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Ethnobotanical study of ground Flora of Changa Manga forest Thesis is

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master
of Philosophy In BOTANY By Pervaz Iqbal 14-pglc-103 Session 2014-2016
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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA SARGODHA,

PAKISTAN Ethnobotanical study of ground flora of Changa Manga forest
Introduction Forest is the major part of a natural ecosystem. All the herbs,
shrubs, forbs and trees species present in an ecosystem constitute the
ground flora of forest. In natural ecosystem ground flora plays an important
role in recycling of nutrients, It has also a major part in habitat preservation
(Gaurav et al., 2002).The soil contain greater nutrients due to these ground
flora. As the time passing plant biodiversity is continuously moving to decline,
for the conservation of different plant species many protected areas were
developed in the last century (Sánchez-Peña et al., 2005). Changa Manga
forest is also the example of one of this artificially established protected area
which is the biggest human established forest of Pakistan. The forest ground
flora is much important in recycling of different nutrients, preservation of
different natural habitats. It also plays role in rejuvenation of shrubs. (Gaurav
et al., 2002). The forest ground flora especially herbaceous ground flora has
lot of nutrients which are very important for a natural ecosystem. It also
contributes in continuous recycling of different nutrients and preservation of
natural habitats. Forest ground flora undergoes sudden changes due to
different weather condition and plants features. (Vogt et al. 1986). The
existing state of a place determined by the floristic composition and species-
richness. The management of a specific species pool ,it also describes the
history, age and ancient management practices and use of the particular
plant species (Ahmad et al., 2014). Plant conservationists discussed
vegetation communities as basic and the most important unit of biodiversity.
Ecological community study is so important in this context, which provides
the idea about the structure of a plant community and its relationship with
the local environmental conditions. The relationship between environment
and plant vegetation is much important in environmental science. Basically,
taxonomy of plants depends on the number and varieties of different plant
species in an area (Bernevig et al., 2006).The plant species in natural
environment depend on environmental resources and climatic conditions but
exception of environmental conditions, the presence of different plant species
in an area also depends on their ethno botanical uses also. An important
quantitative criterion in ecology is the identification of different communities
on the basis of presence of different species in specific sampling units.
Multivariate technique is an important technique in ecology and biology for
the group prediction (McCune et al., 2002). Multivariate techniques helped
the human beings to study different species especially herbaceous species for
their benefits, as forest includes different types of plant species, it is
necessary to study the impact of forest flora on human life. Ethnobotany is
generally the study of relationship between different plant species with
humans. The word "Ethno-botany" was `devised by an American botanist
John Hershberger in 1896; however the history of ethno- botany has started
a long time before that. The ethno-botany also deals with the relations
between people and traditional benefits of plants. The people also depend on
plants for their communal, social, traditional and relative importance of
plants. (Panhwar and Abro, 2007). It is the association among a specified
culture and location of a specific plant world.(Aumeeruddy, 1996).The forest
ethno-botany is the branch of botany which describes benefits of plant
species for human beings in many ways, especially from medicinal point of
view. Actually, ethno-botany and medicine have close relations. Plant
produces many of today’s drugs. (Pie and Manandhara, 1987) described that
most of the human population depends on traditional drugs for health
maintenance. Since the start of human evolution, individuals have used
plants for medication. Plants were thought to have healing power (Beres et
al., 2005). In developing countries, use of ethnic plants by indigenous people
for their regular diseases is communal practice. Ethno- medicine is the
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scheme to keep health and treat disorders based on traditional opinions and
information, services, approaches and applies. Forest ground flora also
helping in providing food and maintain the ecological environment, which are
required for crops practices. These floras help to retained the soil composition
and avoid soil erosion. It also increases the water storage capacity of soil.
(Mahmood, 2011C). Today ethno-botanical studies are broadly known as a
human science and its ecological units. The major aim of ethno-botanical
studies today, is to observe the dynamic relationship between human
population and plants. With the help of ethnobotanical researches, the
importance and impacts of plants in human life are discussed .But the
conservation should be necessary if they are being over exploited by the
human. But the aim of studies should be the identification, classification and
conservation of the vegetation that have important role in community
characteristics. (Ahmad and Nieto, 2009). Objective of study 1. To study the
importance of plant species present in study area 2. To study the better
management practices for ground flora found in study area 3. To study the
efficient and effective ways for the future conservation of the valuable asset
of Pakistan, the Changa Manga forest park CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF
LITERATURE Cousins and Huffman (2002) carried out ethno-medicinal study
of remedial plants against stomach and intestinal ailments in domestic
herbivores. The information was collected from 25 distant places of Salt range
areas of Pakistan by interviewing the local people. Fifty-two medicines from
forty-five plants fitting to thirty four families had been verified to treat
gastrointestinal ailments in cattle. Water, common salt, black salt, eggs,
sugar, grass, husk, flour,, aloe pulp and black pepper were used in the course
of herbal medications. Allium cepa, Brassica campestris, Erigeron
conyzanthus, Eruca sativa, Foeniculum vulgare,Melia azedarach,
Adhatodavasica, Aesculus indica, Canabissativa, Trachyspermum copticum,
and Trigonellafoenum-graecum showed many uses of ethno-veterinary. As,
most of the gastrointestinal ailments had caused by bacteria and viruses so
active components, biological actions and medical studies required
phytochemical screening for the discovery of original, harmless and costless
medicines. Wazir et al., (2004) carried out ethno-botanical research to recruit
the treasure of medicinal plants directed in Chapursan Valley. Forty one
medicinal plants species of twenty nine families of natural herbs, vegetation
and trees were used by local people of the area. Ahmad (2006) had collected
the indigenous information about curative plants as ethno remedies in the
nominated regions of Isakhel, Mianwali. The questionnaire method was
adopted for collection of information from the natives and Hakims. The ethno
medicinal records of fifty five plants related to fifty two genera within thirty
families were noted during survey of 6 towns. The ethnomedicinal data was
recorded alphabetically with common and botanical name followed by family
name. The part used of plants for ethno medicinal purpose was also recorded.
Plant samples were composed, documented, preserved, attached and coupon
was placed in the Botany Department of Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi for future references. Qureshi and Ghufran (2007) investigated
the nominated wild remedial plant species of District Attock. This research
was mainly concentrated on indigenous plants used by native people. The
data about each species including botanical names, indigenous name, family
name, part of plant used and remedial significance was also provided. Overall
forty-nine species fitting to 29 families were collected from study region. The
information was collected from ten Hakims and eighty indigenous people were
questioned. Ahmad and Javid (2007) carried out ethno-botanical study in
Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. The 6 medicinal and food species were
Amaranthus viridis, , Galium aparine, Adhatoda vasica, Artemisia scoparia,
Hedera nepalensis and Urtica dioica that gained consideration of researchers
and resident public. Around fifty informers were questioned about study
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ethno medicinal and environmental possessions. The species like Amaranthus

viridis, Hedera nepalensis and Urtica dioica were chemically examined for
aash, proteins, carbohydrates and fats. These six species had much remedial
and nutritive significance. The valuable ethnobotanical information about
these plants was vanishing very fast, though that research could conserve
that valuable information. Qureshi et al., (2007A) searched out ethno-
botanical plant data in Sudhan Gali and Ganga Chotti Hills of district Bagh,
Azad Kashmir. The main objective of the study to know how local people used
local flora of the study area. Many beneficial uses of thirty-three floral species
fitting to twenty nine plant genera and seventeen families and phonological
explanation were also taken. Qureshi et al., (2007B) investigated the use of
local plants used by local people against treatment of different diseases. This
paper showed beneficial uses of plants used in medicines. Traditional drugs
were receiving countless significance as material bases on local medicinal
plants. Remedial significance of thirty-three plant species fitting to twenty-
nine genera and seventeen families were investigated along with the
phonological studies. Due to phonological studies, it will contribute to
recognize the remedial plants in the area in specific months. Protection of
medicinal plants of this area was also very essential.. Hussain et al., (2007)
had collected the one hundred and eleven plants of 46 families at central
karakoram national park, Gilgit-Biltistan. Out of them two families were of
gymnosperms (2 plants), five monocots (11 species) and 39 dicot (98
species). Family Asteraceae was most common with eleven species followed
by Papilionaceae and Rosaceae with ten and nine species respectively. The
customary uses were including,9 fruit species, 13 timber, 15
thatching/fencing, 21 vegetable, 40 firewood, 52 medicinal and 90 fodder.
Haloxylon griffithii and Vaccaria pyramidata were soap making; while four
plants were used in basket making, four species were for furniture and 8
plants were used agricultural tools. Khan and Khatoon (2008) carried out
ethno-botanical study at Bugrote and Haramosh valley, Gilgit District and
nearby regions of northern Pakistan which was very rich in plant and ethnic
diversity. The information was collected about remedial plants from two group
of men and women of different ages in order to check who had grip on
information. Adult men and women were found to have more knowledge
about remedial floras. Twenty-seven plant species were informed used
various purposes. The researchers determined that there were required con-
servation policies in the region that will fulfill the needs of local people for
economic improvement. During survey on medicinal plant in Haramosh and
Bugrote valleys it was investigated that local people used these plants against
different diseases such as sugar (diabetes), hypertension, abdomen
problems, rheumatism and asthma. The most plants of study region were
medicinal that belongs to families Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae, Labiatae,
Compositae, and Gentianaceae. A total of 98 herbs were collected with aid of
local residents including wild (77) and 21 were cultivated. . Ibrar and Hussain
(2009) had carried out survey in order to collect the ethno botanical
knowledge at Charkotli Hills, Batkhela District, Malakand, Pakistan. The
region had thick vegetation cover of 100 plants belonging to 49 families. Out
of them forty three families were of dicot. The monocot and pteridophyta
each of them had two families while gymnosperm had only one family.
Information was composed on many customary uses including 66 species
were medicinal, 21 of fruit and edible seed species. Moreover 18 of fodder
and 12 of vegetable species were also present in study region. Furthermore
12 of fuel species and 11 plants were used for that ching and building. Five
plants were used for each of hedge or fencing, timber wood and poisonous
plants. Three plants used for making ketchup, two for oil yielding and two
plants used for each of making miswak, sticks, 2 as ornamental and mehindi
used by girls. One species each of irritant plant, for tanning, for making
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surma Salai, and one as review in milk pots. Cutting of trees and overgrazing
of animals had condensed the development of timbered plants. Appropriate
management had needed to protect the flora, fauna and ethno botanical
assets for the new generations. Ali et al. (2009) worked out on soil study and
floral structure of Mahaban and Malka of District Buner (KPK) Pakistan in
successive four years from 2011-2014. According to significance plants Pinus
roxburghii, Quercus incanna and Rhodendron arboretum were dominated
(PQR). A data of 91 taxa existed related to 80 genera, dispersed in 44
families. Hemicryptophyte and Therophyte were dominated classes with
(24.4%) of species. According to leaf structure, Microphyll (34.4%) and
Nanophyll (26.6%) were dominated classes. The soil also had low CaCO3 and
Potassium concentration. The ethno botanical information was obtained from
local residents and Tabeebs. Qureshi et al., (2009) carried out ethno-
botanical study for collection of medicinal plants and original information of
Tehsil Chakwal. Ethno-botanical data was collected during survey of the area
from October, 2007 to January, 2008. Twenty-nine plant species within 25
genera and 18 families had been located at study site which were used by
inhabitants against treatment of many ailments. The plants were given their
botanical and local name. Moreover family name, flowering season, part used
and folk medicinal uses were also composed. The plant samples were also
dried, constrained, fixed on papers and placed in the Herbarium of Pir Meher
Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi for record. . Ali and Qaiser
(2009) had collected the knowledge of medicinal plants and their local uses
through ethnobotanical survey that was carried out in Chitral valley. Eighty
three plants were described for many drives. Roots were main plant part used
in maximum formulas. Commonly one species is used and was mostly taken
verbally. Total plants composed from the wild, out of which seven were totally
rare and local. Unmaintainable assembly procedures, poor harvesting, soil
destruction and powerful deforestation were the chief reasons of the
reduction of local plant species. Local residents still used these plants for their
medical purpose. Conservation strategies are required to necessary to keep
medicinal floras of Chitral valley. Razaq et al., (2010) had collected complete
information of ethno medicinal plants at Changa valley district Shangla,
Pakistan. About fifty species within thirty two families were studied for
medicinal value. Only two plants of Pteridophytes such as A. capillus-veneris
L, Adiantum venustum D. Don, and one of Fungi i.e. Morchella esculenta (L.)
Pers ex Fr.Moreover, 28, 9, 7, 5 and 1 plants were of perennial herbs, annual
herbs, shrubs, trees and biennial herbs respectively. Local people a lot
depends on these plants for the treatment of various diseases. These species
needed conservation efforts in order to avoid extinction. Hazrat et al., (2010)
carried out an ethno-botanical study accompanied in Usherai Valley, Dir of
NWFP. The chief purpose was study the importance of curative floras. A data
of fifty plants within thirty two families comprising natural herbs, shrubs and
trees were created that used by local people of the valley as therapeutic
plants. Abbasi et al., (2010) searched out the 27 medicinal plant species of
23 families in Northern Himalaya Ranges, District Abbottabad. These plants
were used by the local residents for healing of wounds from 2007 to 2009 at
Northern Himalayan Range, district Abbottabad. Information was also
collected from local people of different ages by questionnaire method. Ajaib
et al., (2010) had collected and studied an ethno-botanical data of District
Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan from 2007 to 2008. A data of thirty-
eight species of plants that belongs to thirty genera and twenty-five families.
Local people used these plants as curative, firewood, housing, and
silage/forage and in manufacture farming tools. Most shrubs had more than
one ethno-botanical uses. Rhamnaceae was most common among all
families. Alencar et al., (2010) had identified the medicinal plants used in
preparations and resemblance among recommended species of that year.
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Total 63.8% of drugs had involved one or more plant species. There were
established 41 plant species in the treatments, maximum among them were
mysterious though innate species were receiving position in the period. The
common species of the area were Papaver somniferumL., Rheum officinale
Baill., Psychotriaipecacuanha(Brot.). Stokes, Cinchona sp. and Guaiacum
officinale L. The status medicinal plants of present was explained but,
concerning natural types, it is essential to discovere out which feature
predisposed the combination of American floras on the certified remedy.
Hussain et al. (2011) investigated about the role of drugs used against
contagious diseases, extracted from native plants. The research was observed
that local people had used local plants in various medical formulas for the
treatment of many ailments in Baltistan Region. Forty seven curative plants of
23 plant families were collected. Among them 21 were of angiosperm, one
family each of gymnosperm (Ephedraceae) and pteridophyte (Equisetaceae).
Local people used simple abstracts of these curative plants for the treatment
of different diseases. Most common families of study region were Asteraceae,
Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae, and Rosaceae. At least five plants of each
family were used for remedial value. The species were present at the heights
of 2000 m to over 4000 m. Mahmood et al. (2011A) carried out the survey at
district Mirpur AJK, Pakistan and collected knowledge about the importance
and production of many drugs from curative plants which were used by local
residents against many diseases. A data of twenty nine plants of twenty
families and information about medical uses was collected from seven local
tabeeb and 58 local person. Each plant was also given the botanical name,
family name and local name. Mahmood et al., (2011B) carried out an ethno-
botanical study in Neelum Valley, AJK, Pakista n and collected the original
information about the most common plant of the study region. A data of total
forty plant types fitting to 31 families were used as therapeutic, nutrition,
fodder/forage, firewood, wood, accommodation and cultivated purposes.
Inhabitants were used these native plants for their common diseases. Plant
species were used to cure many diseases such as hepatitis and allergies
(2.5%), liver and stomach problems (5%) jaundice and toothaches (7.5%),
asthma (11%), diarrhea and cough piles (12.5%), diabetes and small
tumors(15 %), cold and rheumatism (16%), stomach (25% ). Shinwari et al.
(2011) carried out an ethno-botanical survey in Kohat Pass, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and Pakistan in order to get knowledge about the use of
local plants among local people. The study exposed that sixty plants fitting to
49 genera and 30 families were used by the local people. Maximum number
of species were used as medicine (90%), whereas as foodstuff (31.07%), as
food and firewood (25%). An ethno-botanical list alongside with their
indigenous names is provided in this study. Ahmad et al. (2011) had collected
140 species of plants ethno- botanically from Tehsil Kabal, Swat District.
These contain maximum of angiosperms (133 plants, 95%), three of
gymnosperms (2.14%) and two plants each of pteridophytes and fungi.
(1.42%) Lamiaceae with 11 species was the largest family and Rosaceae with
nine plants. In angiosperms 76 plants were herbs (55.63%), seventeen were
shrubs (12.78%), and forty were trees (30.07%) ; dicots with 127(95.48%)
and six plants were monocot (4.51%). Plants used for many purpose such as
therapeutic, energy, as wood, food and fodder. Sher et al., (2011) had
collected ethno-botanical data from Chagharzai Valley, District Buner, and
Pakistan. A total data of 216 plant species belongs to 89 plant families were
composed. These were categorized for their medicinal and commercial uses.
Among them Dicots were 77 and 9 Monocots, followed by a three
Pteridophytes. Asteraceae had 21 species, Papilionaceae and Lamiaceae 12
and 10 species respectively. Nine species of each Poaceae and Rosaceae.
Ranunculaceae had seven and of Moraceae with six species. Each of
Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae,
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Polygonaceae had five species and Chenopodiaceae and Papaveraceae had

four species. Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae, Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae
Salicaceae Asclepiadaceae, Betulaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Fagaceae
eachhad 3 plants. One family each of Gymnosperms and fungi were also
collected. The total data contain 138 plants of medicinal value, seventy two
for multi-purpose, 66 as fodder and food species, 51 as firewood, 36 as
vegetable, 25 species for each of fruit yielding and thatching/ roofing, 21
lumber species, 19 decorative species, 15 toxic plants, 14 palisade/
windbreaks plants, 12 cultivated utensils manufacture species, nine as
honeybee and one species used to prevent the harms. The study showed that
the inspected region is below full deforestation, biotic intervention and over
grazing. Valuable commercial and therapeutic plants of the region were
reducing. Conservation policies had required for protection of these useful
flora. Alam et al., (2011) documented information of medicinal plants, in
twenty two towns of Chagharzai valley, District Buner, for the duration of
summer 2004. A data of one hundred and forty one plants within 120 genera
and 26 plant families were used as cure of different diseases. The local people
knew about these plants usage through individual practices and family
treatments. The matured women possess durable traditional care for curative
plants in contrast to youth. It was studied that certain plants were used alone
and several used in group for the treatment of a particular diseases. The
different diseases controlled by these plants were vermin fuge, narcotic,
laxative and astringent. Moreover aphrodisiac, anti-spasmodic, anti-emetic,
anti- diabetic, anti jaundice, emollient, hypnotic, diuretic, digestive, and
demulcent and carminative also controlled. The current research will assist in
the conservation of original information of the restricted persons, which was
diminishing in future. Khan et al., (2011) carried out ethnobotanical study of
medicinal floras at National Park of Chitral Gol. National Parks had different
habitat for different medicinal plants and in Pakistan there are 21 regions that
regarded as National Parks (NP). The current research emphasis on the
ethnobotanical study of significant curative plants. The local populations of
the area including cultural collections of Calash living in the neighborhood of
the Park had always used the medicinal plants for numerous diseases and
also for their domestic, economic, social and purpose. Thirty one trees,
shrubs and herbs within 21 families were collected for these purpose.
Information was collected from 100 local Tabib. Artemisia maritime and Rosa
webbiana were the main types appropriate for reaping, while Ferula narthex
and Ephedra gerardiana were vulnerable to reaping. The value able
ethnobotanical information is vanishing very quickly so this training might be
helpful in maintenance of ethnobotanical information. Hameed et al., (2011)
had studied plant species of Cholistan desert. The study area was divided the
on the basis of topography, type, structure of soil and plants structure: the
northern smaller Cholistan and southern larger Cholistan. The study region
was consist of salty compressed with sandy clay, sandy crest and banks. The
climate is subtropical, severe, warm and dry, and inclined by regular
moonsoons. Sand dunes covered by a small number of tussock- forming
grasses containing Panicum turgidum, Cenchrus ciliaris, and Lasiurus
scindicus, plus perennial shrubs Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Calligonum
polygonoides, and Aerva javanica. Interdunal surfaces are conquered by
grasses, mostly Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Sporobolusioclados, Panicum
antidotale and Ochtho chloacompressa, and high plants Calligonum
polygonoides and Capparis decidua. Vegetation of salty covers was definite,
conquer ed by halophytes largely had its place in family Chenopodiaceae
(Amaranthaceae). Numerous floras of the Cholistan desert containing
Dipterygium glaucum, Gisekiapharnacioides, Suaeda fruticosa, Achyranthes
aspera,Aerva javanica, Alhagi maurorum, Zaleya pentandra, Mollugo
cerviana, Ziziphus mauritiana, Neurada procumbens, Aerva javanica,
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Capparis decidua, Cleome brachycarpa, Boerhavia procumbens, Cressa

cretica Calotropis procera, Capparis decidua and Crotalaria burhia were
commonly used by the indigenous populaces for treatment of prolonged and
serious ailments. A diversity of medically imperative chemical compounds had
been taken out and recognized from the floras of the Cholistan desert,
containing sterols and steroids, terpenes and triterpenoids, phenolics,
quinones, anthocyanidines, saponins, flavonoids, gums and resins,
antioxidants and fatty acids. Habitat deprivation, severe cultivated practices
and over destruction of resources was a severe hazard to the variety of ethno
botanically imperative plant types. Herbal drugs were used by local persons
because they were inexpensive and had much lesser side effects than costly
allopathic drugs Therefore; it was imperious to develop policies to encounter
the growing demand for remedial plants for whole human population.
Institutional provision could play a pivotal part in increasing the medicinal
plant and protection of these precious medicinal plants was very essential for
promoting the national and global marketing systems. Ahmad et al. (2012)
approved out Ethno botanical study in Senhsa, District, Kotli, Azaad Kashmir
and data of floras were gained from local residents by interviewing them. The
research region was full of vegetation. A data of 112 floras belonging to
ninety seven genera and 51 families were recognized. Among them 84 plants
were used as medicine (42.71%) and 35 plants as fodder (18.23%),followed
by 26 for marketing (13.54%) and 24 plants were used as fuel (12.50%).
The 14 plants were collected as ornamental (7.29%). Leaves were used
mostly (77 species 27.50%) and then stem (49 spp., 17.50%), followed by
fruits (46 species 16.43%) and seeds (40 species 14.29%).The flowers were
(36 species 12%) and roots (32 species 11.43%). The herbs were (56 species
50%) and trees were (32 species 18.75%), followed by shrubs (21 species
18.75%) and climbers (3 species 2.68%). The local people were used these
plants as food supplement, protection, silage, wood, energy and health
improvement. Amjad et al., (2013) carried out ethno-botanical study in Nikyal
valley, AJK in order to know the uses of local plant of the study region. The
most plants were used as medicinal purpose and other as food, firewood,
crops, vegetable, tanning and dying. Total data of one hundred and eleven
plant species that belongs to fifty one families were collected. Local people
used these plants for their basic life requirements. There were nine trees and
twenty shrubs followed by eighty two herbs. Majority of the plants were used
as animal feed (52 plant, 35%), followed by as medicinal (50 plants, 34%)
and fifteen plants as wood (10%). Moreover, eight species as vegetable and
edible oil each (05%). There were 3 plants each for itching and furnishings
(2%) and two plants used for getting resins (1.5%). Some plants were used
as multipurpose such as Punica granatum, Olea ferruginea and Pinus
roxburghii. The data exposed that most plants were used for treatment of
diseases and some as fodder. Efforts and attention was required to develop
the study region. Bano et al. (2013) investigated the ethno-botanical study
and determined the conservation position of the plants of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir and its associated areas. Amongst 168 plants, 140 plant species
had remedial significance, sixty plant species were used as foodstuff, 109 as
fodder, 116 as energy purpose and 150 species had various uses. Most of the
plant species were used for many purposes. A numerical method was used to
analyze some selected species and the connection among the age of people
and range of their information about plants were used in order to develop a
Conservation position of endangered plants has also been determined
according to IUCN criteria. Amongst thirty-three, vulnerable were twelve and
four were threatened, seven were disapprovingly threatened, eight were
erratic and two plants species were extinct in the region. Quick deterioration
of plants required conservation policies. Zereen and Sardar (2013) carried out
survey of 8 important district of Punjab viz., Lahore, Faisalabad, Pakpattan,
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Sialkot, Narowal, Sahiwal, Nankana Sahib and Vehari during 2006 to 2008
and collected the ethno-botanical data by questioning the people of different
ages (thirty to seventy years), together with herbalists and hakims. A total
data of 102 plant species within ninety genera and thirty-eight families were
collected. These plants used by the local people of corresponding district as
medication, energy, food, vegetables, fruits and for manufacture carpets and
bags. Karakus and Turkmen (2014) in Adana, studied the floral biodiversity of
the gardens and highway in Adana during March (2008) to April (2012). Total
data of three hundred and thirty seven species of tracheophytes belongs to
two hundred and fifty nine genera and 93 plant families were collected. Most
abundant family was Asteraceae with 35 species (10%), 30 species of
Fabaceae (9%), 20 of Poaceae (6%), 11 of Rosaceae (3%) and Lamiaceae 10
species of Lamiaceae (3%). Rendering to the life-forms 134 species of
phanerophytes (40%) and 118 species of therophytes (35%) was greater
than the others (chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes, and geophytes). 48%
(162 species) in the region is glamorous species and the remaining (52%)
are native. Whole floral data included 62% (209 taxa) showy species and
38% (128 taxa) rural species. Afolayan and Wintola (2014) carried out the
occurrence of dysentery in South Africa and the loss of original information of
phyto-medicine due to absence of awareness in the youth through a
investigation of 5 native cities of Amatole region in 2012. The information
was collected after meeting the local resident with the help of a translator
during survey with the help of 55 people. Among them 25% were medical
doctors, 15% Hakeems,and 15% indigenous people. Out of 51 plants species
of 32 families Fabaceae was most common with had the maximum of seven
plants (14%), used against dysentery. Some other families were Apiaceae,
Geraniaceae, Anacardiaceae, Ebenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hyacinthaceae,
Asclepiadiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Balanophaceae
Cornaceae, Iridaceae, , Celstraceae, Convolvulaceae and Hydronaceae.
Hydnora africana and Alepidea amatymbica were most frequent medicinal
plants. Leaves were used mostly (28%), roots (24%), and bark (22%)
followed by the whole plant (9%). Means of grounding of formulas were
infusion decoction, and solution. Wariss et al. (2014) investigated the
vegetation of Lal Suhanra National Park. The vegetation of Park comprised of
212 plants distributed in 162 genera and belonged to 50 families. A total of
158 plants from 118 genera belonging to 41 families were dicot, followed by
Monocots with 5families within 40 genera and 50 species, Pteridophytes with
3 families followed by 3 genera and 3 species and Bryophytes with single type
species. Poaceae was the was the largest family with 43 grasses,
Euphorbiaceae (9 species), Boraginaceae (8 species.), Fabaceae (16 species),
Amaranthaceae (7 species), Chenopodiaceae (10 species.), Asteraceae (15
species),Aizoaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Mimosaceae and (6
species each) and 5 plants of each Caryophyllaceae, Capparaceae and
Scrophulariaceae. Chenopodium was the biggest genera (5 spp.) followed by
Cenchrus with 4 plants and Amaranthus with three species. Ahmad and Habib
(2014) carried out a research on medicinal plants and had collected
information at Dawarian town, Neelum valley AJ and K. Overall 59 plant were
collected that used against 14 types of different diseases, such as 10 plants
for diseases of skin (14.49%) and 8 plants against for each of headache,
fever, cough and flu (11.59%), followed by 7 species for stomach difficulties
and asthma (10.40%), 5 plants for each of jaundice and dysentery. (7.25%)
Four plants were used against bronchitis (5.80%) and three species were
used against each of diabetics, stiff pain, bone crack& wound remedial,
(4.35%). Two plants were used against ulcer (5.10%) and only one plant was
against dandruff (1.45%).The maximum rate of Informant consensus factor
(ICF) is 0.71 for diabetics and lower most rate was 0.21% for bronchitis
whereas Ajugab racteosa and Berberis lycium had the maximum fidelity level
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(FL: 100%) was used to treatment diabetic patients. Direct Matrix Ranking
(DMR) consequences presented that Juglans regia and Morus alba were multi
used medicinal plant. Aconitum heterophyllum was much endangered plant,
followed by Bistortaam plexicaule, Saussure alapa, Berberis lyceum, Ajugab
racteosa, Aconitum heterophyllum, and Jurinea dolomiaea were near to
elimination due to over manipulation. Ahmad et al. (2014) carried out ethno-
botanical study in Changa Manga Forest, situated in Kasur, District. Human
beings and animals used various medicinal plant species for the treatment of
many diseases. The Forest Changa Manga considered as public Park that
consisting of enormous biotic views including numerous medical flora. The
main objective of the study to protect indigenous information and
identification of local flora and in study area. Ethno- medicinal visits were
directed in the outside of the Changa Manga and recognized numerous plants
of remedial standards were Cannabis sativa and Fumairia officianalis followed
by Ageratum conyzoid, Oxalis corniculata and Sonchus oleraceus. Moreover
Anaglis arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Rumex crispus, Euphorbia heliscopia,
Prosopisb cineraria, Mentha spicata etc. Local people used these plants for
the treatment of different diseases like ulcers, dysentery, eye problems,
burns, malaria, insomnia, hepatitis, cough, cholera, insect stings, and gastric
problems. Capparis deciduas, Cleome viscosa, Suaeda fruticosa and
Malvastrum tricuspidatum were existing in limited numbers but had
outstanding therapeutic standards. Preservation and Management policies
were essential for protection of remedial species for the welfare of mankind.
Yousaf (2014) collected knowledge at Khushab District, through a specific list
of queries from agriculturalists, inhabitants, herbalists and tabeebs. The
interviews were carried out from four hundred male and three-fifty female
(Total 750). Plant models were collected and their morphological features
were defined. Remedial and cost-effective characteristics of collected plants
were verified and clarified. This research was important involvement to the
current information connected to diverse plants because ethno-botany was
basic science for accepting the values of resources. These values were
representational, spiritual or radical for the society, whereas similar plant
properties may signify only an financial value for our community. . Khan et al.
(2015) studied the biodiversity conservation and collected information about
flora of Tehsil Barawal District Dir (Upper), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,
located in Hindu Kush Mountains range. The knowledge about flora of
different areas in Brawl valley and their uses among local community was
collected after meetings with local residents from July to November 2011. In
all, 43 plants species of 25 families were composed and arranged the data
systematically in alphabetically order of family name, botanical name followed
by common name and local name. Local community used these plants species
for their health, food, fodder, fuel and against different diseases. The major
use of these plants against the disease treatment by local residents (38
plants), five plants as fuel, nine as fodder , three as veterinary , nine as
edible, six as vegetable, three as fuel and three plants used as hedges and
fencing. A few endangered plant species like Olea ferruginea, Berberis
lyceum, Rheum emodi and Myrtis communis required to be protected to
escape their elimination. Shah et al. (2015) carried out crucial link between
nations and plant resources was discovered first time for the biggest Basikhel
tribe of Tor Guar District from 2012 to 2013. The knowledge was collected
from 200 informers of 15 nominated communities. Data was collected
through meetings, group debates and EPA. The 250 species of the vascular
plants related to 90 families were used by local residents for their social,
economic and domestic needs. About 150 plant species of 50 families were
used as medicine. Informers compromised that healing of wounds and
gastrointestinal cure were frequently in pharmaceutical uses. Botanical name,
family name, local names and protection rank was also noted. Moreover three
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endangered species were also established. Mehmood et al. (2015) worked at

District Tor Ghar situated on the west most corner of the Himalayas
Mountains Range. Botanists have discovered many areas of Pakistan but
areas of Tor Guar were un-discovered. So this area was introduced for the
first time in floral biodiversity. The study region was widely visited right
through in fruiting and flowering periods of flora as during the mid summers
of 2012 to 2013. Floras were composed from many areas; chit numbers were
assigned to floral varieties and arranged the data with taxonomic position.
Results were made on the basis of Benthum and Hooker (1862-1883)
classification system. The first survey discovered 331 tracheophytes fit in to
246 genera and 101 families, including 12 pteridophytes, 6 gymnosperms
and 313 angiosperms species. 79 families, 197 genera and 267 species of
dicots and 14 families, 38 genera and 46 species of monocots were
discovered. Asteraceae and Fabacaea were the biggest families with 25 and
24 species and after that Poaceae , Lamiaceae and Rosaceae have 21, 17, 14
plants respectively. Ranunculaceae and Brasicaceae with 10 species and
Euphorbiaceae had 9 species. 8 species of each Moraceae, Apiaceae and
Polygonaceae were also identified and other families either comprised 7 or
less than 7 species. It was thought that floristic diversity of Tor Ghar District
is a complete image of line for other researchers. Ilyas et al. (2015) had
collected studied the Natural floras of Kabal valley district Swat, Pakistan
from 2009 to 2013. A data of 314 species were collected through random
sampling and deposited in the TURBOVEG databank software. According to
topographic and soil structure, 9 different plant species were identified. 1)
Diosperos-Pinus-Quercus (Mid Hill Degraded Forest), 2) Nasturtium-
Paspalum-Veronica (Wetland), 3) Isodon-Berberis-Indigofera (Montane
scrub). 4) Pinus-Quercus-Berberis (Mixed Forest), 5) Celtis-Olea-Cynodon
(Sacred Groves Broad Leaved Forest), 6) Dodonaea-Isidon-Berberis
(Xeromorphic Scrub), 8) Pinus-Quercus-Galium (Protected Chir Pine Forest)
9) Pinus-Indigofera (Blue Pine Forest), 2) Abies – Picea – Viburnum
(Coniferous Forest), This ecosystem need requirement for local plant
protection. Khan et al. (2015) had collected knowledge about the use of
ethno veterinary medicine in district Peshawar, KPK.The most plants collected
used against different animal diseases. These animal diseases were treated
by using extract of the herbs plants. Information about Ethno veterinary
Plants (EVPs), was gathered from local residents. 27 animal diseases were
identified, like worm infestation, milk deficiency; diarrhea, mouth and
mastitis are most common. 83 plants belonged to 44 families with one plant
each of fungi and gymnosperm. Moreover 81 species of angiosperms were
identified for the dealing with many diseases of animal. Most commonly used
part of plants was fruit followed by seed, leaf, rhizome, bark, seed oil, whole
plant, flower, root, stem and bulb in descending order of these values: 24
(28.570%), 18 (21.420 %), 15 (17.850%), 7 (8.330%), 6 (7.140%), 5
(5.950%), 4(4.760%), 3 (3.570%), 2 (2.380%), 1 (1.190%). Botanical
basis, family, common name, segment used, method of study and
arrangement of these basic medicines were studied in this exploration. A
mixture of different plant parts or a single part is used.. The local people used
different parts of plants like seeds, fruits, leaves, bulb and rhizomes for the
formation of different medicines. Shaheen et al. (2015) worked out at
subtropical forests of Himalayan range and studied the exceptional species
arrangement due to different climatic condition with latitude and altitude that
produced various habitats for microbes. Phytosociological features, physical
characteristics and biotic range of plant groups were studied in hills of
Himalayan hills in Kashmir. An overall 65 plants within 26 families were
noted. A data collected of plant varieties was 02.44 s plant species, fertility
04.01 and consistency was created upto 0.48. The collected data of plant
species indicate arbitrary circulation with a hump shaped diversity pattern
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openly connected with increasing height. Dominant species were Themeda

anathera and Pinus roxburghii with 14.70% and 9.60% respectively. Mallotus
philippenensis (5.20%), Malvastrum coromandelianum (5.10%) and Acacia
modesta (05%) were present. Olea ferruginea (3.80%) and Oxalis corniculata
(3.20%) were also collected. Flora was conquered by helophytes (30%) and
mega- phanerophytes (23.30%) with main leaf configuration. 37% species
had curative morals with 31% of fodder and 12% used as firewood. Climatic
condition and cluster analysis showing the relation between dominant species
with definite places. The dispersal of plants in ceremony figures showed
unbroken alteration in species arrangement besides the altitudinal slope.
Massive tree falling causing changes in forest construction. Indigenous forest
had needed abrupt care of policy makers and forest administration in order to
conserve local variety and floristic fertility. . Ahmad, K. S. et al., (2017)
performed the comprehensive study for the first time in Kel valley located in
the Upper Neelam , Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The main aim of study was to
investigate the local information of native people about local flora and how
they use it for the synthesis of herbal medicines. The data was collected
through questionnaires and by using different techniques like cost value,
comparative frequencies of mention, informer consent factor, reliability level,
records medium position, partiality position and jacquard records. A data of
fifty remedial floras of thirty three plant families used for thirteen groups of
diseases were recognized. Most used parts of the plants were leaves. Berberis
lyceum plant was most commonly used followed Impatiens glandulifera,
Artemisia scoparia, Ageratum conozoides and Achillea millefolium. The
current search work was very helpful about information and conventional
uses of these plants for the treatment of different diseases of local people. A
number of plants were under stress of extinction. So, protective strategies
are required to conserve these useful medicinal plants. Muhammad Abdul
Aziz et al., (2018) studied the biological function of Plant extracted products
used as pesticides and modern medicine. Villagers of developing countries
depend on these herbal medicines because of their trust. So, ethnomedicinal
information is very helpful for the preservation this medical system. Current
research work was performed in an unfamiliar distant tribal region of
Pakistan. The main aim was to examine and collected the presented
ethnomedicinal information on indigenous plants Demie et al., (2018)
suggested that the remedial flora became a vital source for the treatment of
different diseases among local people of Ethiopia. The local information about
this remedial flora badly omitted because of sudden environmental changes,
social and economic status of Ethiopia. But current study was a useful
attempt to protect these medicinal flora and related local information. .
Chapter 3 Material and Method Plants have been exploited sine the time
antiquities by the people for necessitating their daily domestic needs. Hence,
it is important to study plants with respect to their usages. Ethnobotanical
field brought tremendous revolution in understanding various approaches
regarding the utilization of plants for the welfare of mankind. For such
reasons, the ethnobotanical knowledge was compiled in the present research
to highlight the basic importance of plants to necessitate the requirements of
people native to Changa Manga Forest. The methodology was consisted of
various aspects i.e., study of previous research work, field survey, data
collection phase and analyzing phase. Initially, regular library visits and
related websites was carried out to collect the literature pertaining to
ethnobotanical aspects and a comprehensive review of literature was worked
out. The literature was based upon the ethnobotanical aspects of different
areas of Pakistan; the articles published by foreign authors containing
knowledge a lot of ethnobiological significance were also being studied to
develop the research methodology. The field exploration was consisted of
interviews, observation and guided walks to gather the ethnobotanical
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information. A number of exploratory trips were set to the uninvestigated

area of Changa Manga Forest for the intention to document the
ethnobiological knowledge and plant communities in the Changa Manga
Forest. A detailed plan for the survey of field was established for the
identification and collection of economically important flora comprising of
ground flora. For such purpose, the area of Changa Manga region and
adjoining areas of villages were visited frequently at regular intervals and
data was collected regarding identification of plants, collection of important
plant species along with their botanical and ethnobiological information. For
the documentation of ethnomedicinal knowledge, a survey was carried out in
the Changa Manga region. Plants were extensively observed during field
study trips. For easily identification of plants, field data collection phase was
taken during their flowering season from September 2015 - September 2016.
Sites selected for the research were from adjacent villages, along roadside,
minors and canal, wastelands, cropland, forests, in park and along rugged
terrains present in the Changa Manga Forest. Plants were observed at
different growth stages of their life form. A complete specimen including their
roots, flowers and fruits was collected. 5-6 plants of the same species were
collected from the locality. Plants with shallow roots were uprooted manually.
Plant roots containing adhered soil particles were cleaned at spot using tooth
brushes and camel hair brushes. Mostly plants were collected during the
flowering periods because of their easily identification through observing the
inflorescence of plants. Moreover, fruits of herbaceous plants were also
collected and later on they were sprayed with Ethyl alcohol or Formalin (Form
aldehyde 4% Solution) to avoid contamination or infection from bacteria and
fungi. The specimens were either placed in the air tight vacuum or at spot
they were transferred to the newspapers/blotting sheets and pressed in
them. During pressing, the overlapping of plant parts was avoided for
difficulty in identification. Most plants identified at site were tagged with the
specimen’s name or their code. The name or code of the collected plant
specimens were noted along with their habit, habitats and locality of
collection. The plant status in wild condition was noted to check its
abundance, rarity or it was under threat of exploitation. All parts of plants
were photographed using digital camera as reference and the selected
photographs were further used as plates in the research dissertation. Plants
were identified at the place of collection or from the already published
material on the vegetation of Pakistan or from Flora of Pakistan (Ali and
Qaiser, 1986). During field investigations, the features recorded were the wild
or cultivated plants, habit and habitat patterns as well as status of the plant
whether they were abundantly present during sampling or they were rare or
endangered due to much exploitation. To gather the ethnobotanical
information, area was explored to observe the interactions of local people
with the natural native plant diversity and their uses in daily life activities. For
such purpose, the area and were extensively visited and interviews were
carried out from the aboriginals, hakims and herdsmen, shepherds, old age
people, villagers, merchants, mid wives, workers, labors, women and also
from plant lovers etc. The social status of natives was observed during field
trips. People belonging to urban, suburban as well as rural areas were mainly
dependent on the plants present in their area for utilizing them according to
their daily domestic needs. Especially, old women were relying exclusively on
medicinal flora for treating different diseases related to women. The native
people were integrated with their traditional cultural and ritual ceremonies
and plants were also contributing an integral part of their daily lives. A
questionnaire was prepared to be filled from the interviewing local peoples
including old aged men and women of all age groups of the area, hakims and
traditional herbal traders (Pansaris). The questionnaire was consisted of
complete biographic details of the respondents (native people of the region),
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Ethno botanical information was gathered from each site using semi-
structured questionnaire method (Qureshi et al., 2009) containing i. ii. iii. iv.
Do you know the medicinal plants in your local area? What is the use of these
plants? Which part of these plants is used for medicinal purposes? How do
you use them and for which purpose (as a spice, a medicine, food or any
other use)? v. When do you collect these plants? The informants or
respondents were asked questions in Urdu or Punjabi regarding their
traditional vernacular names, usage of plants, distribution and their economic
importance. Based upon observations an ethno botanical inventory was
established for the native plants of the studied area possessing their ethno
botanical importance. Detail of interviewees from different age person during
the survey. Age Range %ages of interviewee’s person 30-45 35 46-60 30 61-
75 25 76-90 10 Total 100 Table 3.1 Information collected description Figure
3.1 Pi graphs, Information consultancy description. CHAPTER 4 sRESULTS
AND DISCUSSION The plant collected and their botanical name including
local name, family and parts of plant used for different purposes are given
below in the table. Sr .No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Part used 1
Abutilon theophrasti L. Peeli booti/pataka Malvaceae Whole plant 2
Achyranthus aspera L. Puth kanda Amaranthaceae Whole plant 3 Alhagi
maurorum Medic. Jawanha Fabaceae Whole plant 4 Althernanthera sessilis L.
Waglon Amranthaceae Leaves, Fruits 5 Aeruva javanica (Burm.) Juss Kanthi
Amranthaceae Whole plant 6 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth Darkan booti
Lamiaceae Shoot, Leaves 7 Anagalis arvensis Linn. Leh Primulaceae Whole
plant 8 Amaranthus viridis L. Putkanda Amranthaceae Whole plant 9
Ageratum conyzoides L. Neel kanth Asteraceae Whole plant 10 Boerhavia
procumbens Banks ex Roxb. Itsit Nyctaginaceae Whole plant, roots 11
Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Aak /Akra Asclepiadaceae Leaves, flowers,
latex 12 Conyza canadenisis Linn. Horse weed Asteraceae Whole plant 13
Cirsium arvense L. Kandhari Asteraceae Whole plant 14 Conyza bonariensis L.
Loosan booti, Asteraceae Whole plant 15 Conyza Canadensis L. Giddar booti
Asteraceae Whole plant 16 Coronopus didymus L. Thandi Booti Brassicaceae
Whole plant 17 Cassia occidentalis Linn. Amla Caesalpinaceae . Whole plant
18 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Cannabaceae Whole plant 19 Chenopodium
album L. Bathu Chenopodaceae Whole plant 20 Convolvulus arvensis L. Lali
Convolvulaceae Whole plant 21 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Karinh
Capparidaceae Fruit, twig 22 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akash Bail Cuscutaceae
Whole plant. 23 Cyperus rotundus L. Dilla Cyperaceae Whole plant 24
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Khabal Poaceae Root, leaves 25 Desmostachya
bipinnata (L.) Stapf Dab, Tail Grass Poaceae Leaf 26 Datura alba Nees
Dhatura Solanaceae Whole plant, 27 Euphorbia hirta L. Titra Euphorbiaceae
Whole plant 28 Euphorbia prostrata Cuit Doodi Buit Euphorbiaceae 29
Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. Mandanro Euphorbiaceae Whole plant 30 Fagonia
indica L. Var arabica T. anders Dramah Solanaceae Whole plant 31 Fumaria
parveflora L. Pitpapra Fumaraceae Whole plant 32 Fumaria india (Hausskn) H.
N. Pitpapra Fumaraceae Whole plant 33 Launea procumbus. Bhatter
Asteraceae: Whole plant 34 Lippia nodiflora L. Chadni Verbenaceae Whole
plant 35 Mentha spicata L. jangli podina Lamiaceae Whole plant 36
Malvastrum coromendelianum (L.) Garcke. patakha: Malvaceae Whole plant
37 Malva parviflora L. Sonchal,Mallow Malvaceae Leaf and seed 38 Oxalis
corriculata L. Khat Kurla Oxalidaceae Whole plant 39 Parthenium
hysterophorus L. gajar booti Asteraceae Whole plant 40 Portulaca oleracea L.
Qulfa / Saag Portulaceae Whole plant 41 Ranunculus muricatus L. Butter cup
Ranunculaceae Whole plant 42 Ricinus communius Linn. Arind Euphorbiaceae
Seeds 43 Salvia plebeia R.Br. Samundar Sokh Lamiaceae Seed 44 Solanum
xanthocarpum Linn. kandayari Solanaceae Whole plant 45 Salsola kali Linn.
Lanan Chenopodaceae Whole plant 46 Sonchus arvensis L. Dodh Bhatal:
Asteraceae Whole plant 47 Sonchus oleraceus L. Dhodak Asteraceae Whole
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plant 48 Sisymbrium irio L. saag booti Brassicaceae Whole plant 49 Stellaria

media L. Maruns Caryophyllaceae Whole plant 50 Suaeda fruticosa
(L.)Forsskal. boi booti Caryophyllaceae Whole plant 51 Saccharum
benghalense Retz. Kana. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant. 52 Solanum nigrum L.
Mako Solanaceae Wholeplant 53 Solanum surrattense Burn F. Mokri
Solanaceae Whole plant 54 Sonchus asper. L. Asgandh, dodak Asteraceae
Whole plant 55 Verbascum thapsus Linn Gadar,tambako Scrophulariaceae
Whole plant 56 Tribulus terrestris L. Bakhra Zygophyllaceae Whole plant 57
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Itsit Aizoaceae Whole Plant 58 Taraxacum
officinale F.H. Wigg Kanfhul Asteraceae Whole plant 59 Xanthium strumarium
L. Ladhbuti Asteraceae Whole plant 60 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. f.)
Whight & Arn. Mallah Rhamnaceae Leaves and fruits Table 4.1 The scientific,
local and family names of plants including parts of plant used for different
purposes 1. Abutilon theophrasti L. Local name: Pataka Family:Malvaceae
Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is used for the treatment of
eye diseases. People have been using it for the cure of eye diseases. The
plant’s tea is very useful for the treatment of fever and dysentery. The
powder of the seed is used for stomachache. The infusion of plant root is
used for impermanent fever. 2.Achyranthus aspera L. Local name: Puth kanda
Family: Amaranthaceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical Uses: The
powder of this plan is used to treat cough and other respiratory diseases.
Plant extract is used for the cure of skin diseases. The plant mixture with
water and this infusion is taken for the cure of painful urination and
spermatorrhoea. Moreover, this plant is also used to control nausea, cardiac
diseases and ulcer. The seeds of the plant are useful in Leprosy. The plant is
also diuretic and pectoral. Each plant part is suggested in the cure of snake
bite. 3-Alhagi maurorum Medic. Local name: Jawanha Family: Fabaceae Part
used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The infusion of this plant is used for
the treatment of skin allergy and as a blood purifier. 4-Althernanthera sessilis
L. Local name: Waglon Family: Amranthaceae Part used: Leaves and Fruit
Ethnobotanical uses: The plant is also used as dying. 5-Aeruva javanica
(Burm) Juss. Local name: Kanthi Family: Amranthaceae Part used: Whole
plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is diuretic and given to cattle as purgative and
emetic containing galactoside kampferol 6 -Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.
Local name: Darkan booti Family: Lamiaceae Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: The plant infusion is very valuable for jaundice,
hypertension and painful gullet. The plant leaves are used in stomachache
and as blood cleanser. 7-Anagalis arvensis Linn. Local name: Family: Part
used: Leh Primulaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is very useful
plant for the treatment of various diseases such as skin diseases, lumps, and
headache, gouty and as pains killer. The eye sight can also be improved
through this plant. Moreover, it is also used in irritation, liver infection, kidney
problems, ophthalmic, hepatitis and in swellings. It is also used to cure
viperine toxin and removal of bad smell or secretion. Some other diseases
like leprosy, hydrophobia, dropsy and epilepsy is also controlled through this
plant. It intoxicates fish and expels worms from the nose of buffaloes.
Complete plant body is used as fodder for herbivores. 8-Amaranthus viridis L.
Local name: Family: Part used: Putkanda. Amranthaceae Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: The plant is chilling, purgative and diuretic. This plant is
used for the treatment of stomachic, antipyretic and blood diseases. The
leprosy, respiratory diseases, rat-bite and piles are also treated by this plant.
The root ash of this plant lessens the menstrual flow. Moreover, root is
particularly used in gonorrhea. It is also used as an enema for abdomen
problems. 9-Ageratum conyzoides L. Local name: Family: Part used: Neel
kanth Asteraceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is used as a
purgative and has antipyretic stuffs. Powder of the plant is used for the
treatment of ulcers, wound, sore and leprosy. It is also used for the
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treatment of headache and spasm. Plant is also used as antibiotic and

removal of kidney stones. It is also used in stings bites of ringworm. The tea
of flower is used in cold and coughs. 10-Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex
Roxb. Local name: Itsit. Family: Nyctaginaceae. Part used: Whole plant and
roots. Ethnobotanical uses: Roots boil in water and extract is a very useful
used liver tonic. Pieces of roots are used as necklace for the treatment of
jaundice. The paste of plant is used for the treatment of paralysis. 11-
Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Local name: Aak /Akra Family:
sclepiadaceae. Part used: Leaves, flowers, latex Ethnobotanical uses: Sap or
latex is grinded and mix with sugar in 1:10 ratio to treat asthma. This paste
or latex is tipped on the snakebite till stop to absorb. The precipitate of the
leaves is sifted on injuries to heal. Flowers (in 3-5 Numbers) are given to for
jaundice. If the person felt sweet taste, it confirms the presence of jaundice
and for treatment of other diseases. The leaves of this plant are warmed and
are applied externally to eliminate pain and swelling. 12-Conyza canadenisis
Linn. Local name: Horse weed. Family: Astraceae. Part used: Whole plant.
Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is used for the treatment of swellings and
asthma. 13-Cirsium arvense L. Local name: Family: Part used: kandhari:
Asteraceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The early flowers extract are
used for the initiation of nausea. 14-Conyza boneriensisL. Local name:
Loosan booti, namkeen booti: Family: Asteraceae Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: It is used in for the treatment of numerous diseases
such as diarrhea, dysentery and hemorrhage. 15-Conyza Canadensis L. Local
name: Diddar booti Family: Asteraceae Part used: Whole plant.
Ethnobotanical uses: The vapors of this plant are used to open the obstruct
nose during cold. Its smoke is used to prevent from insects. It is also used for
the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. It is used to treat tonsils and
swelling of throat. 16-Coronopus didymus L. Local name: Thandi Booti:
Family: Brassicaceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This plant
give cooling properties and produces coolness in the body. It is also used as
fumigant to resist the insects. 17-Cassia occidentalis Linn Local name: Amla
Family: Caesalpinaceae . Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The
roots of the plant are used for the treatment of ringworm. This is also used
to treat scorpion sting and snakebite. Leaves are used to cure respiratory
diseases such as cough and asthma. It is also diuretic. Whole plant is tonic
and febrifuge. A mixture of fresh grinded leaves is used for the treatment of
injuries and inflammation. 18 -Cannabis sativa L. Local name: Bhang Family:
Cannabaceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is
considered as sedative drug and its grinded leaves are used for narcotic
action. It is also used for the treatment of malarial fever and blood poisoning.
Anthrax and dysentery is also controlled through this plant. The paste of
leaves is very useful to remove dandruff and vermin. 19-Chenopodium album
L. Local name: Family: Part used: Bathu Chenopodaceae Whole plan
Ethnobotanical uses: The plant increases the hunger and valuable in
vomiting, stomachache, eye ailment. Moreover, the gullet and blood diseases
are also controlled. It used as a purgative and infusion of this plant is also
used as enema for duodenal ulcer. 20-Convolvulus arvensis L Local name:
Family: Part used: Lali. Convolvulaceae. Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses:
The root has cathartic possessions. This plant is used for Jalap. The mixture
of dried concentrate of plant and sugar juice or molasses is very useful for
the treatment of constipation. The paste of leaves is used to treat sores. 21-
Capparis decidua (Forssk.)Edgew. Lpcal name: Karinh Family: Capparidaceae.
Part used: Fruit,twig. Ethnobotanical uses: Fruit is used as blood cleanser and
blood producer. Ripened fruit of this is used in making Murabbah and fresh
fruits are used in pickle or potherb to improve gas problems or constipation.
The branch is used as Miswak to release tooth pain and pyorrhea. 22-Cuscuta
reflexa Roxb. Local name: Family: Part used: Akash Bail Cuscutaceae. Whole
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plant Ethnobotanical uses: The paste of new born plant is used to remove
dandruff from hair. It is also used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery
in herbivores. It is also used as baldness in males. It acts like parasites for
many fruit yielding plants and weed trouble. 23-Cyperus rotundus L. Local
name: Family: Part used: Dilla Cyperaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses:
The root is bitter and valuable in leprosy, dehydration, agitation, blood
purifier, weakness, and dysentery and vomiting. Newly born roots are useful
for breast as a galactogue. The infusion of rhizome is given in agitation,
diarrhea, heartburn and abdomen problems 24-Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.
Local name: Khabal Family: Poaceae Part used: Root, leaves Ethnobotanical
uses: The individual having burning feeling of feet is suggested to walk on the
grass of Cynodon dactylon having dewdrops in the early morning. Dewdrops
of this plant are used eliminate skin complaint especially on the face. Root
paste is used to treat fever. 25-Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Local
name: Dab, Tail Grass. Family: Poaceae. Part used: Leaf Ethnobotanical uses:
Roots are useful on the spot in the form of bandage. The plant is grinded with
water and some milk and given during hurting urination and tiers. Roots of
this plant and black pepper are grounded with water and this decoction is
very useful to treat cholera. Infusion of leaves is very useful in fever. 26-
Datura albaNees. Local name: Dhatura Family: Solanaceae Part used: Whole
plant and leaves Ethnobotanical uses: Leaves are smoked in asthma. The
decoction of leaves is used as antilice.(to expel lices from hair). A little warm
leaves are used superficially for eliminating inflammations. The boiled water
of this plant is used to expel insects from homes. The juice of the plant is
useful in insect bite. 27-Euphorbia hirta L. Local name: Family: Part used:
Titra Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The squash of this flora
is very useful in dysentery and cramp. The plant milk is used in dysentery
lumps. The paste is useful in asthma and long-lasting bronchial infections. It
is also used to treat worms in children. Moreover, it is also used in bowel and
cough problems. It is also useful in stomach pain. 28-Euphorbia prostrataCuit
Local name: Doodi Buit Family: Euphorbiaceae. Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: It is very useful in the treatment of cholera. Milky sap is
used in eruption. Milky latex is poisonous and cause bump on skin. 29-
Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. Local name: Mandanro Family: Euphorbiaceae
Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: Equal quantity of this plant and
Cuscuta reflexa is made into paste and used for the treatment of eczema. The
plant has purgative characters. Seeds are heated with. Peppers .and used to
cure cholera. The roots are act as a vermifuge 30-Fagonia indica L. Var
arabica T. anders Local name: Dramah Family: Solanaceae Part used: Whole
plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is used treatment of many diseases like fever,
dysentery, urinary problems, and typhoid. It is also used to filters the blood.
The plant is bitter and useful in liver problems and chronic bronchitis.
Moreover, the plant is used in asthma, sputtering of blood and toothache.
Plant bark is used to treat scabies. 31-Fumaria officinalis L. Local name:
Family: Part used: papraa Fumaraceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This
plant is used for blood purifier. It can act as tonic used for the treatment liver
disorders. Stomach and gallbladder problems are also treated by this plant. It
is a very useful pain killer and also used for constipation. It can remove plugs
on skin. 32 -Fumaria india(Hausskn) H. N. Local name: Papra or Shahtra
Family: Fumaraceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The plant is
toxic, diaphoretic and febrifuge 33-Launea procumbus L. Local name: Family:
Part used: Bhatter Asteraceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is used for
many diseases like tooth diseases, constipation, diabetes, abdominal
complaints, painful urination, gonorrhea, cough flu and wound taint. 34-
Lippia nodiflora L. Local name: Family: Part used: Chandni. Verbenaceae
Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is used for the treatment of hepatitis. For
this plant is dip in water overnight and taken this water for 40 days in the
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morning. Its leaves are used to remove sting of snake and scorpion. Digestive
disorders can also be treated by using leaves and soft twig mixture in
children. This plant is also used in knee joints pain. Dandruff in hair can be
removed by using leaves paste. 35-Mentha spicata L. Local name: Family:
Part used: jangli podina Lamiaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: Powder
of dried leaves is used for tooth ache. It is also used to cure diarrhea,
Vomiting and stomachache. 36-Malvastrum coromendelianum (L.) Garcke
Local name: Patakha. Family: Malvaceae Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is poisonous but has various uses. It is
antibacterial and antifungal. The infusion is used for stomach and respiratory
problems. 37-Malva parviflora L. Local name: Family: Part used: Sonchal,
Mallow. Malvaceae Leaf and seed Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is used to
treat common Cold, cough and constipation. 38-Oxalis corriculata L. Local
name: Family: Part used: Khat Kurla Oxalidaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical
uses: This herb is hot and hostile, easily digested and a excellent taster. It is
used for the treatment of cures dysentery, diarrhea and skin diseases. Young
leaves are used in fever. It can also used to remove lumps and for cornea
treatment. 39-Parthenium hysterophorus L. Local name: Gajar booti Family:
Asteraceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is used for skin
disorder and its infusion is used as antipyretic etc. It protect from the influx
of amoeba in liver. 40-Portulaca oleracea L. Local name: Qulfa / Saag Family:
Portulaceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: Leaves are bitter
and salty, used to treat in nausea, light fever, headache. It can stop vomiting
and is very useful in kidney and spleen disorders. It also used in piles and
scabies. The herb is primarily valuable for cooling. The seeds are used as
vermifuge. Leaves are also used in inflammations . 41-Ranunculus muricatus
L. Local name: Butter cup Family: Ranunculaceae Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: It is little bit a poisonous plant. The infusion of this
plant is used to treat asthma and perpetual fever 42-Ricinus communius
Linn. Local name: Arind Family: Euphorbiaceae Part used: Seeds
Ethnobotanical uses: The plant is used as purgative and very useful in labor
pain during delivery. Oil of the seed is also useful for joint pain. 43-Salvia
plebeia R.Br. Local name: Samundar Sokh Family: Lamiaceae Part used: Seed
Ethnobotanical uses: The seeds of the plant are useful in diarrhea and
gonorrhea. The plant is also used as fodder 44-Solanum xanthocarpum Linn.
Local name: Kandayari Family: Solanaceae Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: It is useful in diabetes, toothache, abdominal pain and
gastric problems. 45-Salsola kali Linn. Local name: Family: Part used: Lanan
Chenopodaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is used as
fodder for animals. 46-Sonchus arvensis L. Local name: Dodh Bhatal: Family:
Asteraceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is used for the
cure of phthisis. 47-Sonchus oleraceus L. Local name: Dhodak Family:
Asteraceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses A decoction of plant is
used for the treatment of diarrhea. Its latex is used on lumps. The juice of
stem is used as purgative, but be careful because it causes cramps. Ice pack
is made from leaves and used on the swelling. A decoction made from foliage
and roots is antipyretic and tonic. 48-Sisymbrium irio L. Local name: Family:
Part uses: Saag booti Brassicaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The
seed powder is very useful in the treatment of hepatic problems like Jaundice
and Hepatitis-C. 49- Stellaria media L. Local name: Maruns Family:
Caryophyllaceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is
useful for the treatment of pink eyes, constipation, insect bites is as
purgative. Skin complaints are also controlled by making its bandage. It gives
gentle influence to burns and frustrations. It is used for the treatment of
asthma, bronchitis .and congestions. It is also used as plaster, broken bones
and swelling. 50-Suaeda fruticosa (L.)Forsskal. Local name: Family: Part
used: boi booti Caryophyllaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: It is
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antibacterial and poultice of leaves are used for the cure of conjunctivitis. The
plant is very useful to treat vomiting when it is mix with, water. 51-
Saccharum benghalense Retz. Local name: Family: Part use: Kana.
Caryophyllaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: Roots are used in the
treatment of abdominal worms of cattle. It also gives relief in appetite. The
stem is used in making roof generally known as “Kirrah”. Chairs and baskets
are also made from the stem. 52- Solanum nigrum L. Local name: Family:
Part used: Mako. Solanaceae Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: The berries
are bitter, pungent, aphrodisiac, and toxic and recover appetite and taste. It
is also used in the treatment of heart and eye diseases. It is also very useful
in ache and piles. The root and bark is purgative. It is used in diseases of
ears and nose. 53 -Solanum surrattense Burn F. Local name: Mokri Family:
Solanaceae Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: Roots of this plant
are very useful in cough and asthma. Fruit and root are demulcent and
linctuses. 54-Sonchus asper L. Local name: Asgandh, dodak Family:
Asteraceae. Part used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: Entire plant is
crushed and precipitate is used on burns. 55-Verbascum thapsusLinn. Local
name: Gadar tambakoo / Lootsela Family: Scrophulariaceae Part used: Whole
plant Ethnobotanical uses: The leaves are used as painkiller. It is sedative to
fish and used in chest disorder. It is used in diarrhea and cough. The plant
parts like leaves, flowers and roots are demulcent and pectoral. Leaves and
flowers both are used in pulmonary disorder. It is also used in cough and
bleeding of the lungs. 56-Tribulus terrestris L. Local name: Family: Part used:
Ethnobotanical uses: Bakhra Zygophyllaceae Whole plan The powder of fruit
and honey is taken as an aphrodisiac. Fruit is crumpled in water and taken
orally for the treatment of sore urination and spermatorrhoea. 57-Trianthema
portulacastrum L. Local name: Itsit Family: Aizoaceae Part used: Whole Plant
Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is very useful in treatment of jaundice. Liver
diseases and dropsy are also controlled through this plan. It is also used in
inflammation and pain in bladder. It used as fodder for herbivores. 58-
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Local name: Kanfhul: Family: Asteraceae Part
used: Whole plant Ethnobotanical uses: This plant is very useful in the cure
of bacterial infection and hepatitus. This plant is used as tonic for prolonged
liver’s barrier and also curative in dyspepsia. It increases urination in
calculus. It is valuable in dropsy and liver block. 59-Xanthium strumarium L.
Local name: Ladhbuti Family: Asteraceae Part used: Whole plant
Ethnobotanical uses: Its fruit is very useful against small pox and urinary
diseases. 60-Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Whight &Arn. Local name:
Mallah. Family: Rhamnaceae Part used: Leaves and fruits. Ethnobotanical
uses: This plant is a very useful tonic for urinary bladder and hair cleanser. It
is useful for sleeplessness. Its fruit is eatable and wood is used for fuel,
timber and agrarian tools. By the start of agricultural practice, human have
used plants for different life necessities. The major point of the research was
to collect the local information of ground flora in the Kasur District, Changa
Manga that has a countless treasure of medicinal floras. A sum of 60 plants
within forty nine genera and thirty families were collected. Moreover their
indigenous uses were also composed. Changa Manga is very rich with ground
floras of economic importance. Indigenous persons of Changa Manga have
used local plants for their different requirements of living like diet,
medication, housing, fuel and animal forage. Most herbs are used because of
their great medicinal value. But at the same time, some species have under
heavy stress of removal by cutting, reaping and cropping. By the provision of
productive property and considerable water system many landlords in Changa
Manga used insecticides and pesticides to improve their crops yield that
produce contamination that result removal of flora in the adjacent zones.
Changa Manga is an industrial area also, so fuel pollution also damaged the
plants of road side areas. Conservation strategies can improve the present
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condition of these local species because these local ethno-medicinal species

economically very important for local people. Moreover local people and
Hakims used these plants for the treatment of patients. Furthermore these
plants have used throughout the world for medicinal purpose and also
increase their economy. At study region native medicinal herbs are sold at
local pansaar stores and Hakeem of these stores has much information about
indigenous curative plants. Aged person have much medicinal knowledge but
new generation of have not much information about these vital medicinal
herbs. In the study region, excessive varieties of medicinal herbs were found,
used against different diseases. It is very important to get the valuable
knowledge of ethno-botany and then shifted it to the new generation in order
to save this useful asset of information. In the purposed study sixty plants
were collected from the specified area in which forty nine genera and thirty
families were studied. Out of thirty there are two monocots including
Cyperaceae and Poaceae while 28 are dicots which are mentioned in the table
3 Table 4.2 Classification of plant families The most abundant family observed
in the study area was Asteraceae with 12 species, Moreover, Solanaceae 5
species , furthermore four species of Amaranthaceae and Euphorbiaceae were
observed Malvaceae, Lamiaceae and Caryophillaceae with 3 species of each
were also observed Fumaraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodaceae and poaceae
each posses two species and rest of all the families including Fabaceae,
Rhamnaceae, Primulaceae, Aizoaceae, Zygophylaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and
Scrophularaceae posses one species. The graphical explanation is given in the
Figure.2 Figure 4.1 Graphical explanation of relative abundance of different
plant families. .The most number of plant species were medicinal (70%).
After that food species were (15%), fodder and fuel (10%) and ornamental
(5%) were found in the study region. Most of ground flora or herbs present in
the study region were used as medicinal purpose for the treatment of
different diseases. Local communities used these plants to control various
diseases such as stomach disorder, ( 28 species) Respiratory diseases, ( 21
species) Blood purifier, ( 13 species) fever, (12 species) Pain killer, (12
species), Toxin cure, (12 species) Jaundice,(12 species) Skin problems, (5
species), sexual disorder, (08 species), Liver disorders (07 species), Eye
problems, (06 species), diabetes (05 species), Hepatitis (05 species) Heart
problems (04species) and piles (03 species). Figure 4.2 Pi chart, number of
plants used for different diseases. Different parts of the plants are used for
different purposes. Out of sixty plants collected 43 plants are used as a
whole, leaves are used of 23 plants, followed by roots of 18, seeds of 15,
flowers of 11, fruits of 17 latex or juice of 9 plants. Most plants are used for
various purposes. Figure 4.3 Graphical explanation of plants parts with their
uses. Conclusions An ethnobotanical research work on ground flora or
herbaceous plant was carried out at Changa Manga forest; district Kasur.
during 2014 to 2016. After various surveys it was concluded that Changa
Manga forest was full of natural as well as artificial vegetation. The main
objective of the study was to collect and get information about the of ground
flora of the study area and their local uses. During various surveys, a total
data of sixty plants belonging to 49 genera and 30 families was collected and
plants photographs were also taken with digital camera. The information
about their ethnobotanical uses was collected by interviewing the local people
including herbalists, hakims, shefered and worker person of the forest. The
plants collected also given their family name, botanical and local names.
Among 30 families, 28 were dicot and only two were monocot. Asteraceae,
Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae are most abundant families of the study area.
Local people used these plants for the fulfillment of their daily life
requirements such as medicine, fuel, fodder, vegetables and fruits. Most of
the plants were used as medicinal purpose for the treatment of different
diseases such as fever, dysentery, eye diseases, liver disorders, blood
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purifier, and jaundice and to remove toxins etc. Most plants are used for
stomachic and respiratory disorder. Different parts of the plants were used for
different purposes such as root, stem, leaves and flowers. Most of the plants
are used as a whole. Local residents and forest department people should
play vital role for maintaining and conservation of its biodiversity because
these ground flora have central importance in their daily life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
57 58 59 60 61 62 63

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Ethnobotanical study of ground Flora of Changa Manga forest Thesis is

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA SARGODHA,

ethno medicinal and environmental possessions. The species like Amaranthus

Polygonaceae had five species and Chenopodiaceae and Papaveraceae had

Capparis decidua, Cleome brachycarpa, Boerhavia procumbens, Cressa

endangered species were also established. Mehmood et al. (2015) worked at

openly connected with increasing height. Dominant species were Themeda

information. A number of exploratory trips were set to the uninvestigated

plant 48 Sisymbrium irio L. saag booti Brassicaceae Whole plant 49 Stellaria

treatment of headache and spasm. Plant is also used as antibiotic and

condition of these local species because these local ethno-medicinal species

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