, VOUT but at a reduced output current. But as the current
demand of the load increases a brighter light (solar radiation) is needed at the junction to maintain a
full output voltage, Vout.

Our PV cell rating is- 6 volt 100mA


Maximum Power voltage-8.8v
Maximum Power current-0.34A
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4. BATTERY
The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planet and is the oldest type
of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-
volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large
power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in
motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.

As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely used even
when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher energy densities.
4.1 Discharge

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Fully discharged: two identical lead sulfate plates
In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become lead (II) sulfate (PbSO
4), and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. The
discharge process is driven by the conduction of electrons from the negative plate back into the cell
at the positive plate in the external circuit.

Negative plate reaction


Pb(s) + HSO−
4(aq) → PbSO
+
4(s) + H
(aq) + 2e− Release of two conducting electrons gives lead electrode a net negative charge
As electrons accumulate they create an electric field which attracts hydrogen ions and repels sulfate
ions, leading to a double-layer near the surface. The hydrogen ions screen the charged electrode
from the solution which limits further reactions unless charge is allowed to flow out of electrode.
Positive plate reaction
PbO

2(s) + HSO
+
4(aq) + 3H
(aq) + 2e− → PbSO
4(s) + 2H
2O(l)
The total reaction can be written as
Pb(s) + PbO
2(s) + 2H
2SO
4(aq) → 2PbSO
4(s) + 2H
2O(l)

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The sum of the molecular masses of the reactants is 642.6 g/mol, so theoretically a cell can produce
two faradays of charge (192,971 coulombs) from 642.6 g of reactants, or 83.4 ampere-hours per
kilogram (or 13.9 ampere-hours per kilogram for a 12-volt battery). For a 2 volts cell, this comes to
167 watt-hours per kilogram of reactants, but a lead–acid cell in practice gives only 30–40 watt-
hours per kilogram of battery, due to the mass of the water and other constituent parts.

4.2 Charging

Fully recharged: Lead negative plate, Lead dioxide positive plate and sulfuric acid electrolyte
In the fully charged state, the negative plate consists of lead, and the positive plate lead dioxide,
with the electrolyte of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Overcharging with high charging voltages generates oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of
water, which is lost to the cell. The design of some types of lead-acid battery allows the electrolyte
level to be inspected and topped up with any water that has been lost.
Rating of Battery-12v, 7.2Ah

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5. DC MOTORS
5.1 Working Principle
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical
machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common
types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic;
to periodically change the direction of current flow
in part of the motor. [1 (A)]

The very basic construction of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature which is connected
to the supply end through commutator segments and brushes. The armature is placed in between
north south poles of a permanent or an electromagnet as shown in the diagram above.

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As soon as we supply direct current in the armature, a mechanical force acts on it due to the
electromagnetic effect of the magnet. Now to go into the details of the operating principle of DC
motor it's important that we have a clear understanding of Fleming’s left-hand rule to
determine the direction of the force acting on the armature conductors of DC motor. [1(D)]

A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The
principle of working of a DC motor is that "whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force". The direction of this force is given by Fleming's
left hand rule and its magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I = current
and L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.

Fleming's left hand rule: If we stretch the first finger, second finger and thumb of our left hand to be
perpendicular to each other AND direction of magnetic field is represented by the first finger,
direction of the current is represented by second finger then the thumb represents the direction of
the force experienced by the current carrying conductor. [1(C)]

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5.2 Back EMF
According to fundamental laws of nature, no energy conversion is possible until there is something
to oppose the conversion. In case of generators this opposition is provided by magnetic drag, but in
case of dc motors there is back emf.

When the armature of the motor is rotating, the conductors are also cutting the magnetic flux lines
and hence according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an emf induces in the
armature conductors. The direction of this induced emf is such that it opposes the armature current
(Ia) . The circuit diagram below illustrates the direction of the back emf and armature current.
Magnitude of Back emf can be given by the emf equation of DC generator.[1(B)]

Our DC motor rating is 12v, 300 rpm

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series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular voltage
regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it provides. 7805 IC
provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.
7805 IC RATING
Input voltage range 7V- 35V
Current rating IC = 1A
Output voltage range VMax=5.2V, VMin=4.8V

Pin
Pin Function Description
No.
In this pin of the IC positive
1 INPUT Input voltage (7V-35V) unregulated voltage is given in
regulation.
In this pin where the ground is
2 GROUND Ground (0V) given. This pin is neutral for
equally the input and output.
Regulated output; 5V The output of the regulated 5V
3 OUTPUT
(4.8V-5.2V) volt is taken out at this pin

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11.1 Schematic of 7805 IC

The heart of the 7805 IC is a transistor (Q16) that controls the current between the input and
output and thus controlling the output voltage. The band gap reference (yellow) keeps the
voltage stable. It takes the scaled output voltage as input (Q1 and Q6) and provides an error
signal (to Q7) for indication if the voltage is too high or low. The key task of the band gap is to
provide a stable and accurate reference, even as the chip’s temperature
changes.

The error signal from the band gap reference is amplified by the error amplifier (orange). This
amplified signal controls the output transistor through Q15. This closes the negative feedback
loop controlling the output voltage. The startup circuit (green) provides initial current to the
band gap circuit, so it doesn’t get stuck in an “off” state. The circuit in purple
provides protection against overheating (Q13), excessive input voltage (Q19) and excessive
output current (Q14). These circuits reduce the output current or shutdown the regulator,

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protecting it from damage in case of a fault. The voltage divider (blue) scales down the voltage
on the output pin for use by the band gap reference.
Scaling the output
The 7805’s scaled output provides the input voltage (Vin) to the band
gap reference and the band gap provides an error signal as the output.
The 7805’s band gap circuit removes the feedback loop that exists inside a
traditional band gap reference. Instead, the entire chip
becomes the feedback loop.

If the output voltage is correct (5V), then the voltage divider provides 3.75V at Vin. Any change
in output voltage propagates through Q6 and R7, causing the voltage at the base of Q7 to rise or
fall accordingly. This change is amplified by Q7 and Q8, generating the error output. The error
output, in turn, decreases or increases the current through the output transistor. The negative
feedback loop adjusts the output voltage until it is correct.

Application areas for 7805 IC


7805 IC is used in a wide range of circuits. The major ones being:
 Fixed-Output Regulator
 Positive Regulator in Negative
Configuration
 Adjustable Output Regulator
 Current Regulator
 Adjustable DC Voltage Regulator
 Regulated Dual-Supply
 Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit
 Reverse bias projection Circuit [4(C)]

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12. L293D MOTOR DRIVER MODULE

A motor driver is an integrated circuit chip which is usually used to control motors in autonomous
robots. Motor driver act as an interface between Arduino and the motors. The most commonly used
motor driver IC’s are from the L293 series such as L293D, L293NE, etc.
These ICs are designed to control 2 DC motors simultaneously. L293D consist of two H-
bridge. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for controlling a low current rated motor. We will be
referring the motor driver IC as L293D only. L293D has 16 pins. [4(C)]

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13. Pin No. - Pin Characteristics
1 - Enable 1-2, when this is HIGH the left part of the IC will work and when it is low the left part
won’t work.
2 - INPUT 1, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 1
3 - OUTPUT 1, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor
4,5 - GND, ground pins
6 - OUTPUT 2, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor
7 - INPUT 2, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 2
8 - VCC2, this is the voltage which will be supplied to the motor.
16 - VCC1, this is the power source to the IC. So, this pin should be supplied with 5 V
15 - INPUT 4, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 4
14 - OUTPUT 4, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor
13, 12 - GND, ground pins
11 - OUTPUT 3, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of motor
10 - INPUT 3, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output 3
9 - Enable 3-4, when this is HIGH the right part of the IC will work and when it is low the right part
won’t work.
The L293D is a 16 pin IC, with eight pins, on each side, dedicated to the controlling of a motor.
There are 2 INPUT pins, 2 OUTPUT pins and 1 ENABLE pin for each motor.

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS

Expressed in simple language, Material handling equipment is relates to the movement,


storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of
manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal. One of the definitions given by the
American Material Handling Society is: “Materials handling is the art and science of moving,
packaging and storing of substance in any form.” To do it safely and economically and
efficiently, different types of tackles, gadgets and equipment are used, when the materials
handling is referred to as mechanical handling of materials.

Material handling also should be considered with in a system context. Rarely, if ever, are
activities performed in a one area or department of a facility without having an impact on
other operations. Example: The efficiency of store room will affect the efficiency with which
the production operations are performed out on the shop floor. The positioning of conveyor
line in plant might improve material flow through the facility or it could present a hindrance
to plant traffic. A significant improvement in the efficiency of one operation, without a
corresponding improvement in a subsequent step in the work sequence, may only result in a
piling up of materials down the line.

These simple examples illustrates the point that to maximize overall productivity of the plant
or warehouse, the material handling steps that supports production, order assembly, and other
operations must be integrated in to a system of activities rather than being viewed as a
number of isolated independent procedure. In addition to considering time and place utility
and system approach, a through definition of material handling must also include the human
aspect. People are always a part of material handling weather the operation is simple one,
involving only a few items of equipment, or a large, complex, automated system.
Maintenance personnel keep the equipment working properly and keep downtime to a
minimum. Foremen and supervisors oversee overall operations, making sure they meet the
objectives of the department or plant. Training in operating procedure, and in safety practice,
is usually required to make handling operation pay off as expected.

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Finally, the definition of the material handling must contain an economic consideration.
Certainly the delivery of parts and materials to a specific time, it not completely meaningful
unless accomplished at an acceptable cost so that an adequate return is realized. Material
handling is a system or combination of methods, facilities, labour, and equipments for
moving, packaging and storing of materials to meet specific objectives. A materials handling
operation can be simple and small, and involve only few pieces of basic equipments. Or, it
may be large, complex or automated. Material handling equipment is generally separated into
four main categories.
 Storage and handling equipment.
 Engineered systems.
 Industrial trucks.
 Bulk material handling.

Bulk material handling is an engineering field that is centered around the design of equipment
used for the handling of materials such as ores, coal, cereals, wood chips, sand, gravel and
stone in loose bulk form. It can also relate to the handling of mixed wastes. Bulk materials
handling plants and processes quite often require the elevation (lifting) of bulk materials to
other parts of the plant or process. Numerous technologies and equipment are currently
available for this purpose to the designer and practitioner. Generally they are classifying in to
three main categories.
 Pneumatic conveyor or air lifter.
 Conventional screw conveyor.
 Bucket Conveyer.

Conveyor is almost universal in application. It can travel for miles at speeds up to 5.08 m/s
and handle larger amount of weight in metric tons with the help of belt. It can also operate
over short distances at speeds slow enough for manual picking, with a capacity of only a few
kilograms per hour. Generally they are use in inclined position and not preferable for vertical
transport. However, it is not normally applicable to processing operations, except under
unusual conditions. Belt conveyors inside the plant may have higher initial cost than some
other types of conveyors and, depending on idler design, may or may not require more
maintenance. However, a belt conveyor given good routine maintenance can be expected to
outlast almost any other type of conveyor. Thus, in terms of cost per ton handled, outstanding
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Economy records have been established by belt conveyors. However, these methods of
elevation can experience a range of problems and limitations, such as in case of:

Pneumatic conveying or lifting:


 Relatively high operating costs e.g. blower and compressor

 Product velocities and wear rates especially for dilute-phase conveying.


Screw conveying:

 Relatively high operating speeds due to slippage between the screw flight and
particles and also due to the back-flow of material through the screw flight and
casing clearance,
 Increased particle attrition,
 Undesirable casing or screw contact.

Figure 1.1: Simple belt conveyor


(Source: www.enviro-abrassion.com)

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Bucket Conveyer is a type of vertical or inclined transport equipment that efficiently moves
goods between floors, vessel or other structure. Conveyer is generally powered by electrical
motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight system like a hoist or pump
hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like jack. Generally it is preferred for short in
distance compared to belt conveyor. It is more preferable to transport the materials vertically.
The detail explanation of bucket Conveyer is given in next chapter.

Figure 1.2: Simple bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.swo-conveyors.com)
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1.2. BUCKET CONVEYER

Bucket Conveyer s are the simplest and most dependable units for making vertical lifts. They
are available in a wide range of capacities and may operate entirely in the open or be totally
enclosed. The trend is toward highly standardized units, but for special materials and high
capacities it is wise to use specially engineered equipment. Main variations in quality are in
casing thickness, bucket thickness, belt or chain quality, and drive equipment. The main
purposes of bucket Conveyers are used to lift bulk materials from one height to another. They
are a reliable and well-proven piece of equipment. The various major parts of bucket
Conveyer are shown in figure.
Inspection
Relief
Bridge tree panel
vent
Head Boot
Motor
pulley pulley Casing

Take-up
Hood assembly

Head Boot
section section

Friction
material

Belt

Bucket Discharge Boot


Boot
bearing
Short trucking Adjustable
throat plate Boot inlet
Figure 1.3: Parts of simple belt bucket Conveyer
(Source: www.BEUMER.com)

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The detail description of various parts of bucket Conveyers is discussed below. The
major components of belt bucket Conveyer are
 Drive head
 Bottom head
 Inlet
 Outlet
 Buckets
 Casing
 Drive unit
 Take up
Drive head

Drive unit
Or Motor

Outlet

Bucket Casing

Take-up

Inlet

Figure 1.4: Belt bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.motridal.com)
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Drive Head and Bottom Head: Drive head section made with high thickness steel sheets
heavily stiffened. Steel split upper cover easily removable for inspection and maintenance of
drive pulley or wheels. Dust or relief vent on top and inspection panel located at some height
of the outlet. Bottom head is made with high thickness steel sheets is equipped with a
removable bolted door for inspection and cleaning.

Inlet and Outlet: Openings prearranged for the connection with other machines; chutes lined
with wear resistant material when required.

Buckets: On the basis of the conveyed material characteristics the buckets are generally
made of:
 Carbon steel
 Wear resistant steel
 Stainless steel
 Plastic material
Buckets are made with bent and welded steel plates, properly reinforced with welded plates
in wear resistant material for heavy duty application, drawn or pressed for light materials.
The buckets are also available in various sections, which are listed below.
 Square
 V
 Trapezoidal
 Circular

Casing: It is the cover part of Conveyers which is made of welded and bolted sections,
designed to obtain a self supporting structure of the machine for the vertical loads. The
assembling sections are done by bolted flanges, with seals between each section. There is a
bolted door for easy bucket inspection and mounting.

Drive Unit: This configuration may vary depending on the application. The typical drive unit
for installed power of 22kW or more includes an electric motor, hydraulic coupling and right
angle gearbox with backstop and torque arm directly mounted on the drive shaft. Additional

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electric motor for creeping can be installed, upon request, on the gearbox. As an alternative,
drive units can be equipped with a belt drive between electric motor and gear unit.
Take-Up: The gravity take-up system of the bucket Conveyer s is equipped with additional
dust-tight seals between the casing and the guide of the idle shaft belt bucket Conveyer s
realized for heavy duty application are equipped with a self aligning system which ensure the
safe parallel guidance of the pulley.

Method of Operation:
Bucket Conveyers operate by using an endless belt or chain on which rectangular buckets are
mounted. The belt or chain revolves between a top and bottom pulley and the buckets move
with it. At the bottom the buckets pick up product fed into the Conveyer boot and at the top
the product is discharged as the bucket turns downward over the head pulley.

1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF BUCKET CONVEYER


Generally bucket Conveyers are classified in mainly two types.

 Belt type bucket Conveyer.


 Chain type bucket Conveyer.

Now a day there are many types of bucket Conveyers are available and each one is different
from other according to their feature, application, and design. The major classifications of
bucket Conveyers are as follows.

bucket Conveyer
according to according according depending depending
type of to types of to types of
discharge leg bucket use on load on capacity

positive single single low low


mediu
gravity twin double medium m

horizontal heavy heavy

centifugal

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1
1. Positive Discharge Bucket Conveyer

These types of bucket Conveyers are widely used for elevating light, fluffy, fragile materials
like free flowing powders and granular products in a range of industries in vertical as well as
inclined position. Buckets are mounted at a well spaced interval, are loaded by digging
material from the boot or by feeding the material in to them. After passing over head wheels,
the buckets are inverted over the discharge spout, providing a positive discharge material.
Generally they have higher conveying capacity. Figure shows the typical diagram of positive
discharge bucket Conveyer.

Figure 1.5: Positive discharge bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.fmctechnologies.com and www.rexnord.com)

2. Gravity or Continuous Discharge Bucket Conveyer:

In these types of Conveyers head shafts are fixed, the foot shafts takes up are screw type.
Gravity takes are available. This Conveyer consists of a series of steel made buckets
mounted on spigot pins between two chains or on the belt with the help of special types of
screw. Also some time the buckets are mounted continuously on the normally friction surface

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belts.
Continuous type steel buckets are used leaving minimum clearance between the buckets. The
buckets retain the material being carried and travelled vertically, until they are mechanically
tipped at discharge positions. Gravity discharge Conveyer s supplied as close bucket
discharge type, central discharge type, or Idler wheel discharge. Generally a slow speed
design gravity bucket Conveyer is primarily installed for elevating large lumpy, free-flowing
material, sluggish material and abrasive material. Our standard units are usually chain driven,
either friction drive or toothed sprocket. These Conveyer s offer reliability with minimum
wear & a positive discharge emptying of the bucket. The figure shows the vertical
arrangement of gravitational discharge bucket Conveyer .

Figure 1.6: Gravity discharge bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.integratedbulksystems.com.au and www.swrewconveyor.com)

3. Horizontal Discharge Bucket Conveyer

These Conveyers are designed and engineered to conform to general practice in the handling
of grain. In particular they are found in flour mills and animal feed mills, where whole grain
is being transferred into intake silos. Also these types of bucket Conveyers are widely used
for elevating aggregate, hard rock, coal from mine in vertical horizontal as well as inclined
horizontal position. Head and foot shafts are provided with roller bearings. Buckets are made
of steel and mounted on the belt with special types of screw. Casing of steel are welded and
dust tight. The curve hood is designed for proper discharge of the grain. The boot can be
loaded from the front or back side or both. Generally they have higher conveying capacity.
Figure shows the typical diagram of horizontal discharge bucket Conveyer .

Figure 1.7: Horizontal discharge bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.ryson.com)

4. Centrifugal Discharge Bucket Conveyer

Centrifugal Conveyer s are the most common type of Conveyer installed to most industries
supplied in both belt type and chain type depending on material characteristic and the
capacity being elevated and in some case the feeding method of the Conveyer . Centrifugal
discharge type Conveyers are offered as boot take up and head take up. In this types of bucket
Conveyers buckets are mounted on chain or belt and will handle free-flowing materials with
small to medium size lumps. The standard inlet chute and standard curved bottom plate direct
the material into the buckets and reduce the “digging” action. The speed of the Conveyer is
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sufficient to discharge the material by centrifugal force. The feed point is lower, loading is
simpler and fewer buckets are required than for the Continuous Type Bucket Conveyer.
Buckets on chain or belt travel at speeds high enough to discharge materials by centrifugal
force as they pass around the head pulley or sprocket. Bucket spacing and speed is important
for centrifugal discharge bucket Conveyers. Usually buckets are made from malleable iron.
Generally these types of bucket Conveyers are more preferable in grain industries.

Figure 1.8: Centrifugal discharge bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.screwconveyor.com and www.go4b.com)
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5. Twin Leg Bucket Conveyer

The twin lagged or double trunk legging bucket Conveyer has been designed and engineered
to provide efficient high capacities for handling various grains, feeds, mill stock and similar
free flowing granular materials. The Conveyer is self-supporting with extra large heads and
boot pulleys. They are fabricated from heavy gauge steel and are dust and waterproof and
with provision for easy clean out. It is manufactured in many different sizes to suit individual
requirements. It has double trunk legging construction with connecting angles provided on
each 10 foot flange section. Vertical angle supports are included on taller units.

Figure 1.9: Twin legged discharge bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.screwconveyor.com, www.integratedbulksystems.com.au and www.rexnord.com)
13
6. Single and Double Bucket Conveyer

The construction of these types bucket Conveyers are same as other types accept that the
number and types of buckets are use is different. The capacity of double bucket Conveyers is
more compare to single bucket Conveyer and also high capacity motor is required in
operation. The size of double bucket Conveyer is large compare to single bucket Conveyer
since two buckets are use in one raw as shown in figure. The double bucket Conveyers are
used lift heavy materials and also where, the higher output is required. Generally these types
of bucket Conveyers are used in aggregate plant, hard rock plant, cement plant where the lift
of heavy material is possible.

Figure 1.10: Single and double bucket Conveyer

(Source: www.screwconveyor.com and www.indiamart.com)

14
7. High or Super Capacity Bucket Conveyer

Super capacity bucket Conveyers are a continuous discharge type with buckets mounted
between two strands of chain or on the belt. This type of Conveyer is used where higher
capacities, severe service or higher shaft centres are required. The high or super Capacity
Bucket Conveyer s are designed to provide efficient high capacities for handling various
grains, feeds, mill stock and similar free flowing granular materials. It is manufactured in
many different size stop suit individual requirements. It has double trunk legging construction
with connecting angles provided on regular interval flange section. Vertical angle supports are
included on taller units.

Figure 1.11: High or Super capacity bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.feedandgrain.com and www.screwconveyor.com)

1.4. APPLICATION OF BUCKET CONVEYER

For stable work and application widely bucket Conveyer are used. By using this one should
get high Productivity. This bucket Conveyer is normally designed and made for metallurgy,

15
chemical industry, building materials, mine, pulp and paper industries, ports and terminal,
grain and vegetable oil, food, fodder, plastic and medicine related application. Bucket
Conveyer systems are used for the following industrial fields.

 Cement factories: For lime, clay gypsum, clinker and cement additives like pyrite,
silicate, oxide etc

 Environment and water treatment: Waste for combustion, biomass, sludge, ashes
etc.
 Power plant: For coal, lignite and desulphurization product like gypsum, ashes,
sludge.

 Fertilizers and Chemical: For raw materials and additives handling, phosphate,
nitrate.
 Steelworks and Aluminium smelter: For coke, ashes, blast furnace slag, coke,
alumina, crushed bath, covers material.
 Food industry: For sugar, flour, vegetables pulp, slaughterhouse waste etc.

Z type bucket chain material Conveyer is Suitable for lifting puffed food, fried food, nuts,
sugar, candy, hardware, medicines and so on. It is easy to operate fast transfer speed with low
noise. For grain or Seed application bucket Conveyer are used. This bucket Conveyer can
be equipped multi-channel explosion-proof mouth if required which can prevent dust
explosion. The system of speed monitoring, automatic running deviation alarm, anti-blockage
alarm also can be equipped to ensure the good running.

Reliable Quality Chain Bucket Conveyer is designed and made for metallurgy, chemical
industry, building materials, mine, grain and vegetable oil, food, fodder, plastic and medicine
application. The life is long, inflow feeding, none excavating with hopper and there is few
extrusion and collision circumstance between materials. There is little materials sprinkling
during feeding and discharging to reduce machinery abrasion.

Structure Simple Bucket Conveyer is used for perpendicular transport the grain, powder
and disperse materials, and suitable for the oil, animal feed and chemical industry etc. This
Bucket Conveyer is a fixed Conveyer categorized as feeding device of delivering powdery
and
Granular materials upward vertically. It has simple structure, smaller cover are, short
16
shipping route and low pollution. Wood chips are received from belt conveyor by a double
led centrifugal discharge bucket Conveyer and delivered to a distributed belt conveyor over
silos.

1.5. PRESENTLY INSTALLED BUCKET CONVEYER S IN ABROAD:

Bunge Russia recently opened a new oilseed extraction facility featuring Brock steel bins.

Bucket Conveyer

Figure 1.12: Bunge Russia – Oilseed bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.World-Grain.com)

Chief Industries installed two bins to increase storage capacity by 16,000 tonnes at this plant
in New Zealand.

Bucket Conveyer

Figure 1.13: New Zealand - Bins plant bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.World-Grain.com)

17
Cimbria recently installed bins with a combined storage capacity of 333,000 tonnes at seven
facilities in Egypt.

Bucket Conveyer

Figure 1.14: Cimbria (Egypt) - Bins plant bucket Conveyer


(Source: www.World-Grain.com)

Figure 1.15: Bahrain - Coke calcining plant


(Source: www.motridal.com)

18
Figure 1.16: Jordan - Fertilizer plant
(Source: www.motridal.com)

19
Chapter 2: DESIGN OF BUCKET CONVEYER
2.1. BUCKET CONVEYER GEOMETRY:

 Pole Distance:

Figure 2.1: Diagram to calculate the pole distance


(Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

As a bucket revolve on the pulley, the resultant R of the forces P and F varies in magnitude
and direction. If however, the resultant force vector is prolonged to the vertical line passing
through the pulley centre, it turns out that at any position of the bucket, and vector R
intersects the vertical in one and the same point B to the pulley centre O is called the pole
distance. The pole distance is denoted by hP.

 Bucket Unloading:

At lower speed of the pulley, the effect of the gravity force on unloading become stronger and
hP increases. When hP is not larger than rP the pole is inside the pulley circle (figures 2.2a and
2.2b), the centrifugal force is much higher than the gravity force and hence bucket unloading
centrifugally.
20

As the

conventional energy sources are depleting day by day, it is very essential to search for
alternative energy sources. Nowadays belt conveyor is playing a key role in material handling
application, they are used to carry materials from one end to another end. Based on the size,
nature of the material, different conveyors are being used.
After solar, wind energy is the most prominent alternative source of energy, which is also an
indirect form of solar energy, but the wind energy is not sufficient to generate the power
without wind. During the spring seasons, wind energy attains the maximum power in other
time it remains still.

But solar energy is efficient to implement when compared to the wind energy mills, so the
cost of implementation is less. People know the implementations of solar energy by the
usage of Solar Heater, Solar Light, even though solar energy power generation in their
homes.
In this concept the IR Sensor is used to detect the object, material on the conveyor. The solar
panel power is stored on the battery. The battery supplies the power to the controller and
the conveyor motor.
You need Microcontroller 8051 family to control the conveyor ON and OFF. But solar energy
is efficient to implement when compared to the wind energy mills, so the cost of
implementation is less. People know the implementations of solar energy by the usage of
Solar Heater, Solar Light, even though solar energy power generation in their homes.
In this concept the IR Sensor is used to detect the object, material on the conveyor. The solar
panel power is stored on the battery. The battery supplies the power to the controller and
the conveyor motor.

With the increasing concerns on air pollution and global warming, the clean green renewable sources
of energy are expected to play more significant role in the global energy future [1-2]. Photovoltaic
(PV) units are the most promising technologies for supplying load in remote and rural regions. The
rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search for
alternative energy sources to cater to the present day demands. PV system refers to any array of cells
containing PV material that converts solar radiation into direct current electricity. PV systems work by
converting light into electrical power. This is achieved using a thin layer of semi-conducting material,
most commonly silicon, enclosed in a glass or plastic casing. When exposed to sunlight the semi-
conducting material causes electrons in the materials' atoms to be knocked loose. The electrons that
are knocked loose then flow through the material to produce an electric current known as a DC, [3-
5]. The use of PV systems as a power source for electrical machines is considered a promising area in
PV applications due to the ongoing growth of PV-market. The dynamical and steady-state
characteristics of PV-powered DC shunt motors at different solar
intensities, different loading conditions and different system controllers and configurations have been
proposed. In this study, PV array are designed to provide their maximum power at the rated
conditions of the DC shunt motors when the PV array is fully illuminated. The average value of the
output voltage of the DC-DC converter is controlled by its duty ratio with an aim of keeping fixed
voltage across the terminals of the motors at all realistic loading conditions and solar illuminations.
(a) Centrifugal unloading; (b) gravity unloading; (c) Combined
unloading Figure 2.2: Forces acting during bucket unloading
(Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

Similarly if hP grater than rP the force of gravity is large and buckets are unloaded
gravitationally. With rP < hP ≤ ra unloading of combined types takes place. Therefore, the
method of unloading is determined by the ratio between the pole distance and pulley radius
A= hP /rP .

 Trajectory of Partials Discharged From a Bucket:

Figure 2.3: Diagram to determine the paths of ejection of material from buckets
(Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

21
As a bucket moves around the top pulley, a particle of load in it is acted upon by the gravity
force, centrifugal force, and inertia force due to the relative acceleration of sliding the particle
on the bucket wall.

The path and velocity νS of sliding particle can be determined by solving equation of motion
of the particle. The start of the motion of the particles depends on the method of unloading.
0
With centrifugal discharge the load beings to move in the bucket at an angle β0 = 15-30 . For
0
Conveyer s with centrifugal or combined unloading, it may be taken that β0 = 30-45

2.2. DESIGN INPUT DATA FOR BUCKET CONVEYER :

Assumption:

During design of bucket Conveyer a few factors are consider for design and based on this
for input data whole design calculations were carried out. The following factors are
considered during design.

 Material for lifting: Wheat


3
 Average bulk density: 720-768 Kg/m
 Application: In flour mills to transmitting large amount of wheat from ground floor to
required destination (floor).
 Properties of material: Lighter than metal, Injection moulded, Flexible, Thick
corners and digging lip.

 Specific requirements: It should have excellent chemical resistance and it should


have higher transmission capacity.

Calculation:
 Capacity (Q) = 30.00 Tonne/hour
 Lifting height (H) = 3.00 m
3
 Wheat density (ρ) = 0.768 Tonne/m

22
1. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONVEYER

By using Table 2.1 a belt Conveyer with widely spaced deep buckets and belt speed ν = 3.20
m/s is suitable for the transmission purpose. We select a four-ply belt; then the diameter of the
drive pulley is given by DP = 125 * 4 = 500 mm = 0.50 m and its radius r P = 0.25 m. The
rotational speed of the pulley at ν = 3.20 m/s is given by,

The pole distance hp is found by the formula,

Table 2.1: Recommendation for selecting bucket Conveyer


s
KIND TYPE AVERAGE SPEED m/s
OF TYPICAL TYPE OF COEFFICIENT OF
EXAMPLE OF CONVEYER OF BUCKET
LOAD BUCKET FILLING BELT CHAIN
LOW SPEED
PULVERIZED
GRAVITY D 0.85 - 0.6 - 0.8
COAL
UNLOADING

HIGH SPEED
DRY CEMENT, ROCK, 0.80
CENTRIFUGAL D 1.25 - 2.0 -
PULVERIZED PHOSPHET MEAL
UNLOADING
MATERIAL
GRAIN HIGH SPEED
PRODUCTS CENTRIFUGAL OR
(FLOUR) GRAVITY S 0.85 1.0 - 2.0 -
UNLOADING
HIGH SPEED
CENTRIFUGAL OR
FOOD GRAIN D 0.75 2.0 - 3.2 -
GRAVITY
UNLOADING

23
SAWUST, WOOD
GRANULAR CHIPS, DRY
AND FINE - CLAY IN LUMPS, DITTO D 0.8 1.25 - 2.0 1.0 – 1.6
LUMP, LOW MILLED PEAT,
ABBRASIVE FINE COAL
LOW SPEED
LIME, SOOT GRAVITY D 0.8 - 0.4 – 1.0
UNLOADING

PULVERIZED
AND HIGH SPEED
SOIL, SAND,
GRANULAR, CENTRIFUGAL OR
POWDER CHALK, S 0.6 1.0 - 2.0 0.8 – 2.0
WET GRAVITY
CHEMICALS
POORLY UNLOADING
FLOWING

(Note: Bucket types: D: Deep, S: shallow)


(Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

At lower speeds of the pulley the effect of the gravity force on unloading becomes stronger
and hp increases. Now when hp is not longer than rp, i.e. the pole is inside the pulley circle as
shown in figure 2.1, the centrifugal force is much higher than the gravity force; particles of
the material in a bucket are displaced to the external (front) of the bucket and later are
unloaded centrifugally. With hp greater than rp i.e. with the pole being the front edge of
buckets as shown in figure the force of gravity is large compared with the centrifugal
component and the buckets are unloaded by gravity over their back wall (closest to the
pulley). Since hp<rp the buckets can be unloaded centrifugally. Therefore the method of
bucket unloading is determined by the ratio between the pole distance and pulley radius. Now
by using Formula at Ψ = 0.75 we have,

24
(Note: Buckets types: M: Shallow, D: Deep, V: V-shaped, R: Round bottom)
Figure 2.4: Effect of bucket width B on io/tb ratio
(Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

Now by referring Table 2.2, we chose for io/ tb = 5.0 deep type buckets with Bucket width (B)
3
= 250 mm, Volume (V) = 21.00 mm , Belt width (Bb) = 300 mm, Bucket pitch (tb) = 400 mm
and also io = 2.0 lit.

With these characteristics of buckets and the belt speed 3.20 m/s, the rated throughout
capacity of 30 t/h can be obtained at the coefficient of bucket filling,

25
Table 2.2: Main characteristics of buckets

Belt width
Bb for Deep bucket Deep bucket
belt Conveyer Pitch type type Pitch Bucket with side guide
Bucket mm of D S of
width B widely closely
mm spaced spaced
bucket bucket V - shaped Round
type bottom
1st 2nd tb mm io io/tb io io/tb tb mm V type R
Raw raw lit m-1 lit m-1 io io/tb io io/tb
lit m-1 lit m-1
100 125 - 200 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.5 - - - - -

125 160 150 220 0.4 1.3 0.2 0.66 - - - - -

160 200 - 320 0.6 2.0 0.35 1.17 160 0.65 4.06 - -

200 250 - 400 1.3 3.24 0.75 1.87 200 1.3 6.5 - -

250 300 315 400 2.0 5.0 1.4 3.5 200 2.0 10.0 - -

320 370 400 500 4.0 8.0 2.7 5.4 250 4.0 10.0 6.4 25.6

400 450 500 500 6.3 12.6 4.2 8.4 320 7.8 24.4 14 43.7

500 550 600 630 12.0 19.0 6.8 10.8 400 - - 28 70

650 700 - 630 16.8 26.0 11.5 18.2 500 - - 60 120

800 - - - - - - - 630 - - 118 187

1000 - - - - - - - 630 - - 148 235

(Note: Bucket types: D: Deep, S: shallow)


Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

Which is possible to reduce the speed to 1.36 m/s but it is substandard and cannot ensure
centrifugal discharge.

26
2. LINEAR GRAVITY FORCE

The linear mass of the belt with four-ply of material like rubber ground is given by, mrb =
2.40 m/s then,

The mass of standard deep bucket of Bucket width (B) = 250 mm, is given by mb = 3.38 Kg
than,

The useful load is given by,

Then the total linear gravity force acting on the carrying runs is given by,
q = qo + ql

27
3. PULL CALCULATION

(a) Conveyer scheme; (b) Diagram of belt


tension Figure 2.5: Diagram for Conveyer
calculation

Source: Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985), Conveying Machine, MIR Publication,
Forth Edition)

According to the diagram of tension Figure 2.5(b), the lowest tension of the belt should be
expected at point 1. We can make only a rough calculation, since we do not know the tension T 4
in the belt section running off the drive pulley as required to ensuring the rated pull. We assume
that T1 = T0. The tension at point 2 is found by considering the resistance on take-up pulley and
the scooping resistance by formula for heavy-duty operation ζ = 1.08 and K sc = 2.0
Calculation against the direction of belt motion gives,

According to theory of frictional drives we have,

= sin−1 0 ... (Since Dp = dp)


=0

Now angle of contact/arc of contact/angle of lap is given by

For a mild steel pulley and high humidity (the Conveyer operates outdoor), the friction coefficient μ = 0.35, so
that at θ = п rad. Therefore eμθ = 3.00. Hence, T3 ≤ 3.00 ∗ T4 or for the case considered
1.08 ∗ T0 + 448.42 ≤ 3.00(T0 ∗ 320.67)

Solution of this equation gives T0 >> - 267.49 N. To ensure the certain margin, we take T 0 = 0
N and then,

29
The required number of belt plies is found for Kop = 55 N/mm and safety factor K = 10

Noting that belt is weakened by bolts and should ensure firm fastening of buckets, we can use
the four-ply belt adopted earlier in the calculation. The circumferential force on the drive
pulley, noting the pulley resistance is,

The power of drive motor, assuming the efficiency of drive mechanism η = 0.85 and a margin
K = 1.25, will be

30
Hearse, we take finally a drive motor of a power P = 2.8 kW and rotational speed N = 51.95
rpm

4. PULLEY CALCULATION

Width of the pulley is given by,

Thickness of rim is given by,

5. BELT CALCULATION
Length of belt is given by,

31
Belt Tension,

Permissible Tension in belt per mm width (f),

6. SHAFT CALCULATION

For 300 mm belt width and 500 mm pulley diameter, Diameter of shaft (d) is 83 mm.
Allowable shear stress for shaft and key material (mild steel), τsk = 70.4 N/mm2 then,
allowable shear stress for shaft accounting keyway effect,

Now, Equivalent torque acting on shaft,

32
= 5.9 KN m

Width of key,

Height of key,

Length of key = 22 mm and radius of hub is equal to diameter of shaft so, r h = 83 mm

7. BEARING CALCULATION

By using series: 60
Inner diameter: d = 83 mm
Outside diameter: D = 130 mm
Width of bearing: b = 23 mm
Static load: Co = 42 KN
Dynamic load: C = 49 KN
Permissible rpm for grease = 5187.5 rpm and
For oil = 6536.25 rpm

33
8. BUCKET CALCULATION

Figure 2.6: Diagram for bucket calculation


(Source: www.maxilift.com)

34
Now, assume β=18˚

MACHINING PROCESSES The various machining processes those were used in making The Bucket
Conveyor and The Belt Conveyor are described below: 1. Metal Cutting: Various metal cutting
tools were used here such asi Sniping tool: To cut the thin metal sheet to form the shape of
bucket ii Hack Saw: To cut the shaft into desired length. iii Grinder cutting: To cut the thick metal
bar into required length for making frame. Figure 4: Cutting Sheet metal with sniping tool (left),
shaft with Grinding Cutter (right). 2. Soldering: I International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014 6 ISSN 2250-3153 Figure 8: Drilling operation. 6.
Grinding: It has been already mentioned that the welding process was widely used here. So,
grinding process was also used here to grind the various parts after cutting to get a plane surface
for welding. The welded parts were also grinded for fine surface. Figure 9: Grinding operation. 7.
Facing and Turning: Turning process was adopted for two purposes: i To match the outer diameter
of the shaft to the inner diameter of the bearing. ii To convert rectangular wooden bar into
cylindrical pulley. And where there is used turning process there is also used facing process for
centering in the lathe machine. Figure 10: Facing operation (left), turning operation (right) with
Lathe Machine.
Chapter 3: MODELING OF CONVEYER
3.1. INTRODUCTION OF MODELING AND ITS SIGNIFICANE

Modeling is defined as the complete representation of an object or a system with the graphical
and non graphical information. It is also known as geometric modeling. It generates the
mathematical description of the geometry and non geometry of an object or a system in the
computer database and the image of an object or system on the graphic screen. With the use
of modeling the designer constructs the graphical image of an object on the computer screen
with the use of following three types of commands to the computer.

1. Generates basic geometric elements such as points, lines and circles etc.
2. To accomplish scaling, rotation or other transformation of various elements.
3. Which cause various elements to be joined?

There are various types of drawing required in different field of engineering and science. In
the field of mechanical engineering, the drawing of machine components and layouts are
prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of power distribution system are
prepared. The use of CAD process provides enhance graphics capabilities which allows any
designer to,

1. Conceptualize his/her ideas


2. Modify the design very easy
3. Perform animation
4. Make design calculations
5. Use colours, fonts and other aesthetic features.

Significance of modeling is as follows:


1. It makes the model a true replica of actual objects.
2. As the model is stored in mathematical form, the model modification can be carried
out easily.
3. A geometric model can be use to evaluate the various properties of an actual objects.
4. A geometric model provides a sophisticated tool for 3D visualization of the objects.
39
5. A geometric model can be easily converted in to the two-dimensional views.
6. A geometric model can be used by Pro/Engineer software to perform the different
types of analysis such as: stress-strain analysis, kinematic analysis, dynamic analysis,
thermal analysis etc.
7. A geometric model can be used by the CAM software to generate a complete tool path
required for the automatic manufacturing.

3.2. CAD PARTS OF BUCKET CONVEYER :

The important parts of bucket Conveyer are as under,

1. Bucket

Command used:

 Extrude 1: Make solid cube of 250 x 156 x 156 mm.


 Extrude 2: Draw side view of bucket on Extrude 1 and remove excess material.
 Shell 1: Remove inside material of Extrude 2, so finally bucket shape is generated.

 Pattern 1 of hole 1: Make one hole of 15 mm diameter and done direction pattern for
75 mm distance.

Function:
 Buckets are used to carry grain material from bottom to top.

Figure 3.1: Bucket Figure 3.2: Ball bearing

40
2. Ball bearing

Command used:
 Revolve 1: Generate sphere of 4.27 mm radius by using revolve command.

 Revolve 2: Generate Bearing inside and outside ring shape of 83 mm inside diameter
and 130 mm outside diameter of 23 mm width.

 Assembly: Finally done assembly of sphere and bearing ring shape assembly and put
16 spheres between inside and outside ring by using axis pattern. So finally Bearing is
generated.

Function:
 Bearing is used to reduce friction and to convert sliding contact in to rolling contact.

3. Belt:

41
Figure 3.3: Belt
Command used:

 Extrude 1: Make side part of belt and Extrude it up to 300 mm, So finally Belt shape
is generated.

 Pattern 1 of hole 1: Draw first hole of 15 mm diameter and done curve pattern at 400
mm distance.

 Pattern 2 of hole 2: Draw second hole of 15 mm diameter at distance 75 mm to first


hole and done curve pattern at 400 mm distance.

 Pattern 3 of hole 3: Draw third hole of 15 mm diameter at distance 150 mm to first


hole and done curve pattern at 400 mm distance.

Function:

 Belt is used to carry bucket and drive driven pulley (bottom pulley) by using driving
pulley (top pulley).

4. Shaft

Figure 3.4: Shaft

Command used:

 Extrude 1: Draw 83 mm diameter circle and extrude it up to 600 mm length. So


finally shaft shape is generated.

42
 Extrude 2: Draw cube of 22 x 21 x 17 mm on shaft at 143 mm distance from centre to
both side on opposite axis and done Extrude remove material to generate key way on
shaft.
Function:
 Shaft is used to transmit power, motion and torque.

5. Pulley

Figure 3.5: Pulley

Command used:
 Extrude 1: Generate 22 x 21 x 14 mm cube as key.
 Assembly 1: Put key on shaft key way and made shaft-key Assembly.

 Revolve 1: Generate hub shape of 166 mm outside radius and 83 mm inside radius
with 48 mm total height and revolve it to get hub rough shape.
 Round 1: 5 mm fillet action are done at end of hub shape for its smoothness.

 Extrude 2: Generate cube of 8.63 x 21 x 45 mm cube is generated on inside part of


hub shape and done Extrude remove material to generate key way in hub.
 Assembly 2: Combine hub and shaft-key assembly.
 Assembly 3: Put Bearing inside hub in previous done assembly.

 Extrude 3: Draw ring of 83 mm inside diameter and 130 mm outside diameter and
extrude it to 6 mm, to generate bearing cover.
 Assembly 4: Assemble bearing cover on bearing in Assembly 3 outcome.

43
 Extrude 4: Draw ring of 142 mm inside diameter and 500 mm outside diameter and
extrude it to 6 mm, to generate pulley cover plate.
 Assembly 5: Assemble pulley cover plate on hub in Assembly 4 outcome.

 Extrude 5: Generate 500 mm inside diameter, 6 mm thickness and 375 mm pipe as


pulley rim.

 Assembly 6: Assemble pulley rim on cover plate in assembly 5 outcome, so finally


get Pulley.

Function:

 Pulley is used to transmit power, motion and torque from one shaft to another shaft by
using belt.

3.3. ASSEMBLY OF BUCKET CONVEYER :

Used Top to Bottom assembly approach to assemble bucket Conveyer as shown in


figures earlier. Various steps includes in assembly of bucket Conveyer are as followed.
The final figure of assembly of bucket Conveyer is shown in figure 3.6

 Assembly 1: First call pulley at top and give fix constrain to it and take direction
pattern of the same at distance of 3000 mm
 Assembly 2: Call belt and fix it on two pulleys.

 Assembly 3: Call buckets and fix it on belt by using nut bolts, And finally done curve
pattern of bucket at 400 mm distance to get final bucket Conveyer assembly.

44
Figure 3.6: Bucket Conveyer assembly

3.5. MECHANISM OF BUCKET CONVEYER

The mechanism of bucket Conveyer is prepared by performing various stapes for that it
required various joints between two respective parts. Joints required for mechanism is applied

45
during assemble the parts. Various joints required for mechanism are pin joint, sliding joint,
belt joint. The detail procedure for mechanism is discussed under with the required figure.

 First off all call the support on which the driving or driven pulley is going to be fixed
and apply fixed constrain on it and take the direction pattern of the same at required
distance.

 Call the driven pulley and assemble it with lower end support by pin joint. Same
procedure is followed during assemble of driving pulley.
 Than call the belt bucket assembly and assemble it on outer surface of the pulley by
sliding joint.

 Now go to the mechanism and apply the servomotor between the pin joint of support
and driving pulley and give required input for rotation of servomotor in servomotor
definition as shown in figure 3.7

Figure 3.7: Mechanism of bucket Conveyer

 Click on the analysis definition and select the type of analysis also give the required
input for respective analysis and run it. Here we select the kinetic analysis.
During mechanism of belt Conveyer various problem occurred due to sliding joint of belt
and pulley. Such problems occurred during mechanism are as under.

46
Problem: 1
From the figure 3.8 both pulleys are assembled by pin joint and belt is assembled by sliding
joint, but during running of mechanism the driven pulley joint is suppressed and remain
steady and driving pulley is rotate with belt like a clock hand.

Figure 3.8: Mechanism problem-1 of bucket Conveyer

Problem: 2
From the below figure 3.9 both pulley are assembled by pin joint and belt is assembled by
sliding joint, but during running of mechanism one pulley joint is suppressed and driven
pulley remain steady and driving pulley is rotate but the belt slides out from the both pulley
surface.

Figure 3.9: Mechanism problem-2 of bucket Conveyer

47
To solve these problems, A belt drive as a case study is considered and parts are modeled
using Pro/Engineer and the same problems are persisting in that assembly of mechanism. But
same problem occurred during the mechanism of belt joints. In short the simulation of the
belt-pulley system using Pro/Mechanism yet to be work out for its implementation in bucket
Conveyer mechanism.

Fig. 3.10: Mechanism problem in case study

48
Chapter 4: FABRICATION OF PROTO TYPE
4.1 SELECTION OF PROTOTYPE DIMENSION:

Selection of dimension for prototype model is based on the input and output parameter of the
C program shown in Appendix: A. The input and output data for the dimension of prototype
model is shown in following tabular format.

Input data:

Table 4.1: Design inputs for prototype model


Lifting Height (H) - m 1
3
Wheat Density (ρ) - Tonne/m 0.768
Number of belt ply 4
Efficiency 0.85
Want to enter Capacity (Q)? (Y/N) N

Enter value of i0/tb (1.3, 2.0, 3.24, 5.0, 8.0) - m-1 2.0
Want to enter Pulley diameter (Dp)? (Y/N) Y
Pulley diameter (Dp) - mm 200

Output data:

Table 4.2: Design outputs for prototype model


Capacity (Q) - Tonne/hr 13.271040

Pulley radius (rp) - m 0.1


Belt velocity (v) - m/s 3.2
Rotation speed of pulley (N) - rpm 305.732483

Pole Distance (hp) - m 0.001875


Unloading of bucket centrifugally is possible? Y
Bucket width (B) - mm 160

Belt width (Bb) - mm 200

49
Bucket pitch (tb) - mm 320
3
Bucket volume - mm 13.44
Tension (T3) - N 234.262802
Tension (T4) - N 78.087601
Required no. of belt plies 0.212966
Pulley Resistance (W) - N 144.606674
Motor power - kW 0.783039

Pulley width (Bp) - mm 250.000000


Rim thickness (t) - mm 3.000000
Belt length (L) - m 2.628000
Belt Tension (T) - Nm 17971.919922
Permissible Tension (f) in belt per mm width - N/mm 1.347894
Projection of bucket (b) - mm 79
Depth of Bucket (h1) - mm 79

h2 mm 47.80
No. of bucket (n) 8.212500
Shaft diameter (d) - mm 30
Shaft load - kN 6
Permissible rpm for Grease lubrication 12000
Permissible rpm for Oil lubrication 15000

Radius of hub (rh) - mm 30


Key width (w) - mm 7.500000
Key height (h) - mm 5.000000

Equivalent torque acting on shaft (Te) - kNm 0.279774

50
4.2. FABRICATION OF BUCKET CONVEYER PROTOTYPE

After getting the above program output for prototype model design, fabrication of the model
is carried out. Various processes involved in fabrication of the prototype model are as under.

Table 4.3: Fabrication processes for bucket Conveyer


1. Cutting 6. Centering 11. Welding
2. Marking 7. Turning 12. Bending
3. Punching 8. Chamfering 13. Chipping
4. Drilling 9. Gas cutting 14. Boring
5. Facing 10. Grinding 15. Slotting

The procedure followed for the fabrication of model is as followed:

For support structure:


1. Cut the L - channel, flat stripes of required height and length for the structure.
2. Marking and punching on each channel and flat stripes as per need of location of hole.
3. Drill on each punching location as per requirement of hole diameter with the help of
drilling machine with respective drilling tool of 10 mm and 12 mm diameter.
4. By using bolts of 12 mm and 10 mm diameter at required hole joining various sections
and make whole structure.

For pulley shaft:


1. Cut the 32 mm diameter shaft as per the requirements of length.
2. Face the both end of shaft on lathe and centre on each end with the drilling tool.
3. Turning the whole shaft (both shaft) of 30 mm diameter.
4. Chamfer the each end of the shaft.

For pulley:
1. Cut the 200 mm diameter, 6 mm thick pipe in two equal lengths of 250 mm for pulley
rim.
2. According to the inner diameter of the pipe cut the four round circles for cover plate
with the help of gas cutting.

51
3. Grind the outer surfaces of the plates to match with the inner surface of pulley rim.
4. Drill the hole of 30 mm diameter on centre of each cover plate.
5. Weld the cover plates on both shafts; two cover plates on each shaft.
6. Fix the pulley rim on shaft-cover plate assembly at required position and make just
tag welding.
7. Check the proper fixing the pulley rim on the shaft-cover plate assembly carried out
the full welding.

For buckets:
As per the calculation of the requirements of bucket, calculate the plate size of by developing
the whole bucket as shown in figure 4.1 & 4.2 and calculate the area of sheet required for the
one bucket. Prepare a bucket sheet metal planning for all buckets which is shown in figure
4.3.

1. As per the bucket sheet metal planning makes a marking on sheet.


2. Cut the plates in required shape for side parts (small in size) and bend parts (large in
size) of the bucket with the help of tin snip.
3. Bend the large size of sheet in bending machine.
4. Cut the side parts (small in size) of the bucket in required shape.
5. Weld the bend parts of bucket with side parts.
6. Carried out grinding operation for batter surface finish.
7. Marking and punching on the surface on which the buckets are going to be bolt on the
belt and drilling on that desired location with required drill tool.

Calculation for material utilisation is as follows (Refere figure 4.3),

Area of front part, A = 231.13 ∗ 164


= 38889.32 mm2
Area of front part, A = 105 ∗ 105
= 11025 mm2

Total area of front part and side part is 9A mm2 and 18B mm2 respectively. Now total
material used is given by,
C = 9A + 18B
= 9 ∗ 38889.32 + (18 ∗ 11025)
2
= 548453.88 mm
Total area available of sheet, D = 1800 + 750
= 2550 mm2

Now, material utilization factor is given by,


Area used C
MUF = =
= 548453.88
Total area available D

40%
2550
=

From the above calculation it is cleared that, only 40% of sheet is used from the whole sheet.
So, in place of using whole sheet, use of scrap of particular size is advisable and also
economical.

For belts:
1. Marking on the belt for fixing the buckets at required bucket pinch distance.
2. Mark the holes position on this bucket pitch distance.
3. Punching on that holes location with the help of dot punch.
4. Drill the all punched marks on belt with hand drilling machine.

54
Assemble the all parts which are fabricated earlier with the help of suitable joints like nut-bolt, weld
etc. the final picture of bucket Conveyer is shown in figure 4.4.

4.3. SELECTION OF POWER PULLEY

To reduce the motor speed up to 305 rpm, it is necessary to use an extra pulley (power pulley)
in conjunction with upper shaft of bucket Conveyer . For that calculation is necessary,
calculation for speed reduction is given below.

Where,
D = Diameter of top power pulley attach with upper pulley of bucket
Conveyer d = Diameter of bottom power pulley attack with motor
N = Top power pulley speed = 305 rpm
n = Bottom power pulley speed = 1400 rpm

To get this Diameter ratio, take D = 22.86 cm = 9 inch and d = 5 cm = 1.96 inch ≈ 2 inch

4.4. BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR UPPER SHAFT


Bending moment diagram is shown in figure 4.4. Now, calculation for required length of v
belt is shown as under.

C = Distance between two pulleys = 89 cm


D = Diameter of top power pulley attach with upper pulley of bucket Conveyer = 22.86 cm
d = Diameter of bottom power pulley attack with motor = 5 cm

55
Figure: 4.4: Loading and bending moment diagram for upper shaft

56
4.5. PROBLEMS OCCURE DURRING FABRICATION

The following problems ware faced during the fabrication of prototype model of bucket
Conveyer .
1. Due to spring back effect in bucket sheet material, Elastic recovery occurs when press
machine pressure is released. It is depends on type of material, thickness of material,
band radius and band angle.
2. For pulley, used hollow pipe of 200 mm diameter, 6 mm thickness as pulley rim, this
is slightly oblong during turning process. So to overcome this problem made pulley
assembly like fabricated shaft, cover plate and pulley rim, than again done turning on
pulley rim.
3. Purchased shaft from scrap so doesn’t know about its material property. Because of
this purchased harden shaft’s machining is not possible. So replaced it by purchasing
new shaft to get desired property of shaft material so once can machined it properly
with in limited constraints.
4. Delay in getting of belt and pulley machining (Done outside due to less capacity of
machine of ADIT workshop).
5. Problem due to pulley shaft alignment, Because of this belt is comes outside form
pulley. To avoid this weld required thickness of strips or flange on pulley so that belt
is fitted in required space and run within specific path.

57
4.6. FABRICATED PROTOTYPE OF BUCKET CONVEYER

Figure: 4.5: Fabricated bucket Conveyer prototype model

Chapter 5: RESULTS ANALYSIS


5.1. EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES

For the purpose of handling, the effects of various operating conditions are being studied
theoretically for working of bucket Conveyer .

Effect of lifting height on number of bucket, motor power and belt length:

Assume capacity (Q) = 30 Tonne / hr and Pulley Diameter (D p) = 500 mm as constant, than
the effect of lifting height on number of bucket, motor power and belt length is shown in
graph bellow. As the lifting height of bucket Conveyer increases the number of bucket,
motor power and belt length is gradually increases (Refer figure 5.1).

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
3m 6m 9m 12 m 15 m
No. of Bucket 19 34 49 64 79
Motor Power (kW) 2.8 5.6 8.4 11.2 13.9
Belt Length (m) 7.6 13.6 19.6 25.6 31.6

Figure 5.1: Variation based on lifting height


59
Effect of pulley diameter on speed, belt length, number of bucket, and shaft diameter:

Assume lifting height (H) = 3 m and capacity (Q) = 30 Tonne / hr as constant, than the effect
of pulley diameter on speed, belt length, no. of bucket, and shaft diameter is shown in graph
bellow. As the pulley diameter of bucket Conveyer increases the rotational speed of bucket
Conveyer is decreases gradually and the belt length is increases. The number of bucket
remains almost constant but the diameter of shaft slowly increases (Refer figure 5.2).
Effect of capacity on bucket width, bucket volume, belt width, bucket pitch, motor
power and number of bucket:

Assume lifting height (H) = 1.5 m and pulley diameter (D p) = 250 mm as constant, than the
effect of capacity on bucket width, bucket volume, belt width, bucket pitch, motor power and
number of bucket is shown in graph (Refer figure 5.3). As the capacity of bucket Conveyer
increases the bucket width increases and hence the volume of bucket increase as its
dimensions of bucket increases, the belt width also increases. As the capacity increases the
bucket pitch increases but the motor power and number of required buckets decreases.
Effect of efficiency on motor power:

Assume lifting height (H) = 1 m, pulley diameter (Dp) = 200 mm capacity (Q) = 13.3 Tonne /
hr as constant, than the effect of efficiency on motor power is shown in graph bellow. As the
efficiency of bucket Conveyer increases the motor power decrees gradually (Refer figure
5.4).

5.2. RESULT ANALYSIS OF PROTOTYPE MODEL

Observation:
Actual rotational speed of bucket Conveyer = 320 rpm
1 bucket capacity = 0.095 kg so, for 9 bucket capacity = 0.855 kg

Case: 1
In this case bucket Conveyer is completely empty means no wheat inside the Conveyer for
scooping effect on starting and wheat is finished during feeding without checking of scooping
capacity for bucket Conveyer.
Table 5.1: Observation table for 1.00 kg of wheat
Wheat inside
Wheat at Wheat inside
the Conveyer Wheat at
inlet for the Conveyer Time Efficiency
before starting outlet
feeding after closing (Second) (%)
of scooping (kg)
(kg) (kg)
(kg)
1.00 0.00 0.850 0.150 48.48 45.00
Chapter 6: FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
 The velocity analysis can be carried out to understand its effect with change in bucket
angle.

 Coding of the C –Program can be refined for its faster and efficient way of its usage
while editing input parameters. Use of fopen, fclose functions i.e. file operations using
C- program will simplify the editing of the input and programming length. This leads
to modular programming for bucket Conveyer . Existing program coding takes 325
lines results in difficulty of program modification and may be erroneous results.

 The mechanism of bucket Conveyer is not completed yet due to problem regarding
to belt connection as a joint using Pro/Mechanism. The simulation of the bucket
Conveyer assembly should be carried out to predict instantaneous velocity and
components of the velocities in the required directions. Moreover, Torque and power
calculations can be obtained using the dynamic simulation considering the gravity
effect also. The obtained results can be compared with the practical one to understand
the differences and subsequent remedial actions. The frictional considerations will be
incorporated during the mechanism simulation along with gravity effect to predict the
system behaviour more realistic.

 The effect of clearance between the bucket Conveyer belt mechanisms along with its
outer casing will be lucrative to analyze for further improvement of its performance.

 The throttle plate arrangement for the prototype outlet will be more suitable for the
existing configuration.

 The take-up system of the bucket Conveyer s is equipped with additional dust-tight
seals between the casing and the guide of the idle shaft belt bucket Conveyer s
realised for heavy duty application are equipped with a self aligning system which
ensure the safe parallel guidance of the pulley.

 An idler mechanism should be also provided for tightening belt during running of
bucket Conveyer .

64
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION
1. This project was designed to study the design of bucket Conveyer also enhance
the manufacturing idea about the processes and fabrication of the equipment.
2. Through this experience, we found the chance to apply our knowledge of previous
courses like machine design, Kinematics of machinery, Product Design and Value
Engineering.
3. The designed bucket Conveyer works having certain limitations.
4. When designing the system, we should make sure the material is cost effective,
and durable. In the meantime, it should also be available in the market.
5. Dimensions should be realistic.

The main purpose for building this machine is to automate the handling of bulk material and
its packaging. We are trying to build a prototype for expressing our motive on this project.
Though we have some mistakes caused by human error but we believe that we can clear our
concept by our work. The total process is controlled by a control system automatically. We
mainly focus on the packaging system. The control system helps to package the right amount
of material in several packet. It stops the machine for a certain time between two packaging
process. So once it is set the requirement of skilled operator is also reduced as compared to
a manual system.
65
SAMPLE COMPUTATION:

1. For Bucket Conveyer Design:

Input:
Lifting Height(H) in m = 3
Wheat Density in Tonne/m3 =
0.768 No of Belt ply (Np) = 4
Efficiency = 0.85
Want to enter Capacity (Q)? Enter 1 for yes and 0 for no -
1 Capacity (Q) in Tonne/hr = 30
Want to enter Pulley diameter (Dp)? or Want to use equation Dp=125*Np? Enter 1 for yes and 0 for no – 0

Output:
Ratio (i0/tb) in m-1 = 5.0
Pulley diameter (Dp) in mm = 500
Pulley radius (rp) in m = 0.250000
Belt velocity (v) in m/s = 3.2
Rotation speed of pulley (N) in rpm = 122.292992
Pole Distance (hp) in m = 0.073231
Unloading of bucket centrifugally is
possible. Bucket width (B) in mm = 250
Belt width (Bb) in mm = 300
Bucket pitch (tb) in mm = 400
Bucket volume in mm3 =
21.000000 Tension T3 in N =
957.946533 Tension T4 in N =
319.315521
Safety factor k = 10
Required no. of belt plies (i) = 0.580574
Pulley Resistance (W) in N = 591.325012
Motor power (P) in kW = 2.782706
Pulley width (Bp) in mm = 375.000000
Rim thickness (t) in mm = 4.000000
Belt length (L) in m = 7.570000
Belt Tension (T) in Nm = 159657.750000
Permissible Tension (f) in belt per mm width in N/mm = 3.193155
Projection of bucket (b) in mm = 156
Depth of Bucket (h1) in mm = 156
H2 in mm = 92.98
No. of Bucket (n) = 18.925001
Shaft diameter (d) in mm = 100
Shaft_load in kN = 22
Bearing_No = 6020
Radius of hub (rh) in mm = 100
Key width (w) in mm = 25.000000
Key height (h) in mm = 16.666666
Equivalent torque acting on shaft (Te) in KNm = 10.362000

2. For Bucket Conveyer Prototype:

Inputs:
Lifting Height(H) in m = 1
Wheat Density in Tonne/m3 = 0.768
No of Belt ply (Np) = 2
Efficiency = 0.85
Want to enter Capacity (Q)? Enter 1 for yes and 0 for no - 0
Enter value of ratio (io/tb)- (1.3, 2.0, 3.24, 5.0, 8.0, 12.6) in m-1 = 2.0
Want to enter Pulley diameter (Dp)? or Want to use equation Dp=125*Np? Enter 1 for yes and 0 for no - 1
Pulley diameter (Dp) in mm = 200

Output:
Capacity (Q) in Tonne/hr = 13.271040
Pulley radius (rp) in m = 0.100000
Belt velocity (v) in m/s = 3.2
Rotation speed of pulley (N) in rpm = 305.732483
Pole Distance (hp) in m = 0.001875
Unloading of bucket centrifugally is possible.
Bucket width (B) in mm = 160
Belt width (Bb) in mm = 200 Bucket
pitch (tb) in mm = 320 Bucket
volume in mm3 = 13.440000 Tension
T3 in N = 234.262802 Tension T4 in
N = 78.087601 Safety factor k = 10
Required no. of belt plies (i) = 0.212966
Pulley Resistance (W) in N = 144.606674
Motor power (P) in kW = 0.680502 Pulley
width (Bp) in mm = 250.000000 Rim
thickness (t) in mm = 3.000000
Belt length (L) in m = 2.628000
Belt Tension (T) in Nm = 15.617
Permissible Tension (f) in belt per mm width in N/mm = 1.171314
Projection of bucket (b) in mm = 105
Depth of Bucket (h1) in mm = 105
H2 in mm = 47.08
No. of Bucket (n) = 8.212500
Shaft diameter (d) in mm = 30
Shaft_load in kN = 6
Bearing_No = 6006
Bearing_bore_diameter in mm = 30
Bearing_outside_diameter in mm = 55
Bearing_width in mm = 13
Bearing static load (C0) in kN = 8.30
Bearing Dynamic load © in kN = 13.30
Permissible_rpm_for_Grease_lubrication = 12000
Permissible_rpm_for_Oil_lubrication = 15000
Radius of hub (rh) in mm = 30
Key width (w) in mm = 7.500000
Key height (h) in mm = 5.000000
Equivalent torque acting on shaft (Te) in KNm = 0.279774
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Spivakovsy, A.O. and Dyachkov, V.K. (1985),
Conveying Machine, MIR Publication, Forth
Edition.
2. Balagurusamy, E. (1998), Programming in ANSI
C, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, Second
Edition.
3. Bhatt, N.D. and Panchal, V.M. (2005),
Engineering drawing, Charotar publication,
Fourthly Eight Edition.
4. Bhandari, V.B. (2007), Design of Machine
Element, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co,
Second Edition.
5. Patil, R.B. and Kumar, A. (2009), Machine Design
and Industrial Drafting, Tech-Max Publication, First
Edition.
6. Patil, R.B. (2011), Computer aided design, Tech-
Max Publication, First Edition.
7. Arora, R.P. and Raghunath, B.K. (2012),
Production technology, Tech-Max
Publication. First Edition.
8. Retrieved From <www.swo-conveyors.com>.
9. Retrieved From <www.enviro-abrassion.com>.
10. Retrieved From <www.BEUMER.com>.
11. Retrieved From <www.motridal.com>.
12. Retrieved From <www.fmctechnologies.com>.
13. Retrieved From <www.rexnord.com>.
14. Retrieved From
<www.integratedbulksystems.com.au>.
15. Retrieved From <www.screwconveyor.com>.

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