Answers To Bar Examination Questions In-Part 2

Amy was apprehended and arrested by Patrolman Bart for illegal parking.
She was detained at the police precinct, underwent investigation, and released
only after 48 hours
a) Patrolman Bart liable for any offense? Explain your answer.
b) Suppose Amy resisted the arrest and grappled with patrolman Bart, is
she criminally liable thereby? State your reasons.
Answer:
a) Patrolman Bart is liable for violation of Article 125 of the Revised
Penal Code - Delay on the Delivery of Detained Persons to the Proper Judicial
Authorities.
b) She is criminally liable for slight disobedience under Article 151 of the
Revised Penal Code - Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or
the agents of such person.
Art 151; Simple resistance
1979 No. VII
While on patrol, X, a policeman, spotted Y standing in a dark street corner,
X accosted Y suspecting him to be a long wanted criminal on the basis of
appearance. Y had no identification papers but he gave his name and address. X
told Y he would be brought to headquarters for questioning. When Y refused, X
told him to remove his coat so he could find if he has a tattoo on his left forearm,
a mark of the wanted criminal X was hunting, Y refused again and resisted all
efforts of X by pushing and pulling him. X charged Y with assault. Do you agree?
Answer
The crime committed is not assault but simple resistance. The policeman
was on patrol when he spotted Y standing in a dark street corner, where he had
no reason to be. X was hunting a wanted criminal. A duty of a policeman is to
arrest lawbreakers in order to place them at the disposal of judicial or executive
authorities. One means to achieve this end is the identification of the alleged
lawbreaker. (U.S. vs. Sanches, 27 Phil. 442). A peace officer might arrest for
examination persons walking in the street at night when there's reasonable
ground to suspect that a felony is committed although there is no proof thereof
(People vs. Santos, 36 Phil, 853). Y was not arrested but only accosted on
suspicion of being a long wanted criminal because of his appearance. X's
request that Y would be brought to the headquarters was refused and Y also
refused that he remove his coat to find out if he has a tattoo in his left forearm, a
mark of the wanted criminal whom X was hunting. X was therefore acting in the
legitimate performance of his duties. Y pushed and pull X in resisting his efforts
to find out whether he has a tattoo. The acts committed by Y however do not"
constitute assault but simple resistance because such do not indicate manifest
defiance to the authority of the law (US, vs. Tabiana, 37 Phil. 515, People vs.
Baesa, CA 55 O.G. 10291).
Art 156; Delivery of prisoners from jail
2002 No VI.
B. A, a detention prisoner, was taken to a hospital for emergency medical
treatment. His followers, all of whom were armed, went to the hospital to take him
away or help him escape. The prison guards, seeing that they were outnumbered
and that resistance would endanger the lives of other patients, deckled to allow
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the prisoner to be taken by his followers. What crime, if any, was committed by
A's followers? Why? (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A's followers shall be liable as principals in the crime of delivery of prisoner
from Jail (Art. 156, Revised Penal Code).
The felony is committed not only by removing from any jail or penal
establishment any person confined therein but also by helping in the escape of
such person outside of said establishments by means of violence, intimidation,
bribery, or any other means.
Art 156; Delivery of prisoners from jail & Infidelity in custody of prisoners &
Evasion of service of sentence
1989 No. 13:
Ernani was accused of estafa. Unable to post a bail bond for his
provisional liberty pending trial of his case, he was detained in the city jail. On the
date of the hearing of the estafa case, Daniel, a policeman detailed in the city jail,
escorted Ernani to the city hall for the trial. Daniel removed the handcuffs of
Ernani and allowed him to sit on one of the chairs inside the courtroom. As
Daniel was talking to a lawyer inside the courtroom, Ernani, with the help of a
cigarette vendor, Meynardo, who used his cigarette container as cover,
surreptitiously moved out of the room and escaped, Ernani and Meynardo went
to the comfort room for a while, then went down the stairs and lost themselves in
the crowd. What crime or crimes were committed by Ernani, Daniel and
Meynardo? Give your reasons.
Answer:
1. Daniel, the policeman, committed the crime of EVASION THRU
NEGLIGENCE, one of the forms of Infidelity in the custody of Prisoner (Art. 224),,
the essential elements of which offense are:
(1) That the offender is a public officer.
(2) That he has in his custody or charge a prisoner, either detention
prisoner or prisoners by final judgement.
(3) That such prisoner escaped from his custody thru his negligence.
All of these elements are present, Daniel, a policeman detailed in the city
jail, is a public officer. As the escort for Ernani in the latter's trial, he had custody
of charge of a detention prisoner, Ernani's escape was thru his negligence
because after removing Ernani's handcuffs and allowing him to sit in one of the
chairs inside the courtroom, he should have taken the necessary precautions to
prevent Ernani's escape by keeping an eye on him. Instead, he provided the
opportunity for the escape by talking with a lawyer and not keeping watch over
his prisoner.
2. Meynardo, not being a public officer, is guilty of the crime of
DELIVERING PRISONERS FROM JAILS (Art. 156), which is committed by any
person who either removes from any jail or penal establishment any person
confined therein, or WHO HELPS the escape of such person by means of
violence, intimidation, bribery of OTHER MEANS. The act of Meynardo in giving
to Ernani his cigarette container is helping in the latter's escape by OTHER
MEANS.
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3. Ernani, the escaped prisoner himself is not criminally liable for any
offense. The detention prisoner who escapes from detention does not commit
any crime. If he were a convict by final judgment who is serving a sentence which
consists of deprivation of liberty and he escapes during term of his sentence, he
would be liable for EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE (Art. 157).
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Art 157; Evasion of service of sentence
1975 No. XIII
The accused was found guilty of a violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act
and was deported. After four months, he returned to the Philippines. The fiscal
prosecuted him for Evasion of Service of Sentence but the defense contended
that the accused is not guilty of the charge because he did not break out of a jail.
Is the defense tenable? Why?
Answer
a) The defense is tenable. Evasion of sentence is jail breaking. (Tanega v.
Masakayan, 19 SCRA 564). So, it does not apply to the accused who was
deported and who returned to the Philippines in violation of the sentence, since
deportation is not imprisonment. (17.5. v. Laio Hoc, 36 Phil. 867).
b) If the deportation was an act of the Chief Executive completely of the
judgment of conviction, then, there can be no evasion of sentence.
Art 157; Evasion of service of sentence
1998 No X.
Manny killed his wife under exceptional circumstances and was sentenced
by the Regional Trial Court of Dagupan City to suffer the penalty of destierro
during which he was not to enter the city.
While serving sentence, Manny went to Dagupan City to visit his mother.
Later, he was arrested in Manila.
1. Did Manny commit any crime? [3%]
2. If so, where should he be prosecuted? [2%] Answer:
1. Yes. Manny committed the crime of evasion of service of sentence
when he went to Dagupan City, which he was prohibited from entering under his
sentence of destierro.
A sentence imposing the penalty of destierro is evaded when the convict
enters any of the place/places he is prohibited from entering under the sentence
or come within the prohibited radius. Although destierro does not involve
imprisonment, it is nonetheless a deprivation of liberty. (People vs. Abilong. 82
Phil. 172).
2. Manny may be prosecuted in Dagupan City or in Manila where he was
arrested. This is so because evasion of service of sentence is a continuing
offense, as the convict is a fugitive from justice in such case. (Parulan vs. Dir. of
Prisons, L-28519, 17 Feb. 1968)
Art 160; Quasi-recidivism
1983 No. 7
X, an unlettered prisoner serving sentence for homicide, killed a co-
prisoner with evident premeditation, after which he voluntarily surrendered to the
prison guard and confessed his wrongdoing.
Upon arraignment, he pleaded guilty to the murder charge.
After a brief trial to ascertain beyond reasonable doubt the guilt of the
accused and the presence or absence of modifying circumstances, the trial judge
imposed the penalty prescribed by law for murder in its maximum period [death],
disregarding the mitigating circumstances established by the defense.
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(a) Did the judge act correctly? Why?
(b) If the murder was committed outside of prison before X began to
serve his sentence for homicide, would your answer be different? Reasons.
Answer
a) The judge acted correctly. The reason is because X was a quasi-
recidivist as he killed his fellow prisoner while he was serving the sentence for
homicide. (Art. 160 Rev. Penal Code) The penalty for the second crime is to be
imposed in its maximum period without regard to the attending mitigating and
aggravating circumstances. (People vs. Bautista (1978) of 2 O.G. 2117)
b) The same answer because there is quasi-recidivism since the offender
who was convicted by final judgment of homicide committed the second felony,
which in this case is murder, before beginning to serve the sentence for
homicide. (Art. 160 Rev. Penal Code)
Art 160; Quasi-recidivism
1991 No. 9:
During a fiesta, Simeon Marco, brandishing a knife, asked Constancio
whether he was the one who slapped his (Simeon's) son the year previous.
Vicente [father of Constancio) shouted at Constancio and his other son,
Bienvenido, telling them to run away. When Bienvenido passed by Rafael Marco
(brother of Simeon), Rafael stabbed him. Bienvenido parried the blow but fell
down, his feet entangled with some vines. While Bienvenido was lying on the
ground, Rafael continued to stab him, inflicting slight injuries on the shoulder of
Bienvenido, after which Rafael stood up. At that moment, Dulcisimo Beltran (no
relation to the Marco brothers), came out of nowhere and, together with Simeon,
stabbed Bienvenido. Both of them inflicted fatal wounds resulting in the death of
the victim,
a) Discuss the criminal liability of Dulcisimo, Simeon and Rafael.
b) Supposing Dulcisimo is a convict out on parole, will the aggravating
circumstances of quasi-recidivism be appreciated against him?
Answer:
b) No, because quasi-recidivism under Art. 160, RPC occurs when the
accused commits a felony while serving or about to serve sentence (or if he
escapes from prison]. A parolee who commits a felony cannot be a quasi-
recidivist,
Page 192 of 374

Crimes against Public Interest
Art 164; Mutilation of coins; bills excluded
1988 No. 9:
c) Two Japanese were passing through immigration and customs
preparatory to their departure for Japan at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
A bundle of P2,000 peso bills was discovered in one of them, and to prevent their
being delayed, his companion took the bundle of bills and then and there tore up
the bills.
As City Fiscal of Pasay, what crimes, if any, would you charge the two
Japanese? Explain.
Answer:
c) The two Japanese cannot be charged of any crime. They committed no
crime. Article 164 of the Revised Penal Code on mutilation of coins cannot be
applied to the Japanese because said article refers to coins and not to bills.
Art 168; Illegal possession of false notes
1999 No XIII
(b) Is mere possession of false money bills punishable under Article 168
of the Revised Penal Code? Explain. (3%)
(c) The accused was caught in possession of 100 counterfeit P20 bills.
He could not explain how and why he possessed the said bills. Neither could he
explain what he intended to do with the fake bills. Can he be held criminally liable
for such possession? Decide. (3%}
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) No. Possession of false treasury or bank note alone without an intent
to use it, is not punishable. But the circumstances of such possession may
indicate intent to utter, sufficient to consummate the crime of illegal possession of
false notes.
(c) Yes. Knowledge that the note is counterfeit and intent to use it may
be shown by the conduct of the accused. So, possession of 100 false bills reveal:
(a) knowledge that the bills are fake; and (b) intent to utter the same.
Art 169 & 171; Forgery & falsification
1999 No XIII
(a) How are "forging" and "falsification" committed? (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Forging or forgery is committed by giving to a treasury or bank note or
any instrument payable to bearer or to order the appearance of a true and
genuine document; or by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting, or altering by any
means the figures, letters, words or signs contained therein.
Falsification, on the other hand, is committed by:
1. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric;
2. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in any act or
proceeding when they did not in fact so participate;
3. Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding
statements other than those in fact made by them;
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4. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts;
5. Altering true dates;
6. Making any alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which
changes its meaning;
7. Issuing in an authenticated form a document purporting to be a copy
of an original document when no such original exists, or including in such copy a
statement contrary to, or different from, that of the genuine original; or
8. Intercalating any instrument or note relative to the issuance thereof
in a protocol, registry, or official book.
Art 171; Falsification of public documents
1977 No. VIII-b
A teller of the provincial treasurer's office told the landowner that his real
estate tax due is P500.00 when actually it is only P400. The landowner paid as
told. In order that the landowner will not discover the excess, the teller made it
appear in the original of the official receipt to be given to the landowner that
P500.00 was paid but in the duplicate left with him, the true amount of P400.00
was stated. Thereafter, the teller misappropriated the entire amount of P500.00.
Assuming that you are the investigating fiscal, what crime will you file against the
teller? State your reasons.
Answer
As investigating fiscal, I would file against the teller three crimes, to wit: (1)
illegal exaction or estafa, (2) falsification of public document, and (3)
malversation. By telling the landowner that his real estate tax due was P500.00
which was paid, when actually it was only P400.00 the teller of the provincial
treasurer's office collected an amount bigger than that authorized by law. The
teller is a public officer and in view of his duties is entrusted with the collection of
taxes. Illegal exaction is committed. The total amount of P500.00 was paid in the
concept of tax and forms a part of the public funds. The misappropriation of
P500.00 would constitute malversation of public funds since the one prejudiced is
the government (People v. Policher, 60 Phil. 771). However, if the teller by
means of deceit, collected the sum of P500.00 to misappropriate the excess of
P100.00, estafa and not illegal exaction is committed (U.S. Lopez, et al, 10 Phil.
480). The falsification of the original of the official receipt is an independent crime
since it was committed in order that the landowner would not discover the
excess. The misappropriation of the P400 being paid as a tax is malversation.
Art 171; Falsification of private document
1989 No. 12:
Oscar, a former welder and painter at the Caloocan Motor Works owned
by Arturo, went to the Downtown Hardware Store where Arturo gets materials on
credit, and presented to its manager a typewritten order for two (2) cans of
"Dietsler" car paint. The signature of Arturo on the order was falsified. After
receiving the paint, Oscar sold them and kept the proceeds therefrom. If you
were the investigating fiscal, what charge or charges will you file against Oscar?
Explain.
Answer:
The proper charge against Oscar is Falsification of a Private Document.
This is so for the following reasons:
Page 194 of 374

By forging the signature of Arturo on the typewritten purchase order for
two cans of car paint, Oscar committed the crime of falsification. The document
falsified by him, however, is a private document. A typewritten purchase order is
neither a public, official or commercial document. It is a private document.
Falsification of a private document, however, is not a crime unless there is
damage or intent to cause damage. When Oscar used the falsified private
document to obtain the two cans of paint from the hardware store, the element of
damage arose, thus consummating the crime of FALSIFICATION OF A
PRIVATE DOCUMENT.
Precisely because damage is an essential element of the crime of
falsification of a private document, Oscar cannot be convicted of the complex
crime of ESTAFA THRU FALSIFICATION OF PRIVATE DOCUMENT. Only one
single crime of FALSIFICATION OF PRIVTE DOCUMENT is committed here.
The damage to another is caused by the commission of said crime. The intent to
defraud in using falsified private document is part and parcel of said crime and
cannot give rise to the crime of estafa, because damage, which is also an
essential element of estafa, is caused by, and becomes the element of, the crime
of falsification of private document. The crime of estafa is not committed, as it
cannot exist without its own element of damage.
If the private document in the case was falsified, not to induce the
offended party to part with something of value but to cover up or conceal a
defraudation previously made, then the crime committed would be ESTAFA, The
falsification would be absorbed in said offense, the element of damage in one
being the same as that required in the other.
1975 No. XV
The accused was a bookkeeper in a department store. He purchased on
credit several items in the store and signed chits for them. In order to avoid
paying for the foods, he did not record in his personal account with the store the
items he purchased and tore up the chits he had signed What crime, if any, did
he commit? Why?
Answer
Falsification of a private document by omission. It is the duty of the
accused as bookkeeper to record in his personal account with the store the items
he purchased. By tearing the chits which he signed for the purchases, damage is
present. (People v. Dizon, 47 Phil. 360).
1982 No. 12
"A", son of "B", knowing that "X" owed "B" Pl,000.00 which had already
matured, wrote a collection letter to "X", falsifying "B'"s signature in the letter
which "A" himself delivered to "X" without "B" 's knowledge. "X" paid the amount
to "A" and thereupon appropriated the money for his personal use. Upon learning
of the action of his son, "B" filed a complaint against the former. If you were the
fiscal, for what crime or crimes would you prosecute "A"?
Answer
If I were, the Fiscal I would prosecute A for the crime of falsification of
private document. Altho, the falsification was used as a means for A to
misappropriate the amount delivered to him by X, a complex crime of estafa thru
Page 195 of 374

falsification of a private document is not committed because the element of
damage in estafa is the same damage which is an element of falsification of a
private document. (People vs. Dizon, CA 48 O.G. 168). The crime is not estafa
because without the falsification of the private document A would not have
committed the defraudation. There is no complex crime of estafa thru falsification
of a private document. In spite of the relationship there is criminal liability.
Relationship is an absolutory cause in the crimes of theft, estafa and malicious
mischief only.
1991 No. 3:
In a civil case for recovery of a sum of money filed against him by A, B
interposed the defense of payment. In support thereof, he identified and offered
in evidence a receipt which appears to be signed by A On rebuttal, A denied
having been paid by B and having signed the receipt. He presented a
handwriting expert who testified that the alleged signature of A on the receipt is a
forgery and that a comparison thereof with the specimen signatures of B clearly
shows that B himself forged the signature of A
a) Is B liable for the crime of using a falsified- document in a judicial
proceeding (last paragraph of Article 172 of the Revised Penal Code)?
b) If he is not, what offense or offenses may he be charged with?
Answer:
a) No, B should not be liable for the crime of using a falsified document,
under the last paragraph of Art. 172, Revised Penal Code. He would be liable for
forgery of a private document under the second mode of falsification under Art.
172, Revised Penal Code. Being the possessor and user of the falsified
document he is presumed to be the forger or falsifier and the offense of
introducing falsified document is already absorbed in the main offense of forgery
or falsification.
b) B should be charged for the crime of falsification of a private document,
since the document falsified is a private document and done with intent to cause
damage. Although there was an attempt on the part of B to defraud A thru the
use of the false document, such deceit cannot give rise to estafa because this
crime cannot co-exist or be complexed with the crime of falsification when the
document falsified is a private document.
Additional Answer;
b) If he testified on the genuineness of the document, he should also be
held liable under Art. 182, which is false testimony in civil cases.
1988 No. 14:
(a) Andrea signed her deceased husband's name in endorsing his three
treasury warrants which were delivered to her directly by the district supervisor
who knew that her husband had already died, and she used the proceeds to pay
for the expenses of her husband's last illness and his burial. She knew that her
husband had accumulated vacation and sick leaves the money value of which
exceeded that value of the three treasury warrants, so that the government
suffered no damage. Andrea's appeal is based on her claim of absence of
criminal intent and of good faith.
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Should she be found guilty of falsification? Discuss briefly.
ANSWER:
(a) Andrea should be held guilty of falsification of public documents. Her
claim of absence of criminal intent and of good faith cannot be considered
because she is presumed to know that her husband is dead. The element of
damage required in falsification does not refer to pecuniary damage but damage
to public interest.
Executive clemency can however be sought for by Andrea.
1992 No. 11
Jose Dee Kiam, a Chinese citizen born in Macao, having applied with a
recruitment agency to work in Kuwait, went to Quezon City Hall to procure a
Community Tax Certificate, formerly called Residence Certificate. He stated
therein that his name is Leo Tiampuy, A Filipino citizen born in Binan, Laguna. As
he paid for the Community Tax Certificate, Cecille Delicious, an employee in the
office recognized him and reported to her boss that the information written in the
Community Tax Certificate were all lies.
Treat each of the above contentions separately.
a) Shortly thereafter, an information was filed against Dee Kiam alias
Tiampuy. What crime, if any, may he be indicted for? Why?
Suggested Answer;
a) Dee Kiam can be indicted for the felony of Falsification of a Public
Document committed by a private individual under Art. 172 of the Revised Penal
Code in relation to Art. 171 thereof. A residence certificate is a public or official
document within the context of said provisions and jurisprudence. Since Dee
Kiam made an untruthful statement in a narration of facts (Art. 171, par. 4), and
he being a private individual, he is culpable thereunder.
b) The accused moved to quash the information on the ground that it did
not allege that he had the obligation to disclose the truth in the Community Tax
Certificate; that the same is a useless scrap of paper which one can buy even in
the Quiapo underpass and that he had no intent of deceiving anybody, much less
the government. If you were the trial judge, would you grant the motion to quash
the information on the basis of Dee Kiam's allegations?
Suggested Answer:
b) Falsification of public documents under Arts. 171 and 172, RFC, does
not require that the document is required by law. The sanctity of the public
document, a residence certificate, cannot be taken lightly as being a "mere scrap
of paper". Intent to cause damage, or actual damage, is not an indispensable
requisite for falsification of public document.
1993 No 10:
L, a Municipal Mayor, issued an appointment in favor of his legitimate son.
S, as meat inspector in the Office of the Municipal Treasurer. He also issued a
certification that S is not related to him within the third degree of consanguinity.
The Civil Service Commission approved the appointment.
Page 197 of 374

L, was charged and found guilty of falsification of public document. In his
appeal, he argued that his conviction is erroneous because he had no legal
obligation to disclose the truth about his relationship with the appointee and that
he was in good faith as he later on revoked the appointment.
Resolve his plea, supporting your resolution with reasons. Answer:
The conviction is correct. L had the legal obligation to issue a certification
to the effect that the appointee is not related to him within the third degree of
consanguinity (Laino vs. Sandiganbayan). The revocation of the appointment did
not extinguish the incipient criminal liability of L, the crime having been already
consummated. Besides, good faith may not be invoked in the crime of
falsification of a public document as criminal intent and the will to commit the
crime are presumed to exist unless the contrary appears (Manuel Siquuian vs
People. 171 SCRA 223).
Art 171; Falsification; presumption of falsification
1999 No XIII
(d) A falsified official or public document was found in the possession of
the accused. No evidence was introduced to show that the accused was the
author of the falsification. As a matter of fact, the trial court convicted the
accused of falsification of official or public document mainly on the proposition
that "the only person who could have made the erasures and the superimposition
mentioned is the one who will be benefited by the alterations thus made" and that
"he alone could have the motive for making such alterations".
Was the conviction of the accused proper although the conviction was
premised merely on the aforesaid ratiocination? Explain your answer. (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(d) Yes. the conviction is proper because there is a presumption in law
that the possessor and user of a falsified document is the one who falsified the
same.
Art 172; Use of falsified documents
1987 No. VI:
M was forced by a policeman to sign a document entitled "Sinumpaang
Salaysay" in which M implicated X as the brain behind the robbery of a bank
where P500,000.00 were lost. The document was prepared by the policeman
upon advice of B, the bank's lawyer, who was present when the policeman asked
M to sign the document. As M refused to sign it, the policeman held him by the
neck and forced him to sign, which he did as he was afraid he might be bodily
harmed. During the hearing of the robbery before the Fiscal's Office, B submitted
the "Sinumpaang Salaysay" as evidence, on the basis of which X was included in
the information filed by the Fiscal in court.
When M testified in court, he repudiated the document and told the court
there was no truth to its contents as he was merely forced to sign it.
(a) May M be held liable for perjury?
(b) Did lawyer B commit any crime when he used the "Sinumpaang
Salaysay" as evidence.
Answer
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b) The lawyer would be liable under Article 172 of the Revised Penal Code
for the offense of introducing a false document in a judicial proceeding, as he
knew the same to be false.
Art 177; Usurpation of Official Functions
1985 No. 8
While his marriage to Sylvia was subsisting, Rollie took Cynthia, who had
been legally separated from her husband, to Ramon Abad, who, in priestly attire
and posing as Fr. Chavez of the Aglipayan Church, solemnized their marriage.
After the marriage, Rollie took Cynthia to Baguio on a week-long honeymoon.
As a fiscal and based on the foregoing facts, what charge or charges will
you file and against whom? Discuss.
Answer:
As a fiscal, I will file a charge of Usurpation of Official Functions against
Ramon Abad. He merely posed as a priest of the Aglipayan Church and was not
therefore authorized to solemnize a marriage. Solemnization of a marriage is an
official function. (U.S. v. Hernandez, 29 Phil. 109).
Against Rollie, the charge will be a marriage contracted in contravention of
law which is penalized in Article 350 of the Revised Penal Code as an Illegal
Marriage, It cannot be bigamy as the marriage with Cynthia did not have all the
essential requisites of a valid marriage, (People v. Peralta CA-GR No. 13130-R,
June 30, 1955).
Art 181; False testimony
1994 No. 13:
Paolo was charged with homicide before the Regional Trial Court of
Manila. Andrew, a prosecution witness, testified that he saw Paolo shoot Abby
during their heated argument. While the case is still pending, the City Hall of
Manila burned down and the entire records of the case were destroyed. Later,
the records were reconstituted. Andrew was again called to the witness stand.
This time he testified that his first testimony was false and the truth was he was
abroad when the crime took place.
The judge immediately ordered the prosecution of Andrew for giving a
false testimony favorable to the defendant in a criminal case.
1) Will the case against Andrew prosper?
2) Paolo was acquitted. The decision became final on January 10, 1987.
On June 18. 1994 a case of giving false testimony was filed against Andrew. As
his lawyer, what legal step will you take?
Answer:
1) Yes. For one to be criminally liable under Art. 181, RFC, it is not
necessary that the criminal case where Andrew testified is terminated first. It is
not even required of the prosecution to prove which of the two statements of the
witness is false and to prove the statement to be false by evidence other than the
contradictory statements (People vs. Arazola, 13 Court of Appeals Report, 2nd
series, p. 808).
2) As lawyer of Andrew, I will file a motion to quash the Information on
the ground of prescription. The crime of false testimony under Art. 180 has
prescribed because Paolo, the accused in the principal case, was acquitted on
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January 10, 1987 and therefore the penalty prescribed for such crime is arresto
mayor under Art. 180, par. 4, RPC.
Crimes punishable by arresto mayor prescribes in five (5) years (Art. 90,
par. 3, RPC). But the case against Andrew was filed only on June 18, 1994,
whereas the principal criminal case was decided with finality on January 10, 1987
and, thence the prescriptive period of the crime commenced to run. From
January 10, 1987 to June 18, 1994 is more than five (5) years.
Art 183; Perjury
1978 No. VIII-a
A was defendant in a collection suit for an unpaid loan extended to him by
B. In his answer under oath, A swore he did not owe B anything, much less did
he borrow any amount from him. The court found A's answer to be false and
rendered judgment for B. A was later charged with, and prosecuted for, perjury
for making a false statement under oath.
Decide, state your reasons.
Answer
A is not liable for perjury. Verification of the answer is not required by law
(People vs. Tupasi, 36 O.G. 2038). In a recent decision, the Supreme Court also
held that a verified answer pertinent to the issue is absolutely privileged (Flordelis
vs. Himalaloan, et al. L-8088, July 31, 1978). Perjury is any sworn false
statement on any material matter made before a person authorized to administer
oath whenever the law so requires, (Art. 183, R.P.C.)
Art 183; Perjury
1984 No. 8
A executed an affidavit in support of a criminal complaint for estafa he filed
against B. After an amicable settlement under which A was paid the swindled
amount, he made another affidavit wherein he detailed events totally inconsistent
with the facts narrated in the first affidavit.
Later, B filed a complaint for perjury against A with the Fiscal's Office and
presented in support thereof the two contradictory affidavits of A. No other
evidence was submitted.
If you were the investigating fiscal, how would you resolve the case?
Why?
Answer:
A. Furnished by Office of Justice Palma
The complaint should be dismissed. The respondent or accused cannot be
convicted of the crime of perjury solely on the basis of his contradictory sworn
statements. It is further necessary to prove which of the two statements is false
by evidence other than the contradictory statements.
B. Comments and Suggested Answer
If I were the fiscal, I would dismiss the complaint for perjury. There is no
perjury solely on the basis of two contradictory statement. There must be further
evidence to show which of the two sworn statements is false. (U.S. vs.
Capistrano 40 Phil. 902).
Art 183; Perjury
Page 200 of 374

1987 No. VI:
M was forced by a policeman to sign a document entitled "Sinumpaang
Salaysay" in which M implicated X as the brain behind the robbery of a bank
where P500,000.00 were lost. The document was prepared by the policeman
upon advice of B, the bank's lawyer, who was present when the policeman asked
M to sign the document. As M refused to sign it, the policeman held him by the
neck and forced him to sign, which he did as he was afraid he might be bodily
harmed. During the hearing of the robbery before the Fiscal's Office, B submitted
the "Sinumpaang Salaysay" as evidence, on the basis of which X was included in
the information filed by the Fiscal in court.
When M testified in court, he repudiated the document and told the court
there was no truth to its contents as he was merely forced to sign it.
(a) May M be held liable for perjury?
(b) Did lawyer B commit any crime when he used the "Sinumpaang
Salaysay" as evidence.
Answer
a) M is not liable for perjury. He did not sign the document freely and
voluntarily but due to the force employed by the policeman. Perjury refers to
deliberate distortion of truth. The facts of the problem do not state that the
documents was signed before an officer authorized to administer oath. It is,
therefore, doubtful that the facts would constitute perjury.
Art 183; Perjury
1991 No. 18:
A, who was the client of B (a lawyer), signed a retainer agreement for the
payment of attorney's fees. After B rendered satisfactory service, A refused to
pay the attorney's fees. B sued. In her verified answer, A alleged that she did not
owe money to plaintiff B nor did she engage his legal services. These statements
under oath were false.
B filed a criminal complaint for perjury against A, and an information was
filed in court. If you are the lawyer for accused A, what Is your defense, if any?
Answer:
I will move for the dismissal of the complaint for perjury. The falsity of
sworn statement must be required or authorized by law (Flordeliz v. Himalalaon,
84 SCRA 277).
Art 183; Perjury
1996 No. 13;
Sisenando purchased the share of the stockholders of Estrella Corporation
in two installments, making him the majority stockholder thereof and eventually,
its president. Because the stockholders who sold their stocks failed to comply
with their warranties attendant to the sale, Sisenando withheld payment of the
second installment due on the shares and deposited the money in escrow
instead, subject to release once said stockholders comply with their warranties.
The stockholders concerned, in turn, rescinded the sale in question and removed
Sisenando from the Presidency of the Estrella Corporation, Sisenando then filed
a verified complaint for damages against said stockholders in his capacity as
president and principal stockholder of Estrella Corporation. In retaliation, the
Page 201 of 374

stockholders concerned, after petitioning the Securities and Exchange
Commission to declare the rescission valid, further filed a criminal case for
perjury against Sisenando, claiming that the latter perjured himself when he
stated under oath in the verification of his complaint for damages that he is the
President of the Estrella Corporation when in fact he had already been removed
as such.
Under the facts of the case, could Sisenando be held liable for perjury?
Explain.
Answer;
No, Sisenando may not be held liable for perjury because It cannot be
reasonably maintained that he willfully and deliberately made an assertion of a
falsehood when he alleged in the complaint that he is the President of the
Corporation, obviously, he made the allegation on the premise that his removal
from the presidency is not valid and that is precisely the issue brought about by
his complaint to the SEC. It is a fact that Sisenando has been the President of
the corporation and it Is from that position that the stockholders concerned
purportedly removed him, whereupon he filed the complaint questioning his
removal. There is no willful and deliberate assertion of a falsehood which is a
requisite of perjury,
Art 183; Perjury
1997 No 14:
A, a government employee, was administratively charged with immorality
for having an affair with B, a co-employee in the same office who believed him to
be single. To exculpate himself, A testified that he was single and was willing to
marry B, He Induced C to testify and C did testify that B was single. The truth,
however, was that A had earlier married D, now a neighbor of C.
Is A guilty of perjury? Are A and C guilty of subordination of perjury?
Answer
No. A is not guilty of perjury because the willful falsehood asserted by him
is not material to the charge of immorality. Whether A is single or married, the
charge of immorality against him as a government employee could proceed or
prosper. In other words, A's civil status is not a defense to the charge of
immorality, hence, not a material matter that could influence the charge.
There is no crime of subornation of perjury. The crime is now treated as
plain perjury with the one inducing another as the principal inducement, and the
latter, as principal by direct participation (People vs. Podol 66 Phil. 365). Since in
this case A cannot be held liable for perjury, the matter that he testified to being
immaterial, he cannot therefore be held responsible as a principal by inducement
when he induced C to testify on his status. Consequently, C is not liable as
principal by direct participation in perjury, having testified on matters not material
to an administrative case.
Art 184; Subornation of perjury
1993 No. 12:
Explain and illustrate the following: 1) aberratio ictus, 2) impossible crime,
and 3) subornation of perjury.
Answer;
Page 202 of 374

3) Subornation of perjury - Procuring another to swear falsely and testify
under circumstances rendering him guilty of perjury.
Art 200; Grave scandal
1996 No. 15:
Pia, a bold actress living on top floor of a plush condominium in Makati
City sunbathed naked at its penthouse every Sunday morning. She was unaware
that the business executives holding office at the adjoining tall buildings reported
to office every Sunday morning and, with the use of powerful binoculars, kept on
gazing at her while she sunbathed. Eventually, her sunbathing became the talk of
the town.
1) What crime, if any, did Pia commit? Explain,
2) What crime, if any, did the business executives commit? Explain.
Answer:
1) Pia did not commit a crime, The felony closest to making Pia criminally
liable is Grave Scandal, but then such act is not to be considered as highly
scandalous and offensive against decency and good customs. In the first place, it
was not done in a public place and within public knowledge or view. As a matter
of fact it was discovered by the executives accidentally and they have to use
binoculars to have public and full view of Pia sunbathing in the nude.
2) The business executives did not commit any crime. Their acts could not
be acts of lasciviousness [as there was no overt lustful act), or slander, as the
eventual talk of the town, resulting from her sunbathing, is not directly imputed to
the business executives, and besides such topic is not intended to defame or put
Pia to ridicule.
Art 201; obscene publications
1993 No. 8:
Juan and Petra are officemates. Later, intimacy developed between them.
One day, Juan sent to Petra a booklet contained in a pay envelope which was
securely sealed. The booklet is unquestionably indecent and highly offensive to
morals. Juan was thereafter charged under par. 3 of Art. 201 of the Revised
Penal Code, as amended by P.D. 969, which provides that the penalty of prision
mayor or a fine from P6,000 to P12,000, or both such imprisonment and fine
shall be imposed upon those who shall sell, give away or exhibit films, prints,
engravings, sculpture or literature which are offensive to morals. Is Juan guilty of
the crime charged? Reasons.
Answer:
No. Juan is not guilty of the crime charged because the law (Art. 201,
RPC) covers only the protection of public moral and not only the moral of an
individual.
Page 203 of 374

Crimes Committed by Public Officers
Art 203; Public Officers; definition
1999 No VII
(a) Who are public officers? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Public Officers are persons who, by direct provision of the law, popular
election or appointment by competent authority, takes part in the performance of
public functions in the Government of the Philippines, or performs in said
Government or in any of its branches public duties as an employee, agent or
subordinate official, of any rank or class (Art. 203, RPC)
Art 208; maliciously refraining from instituting prosecution & Robbery
1992 No. 6:
Mrs. Lydia Cortes presented herself to Special Police Officer 2 (SPO 2}
Cirio Cellado at the Northern Police Headquarters with her niece Nani, age 17,
and the latter's friend, Chabeng, age 16, asking for help in filing a criminal case.
It appears that while working as househelp in the home of Col. Rolando Donido
(retired), the latter would call them alternately, lock them up with him in a room
and force his lustful desires upon them. Sobbing violently, Nani narrated how
finally her employer succeeded in having sexual intercourse with her because he
kept on threatening to kill her if she refused to submit to him or if she told Mrs.
Donido about what was happening. On the other hand, Chabeng described how
their employer took liberties with her body, short of destroying her virginity. If they
so much as resisted, they were subjected to a lot of verbal abuse and
harassment. Unable to bear it any longer, both of them ran away. Nani got
married immediately to a former boyfriend to save herself from the humiliation of
appearing in their hometown, pregnant but still single. She ended her story
saying that no housegirl ever stayed long in that household "kasi walang patawad
iyang D.O.M. (Dirty Old Man ) na iyan".
b) After SPO2 Cirio Cellado heard the story of the two girls, he took aside
Mrs. Cortes and made this proposition: "Let me tell you what I plan to do. Since
the D.O.M. is probably well-known in his community, he will not want his
reputation tarnished, I'll tell him that you have reported him to us and you are all
set to file criminal charges against him at the Prosecutor's Office. But if he will
give us P50,000.00, you may be persuaded not to file the suit anymore. Actually,
after he gives that amount, which he surely will, I shall visit him regularly for
more. We shall then divide equally the money we shall get from him.
Suppose Cellado proceeds to carry out his plan and is caught by his Chief
with incontrovertible evidence, what action or actions may be brought by his
superiors to penalize him and to recover whatever sums of money he may have
received from his victim?
Suggested Answer:
b) Cellado should be charged of robbery because he took personal
property from, Donido, with intent to gain, with intimidation on the person of the
latter. The money passed into the hands of Cellado involuntarily because of fear
(intimidation) on the part of the offended party, Donido.
Likewise, Cellado can be held liable under Art. 208, RPC, he being a
public officer who maliciously refrained from instituting prosecution against
violators of the law. An agent of a person in authority charged with the
Page 204 of 374

apprehension and investigation of a crime is an integral part of the prosecution of
offenses.
Art 208; Negligence or tolerance in prosecution of offenses
1991 No. 20:
A, an Assistant Provincial Prosecutor of Cebu, was assigned to conduct
the preliminary investigations of two criminal cases: (1) for rape against X, and
(2) for estafa against Y. Unknown to the complainants, both respondents were
schoolmates of A in their high school years in Lanao del Norte. Despite the
overwhelming evidence against X, A dismissed the rape case. Despite the
overwhelming evidence against Y, A did not file the information for estafa
because according to him, the folder of the case to which were attached the
dishonored checks and other documents offered in evidence by the complainant
was stolen. Contrary to such claim, the folder was kept in a safe in his house.
What offense or offenses under the Title on Crimes Committed By Public
Officers of Book Two of the Revised Penal Code may A be charged with?
Answer:
Art. 208 is violated, that is maliciously refraining from instituting
prosecution for punishment of violators of the law. Likewise, the prosecutor is
liable under Art. 226 for removing and cancelling public document entrusted to
his custody.
Art 210; Bribery
1975 No XI
A municipal judge, in consideration of Pl,000.00 given him by the
complainant and at the latter's request, rendered a decision convicting the
accused. If you were the fiscal, would you prosecute him for bribery or for
knowingly rendering an unjust judgment? Why?
Answer
If I were the fiscal, I would prosecute him for bribery. By receiving money
from the complainant and at his request, rendering a decision convicting the
accused, the judge, for a consideration, performed an act related to the duties of
his office. Such constitutes bribery. The facts do not sustain the offense of
knowingly rendering unjust judgment. First, it does not appear that the judgment
is unjust, that is against the law and the evidence and second, even if it is
assumed it is unjust, it also does not appear that the judge rendered the
judgment knowing it is un-just, that is, maliciously and in bad faith. (U.S. v.
Gacutan, 28 Phil. 100),
Art 210; Bribery
1977 No. VIII-a
A policeman told the overspeeding driver whom he arrested that he will
release him without any case being filed if he will give him P10.00. The driver
refused, and instead filed a case of attempted bribery against the policeman. Did
the driver file the proper case? State your reasons,
Answer
The driver did not file the proper case. There is no attempted bribery
because of the nature of the crime. To solicit a bribe is not punished in Art. 210
which refers to the agreeing to perform or not to perform an act in consideration
Page 205 of 374

of a gift or promise. Par. 3 of said article punishes the act of receiving a gift or
accepting a promise if given or promised to make the public officer refrain from
doing something which it was his official duty to do.
Art 210; Bribery & Corruption of public official
1993 No. 3:
Arevalo, a judge who heard a civil case, received gifts from Maricel, the
plaintiff therein, but rendered judgment in favor of Julie, the defendant therein.
Who are criminally liable, and for what crime or crimes? Explain.
Answer;
1) Arevalo, the Judge, is liable for Indirect bribery (Art. 210 RPC) and
for violation of the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standard (Sec. 7 (d) RA 6713
and also PD 46).
2) Maricel is liable for corruption of public officer (Art, 212, RFC and PD
46).
1985 No. 18:
While manning the traffic lights at the intersection of Espana and
Washington Streets, Patrolman Torres ordered BB to stop his taxi, threatened to
arrest him and confiscate his driver's license allegedly for speeding and reckless
driving. Conversant with the dirty ways of some traffic officers, BB pulled out his
wallet, picked up his driver's license with the hidden P20.00 bill inside the same
and handed it to Patrolman Torres, Thereafter, Patrolman Torres returned SB's
license and allowed him to go.
What criminal prosecution may be filed against Pat, Torres and/or BB
under the circumstances? Discuss.
Answer:
Patrolman Torres should be charged with bribery and BB the driver for
corruption of a public officer, in the supposition that the driver was speeding and
for reckless driving. The money was given by the driver so as not to be arrested
and for his driver's license not to be confiscated. But if the driver was not
speeding nor was there reckless driving but the policeman threatened to arrest
him and confiscate his driver's license, the giving of the P20.00 bill would be due
to the intimidation employed by the policeman. In this case, the policeman will be
liable for robbery thru intimidation. The driver will not incur any criminal liability.
1983 No. 14
A building contractor offered a bribe to an engineer employed in the
Ministry of public Works and Highways. The latter refused the offer, not because
of moral scruples but because he thought he was being entrapped.
(a) What crime or crimes, if any, under the Revised Penal Code were
committed and by whom? Give the basis of the liability or non-liability of both the
building contractor and the engineer.
(b) Did either or both offerer and offeree commit any offense under the
Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act [Republic Act No. 3019}? Why?
Answer
Page 206 of 374

a) The building contractor is liable for attempted corruption of a public
officer because the bribe offered was not accepted by the engineer of the
Ministry of Public Works and Highways, who is a public officer. (Art. 212 Rev.
Penal Code) The engineer does not incur any criminal liability. The reason for
the refusal is immaterial.
2001 No X
Deputy Sheriff Ben Rivas received from the RTC Clerk of Court a Writ of
Execution in the case of Ejectment filed by Mrs. Maria Estrada vs. Luis Ablan.
The judgment being in favor of Estrada, Rivas went to her lawyer's office where
he was given the necessary amounts constituting the sheriffs fees and expenses
for execution in the total amount of P550.00, aside from P2,000.00 in
consideration of prompt enforcement of the writ from Estrada and her lawyer.
The writ was successfully enforced.
a) What crime, if any, did the sheriff commit? (3%)
b) Was there any crime committed by Estrada and her lawyer and if so,
what crime? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) The sheriff committed the crime of Direct Bribery under the second
paragraph of Article 210, Revised Penal Code, since the P2,000 was received by
him "in consideration" of the prompt enforcement of the writ of execution which is
an official duty of the sheriff to do.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;
a) On the premise that even without the P2,000, Sheriff Ben Rivas had to
carry out the writ of execution and not that he would be implementing the writ
only because of the P2,000.00, the receipt of the amount by said sheriff may be
regarded as a gift received by reason of his office and not as a "consideration"
for the performance of an official duty; hence, only indirect Bribery would be
committed by said sheriff.
b) On the part of the plaintiff and her lawyer as giver of the bribe-money,
the crime is Corruption of Public Officials under Article 212, Revised Penal Code.
Art 210; Bribery; direct
1990 No. 9;
a) Melda, who is the private secretary of Judge Tolits Naya. was
persuaded by a litigant, Jumbo, to have his case calendared as early as
possible for a consideration of P500. May she be held criminally liable for this
accommodation? Explain your answer.
b) What will be the criminal liability of Melda if she volunteered to
persuade Judge Tolits Naya to rule in Jumbo's favor without asking any
consideration? Explain your answer.
Answer:
a) The answer would depend/be qualified by the implication of the phrase
"to have his case calendared as early as possible".
If the phrase is interrupted as an unjust act and in violation of the rule to
give priority to the older cases, then she would be liable under direct bribery for
an act which does not constitute a crime but is unjust. He may also be held liable
Page 207 of 374

under Section 3(e) of RA. 3019, the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, as
amended: "x x x giving any private party any unwarranted benefits".
If you interpret the phrase as a non-violation of the rules and regulations
then he can only be held liable for direct bribery.
b) Melda is not criminally liable because the act of volunteering to
persuade is not a criminal act. It is the act of persuading that is considered a
criminal act. The act does not fall under Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code
on Direct Bribery nor does it fall under Article 211 of the RPC on Indirect Bribery.
Neither does it fall under the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Section 3(a) of
RA. 3019 refers to acts of persuading another public official to violate rules and
regulations.
Art 210; Bribery; immunity from liability of bribe-giver
1978 No. X-a (2)
A public official is liable for prosecution under the "Anti-Graft and Corrupt
Practices Act" if he directly or indirectly requests or receives any gift or other
pecuniary benefit from any person for whom he has secured or will secure any
government permit or license in consideration of such help. In a case, the fiscal
prosecuted both the bribe-giver and the public official under the Act. The bribe-
giver engaged your services as his counsel.
What action will you take in his defense? Explain.
Answer
As counsel of the bribe-giver, I would advise him to take advantage of the
immunity given to the bribe-giver under Presidential Decree No. 749 by testifying
for the prosecution.
Art 210; Bribery; immunity from liability of bribe-giver
1984 No. 7
Under what conditions is a bribe-giver immune from criminal prosecution?
What is the scope of his immunity?
Answer
1. When the information refers to consummated offense of bribery.
2. When the information and testimony of the giver are necessary for the
conviction of the accused public official.
3. When such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of
the State.
4. When the informant has not yet been previously convicted of a crime
involving moral turpitude.
The givers of bribes and their accomplices are exempt from prosecution or
punishment for the offense with reference to which their information and
testimonies were given.
A bribe giver is immune from criminal prosecution if the following
requisites are present: 1) the information must refer to consummated bribery; 2)
the information and testimony are necessary for the conviction of the accused
Page 208 of 374

public officer; 3) such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of
the State; 4) such information and testimony can be corroborated on material
points; and 5) the informant or witness has not been previously convicted of a
crime involving moral turpitude.
The informant or witness shall be exempt from prosecution or punishment
for the offense to which the information or testimony where given and this
immunity may be enjoyed by such informant or witness notwithstanding that he
offered the bribe to the public official or is an accomplice for such bribe giving or
even in cases where the information and testimony are given against a person
who is not a public officer but who is a principal or accomplice or accessory in the
commission of the bribery.
Art 211; Indirect bribery
1997 No. 16:
A, who is the private complainant in a murder case pending before a
Regional Trial Court Judge, gave a judge a Christmas gift, consisting of big
basket of assorted canned goods and bottles of expensive wines, easily worth
P10.000.00. The judge accepted the gift knowing it came from A.
What crime or crimes, if any, were committed? Answer:
The Judge committed the crime of Indirect bribery under Art. 211 of the
Revised Penal Code. The gift was offered to the Judge by reason of his office. In
addition, the Judge will be liable for the violation of P.D. 46 which punishes the
receiving of gifts by pubic officials and employees on occasions like Christmas.
Art 213; Frauds against the public treasury
1988 No. 12:
(b) A city official ordered one million pesos (P1M) worth of T-shirts at
public expense for the underprivileged residents of his city. After full payment
with city funds was made, it was discovered that only a fourth of the T-shirts had
been delivered and that the rest of the deliveries were so-called "ghost
deliveries."
Answer:
(b) (1) The city official is liable for violation of Article 213 of the Revised
Penal Code which provides that:
Article 213. Frauds against the public treasury and similar offenses,—The
penalty of prision correccional in its medium period to prision mayor in its
minimum period, or a fine ranging from P200 to P10,000 shall be imposed upon
any public officer who:
1. In his official capacity, in dealing with any person with regard to
furnishing supplies, the making of contracts, or the adjustment or settlement of
accounts relating to public property of funds, shall enter into an agreement with
any interested party or speculator or make use of any other scheme, to defraud
the government;
2. Being entrusted with the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and other
impost, shall be guilty of any of the following acts or omissions:
(a) Demanding, directly or indirectly, the payment of sums different from
or larger than those authorized by law.
Page 209 of 374

(b) Failing voluntarily to issue a receipt, as provided by law, for any sum
of money collected by him officially.
(c) Collecting or receiving, directly or indirectly, by way of payment or
otherwise, things or objects of a different nature from that provided by law.
When the culprit is an officer or employee of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue or the Bureau of Customs, the provisions of the Administrative Code
shall be applied; and violation of:
(b) (2) Act 3019 sec. 3 (g) which provides that:
Corrupt practices of public officers "IN ADDITION" to acts or omissions of
public officers already penalized by existing law, the following shall constitute
corrupt practices of any public officer and are hereby declared to be unlawful."
Page 210 of 374

Art 213; Illegal exaction
1975 No. IX
A municipal treasurer received P500.00 from a taxpayer but neglected to
issue the corresponding receipt. Is he criminally liable? Why?
Answer
The law provides that the failure of the Municipal Treasurer to issue a
receipt for the amount paid as a tax must be "voluntary" in order that illegal
exaction may be committed. (Art. 213, par. 2). The mere fact, however, that he
"neglected" to issue the receipt would not make him necessarily liable because in
a crime against public officers like illegal exaction, negligence is not mere laxity
but laxity in the performance of duties approximating fraud and malice or the
negligence must be shown to be positively and clearly inexcusable. (People v.
Bernas, CA 53 O.G. 1106).
Art 213; illegal exaction vs estafa
1977 No. VIII-b
Answer
Art 217; Malversation
1975 No. XVI
Can a private person commit malversation? If so, in what instances?
Answer
In two cases, to wit: 1) if the private person conspired with an accountable
public officer in the misappropriation of public funds or property in his custody; 2)
if a private person misappropriates any insular, provincial or municipal funds or
property of which he has charge in any capacity. (Art. 222, Revised Penal Code).
Page 211 of 374

1977 No. VIII-b
Answer
1978 No. VIII-b
Upon examination of the accounts of a municipal treasurer of Valenzuela,
Metro Manila (formerly Bulacan), the auditor found a shortage of Pl,000.00.
When informed of the shortchange, the treasurer took out P1,000.00 from his
wallet and turned over the amount to the auditor, who accepted the same. One
month later, the treasurer was charged with, and prosecuted for, malversation.
His defense was that he had balanced his accounts.
Decide with reasons.
Answer
The treasurer is not liable for malversation. Because, when the
shortchange of Pl,000.00 was discovered and the treasurer was notified, he at
once took out Pl,000.00 from his wallet and turned over the amount to the auditor
who accepted the same. There is, therefore, no prima facie evidence of
malversation. (U.S. vs. Feliciano, 15 Phil. 149).
1987 No. X:
Pedro, a municipal treasurer, received from the Provincial Treasurer of the
Province five (5) brand new typewriters for use in the municipal treasurer's office.
Each typewriter is valued at P10,000.00. Since Pedro needed money for the
hospitalization of his sick son, he sold four (4) of the typewriters to his friend,
Page 212 of 374

Rodolfo, a general merchant in San Isidro for P2,000.00 each or a total of
P8,000.00. Rodolfo as a general merchant knew that one typewriter could easily
be between P6,000.00 to P10,000.00, and for this reason he readily agreed to
buy the four typewriters, Rodolfo then resold the typewriters at P6,000.00 thus,
making a profit of P16,000. Two months after the transaction, Pedro was audited
and the investigation as to his accountabilities led to the discovery that Rodolfo
bought the four (4) typewriters from Pedro,
(a) What crime did Pedro commit?
(b) Is Rodolfo liable as an accessory or for violation of the Anti-Fencing
Law?
Answer:
a) Pedro committed malversation. The five (5) brand new typewriters
received by him from the Provincial Treasurer for use in the Municipal
Treasurer's Office were under his custody for which he was accountable as
Municipal Treasurer. Selling four (4) of the typewriters to Rodolfo, a general
merchant, because he needed the money for the hospitalization of his son
constitutes misappropriation as he applied the same for his personal benefit.
1988 No. 12:
(a) A public official charged with purchasing rice stocks under
government subsidy falsely reported that his stocks of rice worth P17 million on
board two barges sank off a neighboring island on their way to their destination
and were completely lost. Meanwhile, the rice was surreptitiously sold to rice
warehouses in the provinces.
What is the criminal liability of this government official? Explain.
Answer:
(a) The government official being an accountable officer can be charged
with malversation thru falsification of official documents.
2001 No IV
Accused Juan Santos, a deputy sheriff in a Regional Trial Court, levied on
the personal properties of a defendant in a civil case before said court, pursuant
to a writ of execution duly Issued by the court. Among the properties levied upon
and deposited Inside the "evidence room" of the Clerk of Court for Multiple RTC
Salas were a refrigerator, a stock of cassette tapes, a dining table set of chairs
and several lampshades. Upon the defendant's paying off the judgment creditor,
he tried to claim his properties but found out that several Items were missing,
such as the cassette tapes, chairs and lampshades. After due and diligent
sleuthing by the police detectives assigned to the case, these missing items were
found in the house of accused Santos, who reasoned out that he only borrowed
them temporarily.
If you were the fiscal /prosecutor, what would be the nature of the
Information to be filed against the accused? Why? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
If I were the fiscal/prosecutor, I would file an Information for Malversation
against Juan Santos for the cassette tapes, chain and lampshades which he, as
Page 213 of 374

deputy sheriff, levied upon and thus under his accountability as a public officer.
Said properties being under levy, are in custodia legis and thus impressed with
the character of public property, misappropriation of which constitutes the crime
of malversation although said properties belonged to a private individual (Art.
222, RPC).
Juan Santos misappropriated such properties when, in breach of trust, he
applied them to his own private use and benefit. His allegation that he only
borrowed such properties is a lame excuse, devoid of merit as there is no one
from whom he borrowed the same. The fact that it was only "after due and
diligent sleuthing by the police detectives assigned to the case", that the missing
items were found in the house of Santos, negates his pretension.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
An Information for Theft may be filed, considering that the sheriff had
already deposited the properties levied upon in the "evidence room" of the Clerk
of Court and may have already been relieved of his accountability therefor.
If Juan Santos was no longer the public officer who should be accountable
for the properties levied upon and found in his house, his taking of such
properties would no longer constitute Malversation but Theft, as there was taking
with intent to gain, of personal property of another without the consent of the
latter.
2001 No V
Alex Reyes, together with Jose Santos, were former warehousemen of the
Rustan Department Store. In 1986, the PCGG sequestered the assets, fund and
properties of the owners-incorporators of the store, alleging that they constitute
"Ill-gotten wealth" of the Marcos family. Upon their application, Reyes and Santos
were appointed as fiscal agents of the sequestered firm and they were given
custody and possession of the sequestered building and its contents, including
various vehicles used in the firm's operations. After a few months, an inventory
was conducted and it was discovered that two (2) delivery vans were missing.
After demand was made upon them, Reyes and Santos failed to give any
satisfactory explanation why the vans were missing or to turn them over to the
PCGG; hence, they were charged with Malversation of Public Property. During
the trial, the two accused claimed that they are not public accountable officers
and, if any crime was committed, it should only be Estafa under Art. 315, par. l(b)
of the Revised Penal Code.
What is the proper offense committed? State the reason(s) for your
answer. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER;
The proper offense committed was Malversation of Public Property, not
estafa, considering that Reyes and Santos, upon their application, were
constituted as "fiscal agents" of the sequestered firm and were "given custody
and possession" of the sequestered properties, including the delivery vans which
later they could not account for. They were thus made the depositary and
administrator of properties deposited by public authority and hence, by the duties
of their office/position, they are accountable for such properties. Such properties,
having been sequestered by the Government through the PCGG, are in custodia
Page 214 of 374

legis and therefore impressed with the character of public property, even though
the properties belong to a private individual (Art. 222, RPC).
The failure of Reyes and Santos to give any satisfactory explanation why
the vans were missing, is prima facie evidence that they had put the same to
their personal use.
1996 No. 5;
Elizabeth is the municipal treasurer of Masinloc, Zambales. On January
10, 1994, she received, as municipal treasurer, from the Department of Public
Works and Highways, the amount of P100,000.00 known as the fund for
construction, rehabilitation, betterment, and Improvement (CRBI) for the
concreting of Barangay Phanix Road located in Masinloc, Zambales, a project
undertaken on proposal of the Barangay Captain. Informed that the fund was
already exhausted while the concreting of Barangay Phanix Road remained
unfinished, a representative of the Commission on Audit conducted a spot audit
of Elizabeth who failed to account for the Pl00,000 CRBI fund. Elizabeth, who
was charged with malversation of public funds, was acquitted by the
Sandiganbayan of that charge but was nevertheless convicted, in the same
criminal case, for illegal use of public funds. On appeal, Elizabeth argued that her
conviction was erroneous as she applied the amount of P50,000.00 for a public
purpose with out violating any law or ordinance appropriating the said amount for
any specific purpose. The absence of such law or ordinance was, in fact,
established.
Is the contention of Elizabeth legally tenable? Explain. Answer:
Elizabeth's contention that her conviction for illegal use of public funds
(technical malversation) was erroneous, is legally tenable because she was
charged for malversation of public funds under Art. 217 of the Revised Penal
Code but was convicted for Illegal use of public funds which is defined and
punished under Art. 220 of said Code. A public officer charged with malversation
may not be validly convicted of illegal use of public funds (technical malversation)
because the latter crime is not necessarily included nor does it necessarily
Include the crime of malversation. The Sandiganbayan should have followed the
procedure provided in Sec. 11, Rule 119 of the Rules of Court and order the filing
of the proper Information. (Parungao us. Sandiganbayan. 197 SCRA 173.) From
the facts, there is no showing that there Is a law or ordinance appropriating the
amount to a specific public purpose. As a matter of fact, the problem
categorically states that The absence of such law or ordinance was, in fact,
established." So, procedurally and substantially , the Sandiganbayan's decision
suffers from serious Infirmity.
1999 No XI
What constitutes the crime of malversation of public funds or property?
(2%)
How Is malversation distinguished from estafa?
A Municipal Treasurer, accountable for public funds or property, encashed
with public funds private checks drawn in favor of his wife. The checks bounced,
the drawer not having enough cash in the drawee bank. The Municipal
Page 215 of 374

Treasurer, in encashing private checks from public funds, violated regulations of
his office.
Notwithstanding restitution of the amount of the checks, can the Municipal
Treasurer nevertheless be criminally liable? What crime did he commit? Explain.
(2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Malversation of public funds or property is committed by any public officer
who, by reason of the duties of his office, is accountable for public funds or
property, shall take or misappropriate or shall consent, or through abandonment
or negligence, shall permit any other person to take such public funds or
property, wholly or partially, or shall otherwise be guilty of the misappropriation or
malversation of such funds or property, (Art, 217, RPC)
Malversation differs from estafa ...
Yes, notwithstanding the restitution of the amount of the check, the
Municipal Treasurer will be criminally liable as restitution does not negate
criminal liability although it may be considered as a mitigating circumstance
similar or analogous to voluntary surrender. (People vs. Velasquez, 73 Phil 98),
He will be criminally liable for malversation. However, if the restitution was made
immediately, under vehement protest against an imputation of malversation and
without leaving the office, he may not be criminally liable.
1994 No. 16
Randy, an NBI agent, was issued by the NBI an armalite rifle (Ml6) and a
Smith and Wesson Revolver. Cal. 38. After a year, the NBI Director made an
inspection of all the firearms issued. Randy, who reported for work that morning,
did not show up during the inspection. He went on absence without leave
(AWOL). After two years, he surrendered to the NBI the two firearms issued to
him. He was charged with malversation of government property before the
Sandiganbayan.
Randy put up the defense that he did not appropriate the armalite rifle and
the revolver for his own use, that the delay in accounting for them does not
constitute conversion and that actually the firearms were stolen by his friend,
Chiting.
Decide the case. Answer:
Randy is guilty as charged under Art. 217, RPC. He is accountable for the
firearms they issued to him in his official capacity. The failure of Randy to submit
the firearms upon demand created the presumption that he converted them for
his own use. Even if there is no direct evidence of misappropriation. his failure to
account for the government property is enough factual basis for a finding of
malversation. Indeed, even his explanation that the guns were stolen is
incredible. For if the firearms were actually stolen, he should have reported the
matter immediately to the authorities. (People vs. Baguiran , 20 SCRA 453;
Felicilda us. Grospe, GR No. 10294, July 3, 1992)
1990 No, 2;
Dencio, who is the Municipal Treasurer of the town, was also the treasurer
of a charity ball of the church. Because he was short of payroll funds for the
Page 216 of 374

municipal employees, he used part of the church funds to replenish the payroll
funds with the Intention of returning the same when the public funds came.
a) Is Dencio guilty of malversation under the revised Penal Code? State
your reasons,
b) Assuming that he failed to replenish the church funds, may he be held
criminally liable thereby? Explain.
Answer:
a) No. The church funds used by Dencio do not constitute public funds
which are the proper subject of malversation. Neither does said funds constitute
the so-called private funds, which could be the proper subject of malversation
under Article 222, Revised Penal Code which pertain to private property placed
in the custody of public officers by reason of their office.
Art 217; Malversation & Estafa
1986 No 21:
Corporal Hamak and Sergeant Salat, both policemen, responded to a call
for assistance from Maglimayon, the owner of a bar along Mabini Street. It
appears that Maligalig, a customer, had been creating trouble in the bar,
prompting the owner to request him to leave. Maligalig pulled a gun and shot
Maglimayon, Slightly wounded, Maglimayon reached for his own gun but before
he could shoot, other customers subdued Maligalig.
Corporal Hamak and Sergeant Salat questioned the protagonists and got
an admission from Maligalig that the gun he used was unlicensed. On the other
hand, Maglimayon produced the license and permit for his firearm.
Hamak confiscated Maligalig's firearm. Salat asked for Maglimayon's
firearm, explaining that he had to bring it to the police headquarters for
examination but promised that he would return it to Maglimayon in five days.
(a) Hamak sold the firearm of Maligalig. What offense, if any did Hamak
commit? Give the elements of the offense as part of the explanation in your
answer.
(b) Salat gave away Maglimayon's firearm as a gift to his girlfriend. What
offense, if any, did Salat Commit? Explain.
Answer:
(a) Hamak will be liable for malversation. Since the firearm was
unlicensed, then it should be confiscated by the Government as what Hamak did.
Such partake of the nature of public property with Hamak, a public officer, having
the custody thereof. (People vs. Magsino CA 50 O.G. 678),
The elements of malversation are:
1. The offender is a public officer
2. He has the custody or control of public funds or property by reason
of his office.
3. He is accountable for these public funds or property.
4. He appropriates, takes, misappropriates, consents, or through
abandonment or negligence, permits another to take the same (Art. 217, Revised
Penal Code).
Page 217 of 374

(b) Salat committed estafa. He received the licensed firearm from the
owner who is a private person with the promise to return it after it has been
examined in the police headquarters. The fact that he gave it to his girlfriend
constitutes misappropriation as he has the obligation to return it to the owner.
Art 217; Malversation & estafa
1999 No XI
How Is malversation distinguished from estafa?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Malversation differs from estafa in that malversation is committed by an
accountable public officer Involving public funds or property under his custody
and accountability; while estafa is committed by non-accountable public officer or
private individual involving funds or property for which he is not accountable to
the government.
Art 217; Malversation thru falsification of public document
1980 No. IX
"Q", a postmaster, stole a treasury warrant payable to "R" valued at P30,
increased the amount to P230.00 by adding the figure "2" before "3", and forged
"R's" name as well as that of "S", making it appear that "R" had endorsed the
warrant to "S" and then later cashed it. "Q" thereafter misappropriate the amount
represented by the altered warrant.
Of what complex crime would you hold "Q" liable?
Which crime would control the penalty to be imposed on him, assuming
that he is found guilty?
Answer
The facts of the problem are similar to those in the case of People vs.
Silvallana, 61 Phil. 636 altho in this case the postmaster Q was the one who stole
the treasury warrant payable to R and who raised the amount stated therein from
P30.00 to P230,00 and forged R's name as well as that of S making it appear
that R had endorsed the warrant to S. In the problem, the fact is stated that the
postmaster cashed the forged treasury warrant and misappropriated the amount
represented in the altered warrant.
Falsification of a public document (treasury warrant) is committed because
of the alteration of the amount appearing in the treasury warrant, a genuine
document am] by causing it to appear that "R", the payee, endorsed the
document to "S" and "S" encashed it which is false. (Art. 171 pars. 2 and 6,
R.P.C.) The falsification was committed to facilitate the misappropriation by Q of
the proceeds of the treasury warrant, which are public funds, Q, therefore,
committed the complex crime of malversation thru falsification of public
document.
The more serious crime, which in this case is the falsification, will control
the penalty, which is to be imposed in its maximum period. In a complex crime,
the penalty is for the more serious crime, to be imposed in its maximum period.
(Art. 48 R.P.C.)
Art 223; Infidelity in custody of prisoners
1996 No. 14:
Page 218 of 374

A chief of police of a municipality, believing in good faith that a prisoner
serving a ten-day sentence in the municipal jail, would not escape, allowed said
prisoner to sleep at the latter's house because the municipal Jail was so
congested and there was no bed space available. Accordingly, the prisoner went
home to sleep every night but returned to jail early each morning, until the ten-
day sentence had been fully served.
Did the Chief of Police commit any crime? Explain.
Answer:
The Chief of Police is guilty of violation of Art. 223, RPC, consenting or
conniving to evasion, the elements of which are (a) he is a public officer, (b) he is
in charge or custody of a prisoner, detention or prisoner by final judgment, (c)
that the prisoner escaped, and (d) there must be connivance.
Relaxation of a prisoner is considered infidelity, thus making the penalty
ineffectual; although the convict may not have fled (US vs. Bandino, 9 Phil. 459)
it Is still violative of the provision. It also includes a case when the guard allowed
the prisoner, who is serving a six-day sentence in the municipal Jail, to sleep in
his house and eat there (People vs. Revilla).
1981 No. 15
"D", a detention prisoner for Homicide, escaped while working at the guest
house of a provincial governor, which at the time was being rented by the
province. The detainee worked at the guest house pursuant to a note of the
Governor to the Assistant Provincial Warden asking for five men to work in the
guest house. The note did not mention the names of the prisoners under
surveillance, who picked the men to compose the work party.
Would you find the Governor and the Assistant Provincial Warden guilty of
Infidelity in the Custody of Prisoners?
Answer
The Provincial Governor and the Assistant Provincial Warden cannot be
guilty of Infidelity in the Custody of Prisoners. This crime is committed in two
ways, to wit: (1) by a public officer who shall consent to the escape of a prisoner
in his custody or charge (Art. 223, Rev. Penal Code) and (2) by a public officer in
whose custody on charge a prisoner has escaped by reason of his negligence
(Art. 224, Rev. Penal Code).
Under the first mode, connivance in the escape of the prisoner on the part
of the public officer is an essential condition in the commission of the crime of
infidelity in the custody of the prisoner. No connivance in the escape of the
detention prisoner "D" from the custody of the Provincial Guard charge with the
duty of keeping prisoner under surveillance can be deduced from the note of the
Governor to the Assistant Provincial Warden asking for five men to work in the
guest house as the note does not mention the names of the prisoners to be
brought to the guest house. The provincial guard was the one who picked the
men to compose the work party.
Nor is the crime committed under the second mode. Since negligence
resulting in evasion is definite laxity amount to deliberate won performance of
duty. If there is negligence committed, it must be that of the Provincial Guard who
is the public officer charged with the custody and guarding of the prisoner "D"
(Alberto vs. Judge de la Cruz, L-31939, June 30, 1980. 98 SCRA 406).
Page 219 of 374

1979 No. X
X is serving a 6-year prison term. In his fourth year in prison, he
discovered that the judge committed a mistake in giving him a 6-year sentence
when the law he violated called for a 3 years imprisonment only. Y, the jail guard
and a law student chucked X's contention and found it correct X did not want to
go to court anymore as he did not have any money to hire a lawyer to file habeas
corpus and he had lost faith in the competence of judges. X then informed Y he
would just escape and the latter did not object. As soon as Y turned his back X
sprinted out of his cell. What crime was committed?
Answer
Y, the jail guard, is liable for infidelity in the custody of prisoner and X, for
evasion of sentence. The jail guard is a public officer who has the custody of X,
as prisoner. But not objecting to the intention of X to escape, who in fact did as
soon as Y turned his back, Y either connived or consented in the escape of the
prisoner X, (U.S. vs. Bandino, 29 Phil. 429). The presumption is that the
sentence by final judgment which was being served by X was correct. If the court
committed an error in sentencing him to an erroneous prison term, that must be
remedied according to law. Surely, the remedy is not to commit an act which is
felonious as that will disesteem any final judgment rendered by the court.
1997 No. 11:
During a town fiesta. A, the chief of police, permitted B, a detention
prisoner and his compadre, to leave the municipal jail and entertain visitors in his
house from 10:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. B returned to the municipal jail at 8:30 p.m.
Was there any crime committed by A? Answer;
Yes, A committed the crime of infidelity in the custody of a prisoner. Since
B is a detention prisoner. As Chief of Police, A has custody over B. Even if B
returned to the municipal Jail at 8:30 p.m. A, as custodian of the prisoner, has
maliciously failed to perform the duties of his office, and when he permits said
prisoner to obtain a relaxation of his imprisonment, he consents to the prisoner
escaping the punishment of being deprived of his liberty which can be considered
real and actual evasion of service under Article 223 of the Revised Penal Code
(People vs. Leon Bandino 29 Phil. 459).
Alternative Answer:
No crime was committed by the Chief of Police. It was only an act of
leniency or laxity in the performance of his duty and not in excess of his duty
(People vs. Evangelista (CA) 38 O.G. 158),
Art 223; Infidelity in custody of prisoners & Delivery of prisoners from jail &
Evasion of service of sentence
1989 No. 13:
Ernani was accused of estafa. Unable to post a bail bond for his
provisional liberty pending trial of his case, he was detained in the city jail. On the
date of the hearing of the estafa case, Daniel, a policeman detailed in the city jail,
escorted Ernani to the city hall for the trial. Daniel removed the handcuffs of
Ernani and allowed him to sit on one of the chairs inside the courtroom. As
Daniel was talking to a lawyer inside the courtroom, Ernani, with the help of a
Page 220 of 374

cigarette vendor, Meynardo, who used his cigarette container as cover,
surreptitiously moved out of the room and escaped, Ernani and Meynardo went
to the comfort room for a while, then went down the stairs and lost themselves in
the crowd. What crime or crimes were committed by Ernani, Daniel and
Meynardo? Give your reasons.
Answer:
1. Daniel, the policeman, committed the crime of EVASION THRU
NEGLIGENCE, one of the forms of Infidelity in the custody of Prisoner (Art. 224),,
the essential elements of which offense are:
(1) That the offender is a public officer.
(2) That he has in his custody or charge a prisoner, either detention
prisoner or prisoners by final judgement.
(3) That such prisoner escaped from his custody thru his negligence.
All of these elements are present, Daniel, a policeman detailed in the city
jail, is a public officer. As the escort for Ernani in the latter's trial, he had custody
of charge of a detention prisoner, Ernani's escape was thru his negligence
because after removing Ernani's handcuffs and allowing him to sit in one of the
chairs inside the courtroom, he should have taken the necessary precautions to
prevent Ernani's escape by keeping an eye on him. Instead, he provided the
opportunity for the escape by talking with a lawyer and not keeping watch over
his prisoner.
2. Meynardo, not being a public officer, is guilty of the crime of
DELIVERING PRISONERS FROM JAILS (Art. 156), which is committed by any
person who either removes from any jail or penal establishment any person
confined therein, or WHO HELPS the escape of such person by means of
violence, intimidation, bribery of OTHER MEANS. The act of Meynardo in giving
to Ernani his cigarette container is helping in the latter's escape by OTHER
MEANS.
3. Ernani, the escaped prisoner himself is not criminally liable for any
offense. The detention prisoner who escapes from detention does not commit
any crime. If he were a convict by final judgment who is serving a sentence which
consists of deprivation of liberty and he escapes during term of his sentence, he
would be liable for EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE (Art. 157).
Art 226; Removal of documents
1991 No. 20:
A, an Assistant Provincial Prosecutor of Cebu, was assigned to conduct
the preliminary investigations of two criminal cases: (1) for rape against X, and
(2) for estafa against Y. Unknown to the complainants, both respondents were
schoolmates of A in their high school years in Lanao del Norte. Despite the
overwhelming evidence against X, A dismissed the rape case. Despite the
overwhelming evidence against Y, A did not file the information for estafa
because according to him, the folder of the case to which were attached the
dishonored checks and other documents offered in evidence by the complainant
was stolen. Contrary to such claim, the folder was kept in a safe in his house.
What offense or offenses under the Title on Crimes Committed By Public
Officers of Book Two of the Revised Penal Code may A be charged with?
Answer:
Page 221 of 374

Art. 208 is violated, that is maliciously refraining from instituting
prosecution for punishment of violators of the law. Likewise, the prosecutor is
liable under Art. 226 for removing and cancelling public document entrusted to
his custody.
Page 222 of 374

Crimes Against Persons
Art 246; Parricide
1982 No. 16
"A", a prominent and high official, had illicit relationship with "B", a girl very
much below his social standing. A child was born to them as a result thereof. "A"
killed the child, over three days old, so as to conceal his dishonor.
(a) What crime did'"A" commit?
(b) Does relationship in this case constitute a privileged mitigating
circumstance?
(c) How would you answer the questions (a) and (b) if the child were
less than three days old?
Answer
(a) "A" committed parricide as this crime is committed even though the
relationship of the father "A" with the child, over three days old, is illegitimate.
(b) The answer is no because relationship in parricide is inherent, aside
from the fact that it is not provided in the Code as a privileged mitigating
circumstance?
(c) If the child were less than three days old, the crime would be
infanticide. Relationship of "A" the illegitimate father, is not privileged mitigating.
Art, 255, provides for such privileged mitigating circumstance if the offender is
the mother and the child was killed to conceal her dishonor.
Art 246; Parricide
1996 No. 16;
In 1975, Pedro, then a resident of Manila, abandoned his wife and their
son, Ricky, who was then only three years old. Twenty years later, an affray took
place in a bar in Olongapo City between Pedro and his companions, on one
hand, and Ricky and his friends, upon the other, without the father and son
knowing each other. Ricky stabbed and killed Pedro in the fight, only to find out,
a week later, when his mother arrived from Manila to visit him in jail, that the man
whom he killed was his own father.
1) What crime did Ricky commit? Explain.
2) Suppose Ricky knew before the killing that Pedro is his father, but he
nevertheless killed him out of bitterness for having abandoned him and his
mother, what crime did Ricky commit? Explain.
Answer:
1) Ricky committed parricide because the person killed was his own
father, and the law punishing the crime (Art. 246, RPC) does not require that the
crime be "knowingly" committed. Should Ricky be prosecuted and found guilty of
parricide, the penalty to be imposed is Art. 49 of the Revised Penal Code for
Homicide (the crime he intended to commit) but in its maximum period.
Alternative Answer:
Ricky should be held criminally liable only for homicide not parricide
because the relationship which qualified the killing to parricide is virtually absent
for a period of twenty years already, such that Ricky could not possibly be aware
Page 223 of 374

that his adversary was his father. In other words, the moral basis for imposing the
higher penalty for parricide is absent.
2) The crime committed should be parricide if Ricky knew before the
killing that Pedro is his father, because the moral basis for punishing the crime
already exists. His having acted out of bitterness for having been abandoned by
his father may be considered mitigating.
Art 246; Parricide with unintentional abortion; complex crime
1994 No. 7:
Aldrich was dismissed from his Job by his employer. Upon reaching home,
his pregnant wife, Carmi, nagged him about money for her medicines. Depressed
by his dismissal and angered by the nagging of his wife, Aldrich struck Carmi
with his fist. She fell to the ground. As a result, she and her unborn baby died.
What crime was committed by Aldrich? Answer:
Aldrich committed the crime of parricide with unintentional abortion. When
Aldrich struck his wife, Carmi, with his fist, he committed the crime of
maltreatment under Art, 266, par. 3 of the Revised Penal Code, Since Carmi died
because of the felonious act of Aldrich, he is criminally liable of parricide under
Art. 246, RPC in relation to Art. 4, par. 1 of the same Code. Since the unborn
baby of Carmi died in the process, but Aldrich had no intention to cause the
abortion of his wife, Aldrich committed unintentional abortion as defined in Art.
257, RPC. Inasmuch as the single act of Aldrich produced two grave or less
grave felonies, he falls under Art, 48, RPC, ie. a complex crime (People vs.
Salufrancia, 159 SCRA 401).
Art 246; Parricide; homicide
1997 No. 17:
A, a young housewife, and B, her paramour, conspired to kill C. her
husband, to whom she was lawfully married, A and B bought pancit and mixed it
with poison. A gave the food with poison to C, but before C could eat it. D, her
illegitimate lather, and E, her legitimate son, arrived. C. D and E shared the food
in the presence of A who merely watched them eating. C, D and E died because
of having partaken of the poisoned food.
What crime or crimes did A and B commit? Answer:
A committed the crime of multiple parricide for the killing of C, her lawful
husband, D, her illegitimate father, and E, her legitimate son. All these killings
constitute parricide under Article 246 of the Revised Penal Code because of her
relationship with the victims.
B committed the crime of murder as a co-conspirator of A in the killing of C
because the killing was carried out by means of poison (Art. 248. par. 3, Revised
Penal Code). But for feloniously causing the death of D and E, B committed two
counts of homicide. The plan was only to kill C.
Art 246; Parricide; proof of marriage
1978 No, VI-a
Juana was charged with parricide, i.e., poisoning her husband Justo with
whom she had seven (7) children, the eldest, 21 years old and the youngest,
eleven (11). The act of poisoning was proven beyond reasonable doubt, but the
prosecution failed to present the marriage certificate to prove Juana's marriage to
Page 224 of 374

Justo, The trial judge rendered a judgment of conviction. Juana appealed on the
ground that the marriage was not proven. Decide with reasons.
Answer
The appeal of Juana on the ground that the marriage was not proven is
meritorious. The best proof of marriage is the marriage certificate. Failure of the
prosecution to present the marriage certificate to prove Juana's marriage to Justo
was fatal, unless there was oral evidence to prove it and not objected to (People
vs. Remegio Cruz, 108 Phil 288),
Art 247; Absolutory cause; less serious physical injuries under exceptional
circumstances
1977 No. VI-b
The husband having discovered his wife in sexual intercourse with her
paramour, immediately fired upon the latter inflicting on him less serious physical
injuries. The same bullet that hit the paramour also hit a stranger killing him
instantly. 1) Did the husband incur criminal liability in wounding the paramour? 2)
Will you make the husband liable for the death of the stranger? Reason out your
answers to the two questions.
Answer
1) The husband did not incur criminal liability because the injuries inflicted
upon the paramour are not serious. This is considered an absolutory cause (Art
247 R.P.C.).
2) The husband is also not liable for the death of the stranger since the
stranger was killed by the same bullet which hit the paramour for the reason that
the husband in shooting at the paramour who suffered merely less serious
physical injuries did not incur any criminal liability. In a case decided by the
Supreme Court, the assault made by the offended husband was made in order to
defend his honor and rights by punishing the offender of his honor and is deemed
to be in the exercise of a lawful right. (U.S. v. Merced, 39 Phil. 198, 203), The
death of the stranger would therefore be due to an accident, which is exempting.
Art 247; Death & Physical injuries under exceptional circumstances
1988 No. 7:
Pedro Orsal and the wife of accused Juan Santos started having illicit
relations while the accused was in Manila reviewing for the 1983 Bar
Examinations and his wife was left behind in Davao City. In the morning of July
15, 1984, the accused went to the bus station in Davao City to go to Cagayan de
Oro City to fetch his daughter, but after he failed to catch the first trip in the
morning, and because the 2:00 o'clock bus had engine trouble and could not
leave, the accused, after passing the residence of his father, went home and
arrive at his residence at around six o'clock in the afternoon. Upon reaching his
home, the accused found his wife Laura, and Pedro Orsal in the act of sexual
intercourse. When the wife and Pedro Orsal noticed the accused, the wife
pushed her paramour who got his revolver. The accused, who has then peeping
above the built in cabinet in their, room, jumped down and ran away. He went to
the house of his PC soldier-friend, and neighbor, got his (soldier's) M-16 rifle and
immediately, it was almost 6:30 p.m. then, went back to his house. Not finding his
wife there, he went to the hangout of Pedro Orsal and found the latter playing
mahjong there. The accused fired at Pedro three times with his rifle, hit him and
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two bystanders. Pedro died instantaneously of wounds in the head, trunk, and
abdomen. The two bystanders were seriously injured but survived.
a) Can Juan Santos be held guilty for homicide for the death of Pedro
Orsal? Explain.
b) What offense did Juan Santos commit with regard to the two
bystanders? Explain.
c) What offense, did the wife of Juan Santos commit, if any why?
Answer
a) Juan Santos cannot be held guilty of homicide for the death of Pedro
Orsal. Instead, Juan is liable for violation of Article 247 "Death inflicted under
exceptional circumstances because there was one continuous act, (People vs.
Abarca).
b) With regards to the two bystanders, Juan Santos committed the crime
of serious physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances. (Art. 247
Revised Penal Code; People vs. Abarca).
Art 247; Death under exceptional circumstances
1985 No. 9
Feeling homesick and terribly missing his wife after a long absence,
Ronald, without notice, came home from Saudi. Arriving at their residence, he
immediately proceeded to their bedroom where he saw his wife lying on their bed
under a mosquito net locked in embrace with his compadre Dante Ayala He
immediately drew his gun but was beaten to a draw by Dante whose bullet felled
him.
Prosecuted for Homicide for killing Ronald, Dante set up self-defense but
was nevertheless convicted.
(A) Comment on the validity of Dante's conviction.
(B) In the above given case, supposing Ronald shot Dante and his
(Ronald's) wife, while Dante was on top of the latter, thus killing both of them,
will you grant him the benefit of Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code? Explain.
Answer:
(B) If Ronald shot Dante and his wife while Dante was on top of the latter,
killing both of them, Ronald can avail of the benefit of Article 247, Revised Penal
Code). The basic element of this article is that the unfaithful wife and her
paramour were surprised by the offended husband during the act of sexual
intercourse or immediately thereafter. To an ordinary, prudent person who
surprised a man lying on top of his wife in their marital bed such act in the mind
of the husband would mean nothing else but sexual intercourse.
1991 No. 14;
At 10:00 o'clock in the evening of 10 November 1990, upon his arrival
from Cebu City, Marco surprised his wife. Rosette, and her former boyfriend,
Raul, both naked and in the act of illicit copulation. Raul got his revolver and,
upon seeing the revolver, Marco ran toward the street, took a pedicab and
proceeded to the house of his brother, a policeman, from whom he borrowed a
revolver. With the weapon, he returned to his residence. Unable to find Raul and
Rosette, Marco proceeded to a disco jointly owned and operated by Haul. It was
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already 11:00 o'clock that evening when he arrived at the joint. Upon seeing Raul
with two (2) male companions, A arid B, drinking beer at one of the tables, Marco
fired two (2) shots at Raul, who was hit on his forehead with one of the bullets;
the other bullet hit A, injuring him on his stomach. As a consequence of the
gunshot wound, Haul died instantaneously. Due to the timely medical attention
given to him, A survived; he was, however, hospitalized for 45 days, Marco was
prosecuted for Murder for the death of Raul and for frustrated murder in the case
of A. The informations in both cases allege the qualifying circumstances of
evident premeditation and treachery and the generic aggravating circumstance of
nighttime.
You are Marco's lawyer. What would be your defense(s)?
Answer:
The defense with respect to the death of Raul is death under exceptional
circumstances [Art. 247, People vs. Aborca 153 SCRA 735). Although the killing
happened one hour after having surprised the spouse, that would still be within
the contest of "immediately thereafter".
With respect to the wounding of the stranger, the defense of lawful
exercise of a right is a justifying circumstance. Under Article 11, par. 5 could be
invoked. At the time accused shot Raul, he was not committing a felonious act
and therefore could not have been criminally liable under Art. 4, RPC.
2001 No XIII
A and B are husband and wife. A is employed as a security guard at
Landmark, his shift being from 11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. One night, he felt sick and
cold, hence, he decided to go home around midnight after getting permission
from his duty officer. Upon reaching the front yard of his home, he noticed that
the light in the master bedroom was on and that the bedroom window was open.
Approaching the front door, he was surprised to hear sighs and giggles inside the
bedroom. He opened the door very carefully and peeped inside where he saw his
wife B having sexual intercourse with their neighbor C. A rushed inside and
grabbed C but the latter managed to wrest himself free and jumped out of the
window, A followed suit and managed to catch C again and after a furious
struggle, managed also to strangle him to death. A then rushed back to his
bedroom where his wife B was cowering under the bed covers. Still enraged, A
hit B with fist blows and rendered her unconscious. The police arrived after being
summoned by their neighbors and arrested A who was detained, inquested and
charged for the death of C and serious physical Injuries of B.
a) Is A liable for C's death? Why? (5%)
b) Is A liable for B's injuries? Why? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) Yes, A is liable for C's death but under the exceptional circumstances
in Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code, where only destierro is prescribed.
Article 247 governs since A surprised his wife B in the act of having sexual
intercourse with C, and the killing of C was "Immediately thereafter" as the
discovery, escape, pursuit and killing of C form one continuous act. (U.S. vs.
Vargas, 2 Phil. 194)
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b) Likewise, A la liable for the serious physical injuries he inflicted on his
wife B but under the same exceptional circumstances in Article 247 of the
Revised Penal Code, for the same reasons.
Art 247; death under exceptional circumstances
1978 No. IX-a
Juan came upon his wife and Isabelo in a secluded place covered with
underbush. His wife was getting up while Isabelo was standing and zipping up
his pants. Isabelo took to his heels when he saw Juan, who chased him with a
balisong knife. Unable to catch up with Isabelo, Juan returned to his wife and,
completely obfuscated by what he had seen, stabbed her repeatedly with the
knife, killing her immediately.
Juan's defense at the trial was his having surprised his wife under
circumstances indicative of carnal intercourse with Isabelo, and claimed that he
should be acquitted.
Decide with reasons.
Answer
Parricide is committed. Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code is not
applicable as the wife was not surprised committing sexual intercourse with
Isabelo. When Juan came upon his wife and Isabelo, his wife was getting up and
Isabelo was standing zipping up his pants, (People vs. Gonzalez, 39 Phil 66).
Art 247; Death under exceptional circumstances; destierro
1983 No, 10
Having caught A in flagrante delicto doing the sex act with his [B's] wife, B
shot and killed A while the latter was still in the compromising act. B was
sentenced to reclusion perpetua for murder after a protracted trial. It was only on
appeal that he was given the proper penalty of destierro under Article 247 of the
Revised Penal Code.
During the pendency of the case, the accused was under preventive
detention which lasted for about eight years.
(a) In serving his sentence, is B entitled to credit for his preventive
imprisonment? Explain.
(b) What is the philosophy of the legal provision imposing the penalty
of destierro for the above crime?
Answer
b) The philosophy of the legal provision imposing the penalty of
destierro is that it is intended more for the protection of the offender rather than
as a penalty (People vs. Coricor 79 Phil. 672) which is to remove the offender
from the vicinity and to protect him from acts of retaliative or reprisal principally
from the relatives of the deceased spouse (People vs. Lauron CA 67 O.G.
7369)
Art 248; Murder
1987 No I:
Juan had a land dispute with Pedro for a number of years. As Juan was
coming down his house, he saw his brother, Rodolfo attack Pedro with a bolo
from behind. Rodolfo was about to hit Pedro a second time while the latter was
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prostrate on the ground, when Carling, Pedro's son, shouted, "I'll kill you." This
distracted Rodolfo who then turned to Carling. Rodolfo and Carling fought with
their bolos. While the two were fighting, Juan shouted to his brother Rodolfo: "Kill
them both, they are our enemies," Carling suffered a number of wounds and died
on the spot. Pedro who was in serious condition was rushed to the hospital. He
died five days later for loss of blood because the blood purchased from Manila
which could have saved him, according to the doctor, did not arrive on timer
Jose, father of Juan and Rodolfo, told his sons to hide in Manila and he gave
them money for the purpose. When the police investigators saw Jose, he told the
police investigators that Juan and Rodolfo went to Mindanao.
What crimes, if any, did (a) Rodolfo, (b) Juan and (c) Jose commit?
Explain your answer and state whether the acts committed are accompanied by
circumstances affecting criminal liability.
Answer:
a) Rodolfo committed murder regarding the killing of Pedro since Pedro
was attacked from behind. The killing was attended by the qualifying
circumstance of treachery. The mode of attack deprived Pedro of any chance to
defend himself or to retaliate. Rodolfo is also liable for homicide regarding the
killing of Carling, Pedro's son. as that is the result of a fight, both of them being
armed with bolos.
Although Pedro died five days later, since the blood purchased which
would have saved him did not arrive on time, Rodolfo is still liable for the death of
Pedro as that is the direct, natural and logical result of the wound inflicted by him.
b) Juan, the brother of Rodolfo, has no criminal liability. What he
shouted to Rodolfo "Kill them both, they are our enemies," when Rodolfo and
Carling were fighting, was not the only reason why Carling was killed; and hence,
he cannot be a principal by inducement. The doctrine is to be a principal by
inducement, the inducement must be the only reason why the crime is
committed. (People vs. Kiichi et. al. 61 Phil. 609).
c) Jose, father of Juan and Rodolfo, is an accessory to the crime of
murder committed by Rodolfo because he assisted him to escape to Manila. But
he is not criminally liable because of his relationship to Rodolfo (Article 20). He is
not an accessory to the crime of homicide, because this crime is not included in
treason, parricide, murder, attempt against the life of the Chief Executive or the
principal is known to be habitually guilty of some other crime if the accessory is a
private person. However, this is moot and academic because of the relationship
of Jose to Rodolfo.
Art 248; Murder
1993 No. 6:
As a result of a misunderstanding during a meeting, Joe was mauled by
Nestor, Jolan, Reden and Arthur. He ran towards his house but the four chased
and caught him. Thereafter, they tied Joe's hands at his back and attacked him.
Nestor used a knife; Jolan, a shovel; Arthur, his fists; and Reden, a piece of
wood. After killing Joe, Reden ordered the digging of a grave to bury Joe's
lifeless body. Thereafter, the four (4) left together. Convicted for the killing of Joe,
Arthur now claims that his conviction is erroneous as it was not he who inflicted
the fatal blow.
1) Would you sustain his claim? Why?
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2) What was the crime committed by the four assailants? Discuss with
reasons.
Answer;
1) No. Arthur's claim is without merit. The offenders acted in conspiracy
in killing the victim and hence, liable collectively....
2) The crime committed is murder, qualified by treachery because the
offenders, taking advantage of their superiority in number, rendered the victim
defenseless and without any chance to retaliate, by tying his hands at his back
before attacking him. Treachery exists at least in the second and final stage of
the attack, after the offenders caught up with the victim.
Art 248; Murder
1999 No V
Define murder. What are the elements of the crime? [3%]
The accused, not Intending to kill the victim, treacherously shot the victim
while the victim was turning his back to him. He aimed at and hit the victim only
on the leg. The victim, however, died because of loss of blood. Can the accused
be liable for homicide or murder, considering that treachery was clearly involved
but there was no attempt to kill? Explain your answer. (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Murder is the unlawful killing of a person which otherwise would
constitute only homicide, had it not been attended by any of the following
circumstances:
1. With treachery or taking advantage of superior strength, or with the aid
of armed men, or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or
persons to insure or afford impunity;
2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise;
3. By means or on the occasion of inundation, fire, poison, explosion,
shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a railroad, fall of an
airship, or by means of motor vehicles, or with the use of any other means
involving great waste and ruin;
4. On occasion of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive
cyclone, epidemic or other public calamity;
5. With evident premeditation;
6. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of
the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.
(b) The elements of murder are: (1) that a person was unlawfully killed; (2)
that such a killing was attended by any of the above-mentioned circumstances;
(3) that the killing is not parricide nor infanticide; and (4) that the accused killed
the victim.
The accused is liable for the death of the victim even though he merely
aimed and fired at the latter's leg, "not intending to kill the victim", considering
that the gunshot was felonious and was the proximate cause of death. An
offender is liable for all the direct, natural, and logical consequences of his
felonious act although different from what he intended.
Page 230 of 374

However, since specific intent to kill is absent, the crime for said death is
only homicide and not murder (People vs. Pugay and Samson, 167 SCRA 439)
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The accused is liable for the death of the victim in as much as his act of
shooting the victim at the leg is felonious and is the proximate cause of death. A
person performing a felonious act is criminally liable for all the direct, natural, and
logical consequences of such act although different from what he intended. And
since such death was attended by treachery, the same will constitute murder but
the accused should be given the benefit of the mitigating circumstance that he
did not intend to commit so grave a wrong as that which was committed (Art.
13(3), RPC)
Art 248; Murder
2001 No VI
Mang Jose, a septuagenarian, was walking with his ten-year old grandson
along Paseo de Roxas and decided to cross at the intersection of Makati Avenue
but both were hit by a speeding CRV Honda van and were sent sprawling on the
pavement a meter apart. The driver, a Chinese mestizo, stopped his car after
hitting the two victims but then reversed his gears and ran over Mang Jose's
prostrate body anew and third time by advancing his car forward. The grandson
suffered broken legs only and survived but Mang Jose suffered multiple fractures
and broken ribs, causing his instant death. The driver was arrested and charged
with Murder for the death of Mang Jose and Serious Physical Injuries through
Reckless Imprudence with respect to the grandson.
Are the charges correct? Explain. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the charges are correct.
For deliberately running over Mang Jose's prostrate body after having
bumped him and his grandson, the driver indeed committed Murder, qualified by
treachery. Said driver's deliberate intent to kill Mang Jose was demonstrated by
his running over the latter's body twice, by backing up the van and driving it
forward, whereas the victim was helpless and not in a position to defend himself
or to retaliate.
As to the serious physical injuries sustained by Mang Jose's 10-year old
grandson, as a result of having been hit by the speeding vehicle of said driver,
the same were the result of reckless imprudence which is punishable as a quasi-
offense in Article 365 of the Revised Penal Code. The charge of Reckless
Imprudence Resulting to Serious Physical Injuries is correct. The penalty next
higher in degree to what ordinarily should be imposed is called for, since the
driver did not lend help on the spot, which help he could have given to the
victims.
Art 248; Murder & Arson
1985 No, 17
B set the house of A on fire by way of revenge against the latter. B did not
know that A was inside. A died because of the fire,
(A) What crime or crimes did B commit?
Page 231 of 374

(B) Suppose B knew that A was inside, what crime or crimes did B
commit?
(C) Suppose before setting it on fire, B entered the house and killed A.
Then B set the house on fire to hide the body of A. What crime or crimes did B
commit?
Explain your answers.
Answer:
(A) B will be liable for the special complex crime of arson with homicide as
provided in Presidential Decree No. 1613, because the death resulted from the
arson. The case of People v. Paterno (L-2665, March 6, 1960)—that the arson
absorbed the death, is no longer controlling.
(B) If B knew that A was in the house when it was set on fire, the crime
will be murder. The fire is the qualifying circumstance.
(C) If B killed A before the house was set on fire, two crimes are
committed, murder and arson. The arson was committed to conceal the crime of
murder.
Art 248; Murder & Theft
1984 No. 19
Melencio gave Janet, a call girl, P5,000 as blood money with the
understanding that she would poison a business executive in the course of a
tryst. She did so. But before she left the scene of the crime, she got the victim's
expensive watch, gold ring and wallet containing about P5,000.
What crime or crimes were committed and by whom? Reasons.
Answer
A. Furnished by Office of Justice Palma,
Janet committed two crimes:
1. murder: as qualified by circumstance of consideration of a price or
reward, or by means of poison, or with evident premeditation, and
2. theft: If the motive is to kill and the taking of the valuables is
committed thereafter, the crimes committed are homicide and theft (People v.
Elizaga, G.R. No. 2487, as cited in Gregorio, Fundamentals).
1. Melencio and Janet are liable for murder. Melencio is a
principal by inducement and Janet is a principal by direct participation. Murder is
the crime committed because the killing was in consideration of & price and by
means of poison. Either will be sufficient to qualify the crime of murder.
2. Janet will also be liable for theft. As an afterthought she got the
victim's expensive watch, gold ring and wallet containing about P5,000. Melencio
will not be liable because the theft was not included in the inducement nor is it a
necessary consequence thereof.
Art 248; Murder (through use of fire) & Arson & Homicide
1989 No. 14:
Diego and Pablo were both farmers residing in Barangay Damayan. On
one occasion, Diego called Pablo to come down from his house in order to ask
Page 232 of 374

him why he got his (Diego's) plow without permission. One word led to another.
Diego, in a fit of anger, unsheathed his bolo and hacked Pablo to death. Pablo's
9-year old son, Mario, who was inside the house, saw the killing of his father.
Afraid that he might also be killed by Diego, Mario covered himself with a blanket
and hid in a corner of the house. To conceal the killing of Pablo, Diego brought
Pablo's body inside the house and burned it, Mario was also burned to death.
What crime or crimes did Diego commit?
Answer:
Diego committed two crimes (1) homicide for the death of Pablo and (2)
the special complex crime of arson with homicide as provided in PD 1613 for the
burning of the house and the death of Mario.
The hacking of Pablo to death is homicide, the killing not being attended
by any of the qualifying circumstances of murder. It was killing in the course of a
quarrel.
The burning of the house to conceal the killing of Pablo is a separate
crime. Were it not for the death of Mario, this separate offense would have been
arson. But inside the house was unknown to Diego, the resulting crime is under
PD No. 1613, because the death resulted from the arson. If by reason or on the
occasion of the arson, death results, the offense is the special complex or arson
with homicide (Sec. 5, PD 1613, which expressly repealed Art. 320 and
consequently the ruling case therein, People v. Paterno (L-2665, March 6, 1950).
If Diego knew that Mario was inside the house when he set it on fire, the
crime committed, instead of arson, would be MURDER, with fire as the qualifying
circumstance.
Art 248; Murder vs homicide
1982 No. 14
"A" and "B" were both astride the same carabao, the latter being behind
the former. "X", intending to kill "A", aimed his gun at "A" and fired, inflicting a
fatal wound on the chest which produced "A'"s death. "X" shot "A" again, but this
time the bullet hit and passed through "A'"s left arm, causing less serious
physical injuries, then lodged itself in "B'"s heart, causing his death. What crime
or crimes is "X" guilty of?
Answer
X committed murder regarding the killing of A because he was shot
deliberately while astride with B on a carabao without giving him any chance to
defend himself. Treachery is therefore present. X committed homicide regarding
the lulling of B as the second shot hit A who was already dead and the bullet
lodged in B's heart. The intention of X was to kill A and not B.
Art 248; Murder vs illegal detention
1978 No. V-b
Juan and Pedro harbored a long-standing grudge/ resentment against
Jose who eloped with their sister, Maria, and later abandoned her. They laid
meticulous plans to kill him. After weeks of waiting, their chance came when late
one night, they cornered Jose as he was coming out of a disco-beer house in
Makati, Metro Manila. The two forcibly shoved him into a waiting car and droved
to Tagaytay City, where they kept Jose hog-tied in a 2 x 3 meter room. Two (2)
days later, they killed Jose and dumped his body into ravine.
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What was the crime/crimes committed by Juan and Pedro? Discuss
briefly.
Answer:
Murder, since the purpose of Juan and Pedro was to kill the victim. The
detention of the victim for two days before he was killed was merely incidental.
(People vs. Camo, 91 Phil. 240; People vs. Ong, 69 SCRA 174).
Art 248; Murder vs illegal detention
1996 No. 4:
2) Fidel and Fred harbored a long standing grudge against Jorge who
refused to marry their sister Lorna, after the latter got pregnant by Jorge. After
weeks of surveillance, they finally cornered Jorge in Ermita, Manila, when the
latter was walking home late at might. Fidel and Fred forcibly brought Jorge to
Zambales where they kept him hog-tied in a small nipa house located in the
middle of a rice field. Two days later, they killed Jorge and dumped his body into
the river.
What crime or crimes did Fidel and Fred commit? Explain.
Answer:
2) Fidel and Fred committed the crime of Murder under Art 248, RPC . the
killing being qualified by evident premeditation. This is due to the long standing
grudge entertained by the two accused occasioned by the victim's refusal to
marry their sister after Impregnating her.
In People vs. Alfeche. 219 SCRA 85, the intention of the accused is
determinative of the crime committed. Where the intention is to kill the victim and
the latter is forcibly taken to another place and later killed, it is murder. There is
no indication that the offenders intended to deprive the victim of his liberty.
Whereas, if the victim is kidnapped, and taken to another situs and killed as an
afterthought, it is kidnapping with homicide under Art. 267, RPC.
Page 234 of 374

Art 248; Murder with direct assault
1995 No. 6:
2. Pascual operated a rice thresher in Barangay Napnud where he
resided. Renato, a resident of the neighboring Barangay Guihaman, also
operated a mobile rice thresher which he often brought to Barangay Napnud to
thresh the palay of the farmers there. This was bitterly resented by Pascual, One
afternoon Pascual, and his two sons confronted Renato and his men who were
operating their mobile rice thresher along a feeder road in Napnud. A heated
argument ensued. A barangay captain who was fetched by one of Pascual's men
tried to appease Pascual and Renato to prevent a violent confrontation.
However, Pascual resented the intervention of the barangay captain and hacked
him to death.
What crime was committed by Pascual? Discuss fully.
Answer:
2. Pascual committed the complex crime of homicide with assault upon a
person in authority (Arts. 148 and 249 in relation to Art, 48, RPC). A barangay
chairman, is in law (Art. 152), a person in authority and if he is attacked while in
the performance of his official duties or on the occasion thereof the felony of
direct assault is committed.
Art. 48, RPC, on the other hand, provides that if a single act produces two
or more grave or less grave felonies, a complex crime is committed. Here, the
single act of the offender in hacking the victim to death resulted in two felonies,
homicide which is grave and direct assault which is less grave.
Art 248; Murder with direct assault; explosion
1991 No 4:
Two [2] Philippine National Police (PNPJ officers. X and Y, on board on
motorboat with Z, a civilian as motor-man, arrested A and B who were in a
banca, for dynamite fishing. The latter's banca was towed towards the
municipality. On the way, the PNP motorboat was intercepted by a third banca
whose occupants, C, D, and E, tried to negotiate for the release of A and B and
their banca. The PNP officers refused and instead shouted at C, D. and E that
they are all under arrest. Thereupon, C, D, and E simultaneously threw dynamite
sticks at the PNP motorboats. The first explosion killed X. A and B also reacted
by throwing dynamite at the PNP motorboat: its explosion killed Y and Z.
What crime or crimes did A, B, C, D and E commit?
Suggested Answer:
C, D and E are liable for the complex crime of Murder, qualified by
explosion, with direct assault for the death of X. A and B are liable for the
complex crime of Murder Qualified by explosion as to death "of Y, and simple
Murder qualified by explosion for the death of Z.
No crime of direct assault can be filed insofar as the death of Z is
concerned, he being a civilian.
This, of course, assumes that there is no conspiracy among A, B, C, D
and E, otherwise all would have the same criminal liability as the act of one
becomes the act of all.
Additional Answer:
Page 235 of 374

Firstly, A and B committed a violation of Pres. Decree No. 534 (on illegal
fishing] as amended by Pres. Decree Nos. 704 and 1058. Fishing with the use of
explosives is punishable under said Decree.
Art 248; Murder, by treachery
1995 No. 6:
1. On his way to buy a lotto ticket, a policeman suddenly found himself
surrounded by four men. One of them wrestled the police officer to the ground
and disarmed him while the other three companions who were armed with a
hunting knife, an ice pick, and a balisong, repeatedly stabbed him. The
policeman died as a result of the multiple stab wounds inflicted by his assailants.
What crime or crimes were committed? Discuss fully.
Answer:
1. All the assailants are liable for the crime of murder, qualified by
treachery, (which absorbed abuse of superior strength) as the attack was sudden
and unexpected and the victim was totally defenseless. Conspiracy is obvious
from the concerted acts of the assailants. Direct assault would not complex the
crime, as there is no showing that the assailants knew that the victim was a
policeman; even if there was knowledge, the fact is that he was not in the
performance of his official duties, and therefore there is no direct assault.
Art 248; Murder/ hijacking/ frustrated coercion
1978 No. VII-a
A boarded a plane at the Manila Domestic Airport bound for Davao City.
While the plane was still on the tarmac, its doors still open and waiting for the last
passenger to board, A ordered the pilot P at gunpoint, to take the plane to
Singapore. When P refused, A shot him to death.
What offense/offenses did A commit? Discuss with reasons.
Answer
Frustrated coercion and murder. When the crimes were committed, the
plane was not "in flight" as the doors were still open for embarkation. So,
hijacking was not committed (Rep. Act No. 6235, Sec. 1). The facts are almost
similar to the facts of the case of People vs. Ang Chio Kio, 95 Phil. 475, where
the accused was convicted of frustrated coercion because of the refusal of the
pilot to comply with the order of the accused to take the plane to Amoy, China
instead of to Aparri and murder, because the accused shot the pilot to death.
Alternative Answer
Murder because when the pilot was shot the plane was still in the tarmac
and the engine had not yet started. Coercion could not be committed, or if all,
would be incidental to the killing.
Art 248; Murder; explosion
1991 No 4:
Two [2] Philippine National Police (PNP) officers. X and Y, on board on
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Suggested Answer:
Additional Answer:
Art 248; Murder; treachery
1991 No. 5:
A, a 76-year old woman, was brought to the hospital in a coma with slight
cerebral hemorrhage. An endotracheal tube was inserted in her mouth to
facilitate her breathing. B, a hospital janitor, who had no business in the
emergency room, for reasons known only to himself, removed the plaster holding
the tube in place. A doctor saw him and told him to get out of the room. The
plaster was replaced. But when the doctor was gone, B came back and removed
the tube. The victim started to convulse and bleed in the mouth. Only the timely
arrival of the nurse prevented the patient's death. The patient was then
transferred to another hospital where she died the next day of cardio-respiratory
arrest. Is B criminally liable? If you believe so, what crime was committed by B, if
any?
Answer:
Yes, B is criminally liable for Murder (qualified by treachery) because the
death of A appears to be the proximate cause of the overt acts of B.
A died of cardio respiratory arrest which evidently was brought about by
the convulsion and bleeding in the mouth of the victim due to the removal by B of
the endoctracheal tube twice. The two acts of B can be considered as the result
of one criminal design.
In People vs. Umaging, 107 SCRA 166, the Supreme Court ruled that
removal of the endotracheal tube is attempted murder, qualified by treachery,
because the patient did not die.
Art 248; Murder; treachery/ error in personae
1986 No. 7:
Roberto Cortez is the general manager of the family corporation. Because
of his incompetence, inability to control his temper, and frequent quarrels with
employees, his father finally decided to dismiss him. As Roberto was about to
Page 237 of 374

leave his office at six o'clock in the evening, his father went to his room,
lambasted and fired him in the presence of several members of the office staff.
Thoroughly enraged, Roberto ran out of the office, and, deciding to get even,
waited at the exit of the parking lot where his father always passes at the close of
each working day.
A few minutes later, Roberto saw his father's car approach. He fired his
pistol in the direction of the driver thinking that the latter was his father. The man
died instantly. Unknown to Roberto, the victim of his fire was Tagahatid, a
company messenger whom the father had instructed to drive his car home.
Roberto surrendered to the authorities.
(a) After investigation, the fiscal filed an information against Roberto for
murder. He alleged that the killing was characterized by treachery as the victim
was ambushed. Roberto's counsel insists that if any crime was committed, it
should only be homicide attended by mitigating circumstances. Was the killing
characterized by treachery? Explain.
(b) The penalty for parricide is reclusion perpetua to death. The penalty
for murder is reclusion temporal in its maximum period to death. The penalty for
homicide is reclusion temporal. Assume that you are the trial judge. Given the
circumstances cited above, state the offense committed by Roberto Cortez
and impose the correct penalty under circumstances. Explain why you have
decided to impose this penalty.
Answer:
a. Murder is the crime committed qualified by treachery. The fact
that the victim was ambushed shows that the accused deliberately and
consciously adopted a means to insure specially and directly the commission of
the crime without any risk from any defense that the person attacked might
make.
b. The offense committed by Roberto Cortez is murder. The penalty
will be for murder to be imposed in its maximum period. The reason is murder
which is the crime committed is different from the crime intended, the killing of
the father of Roberto Cortez, which is parricide. This is a case of mistake of
identity. The rule is if the penalty for the crime intended is higher than the penalty
for the crime committed, the offender will be liable for the crime committed, but
the penalty which shall be imposed is in its maximum period (Art. 49, par. 2,
Revised Penal Code).
Art 249; Homicide through negligence
1988 No. 11:
a) In the course of funeral procession, a young mourner who was
marching in front of the funeral hearse, momentarily stooped down to tie her
shoelaces which had become untied. The driver of the hearse, who was driving
at 5 miles an hour, was then looking at the stores by the roadside and did not see
her. He continued to drive on and ran over the girl. When the people around
shouted and gestured, he backed up and ran over the girl a second time, killing
her.
If you were the parent of the girl-victim, what crime would you charge, if
you think a crime had been committed, and against whom? Explain your answer
briefly.
Answer;
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(a) Only the driver could be charged of homicide thru reckless
imprudence or homicide thru simple negligence which preclude conspiracy
against those who shouted and gestured.
Art 249; Homicide vs murder
1982 No. 14
"A" and "B" were both astride the same carabao, the latter being behind
the former. "X", intending to kill "A", aimed his gun at "A" and fired, inflicting a
fatal wound on the chest which produced "A'"s death. "X" shot "A" again, but this
time the bullet hit and passed through "A'"s left arm, causing less serious
physical injuries, then lodged itself in "B'"s heart, causing his death. What crime
or crimes is "X" guilty of?
Answer
X committed murder regarding the killing of A because he was shot
deliberately while astride with B on a carabao without giving him any chance to
defend himself. Treachery is therefore present. X committed homicide regarding
the killing of B as the second shot hit A who was already dead and the bullet
lodged in B's heart. The intention of X was to kill A and not B.
Art 249; Homicide vs physical injuries
1990 No. 1:
Aki and Ben, while walking together, met Caloy. There was an altercation
between Ben and Caloy so that Ben chased and stabbed Caloy with a knife
hitting his right arm thereby causing slight physical injury. Ben desisted from
further assaulting Caloy, but Aki lunged at Caloy and felled him this time with a
bolo which mortally wounded Caloy. Thus, he died.
a) What is the criminal liability of Aki? How about that of Ben? Explain
your answers.
b) Assuming conspiracy is established, will your answer in problem (a) be
the same? Explain your answer.
Answer:
a) Aki is liable for homicide because, while it is clear that he intentionally
caused the death of Caloy, none of the circumstances attendant to murder are
present. Intent to kill is clear as Aki lunged at Caloy, after the latter was inflicted a
wound at the right arm, and gave him a mortal wound.
Ben is guilty only of slight physical injuries as it is evident from the wound
he inflicted upon Caloy that he did not Intend to kill the latter. Also, there was no
other act on the part of Ben to show such intent.
b) No, there being no conspiracy each will be liable for their own
individual act. This time both will be liable for homicide because in conspiracy,
the act of one is the act of all (People v. Damaso, G.R Nos. L-30116-7, 20
November 1978).
1992 No. 2:
Tommy saw Lino and Okito engaged in a street fight. Lino then suddenly
drew his balisong and lunged at Okito. In an effort to break up the fight, Tommy
tried to snatch the balisong from Lino but not before the latter had inflicted a
wound on Okito. As Lino withdrew the weapon and attempted to stab Okito a
Page 239 of 374

second time, Tommy tried to grab the weapon again. In so doing, his left forearm
was slashed. As he succeeded in snatching away the balisong with his right arm,
it flew with such force, that it hit Nereo, a passerby who was seriously injured.
Explain your answers fully.
a) What is the criminal liability of Lino with respect to Okito, Tommy and
Nereo?
Suggested Answer:
a) As far as Okito is concerned. Lino is liable for frustrated homicide,
assuming that the wound suffered by Okito is such that for reasons or causes
independent of the will of Lino [such as timely medical attention) Okito would
have died. If the injury is not serious enough, the liability is only attempted
homicide. Intent to kill is manifest because of the use of a deadly weapon. For
the injury on the arm of Tommy, Lino is liable only for physical injuries (serious,
less serious or slight, depending on the nature of the injury). Apparently there is
no intent to kill.
For Nereo, Lino should be liable for serious physical injuries as the
wounding of Nereo was the natural and logical consequence of Lino's felonious
act.
b) In turn, is Tommy criminally liable to Nereo?
Suggested Answer:
b) Tommy is exempted from criminal liability for the injury to Nereo as he
was performing a lawful act with due care and the Injury was caused by mere
accident (Art. 12, par. 4), or that he was in lawful exercise of a right, [Art. 11, par.
6), that is, defense of a stranger.
1994 No. 20:
At about 11:00 in the evening, Dante forced his way inside the house of
Mamerto. Jay. Mamerto's son, saw Dante and accosted him, Dante pulled a knife
and stabbed Jay on his abdomen. Mamerto heard the commotion and went out
of his room. Dante, who was about to escape, assaulted Mamerto. Jay suffered
injuries which, were it not for the timely medical attendance, would have caused
his death. Mamerto sustained Injuries that incapacitated him for 25 days.
What crime or crimes did Dante commit?
Answer:
Dante committed qualified trespass to dwelling, frustrated homicide for the
stabbing of Jay, and less serious physical injuries for the assault on Mamerto.
The crime of qualified trespass to dwelling should not be complexed with
frustrated homicide ...
Dante committed frustrated homicide for the stabbing of Jay because he
had already performed all the acts of execution which would have produced the
intended felony of homicide were it not for causes independent of the act of
Dante. Dante had the intent to kill judging from the weapon used, the manner of
committing the crime and the part of the body stabbed. Dante is guilty of less
serious physical injuries for the wounds sustained by Mamerto. There appears to
be no intent to kill because Dante merely assaulted Mamerto without using the
knife.
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Art 249; Homicide vs physical injuries; intent to kill inherent in use of
firearm
2003 No VI.
In a free-for-all brawl that ensued after some customers inside a night club
became unruly, guns were fired by a group, among them A and B, that finally put
the customers back to their senses. Unfortunately, one customer died.
Subsequent investigation revealed that A's gunshot had inflicted on the victim a
slight wound that did not cause the deceased's death nor materially contribute to
it. It was B's gunshot that inflicted a fatal wound on the deceased. A contended
that his liability should, if at all, be limited to slight physical injury. Would you
agree? Why? 6%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No. I beg to disagree with A's contention that his liability should be limited
to slight physical injury only. He should be held liable for attempted homicide
because he inflicted said injury with the use of a firearm which is a lethal weapon.
Intent to kill is inherent in the use of a firearm. (Araneta, Jr. v. Court of Appeals,
187 SCRA 123 [1990])
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Yes, I would agree to A's contention that his criminal liability should be for
slight physical injury only, because he fired his gun only to pacify the unruly
customers of the night club and therefore, without intent to kill. B's gunshot that
inflicted a fatal wound on the deceased may not be imputed to A because
conspiracy cannot exist when there is a free-for-all brawl or tumultuous affray. A
and B are liable only for their respective act
Art 249; Homicide vs robbery with homicide
1983 No. 6
Insulted by the manager of the bank where he was employed as security
guard, A, enraged, shot the former, who died on the spot. As A was about to
leave the bank premises, he noticed the vault open. He entered it, forced open a
locked container and got the jewelry therein.
If you were the fiscal, for what crime or crimes would you prosecute A?
Explain.
Answer
Homicide and Robbery. It is not robbery with homicide because the
purpose of A, the security guard, was not to commit robbery. It is not murder
because the aggression was preceded by the insult of the manager which
enraged the offender. So the killing was attended by passion which negates the
presence of treachery. The taking of the jewelries was an afterthought as the
offender entered the vault only when he noticed it was open when he was about
to leave the bank premises. The jewelries were in a locked receptacle which he
forced open while inside the bank premises. This is robbery with force upon
things under Article 299, par. 2 of the Revised Penal Code.
Art 249; Homicide/theft
1976 No. VIII-b
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X killed Y in a fit of anger. While in the act of disposing of, or concealing
the body, he found some money in one of the victim's pockets and took it. What
crime has X committed? Reasons.
Answer
Two crimes are committed by X namely, homicide and theft. Since the
purpose of X was not to commit robbery, the crime cannot to robbery with
homicide, (US. vs. Villorente, et at., 30 Phil 59). Since X killed Y in a fit of anger,
the motive for the crime is clear. The taking of the money in the pockets of the
victim occurred after the killing, and as a matter of fact, while in the act of
disposing of or concealing the body. The taking was conceived only after the
victim was killed. Two separate crimes of homicide and theft are therefore
committed. (People vs. Elizaga, 86 Phil. 364; People vs. Glore, 87 Phil. 789).
Art 249; Homicide/theft
1989 No. 15:
Emilio and Andres were walking home from the farm at 8:00 o'clock in the
evening when they met Asiong whom Emilio suspected as the one who stole his
fighting cock two (2) days before; Emilio confronted Asiong and after a heated
discussion, a bolo fight between the two (2} ensued. Asiong sustained fatal
wounds and died. Emilio asked Andres to help him carry the body of Asiong and
bury it behind the bushes. After burying Asiong, Emilio picked up the jute bag
Asiong was then holding and found inside P600 which Emilio and Andres divided
each getting P300. A week after the investigation by the police, a complaint was
filed in the Office of Provincial Fiscal against Emilio and Andres for robbery with
homicide with the aggravating circumstances of nighttime and uninhabited place.
If you were the fiscal, what information or informations will you file against Emilio
and Andres? What are their respective criminal liabilities?
Answer:
If I were the fiscal, I would file two separate informations against Emilio
and Andres, one for homicide with Emilio as principal and Andres as accessory,
and another for theft against both Emilio and Andres as principals. This is so
because of the following reasons:
1. The killing of Asiong by Emilio is homicide. It is not attended by any
qualifying circumstance of murder. It was a killing at the spur of the moment, in
the course of a bolo fight, as an aftermath of a heated discussion.
2. Neither was the killing by reason of or on the occasion of a robbery.
There was no intention of either Emilio or Andres to rob Asiong either prior to or
in the course of the killing. The taking of Asiong's P600 was only an
AFTERTHOUGHT, after the killing was already perpetrated. There is no causal
or other connection between the act of killing and the act of taking the money-
3. Andres is liable as an accessory in the homicide case because he had
no participation either as co-principal or accomplice in the killing of Asiong who
died solely because of the wounds inflicted on him in his bolo-fight with Emilio,
the principal. However, when Andres agreed to help Emilio carry the body of
Asiong and bury it behind the bushes, thus concealing or destroying the body of
the crime (corpus delicti) to prevent its discovery, he became an accessory to the
crime of homicide (Art. 19, RPC),
4. With respect to the taking of the P600.00 which Emilio and Andres
divided between themselves, they committed the crime of theft as co-principals.
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Theft because with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of
persons no force upon things, they took personal property of another without the
latter's consent. They acted with unity of purposes and intention, thus making
them co-principals by direct participation..
Art 249; Homicide; execution by firing squad
1979 No. XIV
X, is a death convict. On the day set for his electrocution, a power failure
occurred. The Director of Prisons then ordered that X be executed by firing
squad. A, B and C were chosen by him to constitute the firing squad. A, B, and C
shot to death X as per order of their Director. What crime, if any, was committed
by the Director and A, B and C?
Answer
Homicide is committed. Since the victim was a death convict, he therefore
expected his death. However, the order of the Director of Prisons that X be
executed by a firing squad was unlawful. Altho there was no criminal intent to kill
the convict M the Director of Prisons was performing a duty for the execution of
the convict, the means employed was not as provided by law. Presumably, the
order that the convict be executed by a firing squad was made at the spur of the
moment because of the power failure. It was spontaneous and not deliberate. A,
B, C chosen to constitute the firing squad are liable as principals by direct
participation since the order being clearly unlawful, they were not bound to obey
it. The Director of Prisons is liable as principal by inducement.
Art 249; Homicide; information for homicide but murder is proven
1982 No. 18
"A" is prosecuted for homicide under proper information. At the time of the
trial, it was established that the crime was committed with treachery,
premeditation, at nighttime and with abuse of superior strength.
(a) If you were the judge, what crime should you convict "A" of? Why?
Answer
(a) If I were the judge, I would convict A of homicide as that is the crime
charged in the information.
Art 251; Death in tumultuous affray
1985 No. 10
After engaging in a drinking spree at Celia's birthday party, a turbulent
commotion took place in Celia's premises involving no less than forty (40) guests
during which occasion Tito was killed by shots fired from a .45 cal. pistol. The
fiscal filed a case of "Death in TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY" against all the
participants in the melee.
Do you agree? Reasons.
Answer:
The charge of "Death in Tumultuous Affray" against all the participants in
the melee is not proper. In a tumultuous affray the actual killer of the person
killed is not known. Then the one liable will be the person known to have inflicted
serious physical injuries upon the victim. If he is also not known, the one liable
will be the person known to have employed violence upon the victim. Death in a
tumultuous affray under Article 261 of the Revised Penal Code applies if the killer
Page 243 of 374

of the person killed in the course of the affray cannot be ascertained. (U.S. v.
Tan-doc 40 Phil. 954).
Art 251; Tumultous affray
1997 No. 18:
During a town fiesta, a free-for-all fight erupted in the public plaza. As a
result of the tumultuous affray, A sustained one fatal and three superficial stab
wounds. He died a day after. B, C, D and E were proven to be participants in the
"rumble", each using a knife against A, but it could not be ascertained who
among them inflicted the mortal Injury.
Who shall be held criminally liable for the death of A and for what?
Answer:
B, C, D, and E being participants in the tumultuous affray and having been
proven to have inflicted serious physical injuries, or at least, employed violence
upon A, are criminally liable for the latter's death. And because it cannot be
ascertained who among them inflicted the mortal injury on A, there being a free-
for-all fight or tumultuous affray. B, C, D, and E are all liable for the crime of
death caused in a tumultuous affray under Article 251 of the Revised Penal
Code.
Page 244 of 374

Art 255; Infanticide
1982 No. 16
"A", a prominent and high official, had illicit relationship with "B", a girl very
much below his social standing. A child was born to them as a result thereof. "A"
killed the child, over three days old, so as to conceal his dishonor.
(a) What crime did'"A" commit?
(b) Does relationship in this case constitute a privileged mitigating
circumstance?
(c) How would you answer the questions (a) and (b) if the child were
less than three days old?
Answer
(a) "A" committed parricide as this crime is committed even though the
relationship of the father "A" with the child, over three days old, is illegitimate.
(b) The answer is no because relationship in parricide is inherent, aside
from the fact that it is not provided in the Code as a privileged mitigating
circumstance?
(c) If the child were less than three days old, the crime would be
infanticide. Relationship of "A" the illegitimate father, is not privileged mitigating.
Art, 255, provides for such privileged mitigating circumstance if the offender is
the mother and the child was killed to conceal her dishonor.
Art 256; Abortion
1979 No. I
X and Y had been married for 5 years. They had no child due to X's
impotence. X learned that Y was having an affair with Z. In a confrontation, X
came to know that Y was pregnant. In a fit of rage, X pushed down Y, shoved his
knee to her abdomen, and slapped her several times until she lost
consciousness. Y was rushed to a hospital where she had a caesarian operation.
The fetus was examined in utero, its head was fractured and it was delivered
stillborn. The evidence was in conflict as to the age of the fetus; the expert
testimony, however, concluded "with reasonable medical certainty" that the fetus
had developed to the stage of viability, i.e., that in the event of premature birth on
the date of X's assault, it would have had a 75% to 96% chance of survival. Y
wants to know if X can be charged with murder. Please give your opinion.
Answer
X cannot be charged with murder. Murder is the killing of a person with the
attendance of any of the qualifying aggravating circumstances provided in Article
248 of the Revised Penal Code, the offender not related to the victim as in
parricide. If the person killed is a child less than three (3) days old, the crime
committed is infanticide, whoever the offender may be. (Art. 255, Revised Penal
Code). The facts of the problem refer to a fetus which was delivered stillborn.
The cause was the fracture of the head undoubtedly due to the acts of violence
of X in shoving his knee on the abdomen of his pregnant wife and slapping her
several times. Murder is not committed but abortion. The death of the fetus when
expelled violently from the mother's womb, irrespective of its age, in legal
contemplation is abortion. (Viada, V, page 13. 5th ed.)
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Art 256; Abortion
1979 No. XIII
X, a beauty queen was raped by three American Blacks. Out of extreme
shame and after 3 months, X went to Dr. YES and asked for an abortion. Dr.
YES steadfastly refused until X produced a bottle of iodine and informed him that
if he would not abort her baby, she would right then and there commit suicide.
With hesitation but pitying X, Dr. YES performed an abortion on X which was
successful. Dr. YES was charged with intentional abortion. Decide.
Answer
Dr. Yes is criminally liable for abortion, X's threat that if Dr. Yes would not
abort her baby, she would commit suicide is not an uncontrollable fear from
which Dr. Yes could not escape. As a matter of fact, Dr, Yes performed the
abortion not because he feared that X would commit suicide but because of pity.
Such is not exempting because what Dr. Yes performed was not involuntary.
Art 256; Unintentional abortion
1976 No. V-a
X, single, 21 years old, had a date with Y. After several meetings Y
became pregnant. To hide her dishonor, she attempted to commit suicide by
jumping from a tall building. Fortunately, she was saved by by-standers who saw
the incident. Because of the fall she incurred several injuries and contusions and
suffered an abortion. Is she liable for the abortion she caused upon herself?
Reasons.
Answer
Y is liable for unintentional abortion thru reckless negligence. Her act of
attempting suicide by jumping from a tall building is not felonious and she
incurred no criminal liability although she survived. However, the jumping from
the tall building was voluntary and the violence was incidental to the fall which
resulted in injuries causing her abortion. The abortion was not intentional, but she
could have foreseen under the circumstances that by jumping from the tall
building, the fall might cause her death or result in her abortion. One is
responsible for such results as anyone might foresee and for acts which no one
would have performed except thru culpable abandonment. {US v. Maleza, et al.
14 Phil. 469). There is, therefore, negligence. (People v. BAnas, Jr., (UNREP) II
CA Rep. 1135).
Answer depends on reasoning of examinee as to whether committing
suicide is a lawful or unlawful act. Art 4, RPC.
Art 256; Unintentional abortion
1986 No. 12:
Kaakitakit, the beautiful wife of Nahahabag, is terminally ill and bedridden
with cancer. Kaakitakit begs her husband Nahahabag to assist her in committing
suicide to end her suffering. Nahahabag agreed and bought a bottle of sleeping
pills. He brought the bottle to his wife and gave her a glass of water to down the
pills. Kaakitakit took the pills but because she did not take sufficient quantity and
due to the timely arrival of her attending physician, she survived the suicide
attempt. Moreover, because of resort to faith healing, Kaakitakit miraculously
recovered from the cancer. However, unknown to either husband or wife,
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Kaakitakit was already three months pregnant when she took the sleeping pills
resulting in the expulsion of the fetus.
The Fiscal prosecuted both Kaakitakit and Nahahabag for unintentional
abortion. Is the charge correct? Explain.
Answer:
The charge of unintentional abortion is not correct. This crime is
committed by means of violence upon a pregnant woman as a result of which
she aborted. The taking of the pill is not an act of violence. It was taken by the
wife not to abort but to end her suffering from cancer, of which she was terminally
ill.
Art 266; Physical injuries; inflicted by teacher on pupils
1981 No. 16
"T" is a public school teacher. One of her pupils, "B", tripped another
classmate "C", causing "C" to fall on the floor and suffer a contusion on the
forehead. So, "T", with her bamboo pointer, whipped "B" on the thigh, which
produced a linear bruise.
If you were the Judge before whom a Slight Physical Injury case was filed
against "T", how would you decide the case?
Select the correct answer from the following, and explain:
(1) I will acquit "T" because in school and during school activities, the
teacher exercises parental authority over her pupils.
(2) I will acquit "T" because she just tried to discipline "B" for his
misconduct. It was farthest from "T's" thought to commit any criminal offense.
The means she actually used to punish "B" was moderate and she was not
motivated by ill-will, hatred or malevolent intent.
(3) I will convict "T" because the State should exercise utmost vigilance to
assure that teachers should refrain from inflicting corporal punishment.
(4) I will convict "T" because teachers in the exercise of their authority in
loco parentis cannot inflict any corporal punishment even though moderate.
(5) I will convict "T" because if no physical injuries resulted the act is still
penalized by the Revised Penal Code as ill-treatment.
Answer
(1) I will acquit "T" because in school and during school activities, the
teacher exercises parental authority over her pupils.
The teacher, under the Civil Code, exercises substitute parental authority
over the students. As such, the teacher can discipline the pupil in the same
manner that the parent does to the child.
(2) I will acquit "T" because she just tried to discipline "B" for his
misconduct. It was farthest from "T's" thought to commit any criminal offense.
The means she actually used to punish "B" was moderate and she was not
motivated by ill-will, hatred and malevolent intent.
The whipping of the student for the act she had done in tripping another
classmate, who suffered contusion on her forehead because she fell on the floor,
was to discipline her. The teacher did not, therefor act, with criminal intent. That
nature of the injuries suffered by the student, linear bruises on the thigh, show
Page 247 of 374

that the teacher merely intended to discipline her. She was not motivated by ill-
will, hatred or malevolent intent.
Page 248 of 374

Art 266-A; Rape
1979 No. XII
Adan and Eve were lovers but their relationship turned sour. Adan tried to
win back Eve but to no avail. Almost hopeless, Adan went to see two of his
friends, Bruno and Cora. Adan asked the two to accompany him to the house of
Eve. He told the two: "This is my last attempt of reconciliation. I must succeed
even if I have to rape Eve." The trio proceeded to the house of Eve using the car
owned and driven by Bruno. When they reached the house, Adan went up, Cora
stayed near the gate as lookout and Bruno remained in the car, Adan failed to
win back Eve and true to his threat raped her. He went down the house, informed
Bruno and Cora about the incident and they thereafter went to a Disco Club and
danced the night away. Will a charge of rape prosper against the three?
Answer
Adan, Bruno and Cora can be charged with rape. Adan as a principal by
direct participation, Bruno and Cora as accomplices. When Bruno and Cora
brought Adan to the house of Eve, they knew of the criminal design of Adan
which is to rape Eve if there would be no reconciliation. Cora acted as a look-out
and Bruno remained in the car while Adan went inside the house. They there-lore
performed acts showing their approval or concurrence to the criminal design of
Adan, which facilitated the commission of the crime. There is no conspiracy
because concerted acts have not been performed to realize the same criminal
objective.
Art 266-A; Rape
1985 No. 11
Ernesto, a rejected suitor of Madonna, waited one evening for the latter to
come out of her school. Catching Madonna by surprise, Ernesto succeeded in
forcing Madonna to his car and thereafter drove off for his hometown in Calamba,
Laguna. He kept Madonna in his parents' house solely to convince her to accept
his marriage proposal. Frustrated after three (3) days, Ernesto succeeded, after
kissing her, fondling her breast and touching her private parts, in forcibly having
carnal knowledge of Madonna once everyday for the next three (3) days. On the
7th day, Madonna was rescued by the police authorities.
What crime or crimes did Ernesto commit? State your reasons.
Answer:
Ernesto committed serious illegal detention and three (3) rapes. As long
as there is restraint of liberty, Illegal Detention is committed. Since the offended
party is a woman, the crime is serious illegal detention. (Art. 267 Revised Penal
Code). Madonna was deprived of her liberty for six days although in the first
three days Ernesto kept the offended party in the house of his parents solely to
convince her to accept his marriage proposal. (People vs. Crisostomo et. al., 46
Phil. 775).
In the next three days, by forcing Madonna, Ernesto had sexual
intercourse with her once a day. Rape is not a continuous crime and so three
rapes are committed. A complex crime is not committed because the serious
illegal detention is not a means necessary to commit rape. Besides rape can be
committed even without serious illegal detention. (People vs. Beraal 131 SCRA
1984).
Page 249 of 374

Art 266-A; Rape
1987 No. II:
AJ, a medical student, was a boarder in the house of Mr. and Mrs. M who
had a good-looking 25-year old retarded daughter with the mental age of an 11-
year old girl. One day when the couple were out, Perlita, the retarded daughter,
entered AJ's room, came near him and started kissing him. He tried to avoid her.
"But she persisted. They had sexual intercourse. This was repeated every time
Perlita's parents were out until Perlita got pregnant. Mr and Mrs. M filed a
complaint of rape against AJ who claimed that it was Perlita who seduced him;
that Perlita was intelligent, clearly understood what she was doing; and that since
Perlita was already 25 years old did not herself file the complaint, her parents
had no personality to file the complaint for rape.
How would you resolve the case? Answer:
The contention of AJ cannot be sustained. Sexual intercourse with Perlita,
who is a mental retardate, although 25 years old but with a mental age of 11-year
old girl is rape. She is the same class as a woman deprived of reason or
otherwise unconscious. (People vs. Sunga L-456S3 June 24, 1985). Since she is
suffering from an incapacity, being incompetent on account of her mental age,
the parents have the right to file the complaint for rape.
Art 266-A; Rape
1995 No. 11:
1. Gavino boxed his wife Alma for refusing to sleep with him. He then
violently threw her on the floor and forced her to have sexual intercourse with
him. As a result Alma suffered serious physical injuries.
(a) Can Gavino be charged with rape? Explain.
(b) Can Gavino be charged with serious physical injuries? Explain
(c) Will your answers to (a) and (b) be the same if before the incident
Gavino and Alma were legally separated? Explain.
2. Three policemen conducting routine surveillance of a cogonal area in
Antipole chanced upon Ruben, a 15-year old tricycle driver, on top of Rowena
who was known to be a child prostitute. Both were naked from the waist down
and appeared to be enjoying the sexual activity. Ruben was arrested by the
policemen despite his protestations that Rowena enticed him to have sex with
her in advance celebration of her twelfth birthday. The town physician found no
semen nor any bleeding on Rowena's hymen but for a healed scar. Her hymenal
opening easily admitted two fingers showing that no external force had been
employed on her.
Is Ruben liable for any offense? Discuss fully. Answer;
1. (a) No. A husband cannot be charged with the rape of his wife because
of the matrimonial consent which she gave when she assumed the marriage
relation, and the law will not permit her to retract in order to charge her husband
with the offense (Sate us. Haines, 11 La. Ann. 731 So. 372; 441 RA 837).
[b) Yes, he may be guilty of serious physical injuries. This offense is
specially mentioned in Art. 263 [4], paragraph 2 which imposes a higher penalty
for the crime of physical injuries in cases where the offense shall have been
committed against any of the persons enumerated in Art 246 (the crime of
parricide).
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(c) No, my answer will not be the same.
If Gavino, and Alma were legally separated at the time of the incident, then
Gavino could be held liable for rape.
A legal separation is a separation of the spouses from bed and board
(U.S. vs. Johnson, 27 Phil. 477, cited in II Reyes, RFC, p. 853. 1981 edition),
In the crime of rape, any crime resulting from the infliction of physical
injuries suffered by the victim on the occasion of the rape, is absorbed by the
crime of rape. The Injuries suffered by the victim may, however, be considered in
determining the proper penalty which shall be imposed on the offender. Serious
physical injuries cannot be absorbed in rape; it can be so if the injury is slight.
2. Ruben is liable for rape, even if force or intimidation is not present. The
gravamen of the offense is the carnal knowledge of a woman below twelve years
of age (People vs. Dela Cruz, 56 SCRA 84) since the law doesn't consider the
consent voluntary and presumes that a girl below twelve years old does not and
cannot have a will of her own. In People us. Perez, CA 37 OG 1762, it was held
that sexual intercourse with a prostitute below twelve years old is rape.
Similarly, the absence of spermatozoa does not disprove the
consummation as the important consideration is not the emission but the
penetration of the female body by the male organ (People vs. Jose 37 SCRA
450; People vs. Carandang. 52 SCRA 259).
Art 266-A; Rape
1996 No. 12:
The complainant, an eighteen-year old mental retardate with an
intellectual capacity between the ages of nine and twelve years, when asked
during the trial how she felt when she was raped by the accused, replied
"Masarap, it gave me much pleasure."
With the claim of the accused that the complainant consented for a fee to
the sexual intercourse, and with the foregoing answer of the complainant, would
you convict the accused of rape if you were the judge trying the case? Explain.
Answer;
Yes, I would convict the accused of rape. Since the victim is a mental
retardate with an intellectual capacity of a child less than 12 years old, she is
legally incapable of giving a valid consent to the sexual Intercourse. The sexual
intercourse is tantamount to a statutory rape because the level of intelligence is
that of a child less than twelve years of age. Where the victim of rape is a mental
retardate, violence or Intimidation is not essential to constitute rape. (People us.
Trimor, G,R. 106541-42, 31 Mar 95) As a matter of fact, RA No. 7659, the
Heinous Crimes Law, amended Art. 335, RPC, by adding the phrase "or is
demented."
Art 266-A; Rape
2000 No X
Flordeluna boarded a taxi on her way home to Quezon City which was
driven by Roger, Flordeluna noticed that Roger was always placing his car
freshener in front of the car aircon ventilation but did not bother asking Roger
why. Suddenly, Flordeluna felt dizzy and became unconscious. Instead of
bringing her to Quezon City, Roger brought Flordeluna to his house in Cavite
where she was detained for two (2) weeks. She was raped for the entire duration
Page 251 of 374

of her detention. May Roger be charged and convicted of the crime of rape with
serious illegal detention? Explain. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Roger may not be charged and convicted of the crime of rape with
serious illegal detention. Roger may be charged and convicted of multiple rapes.
Each rape is a distinct offense and should be punished separately. Evidently, his
principal intention was to abuse Flordeluna; the detention was only incidental to
the rape.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
No, Roger may not be charged and convicted of the crime of rape with
serious illegal detention, since the detention was incurred in raping the victim
during the days she was held. At most, Roger may be prosecuted for forcible
abduction for taking Flordeluna to Cavite against the latter's will and with lewd
designs. The forcible abduction should be complexed with one of the multiple
rapes committed, and the other rapes should be prosecuted and punished
separately, in as many rapes were charged and proved.
Art 266-A; Rape & acts of lasciviousness
1992 No. 6:
a) What crime has Col. Donido committed against Nani? What crime has
he committed against Chabeng? Explain fully.
Suggested Answer:
a) Against Nani, the crime committed by Col. Donido is rape, because he
had sexual intercourse with her with the attendant circumstance of force and
intimidation, (Art, 335, par. 1). As far as Chabeng is concerned, since Col.
Donido only took liberties on her body, short of sexual intercourse, he is liable of
Acts of Lasciviousness under Art. 336, RPC which is committed by any person
who commit acts of lasciviousness upon other persons of either sex, under any
of the circumstances in Rape.
Art 266-A; Rape with homicide & theft
1998 No VII.
Page 252 of 374

King went to the house of Laura who was alone. Laura offered him a drink
and after consuming three bottles of beer. King made advances to her and with
force and violence, ravished her. Then King killed Laura and took her jewelry.
Doming, King's adopted brother, learned about the incident. He went to
Laura's house, hid her body, cleaned everything and washed the bloodstains
inside the room.
Later, King gave Jose, his legitimate brother, one piece of jewelry
belonging to Laura. Jose knew that the jewelry was taken from Laura but
nonetheless he sold it for P2,000.
What crime or crimes did King, Doming and Jose commit? Discuss their
criminal liabilities. [10%]
Answer:
King committed the composite crime of Rape with homicide as a single
indivisible offense, not a complex crime, and Theft. The taking of Laura's jewelry
when she is already dead is only theft.
xxx
Art 266-A; Rape; acknowledgement of offspring
1982 No. 11
"A", "B" and "C" took turns in raping a woman "X". If all of them were finally
convicted, would it be correct for the judge to order each of them to acknowledge
and support the offspring of "X"? Reason.
Answer
It would not be correct for the judge to order each of the accused to
acknowledge the offspring of X because it is impossible to determine the
paternity thereof. (People vs. de Leon et al., L-2094, April 1950), It would be
correct, however, for the court to order each of them to support the offspring as
anyone of them may be the father and that each and everyone of them is directly
responsible that an unwilling mother may give birth to an undesired offspring as
each and everyone of them contributed to and cooperated in giving birth to the
child. (People vs. Velo et aL, 80 Phil 438).
Art 266-A; Rape; attempted
1983 No. 5
With lewd design, an illiterate newsboy forced a 16-year old girl to lie on
the grass and tried to make love to her, but no penetration was effected because
of the valiant resistance of the victim.
What crime was committed? What mitigating circumstance, if any, would
you appreciate in favor of the offender? Explain.
Answer
Attempted rape. When the newsboy forced the girl to lie on the grass and
tried to make love to her, his intention was to have sexual intercourse with her.
But there was no penetration because of the resistance of the girl. So all the acts
of execution to produce the crime of rape were not performed due to a cause
other than the spontaneous desistance of the offender.
There is no mitigating circumstance. Although the newsboy is illiterate,
that in itself is not mitigating. Lack of sufficient intelligence and knowledge of the
Page 253 of 374

full significance of all acts constitute the mitigating circumstance of lack of
instruction. (People vs. Geronimo (1973) 55 SCRA 246) Besides, in crimes
against chastity, like rape lack of instruction or low degree of intelligence is not
mitigating (People vs. Lopez L14347, April 29, 1960)
Art 266-A; Rape; Effect of affidavit of desistance
1993 No. 14:
1) Ariel intimidated Rachel, a mental retardate, with a bolo into having
sexual Intercourse with him. Rachel's mother immediately filed a complaint,
supported by her sworn statement, before the City Prosecutor's Office. After the
necessary preliminary investigation, an information was signed by the prosecutor
but did not contain the signature of Rachel nor of her mother. Citing Art. 344 of
the RPC (prosecution of the crimes of rape, etc.), Ariel moves for the dismissal of
the case. Resolve with reasons.
2) After the prosecution had rested its case, Ariel presented a sworn
affidavit of desistance executed by Rachel and her mother stating that they are
no longer interested in prosecuting the case and that they have pardoned Ariel.
What effect would this affidavit of desistance have on the criminal and civil
aspects of the case? Explain fully.
Answer:
1) The case should not be dismissed. ...
2) The affidavit of desistance will only amount to the condonation of civil
liability but not criminal liability hence the case should still proceed.
Art 266-A; Rape; male victim
2002 No IX.
A. A, a male, takes B, another male, to a motel and there, through threat
and intimidation, succeeds in inserting his penis into the anus of B. What, if any,
is As criminal liability? Why?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A shall be criminally liable for rape by committing an act of sexual assault
against B, by inserting his penis into the anus of the latter.
Even a man may be a victim of rape by sexual assault under par. 2 of
Article 266-A of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, "when the offender's
penis is inserted into his mouth or anal orifice."
B. A with lewd designs, took a 13-year old girl to a nipa hut in his farm and
there had sexual intercourse with her. The girl did not offer any resistance
because she was infatuated with the man, who was good-looking and belonged
to a rich and prominent family in the town. What crime, if any, was committed by
A? Why? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A committed the crime of consented abduction under Article 343 of the
Revised Penal Code, as amended.
The said Article punishes the abduction of a virgin over 12 and under 18
years of age, carried out with her consent and with lewd designs. Although the
problem did not indicate the victim to be virgin, virginity should not be understood
in its material sense, as to exclude a virtuous woman of good reputation, since
Page 254 of 374

the essence of the crime is not the injury to the woman but the outrage and alarm
to her family (Valdepenas vs. People,16 SCRA 871 [1966]).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
A committed "Child Abuse" under Rep. Act No. 7610. As defined in said
law, "child abuse" includes sexual abuse or any act which debases, degrades or
demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of a child as a human being, whose age
is below eighteen (18) years.
Art 266-A; Rape; marriage of accused with offended party
1982 No 9
"A", "B" and "C", helping one another, raped a woman "X" three times,
each of them taking turns in having sexual intercourse with her. Accordingly,
three rape cases were filed against "A", "B" and "C": Case 1, wherein "A" had
sexual intercourse with "X"; Case 2, wherein "B" had intercourse with "X"; Case
3, wherein "C" had intercourse with "X". While the cases were pending trial, "A"
married "X". What effect has this marriage on the criminal liability of "A", "B" and
"C" in each of the three cases? Explain.
Answer
The marriage of A with X will extinguish his criminal liability in the rape
committed by A upon X. The criminal liability of B and C as co-principals in the
rape committed, by A upon X for having helped A in committing the crime is also
extinguished because under Article 344 R.P.C. such marriage will benefit also
the co-principals. The criminal liability of A in the rapes committed by B and C
upon the offended party is not extinguished because these rapes are separate
and independent from the rape committed by A.
Art 266-A; Rape; necessity of medical examination
1978 No. VI-b
Bella, a 25-year old owner of a beauty shoppe was sleeping in her house
one afternoon. Her husband was in the office while their children were in school.
Knowing that Bella was alone, Basilio, a former rejected suitor, went up the
house, proceeded to the room where Bella wit asleep. Then, threatening Bella
with a bladed weapon, and in spite of her protests and resistance, Basilio had
forcible sexual intercourse with Bella.
During the trial, no medical certificate was presented since Bella refused
to submit to a medical examination. Basilio was convicted on the strength alone
of Bella's testimony. Basilio appealed and contended that the rape was not
proven beyond reasonable doubt due to the failure of the prosecution to present
the medical certificate to show vaginal lacerations.
Decide with reasons,
Answer
The sentence of conviction must be affirmed. Medical examination of the
victim is not always necessary in rape cases. Whether the charge will prosper
depends upon all evidence, (People vs. Selfaison, 110 Phil. 809).
Art 266-A; Rape; new acts considered as rape
2002 No VIII.
A. What other acts are considered rape under the Anti-Rape Law of
1997, amending the Revised Penal Code? (3%)
Page 255 of 374

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The other acts considered rape under the Anti-Rape Law of 1997 are:
1. having carnal knowledge of a woman by a man by means of
fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority,
2. having carnal knowledge of a demented woman by a man even if
none of the circumstances required in rape be present; and
3. committing an act of sexual assault by inserting a person's penis into
the victim's mouth or anal orifice, or by inserting any instrument or object, into the
genital or anal orifice of another person.
B. The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 reclassified rape from a crime against
honor, a private offense, to that of a crime against persons. Will the subsequent
marriage of the offender and the offended party extinguish the criminal action or
the penalty imposed? Explain. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes. By express provision of Article 266-C of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended, the subsequent valid marriage between the offender and offended
party shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty imposed, although rape
has been reclassified from a crime against chastity, to that of a crime against
persons.
Art 266-A; Rape; who must file
1993 No. 14:
1) Ariel intimidated Rachel, a mental retardate, with a bolo into having
sexual Intercourse with him. Rachel's mother immediately filed a complaint,
supported by her sworn statement, before the City Prosecutor's Office. After the
necessary preliminary investigation, an information was signed by the prosecutor
but did not contain the signature of Rachel nor of her mother. Citing Art. 344 of
the RPC (prosecution of the crimes of rape, etc.), Ariel moves for the dismissal of
the case. Resolve with reasons.
Answer:
1) The case should not be dismissed. This is allowed by law (People us.
Ilarde, 125 SCRA 11). It is enough that a complaint was filed by the offended
party or the parents in the Fiscal's Office.
Page 256 of 374

Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security
Art 267; Illegal detention vs Grave Coercion
1999 No III
(a) Distinguish coercion from illegal detention. (3%)
What crime was committed by the agents of the law? Explain your answer.
(3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Coercion may be distinguished from illegal detention as follows: in
coercion, the basis of criminal liability is the employment of violence or serious
intimidation approximating violence, without authority of law, to prevent a person
from doing something not prohibited by law or to compel him to do something
against his will, whether it be right or wrong; while in Illegal detention, the basis of
liability is the actual restraint or locking up of a person, thereby depriving him of
his liberty without authority of law. If there was no intent to lock up or detain the
offended party unlawfully, the crime of illegal detention is not committed.
Art 267; Illegal detention vs murder
1978 No. V-b
Juan and Pedro harbored a long-standing grudge/ resentment against
Jose who eloped with their sister, Maria, and later abandoned her. They laid
meticulous plans to kill him. After weeks of waiting, their chance came when late
one night, they cornered Jose as he was coming out of a disco-beer house in
Makati, Metro Manila. The two forcibly shoved him into a waiting car and droved
to Tagaytay City, where they kept Jose hog-tied in a 2 x 3 meter room. Two (2)
days later, they killed Jose and dumped his body into ravine.
What was the crime/crimes committed by Juan and Pedro? Discuss
briefly.
Answer:
Murder, since the purpose of Juan and Pedro was to kill the victim. The
detention of the victim for two days before he was killed was merely incidental.
(People vs. Camo, 91 Phil. 240; People vs. Ong, 69 SCRA 174).
Art 267; Illegal detention vs murder
1996 No. 4:
2) Fidel and Fred harbored a long standing grudge against Jorge who
refused to marry their sister Lorna, after the latter got pregnant by Jorge. After
weeks of surveillance, they finally cornered Jorge in Ermita, Manila, when the
latter was walking home late at might. Fidel and Fred forcibly brought Jorge to
Zambales where they kept him hog-tied in a small nipa house located in the
middle of a rice field. Two days later, they killed Jorge and dumped his body into
the river.
What crime or crimes did Fidel and Fred commit? Explain.
Answer:
2) Fidel and Fred committed the crime of Murder under Art 248, RPC . the
killing being qualified by evident premeditation. This is due to the long standing
grudge entertained by the two accused occasioned by the victim's refusal to
marry their sister after Impregnating her.
Page 257 of 374

In People vs. Alfeche. 219 SCRA 85, the intention of the accused is
determinative of the crime committed. Where the intention is to kill the victim and
the latter is forcibly taken to another place and later killed, it is murder. There is
no indication that the offenders intended to deprive the victim of his liberty.
Whereas, if the victim is kidnapped, and taken to another situs and killed as an
afterthought, it is kidnapping with homicide under Art. 267, RPC.
Art 267; Kidnapping
2002 No XVI.
A and B were legally separated. Their child C, a minor, was placed in the
custody of A the mother, subject to monthly visitations by B, his father. On one
occasion, when B had C in his company, B decided not to return C to his mother.
Instead, B took C with him to the United States where he intended for them to
reside permanently. What crime, if any, did B commit? Why? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
B committed the crime of kidnapping and failure to return a minor under
Article 271, in relation to Article 270, of the Revised Penal Code, as amended.
Article 271 expressly penalizes any parent who shall take from and deliberately
fail to restore his or her minor child to the parent or guardian to whom custody of
the minor has been placed. Since the custody of C, the minor, has been given to
the mother and B has only the right of monthly visitation, the latter's act of taking
C to the United Slates, to reside there permanently, constitutes a violation of said
provisions of law.
Art 267; Kidnapping and serious illegal detention
1991 No, 15;
A charged B with the crime of rape. While the case was pending in court,
B, together with his mother and brother, overpowered A while riding a tricycle,
dragged her inside a carinderia owned by them and detained her for two (2)
days. They demanded that she sign an affidavit of desistance and reimburse B
the sum of P5,000.00 which he paid to his lawyer in the case. She was released
only after she signed the affidavit asking for the dismissal of the case and
delivered to B P 1,000.00. She promised to deliver the balance of P4,000.00
thirty (30) days later. What crime or crimes was/were committed by B, his
mother, and brother?
Answer:
This is Kidnapping with Ransom which Is kidnapping or illegal detention
committed by a private person for the purpose of extorting ransom. Since the
victim is a woman, it is serious.
Art 267; Kidnapping and serious illegal detention
1997 No. 15:
A and B. conspiring with each other, kidnapped C and detained him. The
duo then called up C's wife informing her that they had her husband and would
release him only if she paid a ransom in the amount of P10,000,000 and that, if
she were to fail, they would kill him. The next day, C, who had just recovered
from an illness had a relapse. Fearing he might die if not treated at once by a
doctor, A and B released C during the early morning of the third day of detention.
Charged with kidnapping and serious illegal detention provided in Article
267, RPC, A and B filed a petition for bail. They contended that since they had
Page 258 of 374

voluntarily released C within three days from commencement of the detention,
without having been paid any amount of the ransom demanded and before the
institution of criminal proceedings against them, the crime committed was only
slight illegal detention prescribed in Article 268, RPC.
After hearing, the trial court found the evidence of guilt to be strong and
therefore denied the petition for bail.
On appeal, the only issue was: Was the crime committed kidnapping and
serious detention or slight Illegal detention?
Decide. Answer:
The crime committed by A and B is kidnapping and serious illegal
detention because they made a demand for ransom and threatened to kill C if the
latter's wife did not pay the same. Without the demand for ransom, the crime
could have been slight illegal detention only.
The contention of A and B that they had voluntary released C within three
days from the commencement of the detention is immaterial as they are charged
with a crime where the penalty prescribed is death (Asistio vs. San Diego.
10SCRA673).
They were properly denied bail because the trial court found that the
evidence of guilt in the information for kidnapping and serious Illegal detention is
strong.
Art 267; Kidnapping or illegal detention
1979 No. VIII
Madam X was approached by Y after she had parked and locked her car
near her home. Y grabbed her arm and with a screwdriver told her to unlock her
ear. Y told X "we are going in my car". Frightened, X instead handed her car key
to Y. While Y was looking for the right key, the police came and arrested Y. Y
was charged with attempted kidnapping. Is the charge correct?
Answer
The charge of attempted kidnapping is not correct. Kidnapping or illegal
detention implies deprivation of the liberty of another. The facts of the problem do
not show any manifest intention on the part of Y to kidnap Madam X. The acts
performed by Y are not direct overt acts indicative of intent to deprive Madam X
of her liberty. The utterance of Y to X that "we are going in my car" maybe for a
purpose other than to restrain X of her liberty. Coercion is committed because
grabbing the arm of X by Y and telling her to unlock her car with a screwdriver
are acts of violence or intimidation which caused fear in the mind of X, which
made her act against her will.
Art 267; Kidnapping/Illegal detention
1978 No V-a
Discuss how the crime of illegal detention is committed. When does illegal
detention become serious? When qualified?
Answer
Illegal detention is committed by a private person who shall kidnap or
detain another or in any other manner deprive him of his liberty. The essential
element is the actual confinement or restraint of the victim or the deprivation of
his liberty. (People vs. Suarez, 82 Phil. 484; People vs. Ablaza, 30 Phil. 178).
Page 259 of 374

Illegal detention is serious, if any of the following circumstances is present:
1} If the kidnapping or detention shall have lasted more than five days.
2) If it shall have been committed simulating public authority.
3) If any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the
person kidnapped or detained or if threats to kill him shall have been made.
4} If the person kidnapped or detained shall be a minor, female, or public
officer.
Illegal detention is qualified if it is committed for the purpose of exhorting
ransom from the victim or any other person.
Art 267; Kidnapping/Serious illegal detention
1985 No. 11
Ernesto, a rejected suitor of Madonna, waited one evening for the latter to
come out of her school. Catching Madonna by surprise, Ernesto succeeded in
forcing Madonna to his car and thereafter drove off for his hometown in Calamba,
Laguna. He kept Madonna in his parents' house solely to convince her to accept
his marriage proposal. Frustrated after three (3) days, Ernesto succeeded, after
kissing her, fondling her breast and touching her private parts, in forcibly having
carnal knowledge of Madonna once everyday for the next three (3) days. On the
7th day, Madonna was rescued by the police authorities.
What crime or crimes did Ernesto commit? State your reasons.
Answer:
Ernesto committed serious illegal detention and three (3) rapes. As long
as there is restraint of liberty, Illegal Detention is committed. Since the offended
party is a woman, the crime is serious illegal detention. (Art. 267 Revised Penal
Code). Madonna was deprived of her liberty for six days although in the first
three days Ernesto kept the offended party in the house of his parents solely to
convince her to accept his marriage proposal. (People vs. Crisostomo et. al., 46
Phil. 775).
In the next three days, by forcing Madonna, Ernesto had sexual
intercourse with her once a day. Rape is not a continuous crime and so three
rapes are committed. A complex crime is not committed because the serious
illegal detention is not a means necessary to commit rape. Besides rape can be
committed even without serious illegal detention. (People vs. Beraal 131 SCRA
1984).
Art 267; Kidnapping; stage of execution
1996 No. 8
1} Edgardo induced his friend Vicente, in consideration of money, to
kidnap a girl he is courting so that he may succeed to raping her and eventually
making her accede to many him. Vicente asked for more money which Edgardo
failed to put up. Angered because Edgardo did not put up the money he required,
he reported Edgardo to the police.
May Edgardo be charged with attempted kidnapping? Explain.
Answer;
1) No, Edgardo may not be charged with attempted kidnapping inasmuch
as no overt act to kidnap or restrain the liberty of the girl had been commenced.
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At most, what Edgardo has done In the premises was a proposal to Vicente to
kidnap the girl, which is only a preparatory act and not an overt act. The attempt
to commit a felony commences with the commission of overt act, not preparatory
act. Proposal to commit kidnapping is not a crime.
Page 261 of 374

Art 269; Unlawful arrest
1977 No. III-b
A police officer surreptitiously placed a marijuana cigarette in the breast
pocket of the polo shirt of a student and then arrested the student for illegal
possession of marijuana cigarette. For what crime or crimes will the police officer
be liable? Reason fully.
Answer
The police officer will be liable for the complex crime of incriminatory
machination with unlawful arrest. (People v. Alagao, et al., L-20721, April 30,
1966). The placing of marijuana cigarette in the breast pocket of the polo shirt of
the student is incriminatory machination, which is "planting evidence". The arrest
of the student for illegal possession of the marijuana cigarette is unlawful arrest.
The two acts followed closely each other. Incriminatory machination is the means
to commit unlawful arrest and is, therefore, a complex crime.
Art 275; Abandonment of a person in danger
1977 No. XI-a
One early morning while the physician was jogging in the Rizal Park, he
saw a man in danger of dying. He ignored to give help to the dying man because
he was in a hurry to go home as he will still drive his children to school, After an
hour, the man died which death could have been prevented had he been
attended to by the physician. For what crime, if any, is the physician liable? State
your reason.
Answer
The physician is not liable for abandonment of a person in danger under
par. 1 of Art. 275. Rizal Park cannot be considered an uninhabited place since it
is within the radium of one kilometer from where inhabited buildings are located.
Besides Rizal Park at that early morning would be teeming with joggers and
other persons aside from the physician. Decisions of the Supreme Court of Spain
held that a place is uninhabited if there is no population or group of persons,
(March 9, 1883, 28 JUR Crim. 216).
Art 280; Tresspass to dwelling
1979 No. II
X was awakened by a loud noise coming from the first floor of his house.
He went down and discovered that the screen door to the kitchen had been cut
and the door itself opened. He called the police. When they arrived, they saw Y
lying on the sala. They arrested Y but found no weapon, burglary tool or stolen
goods in his person. They examined the whole house and found everything in
order. No valuable was missing. Can the crime of attempted robbery be charged
against Y? If not, what crime did he commit?
Answer
The crime committed is consummated qualified trespass to dwelling. (Art.
280, Revised Penal Code). The-intention of Y in entering the house of X was
indeterminate. For this reason, it cannot be attempted robbery because the overt
acts committed had no direct and immediate relation to robbery. (People vs.
Lamahang, 61 Phil. 703). Since the screen door of the kitchen had been cut and
the door opened, the entrance was against the will of the owner.
Page 262 of 374

Art 280; Tresspass to dwelling
1981 No. 2
Patrolman "A" caught "B" one night in the act of removing the glass
jalousies of the window of the house of "C", which was closed. "B" had already
detached three glass blades. "A" arrested "B" and booked him for "Attempted
Robbery."
Do you agree? If not, and if you were the investigating Fiscal, with what
offense would you charge "B"? Give your reasons for either answer.
Answer
I do not agree with A who booked B for attempted robbery. If I were the
Fiscal, I would charge B for attempted trespass to dwelling. In an attempted
felony, the offender begins the commission of a felony by overt acts which must
have a direct connection with the felony. It is necessary to prove that said
beginning of execution if carried to its complete termination following its natural
course without being frustrated by external obstacles nor by the voluntary
desistance of the offender, will logically and necessarily ripen to a concrete
offense. The removal of the three glass blades of the jalousies have no direct
connection with the crime of robbery by force upon things. The purpose of
removing the glass blades to enter the house was still indeterminate. But
certainly in making the opening, the intention of the offender was to enter the
house against the will of the owner of the house. (People vs. Lamahang 61 Phil.
703). So, the crime for which B should be charged, is attempted trespass to
dwelling.
Art 280; Tresspass to dwelling; rule of absorption/ complexion
1994 No. 20:
At about 11:00 in the evening, Dante forced his way inside the house of
Mamerto. Jay. Mamerto's son, saw Dante and accosted him, Dante pulled a knife
and stabbed Jay on his abdomen. Mamerto heard the commotion and went out
of his room. Dante, who was about to escape, assaulted Mamerto. Jay suffered
Injuries which, were it not for the timely medical attendance, would have caused
his death. Mamerto sustained Injuries that incapacitated him for 25 days.
What crime or crimes did Dante commit?
Answer:
Dante committed qualified trespass to dwelling, frustrated homicide for the
stabbing of Jay, and less serious physical injuries for the assault on Mamerto.
The crime of qualified trespass to dwelling should not be complexed with
frustrated homicide because when the trespass is committed as a means to
commit a more serious offense, trespass to dwelling is absorbed by the greater
crime, and the former constitutes an aggravating circumstance of dwelling
(People vs. Abedoza, 53 Phil.788).
Dante committed frustrated homicide for the stabbing of Jay.... Dante is
guilty of less serious physical injuries for the wounds sustained by Mamerto...
Art 282; Grave threats
1987 No. XIV:
A, B, C, D, and E were members of a gang operating in Mindanao with
Gorio as over-all leader, Gorio assigned A B, and C to get money from Pedro, a
Page 263 of 374

businessman from Agusan. As instructed, A, B, and C, armed with guns, went to
see Pedro and demanded P100,000.00. When Pedro refused, A pointed his gun
at him while B hit him with the butt of his gun, Pedro gave the amount demanded.
After the three (3) left, Pedro went to the PC Command to tell them what
happened. On the way, he met Orlando, also a businessman. Orlando told him
that D and E, week earlier, wrote him a letter asking P50,000.00 and threatening
to kill his son and wife should he fail to give the amount. Afraid that the two would
make good their threat, he gave the money when D called him that day. Orlando
was also on his way to the PC to report what happened.
(a) What crime did A, B, and C commit?
(b) What crime did D and E commit?
If the crimes committed by A B and C on one hand and D and E on the
other hand are different. Explain why they are different when the purpose is the
same, i.e. to extort money.
(c) Did Gorio commit any crime?
Answer:
a) A, B, and C committed robbery. They were able to make Pedro
give them the P100,000 that they demanded when A pointed his gun at
Pedro because he refused at first to accede to their demand and B hit him with
the butt of his gun. They employed violence and intimidation in the taking of the
money with intent to gain.
b) D and E committed Grave Threats. The reason is the intimidation
employed refers to the killings of the wife and son of Orlando should he failed to
give the amount of P50,000 demanded in the latter which D and E sent him. The
distinction between robbery and grave threats when the purpose is the same,
that is, to extort money, is that in robbery, the intimidation is actual and
immediate whereas on grave threats, the intimidation is future and conditional.
c) Gorio, being the over-all leader of the group, is a principal by
inducement in the robbery committed against Pedro. He has no liability regarding
the grave threats committed by D and E against Orlando because the facts of
the problem do not specifically mention his intervention in the activities of D and
E.
Art 282; Grave threats
1988 No. 10:
a) Jorge is the owner of 10 hectares of land in the foothills which he
planted to lanzones. On his last visit there he was shocked to discover that his
land had been taken over by a group of 15 families whose members had forcibly
driven away his caretaker, had appropriated the fruits for themselves, and were
now threatening to kill him should he try to eject them.
What crime should Jorge charge these 15 families? Explain.
How would you defend them? Explain briefly.
Answer:
a) Jorge can charge the 15 families of 2 separate crimes namely:
1} Violation of Article 282 which provides that "Grave threats.— Any
person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon the person, honor or
Page 264 of 374

property of the latter or of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime shall
suffer..." and
2) Violation of Article 312 which provides that: "Occupation of real property
or usurpation of real rights in property.— Any person who, by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons, shall take possession of any real property or
shall usurp any real rights in property belonging to another, in addition to the
penalty incurred for the acts of violence executed by him, shall be punished by a
fine from P50.00...".
Art 282; Grave threats; when absorbed in usurpation of real property
1989 No. 17:
"A" and "B", both farmers, entered the land owned by "X" and planted
palay thereon. When "X" came to know about it, he confronted "A" and "B" and
inquired why the latter occupied his land and planted palay thereon. "A", with a
bolo in hand, replied that the land belongs to the family of "S", and not to "X" and
at the same time said, "If you touch this land and my palay, blood will flow on this
ground." Because of said remark, "X" went to the Chief of Police and complained.
The Chief of Police filed a complex crime of Usurpation of Real Property with
Grave Threats. What crime or crimes were committed?
Answer:
The crime committed by A and B is squatting under PD 772 and not
usurpation of Real Property because in the latter crime, there must be violence
against or intimidation of persons employed in taking possession of any real
property or in usurping any real rights in property belonging to another (Art, 312,
RPC). In this case, it appears that A and B entered X's land without the owner's
consent or against his will but without any violence against or intimidation of
persons.
The crime of squatting is committed by any person who, with the use of
force, intimidation or threat, or taking advantage of the absence or tolerance of
the landowner, succeeds in occupying or possessing the property of the latter
against his will for residential, commercial or any other purposes.
The threat uttered by A not having been used IN THE TAKING OF
POSSESSION of the land, it is not absorbed in the crime of SQUATTING, When
A threatened X that blood will flow if X touches the land and his palay, he
committed the crime of grave threats by threatening another with the infliction of
a wrong amounting to a crime. Only A is criminally liable for the crime of grave
threats.
Art 286; Furstrated coercion/ murder/ hijacking
1978 No. VII-a
Answer
Page 265 of 374

Alternative Answer
Art 286; Grave coercion
1978 No. VII-a
Answer
Alternative Answer
1979 No. IX
X, a police captain, arrested Y on suspicion of robbery. X interrogated Y
bat Y denied knowledge and participation in any crime of robbery, X then ordered
Z, his assistant, to torture Y. As a result of the torture, Y confessed despite his
innocence. What crime, if any, was committed by X?
Answer
X is liable for grave coercion. He is a principal by inducement. The person
arrested on suspicion of robbery was not yet a prisoner since the facts do not
show that he was already booked and detained in jail at the time of his
investigation. So maltreatment of a prison is not committed. Since Z, the
assistant of X, was ordered to torture Y and as a result Y confessed despite his
innocence, grave coercion is committed, as the order is unlawful
1981 No. 12
The goats of "G" entered the garden of "H" and destroyed the vegetables
growing thereon. "H" caught the animals and tethered them near the hut. Soon
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"G" arrived and told "H" to release the goats as they were his. "H" refused; telling
"G" to pay first for the value of "H's" damaged vegetables.
With threats of bodily harm, "G" compelled "H" to turn the goats loose.
What crime was committed by "G", if any? Why?
Answer
G committed grave coercion. Coercion is committed not only by violence
but also by intimidation, like threat of bodily harm which compelled H to turn the
goats loose, whether it was just or unjust. G had not acted under authority of law
or exercise of a lawful right since the goats of G destroyed the vegetables
growing on the garden of H, who refused to release the goats tethered near his
hut until G pay first for the value of the damaged vegetables. (U.S. vs. Mena 11
Phil. 543),
1998 No II.
Isagani lost his gold necklace bearing his initials. He saw Roy wearing the
said necklace. Isagani asked Roy to return to him the necklace as it belongs to
him, but Roy refused. Isagani then drew his gun and told Roy, "If you will not give
back the necklace to me, I will kill you!" Out of fear for his life and against his will,
Roy gave the necklace to Isagani,
What offense did Isagani commit? (5%1 Answer;
Isagani committed the crime of grave coercion (Art. 286, RPC) for
compelling Roy, by means of serious threats or intimidation, to do something
against the latter's will, whether it be right or wrong. Serious threats or
intimidation approximating violence constitute grave coercion, not grave threats.
Such is the nature of the threat in this case because it was committed with a gun,
is a deadly weapon.
The crime is not robbery because intent to gain, which is an essential
element of robbery, is absent since the necklace belongs to Isagani.
Art 286; Grave Coercion vs illegal detention
1999 No III
(a) Distinguish coercion from illegal detention. (3%)
(3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) Coercion may be distinguished from illegal detention as follows: in
coercion, the basis of criminal liability is the employment of violence or serious
intimidation approximating violence, without authority of law, to prevent a person
from doing something not prohibited by law or to compel him to do something
against his will, whether it be right or wrong; while in Illegal detention, the basis of
liability is the actual restraint or locking up of a person, thereby depriving him of
his liberty without authority of law. If there was no intent to lock up or detain the
offended party unlawfully, the crime of illegal detention is not committed.
Art 286; Grave coercion vs maltreatment of prisoner
1999 No III
Page 267 of 374

(b) Forcibly brought to the police headquarters, a person was tortured
and maltreated by agents of the law in order to compel him to confess a crime
imputed to him. The agents failed, however, to draw from him a confession which
was their intention to obtain through the employment of such means,
(3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) Evidently, the person tortured and maltreated by the agents of the law
is a suspect and may have been detained by them. If so and he had already
been booked and put in jail, the crime is maltreatment of prisoner and the fact
that the suspect was subjected to torture to extort a confession would bring about
a higher penalty. In addition to the offender's liability for the physical injuries
inflicted.
But if the suspect was forcibly brought to the police headquarters to make
him admit the crime and tortured/ maltreated to make him confess to such crime,
but later released because the agents failed to draw such confession, the crime
is grave coercion because of the violence employed to compel such confession
without the offended party being confined in jail. (US vs. Cusi, 10 Phil 143)
It is noted that the offended party was merely "brought" to the police
headquarters and is thus not a detention prisoner. Had he been validly arrested,
the crime committed would be maltreatment of prisoners.
Art 286; Grave coercion vs robbery
1989 No. 16:
"A", by using force, grabbed the bicycle of "B" and ran away. The following
day, "B" asked "C" to get back his bicycle from "A" and promised to pay him
P100 if successful, "C" agreed. "C" went to "A's" house but it was locked from
inside. Since "A" refused to let "C" in, "C" kicked the door open, confronted "A"
and with a dagger in hand, told "A" to give "B’s” bicycle. Intimidated, "A" gave the
bicycle to "C" who, in turn, gave it to "B". "B" paid "C" P100 for his efforts. What
crime or crimes did "A", "B" and "C" commit, if any?
Answer:
B is not liable for any crime. Although he promised to pay C P100 if the
latter would get back his bicycle from A, he did not induce C to commit any crime.
He had no participation in any plan to take back the bicycle by unlawful means.
C's act of kicking open "A's" door and intimidating "A" to return the bicycle is C's
act alone for which he will individually be liable. There is even no showing that B
approved of C's act. While A paid C the P100.00 he promised upon the return of
his bicycle, it does not appear that he knew the manner and method by which C
recovered the bicycle from A.
C committed grave coercion, attended by the aggravating circumstance of
dwelling when he forced his way into A's house and recovered the bicycle from A
at dagger-point. This is so because he compelled A by means of intimidation to
do something against his will, whether it be right or wrong, namely to give the
bicycle to him. Since his purpose is to return the bicycle to its rightful owner,
there is no intent to gain that would make the crime robbery. The elements of the
crime of grave coercion are:
Page 268 of 374

1. That a person prevented another from doing something not prohibited
by law, or that he compelled him to do something against his will be it right or
wrong;
2. That the prevention or compulsion be effected by violence, either by
material force or such a display of force as would produce intimidation and
control the will of the offended party; and
3. That the offender did not act with authority of law or in the exercise of
any lawful right,
Page 269 of 374

Art 287; Unjust vexation
1975 No, XIV
A disliked the long hair that his brother, B, was sporting. So one night,
while B was asleep, A cut short his brother's hair. Is A criminally liable? Why?
Answer
A will be criminally liable for unjust vexation. In a case decided by the
Supreme Court of Spain, it was held that cutting the hair of another to humiliate
or ridicule him is slander by deed. (Dec. Sup. Ct. Spain, April 13, 1896). In the
case of People v. Motita, CA 59 O.G. 3020, it was held that the common
denominator between unjust vexation and slander by deed is the act which
annoys, vexes or irritates the offended party. Without any other concurring factor,
the offense would be merely unjust vexation as it is equated with anything which
annoys or irritates another. Surely, the act of A caused his brother annoyance
and irritation. However laudable the purpose may be, to perform an act against
the will of another to his annoyance and irritation and without justification is
unjust vexation.
Art 287; Unjust vexation
1976 No. IX-b
X, a dashing bachelor of 18, fell in love with and started courting Y, a
beautiful girl of 16. X's offer of love was, however, unrequited by Y. So, X
decided to waylay Y on the way home from school One afternoon at the usual
hour of Y's trek to her house, X had himself behind the thick cogon grass.
Moments later, a person in velvet blue, the favorite color of Y, appeared. Sensing
that his time has come, X sprang from his hideout, grabbed the person, and
commenced kissing the cheeks and other parts of the body. It turned out,
however, that the person is the twin brother of Y, a hermophrodite. Is X liable for
any crime? Reasons.
Answer
X is liable for unjust vexation. The acts of X are annoying, irritating,
vexatious and are unjustified. However, the mere acts of kissing the cheeks and
other parts of the body of the twin brother of Y, the girl whom X was courting, and
without his knowledge as to the identity are not lascivious. As a matter of fact,
even kissing a girl, and holding her tightly is only unjust vexation. (People vs.
Climaco, 40 O.G. 3186). Since X did the acts because his offer of love was
unrequited by Y, his motive was not lustful but merely to spite her or to force her
to accept his love. (People vs. Anonuevo, CA 35 O.G. 2018). If X was impelled
by lust, he would have touched the breast and the private parts of the offended
party. (People vs. Buenafe, 54 O.G. 610).
Art 287; Unjust vexation vs acts of lasciviousness
1994 No. 1;
1) When is embracing, kissing and touching a girl's breast considered
only unjust vexation instead of acts of lasciviousness?
Answer;
1) The acts of embracing, kissing of a woman arising either out of
passion or other motive and the touching of her breast as a mere incident of the
embrace without lewd design constitutes merely unjust vexation (People us,
Ignacio. CA GRNo. 5119-R, September 30, 1950). However, where the kissing,
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embracing and the touching of the breast of a woman are done with lewd design,
the same constitute acts of lasciviousness (People vs. Percival Gilo, 10 SCRA
753).
Page 271 of 374

Crimes Against Property
Art 293; Ordinary robbery committed on a highway vs highway robbery
under PD 532
2000 No XV
a) Distinguish Highway Robbery under Presidential Decree No. 532 from
Robbery committed on a highway. (3%)
b) A, B, C, D and B were in a beerhouse along MacArthur Highway having
a drinking spree. At about 1 o'clock in the morning, they decided to leave and so
asked for the bill. They pooled their money together but they were still short of
P2,000.00. E then orchestrated a plan whereby A, B, C and D would go out, flag
a taxicab and rob the taxi driver of all his money while E would wait for them in
the beerhouse. A. B, C and D agreed. All armed with balisongs, A, B, C and D
hailed the first taxicab they encountered. After robbing X, the driver, of his
earnings, which amounted to P1,000.00 only, they needed P1 ,000.00 more to
meet their bill. So, they decided to hail another taxicab and they again robbed
driver T of his hard-earned money amounting to P1,000. On their way back to the
beerhouse, they were apprehended by a police team upon the complaint of X,
the driver of the first cab. They pointed to E as the mastermind. What crime or
crimes, if any. did A, B, C, D and B commit? Explain fully. (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) Highway Robbery under Pres. Decree 532 differs from ordinary Robbery
committed on a highway in these respects:
1) In Highway Robbery under PD 532, the robbery is committed
indiscriminately against persons who commute in such highways, regardless of
the potentiality they offer; while in ordinary Robbery committed on a highway, the
robbery is committed only against predetermined victims;
2) It is Highway Robbery under PD 532, when the offender is a brigand or
one who roams in public highways and carries out his robbery in public highways
as venue, whenever the opportunity to do so arises. It is ordinary Robbery
under the Revised Penal Code when the commission thereof In a public highway
is only incidental and the offender is not a brigand: and
3) In Highway Robbery under PD 532, there is frequency in the
commission of the robbery in public highways and against persons travelling
thereat; whereas ordinary Robbery in public highways is only occasional against
a predetermined victim, without frequency in public highways,
b) A. B, C, D and E are liable for two (2) counts of robbery under Article
294 of the Rev. Penal Code; not for highway Robbery under PD 532. The
offenders are not brigands but only committed the robbery to raise money to pay
their bill because it happened that they were short of money to pay the same.
Art 293; Robbery
1987 No. XIV:
A, B, C, D, and E were members of a gang operating in Mindanao with
Gorio as over-all leader, Gorio assigned A B, and C to get money from Pedro, a
businessman from Agusan. As instructed, A, B, and C, armed with guns, went to
see Pedro and demanded P100,000.00. When Pedro refused, A pointed his gun
at him while B hit him with the butt of his gun, Pedro gave the amount demanded.
After the three (3) left, Pedro went to the PC Command to tell them what
happened. On the way, he met Orlando, also a businessman. Orlando told him
Page 272 of 374

that D and E, week earlier, wrote him a letter asking P50,000.00 and threatening
to kill his son and wife should he fail to give the amount. Afraid that the two would
make good their threat, he gave the money when D called him that day. Orlando
was also on his way to the PC to report what happened.
(a) What crime did A, B, and C commit?
(b) What crime did D and E commit?
If the crimes committed by A B and C on one hand and D and E on the
other hand are different. Explain why they are different when the purpose is the
same, i.e. to extort money.
(c) Did Gorio commit any crime?
Answer:
a) A, B, and C committed robbery. They were able to make Pedro
give them the P100,000 that they demanded when A pointed his gun at
Pedro because he refused at first to accede to their demand and B hit him with
the butt of his gun. They employed violence and intimidation in the taking of the
money with intent to gain.
b) D and E committed Grave Threats. The reason is the intimidation
employed refers to the killings of the wife and son of Orlando should he failed to
give the amount of P50,000 demanded in the latter which D and E sent him. The
distinction between robbery and grave threats when the purpose is the same,
that is, to extort money, is that in robbery, the intimidation is actual and
immediate whereas on grave threats, the intimidation is future and conditional.
c) Gorio, being the over-all leader of the group, is a principal by
inducement in the robbery committed against Pedro. He has no liability regarding
the grave threats committed by D and E against Orlando because the facts of
the problem do not specifically mention his intervention in the activities of D and
E.
Art 293; Robbery
2001 No XIV
A and B are neighbors in Barangay Nuevo I, Silang, Cavite. A is a
barangay Kagawad and known to be a bully, while B is reputed to be gay but
noted for his industry and economic savvy which allowed him to amass wealth in
leaps and bounds, including registered and unregistered lands in several
barangays. Resenting B's riches and relying on his political influence, A decided
to harass and intimidate B into sharing with him some of his lands, considering
that the latter was single and living alone. One night, A broke into B's house,
forced him to bring out some titles and after picking out a title covering 200
square meters in their barangay, compelled B to type out a Deed of Sale
conveying the said lot to him for P1.00 and other valuable considerations. All the
while, A carried a paltik caliber .45 in full view of B, who signed the deed out of
fear. When A later on tried to register the deed, B summoned enough courage
and had A arrested and charged in court after preliminary investigation.
What charge or charges should be filed against A? Explain. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The charge for Robbery under Article 298 of the Revised Penal Code
should be filed against A. Said Article provides that any person who, with intent
to defraud another, by means of violence or intimidation, shall compel him to
Page 273 of 374

sign, execute and deliver any public instrument or document shall be held guilty
of robbery.
The paltik caliber .45 firearm carried by A was obviously intended to
Intimidate B and thus, used in the commission of the robbery. If it could be
established that A had no license or permit to possess and carry such firearm, it
should be taken only as special aggravating circumstance to the crime of
robbery, not subject of a separate prosecution.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;
On the premise that the Deed of Sale which A compelled B to sign, had not
attained the character of a "public" instrument or document, A should be charged
for the crime of Qualified Trespass to Dwelling under Article 280 of the Revised
Penal Code for having intruded into B’s house, and for the crime of Grave
Coercion under Article 286 of same Code, for compelling B to sign such deed of
sale against his will.
Art 293; Robbery & Art 208 – maliciously refraining from instituting
prosecution
1992 No. 6:
b) After SPO2 Cirio Cellado heard the story of the two girls, he took aside
Mrs. Cortes and made this proposition: "Let me tell you what I plan to do. Since
the D.O.M. is probably well-known in his community, he will not want his
reputation tarnished, I'll tell him that you have reported him to us and you are all
set to file criminal charges against him at the Prosecutor's Office. But if he will
give us P50,000.00, you may be persuaded not to file the suit anymore. Actually,
after he gives that amount, which he surely will, I shall visit him regularly for
more. We shall then divide equally the money we shall get from him.
Suppose Cellado proceeds to carry out his plan and is caught by his Chief
with incontrovertible evidence, what action or actions may be brought by his
superiors to penalize him and to recover whatever sums of money he may have
received from his victim?
Suggested Answer:
b) Cellado should be charged of robbery because he took personal
property from, Donido, with intent to gain, with intimidation on the person of the
Page 274 of 374

latter. The money passed into the hands of Cellado involuntarily because of fear
(intimidation) on the part of the offended party, Donido.
Likewise, Cellado can be held liable under Art. 208, RPC, he being a
public officer who maliciously refrained from instituting prosecution against
violators of the law. An agent of a person in authority charged with the
apprehension and investigation of a crime is an integral part of the prosecution of
offenses.
Art 293; Robbery through violence or intimidation of persons
2002 No XIV.
A. A entered the house of another without employing force or violence
upon things. He was seen by a maid who wanted to scream but was prevented
from doing so because A threatened her with a gun. A then took money and
other valuables and left. Is A guilty of theft or of robbery? Explain. (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A is liable for robbery because of the intimidation he employed on the maid
before the taking of the money and other valuables. It is the intimidation of
person relative to the taking that qualifies the crime as robbery, instead of simply
theft The non-employment of force upon things is of no moment because robbery
is committed not only by employing force upon things but also by employing
violence against or intimidation of persons.
B. A fire broke out in a department store, A, taking advantage of the
confusion, entered the store and carried away goods which he later sold. What
crime, if any, did he commit? Why? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A committed the crime of qualified theft because he took the goods on the
occasion of and taking advantage of the fire which broke out in the department
store. The occasion of a calamity such as fire, when the theft was committed,
qualifies the crime under Article 310 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended.
Art 293; Robbery thru force or intimidation against persons
1987 No. IX:
Posing as a detective in the Manila Police and flashing a police badge,
Jose, jobless and without any known address and occupation, told Manding and
Liling, who were then sitting in a dark corner in the Luneta Park, that he was
placing them under arrest for vagrancy and taking them to the police station for
booking. Manding and Liling protested, saying that they were merely enjoying the
evening alone, as they were sweethearts and both gainfully employed. Jose told
them that they can give their explanations at the Police Station. Not wanting to be
bothered and embarrassed, Manding offered Jose P200.00 to let them go. Jose
agreed, got the money, and left.
Explain whether under the facts given Jose committed any crime
Answer:
Jose is liable for robbery. By posing as a detective with a police badge,
telling Manding and Liling, who were sitting in a dark comer in Luneta Park that
they would be placed under arrest for vagrancy and brought to the police station
for booking and by not listening to the explanation of Manding and Liling that they
were sweethearts and gainfully employed which Jose said they could explain in
Page 275 of 374

the Police Station, created fear in the mind of the couple or a sense of mental
distress in view of the risk or evil or embarrassment that is impending. This fear
continued in the mind of the offended parties when they offered the P200 to Jose
which he accepted and then received the money.
Art 293; Robbery with force upon things
2000 No XI
A, brother of B, with the intention of having a night out with his friends, took
the coconut shell which is being used by B as a bank for coins from inside their
locked cabinet using their common key. Forthwith, A broke the coconut shell
outside of their home in the presence of his friends.
What is the criminal liability of A, if any? Explain. (3%)
Is A exempted from criminal liability under Article 332 of the Revised Penal
Code for being a brother of B? Explain. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) A is criminally liable for Robbery with force upon things, because the
coconut shell with the coins inside, was taken with intent to gain and broken
outside of their home, (Art. 299 (b) (2). RPC).
b) No, A is not exempt from criminal liability under Art. 332 because said
Article applies only to theft, swindling or malicious mischief. Here, the crime
committed is robbery.
Art 293; Robbery with homicide
1977 No, VII-b
E, F, G and H, all armed, ransacked the house of I, a paralytic, and in the
process, E shot I to death when he refused to bring out his money. The shooting
awakened the ten-year old son of I who immediately rushed to his father, but he,
too, was shot to death in cold blood. In the meantime, F went to the room of the
wife of I and had carnal knowledge with her through force. Thereafter; E, F, G
and H fled with their loot. What criminal liability did E, F, G and H incur? Reason
fully.
Answer
E, F, G and H are all liable for robbery with homicide since they constitute
a band. The others who were present at the time of the commission of the
robbery did not prevent the killings of I and his ten-year old son by E and the
rape of the wife of I by F (Art 296, R.P.C.). The two killings are merged in the
composite, integrate whole that is, robbery with homicide, as the killings were
perpetrated by reason or on occasion of the robbery (People v. Madrid, 68 Phil.
2), Although rape also accompanied the robbery, the legal definition of the crime
is still robbery with homicide but the rape is to be considered as an aggravating
circumstance. (People v: Ganal, et al., 85 Phil. 743; People v. Basea, 104 Phil.
136; People v. Mongado, et aJL.t 28 SCRA 642).
1980 No XVI
Five men, one of them armed with a carbine, entered the hut of an
octogenarian, who was living by himself, ransacked his things and took his
carpentry tools and cash worth P100. "Y" saw them going towards the hut and
sensing their evil intentions called some friends to act as a rescue party. As the
Page 276 of 374

five men were going out with their loot, the rescue party opened fire and there
was an exchange of gunshot between the two groups. Killed were one in the five-
man team, and another in the rescue party. The articles taken were recovered.
Four of the 5 men were charged with Robbery in Band with Homicide.
Their common defenses were that they could not be convicted of the crime
charged because (a) the killing occurred after the consummation of the robbery;
(b) the octogenarian victim of the robbery was not the victim of the homicide; and
(c) the crime was committed by a band.
Evaluate the different defenses of the accused.
Answer
1) Although the killing was committed after the consummation of the
robbery, robbery with homicide is committed because the killing was committed
by reason of or on the occasion of the robbery. If the killing is prior or subsequent
to the robbery so long as it is directly related to the robbery, the crime committed
is robbery with homicide, (People vs. Hernandez, 48 Phil. 48).
2) Even if the victim of the robbery is not the victim of the homicide,
robbery with homicide is committed because the law does not require that the
person killed is the victim of the robbery. (People vs. Barut, L-42666, March 13,
1979). As a matter of fact, even if the victim killed is a mere bystander robbery
with homicide is committed. (People vs. Disimban, 88 Phil. 120).
3) There seems to be a typographical error in the question. That band is
a defense does not make sense. Obviously, the question would refer to the
defense that the accused did not constitute a band. This is tenable because of
the five accused, only one was armed with a carbine. There is a band if more
than three armed malefactors take part in the commission of a robbery. (Art.
296, R.P.C.; People vs. Barut, supra). This is not, however, a defense because
there is conspiracy among the five accused as shown by the facts of the problem
that "as the five men were going out with their loot, the rescue party opened fire
and there was an exchange of gunshots between the two groups." When
homicide takes place on the occasion of the robbery, all who took part in the
robbery are guilty as principals of the complex crime of robbery with homicide
whether or not they actually participated in the killing, unless they had
endeavored to prevent the killing. (People vs. Berudes, L-30966, Dec. 14, 1979)
1988 No. 8:
a) An armed band tried to stop a passenger bus, and the driver who
sensed that the band might commit robbery; did not stop the bus but drove it
faster. The members of the band then fired at the bus, killing one passenger who
was hit in the head.
b) As the malefactor were about to enter the house of A, the latter hid
himself inside the ceiling. Once inside the house, the malefactor took from A's
wife cash and pieces of jewelry. One of the malefactors stood on a table and
fired his gun at the ceiling. After they had left A's wife called for him and receiving
no answer, she went up the ceiling and found him already dead.
What crime was committed? Explain.
c) In the course of robbery there was confusion and in the exchange of
shots between the robbers and the victims, one of the robbers happened to shoot
one of his own companions.
Page 277 of 374

What crime was committed? Explain. Answer:
a) They committed the crime of attempted robbery with homicide with
band as a generic aggravating circumstance. Article 297 of the Revised Penal
Code provides that "Attempted. .. robbery committed under certain
circumstances.—When... on the occasion of an attempted robbery a homicide is
committed the person guilty of such offenses shall be punished by reclusion
temporal
b) Robbery with homicide was committed by the malefactors. Article
297 of the Revised Penal Code provides that "Attempted and frustrated robbery
committed under certain circumstances.— When by reason. . .of an
attempted or frustrated robbery a homicide is committed the person guilty of such
offenses shall be punished by reclusion temporal...".
c) The robber committed the crime of robbery with homicide in violation of
Article 297 of the Revised Penal Code which provides that "... when... on the
occasion of an attempted robbery a homicide is committed the person guilty of
such offenses shall be punished by reclusion temporal. ..".
1995 No. 7:
Victor, Ricky, Rod and Ronnie went to the store of Mang Pandoy. Victor
and Ricky entered the store while Rod and Ronnie posted themselves at the
door. After ordering beer Ricky complained that he was shortchanged although
Mang Pandoy vehemently denied it. Suddenly Ricky whipped out a knife as he
announced "Hold-up ito!" and stabbed Mang Pandoy to death. Rod boxed the
store's salesgirl Lucy to prevent her from helping Mang Pandoy. When Lucy ran
out of the store to seek help from people next door she was chased by Ronnie.
As soon as Ricky had stabbed Mang Pandoy, Victor scooped up the money from
the cash box. Then Victor and Ricky dashed to the street and shouted, "Tumakbo
na kayo!" Rod was 14 and Ronnie was 17. The money and other articles looted
from the store of Mang Pandoy were later found in the houses of Victor and
Ricky.
1. Discuss fully the criminal liability of Victor, Ricky, Rod and Ronnie.
Answer:
1 . All are liable for the special complex crime of robbery with homicide.
The acts of Ricky in stabbing Mang Pandoy to death, of Rod in .boxing the
salesgirl to prevent her from helping Mang Pandoy, of Ronnie in chasing the
salesgirl to prevent her in seeking help, of Victor in scooping up money from the
cash box, and of Ricky and Victor in dashing to the street and announcing the
escape, are all indicative of conspiracy.
The rule is settled that when homicide takes place as a consequence or
on the occasion of a robbery, all those who took part in the robbery are guilty as
principals of the crime of robbery with homicide, unless the accused tried to
prevent the killing (People vs. Baello, 224 SCRA 218). Further, the aggravating
circumstance of craft could be assessed against the accused for pretending to be
customers of Mang Pandoy,
1996 No. 2:
Page 278 of 374

2) Jose, Domingo, Manolo, and Fernando, armed with bolos, at about one
o'clock in the morning, robbed a house at a desolate place where Danilo, his
wife, and three daughters were living. While the four were in the process of
ransacking Danilo's house, Fernando, noticing that one of Danilo's daughters
was trying to get away, ran after her and finally caught up with her in a thicket
somewhat distant from the house. Fernando, before bringing back the daughter
to the house, raped her first. Thereafter, the four carted away the belongings of
Danilo and his family.
a) What crime did Jose, Domingo, Manolo and Fernando commit?
Explain.
b) Suppose, after the robbery, the four took turns in raping the three
daughters of Danilo inside the latter's house, but before they left, they killed the
whole family to prevent identification, what crime did the four commit? Explain.
Answer:
2) (a) Jose, Domingo, and Manolo committed Robbery, while Fernando
committed complex crime of Robbery with Rape, Conspiracy can be inferred
from the manner the offenders committed the robbery but the rape was
committed by Fernando at a place "distant from the house" where the robbery
was committed, not in the presence of the other conspirators. Hence, Fernando
alone should answer for the rape, rendering him liable for the special complex
crime. (People vs. Canturia et. al, G.R. 108490, 22 June 1995}
b) The crime would be Robbery with Homicide because the killings were
by reason (to prevent identification) and on the occasion of the robbery. The
multiple rapes committed and the fact that several persons were killed
[homicide), would be considered as aggravating circumstances. The rapes are
synonymous with Ignominy and the additional killing synonymous with cruelty,
(People vs. Solis, 182 SCRA; People vs. Plaga, 202 SCRA 531)
1998 No XVIII.
A, B, C and D all armed, robbed a bank, and when they were about to get
out of the bank, policemen came and ordered them to surrender but they fired on
the police officers who fired back and shot it out with them.
1. Suppose a bank employee was killed and the bullet which killed him
came from the firearm of the police officers, with what crime shall you charge A,
B. C and D? |3%|
2. Suppose it was robber D who was killed by the policemen and the
prosecutor charged A, B and C with Robbery and Homicide. They demurred
arguing that they (A, B and C) were not the ones who killed robber D, hence, the
charge should only be Robbery. How would you resolve their argument? (2%)
Answer:
1. A, B, C and D should be charged with the crime of robbery with
homicide because the death of the bank employee was brought about by the acts
of said offenders on the occasion of the robbery. They shot it out with the
policeman, thereby causing such death by reason or on the occasion of a
robbery; hence, the composite crime of robbery with homicide.
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2. The argument is valid, considering that a separate charge for
Homicide was filed. It would be different if the charge filed was for the composite
crime of robbery with homicide which is a single, indivisible offense.
Alternative Answer:
2. The argument raised by A, B and C is not correct because their liability
is not only for Robbery but for the special complex crime of Robbery with
homicide. But the facts stated impresses that separate crimes of Robbery "and"
Homicide were charged, which is not correct. What was committed was a single
indivisible offense of Robbery with homicide, not two crimes.
2003 No IX.
A learned two days ago that B had received dollar bills amounting to
$10,000 from his daughter working in the United States With the intention of
robbing B of those dollars, A entered B's house at midnight, armed with a knife
which he used to gain entry, and began quietly searching the drawers, shelves,
and other likely receptacles of the cash. While doing that, B awoke, rushed out
from the bedroom, and grappled with A for the possession of the knife which A
was then holding. After stabbing B to death, A turned over B's pillow and found
the latter's wallet underneath the pillow, which was bulging with the dollar bills he
was looking for. A took the bills and left the house. What crime or crimes were
committed? 8%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The crime committed is robbery with homicide, a composite crime. This is
so because A's primordial criminal intent is to commit a robbery and in the course
of the robbery, the killing of B took place. Both the robbery and the killing were
consummated, thus giving rise to the special complex crime of robbery with
homicide. The primary criminal intent being to commit a robbery, any killing on
the "occasion" of the robbery, though not by reason thereof, is considered a
component of the crime of robbery with homicide as a single indivisible offense.
Art 293; Robbery with homicide vs homicide
1983 No. 6
Insulted by the manager of the bank where he was employed as security
guard, A, enraged, shot the former, who died on the spot. As A was about to
leave the bank premises, he noticed the vault open. He entered it, forced open a
locked container and got the jewelry therein.
If you were the fiscal, for what crime or crimes would you prosecute A?
Explain.
Answer
Homicide and Robbery. It is not robbery with homicide because the
purpose of A, the security guard, was not to commit robbery. It is not murder
because the aggression was preceded by the insult of the manager which
enraged the offender. So the killing was attended by passion which negates the
presence of treachery. The taking of the jewelries was an afterthought as the
offender entered the vault only when he noticed it was open when he was about
to leave the bank premises. The jewelries were in a locked receptacle which he
forced open while inside the bank premises. This is robbery with force upon
things under Article 299, par. 2 of the Revised Penal Code.
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Art 293; Robbery with rape
1999 No XVII
Two young men, A and B, conspired to rob a residential house of things of
value. They succeeded in the commission of their original plan to simply rob. A,
however, was sexually aroused when he saw the lady owner of the house and
so. raped her.
The lady victim testified that B did not in any way participate in the rape
but B watched the happening from a window and did nothing to stop the rape.
Is B as criminally liable as A for robbery with rape? Explain. (4%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, B is as criminally liable as A for the composite crime of robbery with
rape under Art. 294 (1). Although the conspiracy of A and B was only to rob, B
was present when the rape was being committed which gave rise to a composite
crime, a single indivisible offense of robbery with rape. B would not have been
liable had he endeavored to prevent the commission of the rape. But since he did
not when he could have done so, he in effect acquiesced with the rape as a
component of the robbery and so he is also liable for robbery with rape.
Art 293; Robbery; homicide; arson
1995 No. 12:
Harry, an overseas contract worker, arrived from Saudi Arabia with
considerable savings. Knowing him to be "loaded", his friends Jason, Manuel and
Dave invited him to poker session at a rented beach cottage. When he was
losing almost all his money which to him was his savings of a lifetime, he
discovered that he was being cheated by his friends. Angered by the betrayal he
decided to take revenge on the three cheats.
Harry ordered several bottles of Tanduay Rhum and gave them to his
companions to drink, as they did, until they all fell asleep. When Harry saw his
companions already sound asleep he hacked all of them to death. Then he
remembered his losses. He rifled through the pockets of his victims and got back
all the money he lost. He then ran away but not before burning the cottage to
hide his misdeed. The following day police investigators found among the debris
the charred bodies of Jason, Manuel, Dave and the caretaker of the resort.
After preliminary investigation, the Provincial Prosecutor charged Harry
with the complex crime of arson with quadruple homicide and robbery.
Was Harry properly charged? Discuss fully.
Answer:
No, Harry was net properly charged. Harry should have been charged with
three (3) separate crimes, namely: murder, theft and arson.
Harry killed Jason, Manuel and Dave with evident premeditation, as there
was considerable lapse of time before he decided to commit the crime and the
actual commission of the crime. In addition, Harry employed means which
weakened the defense of Jason, Manuel and Dave. Harry gave them the liquor to
drink until they were drunk and fell asleep. This gave Harry the opportunity to
carry out his plan of murder with impunity.
The taking of the money from the victims was a mere afterthought of the
killings. Hence, Harry committed the separate crime of theft and not the complex
Page 281 of 374

crime of robbery with homicide. Although theft was committed against dead
persons, it is still legally possible as the offended party are the estates of the
victims.
In burning the cottage to hide his misdeed. Harry became liable for
another separate crime, arson. This act of burning was not necessary for the
consummation of the two (2) previous offenses he committed. The fact that the
caretaker died from the blaze did not qualify Harry's crime into a complex crime
of arson with homicide for there is no such crime.
Hence, Harry was improperly charged with the complex crime of arson
with quadruple homicide and robbery. Harry should have been charged with
three (3) separate crimes, murder, theft and arson.
Art 293; Robbery; multiplicity of crimes
1996 No. 8
2) Five robbers robbed, one after the other five houses occupied by
different families located inside a compound enclosed by a six-feet high hollow
block fence.
How many robberies did the five commit? Explain.
Answer;
2) The offenders committed only one robbery in the eyes of the law
because when they entered the compound, they were impelled only by a single
indivisible criminal resolution to commit a robbery as they were not aware that
there were five families inside said compound, considering that the same was
enclosed by a six-feet high hollow-block fence. The series of robbery committed
in the same compound at about the same time constitutes one continued crime,
motivated by one criminal impulse,
Art 293; Robbery; rape
1997 No. 19:
After raping the complainant in her house, the accused struck a match to
smoke a cigarette before departing from the scene. The brief light from the match
allowed him to notice a watch in her wrist. He demanded that she hand over the
watch. When she refused, he forcibly grabbed it from her. The accused was
charged with and convicted of the special complex crime of robbery with rape.
Was the court correct? Answer:
No. the court erred in convicting the accused of the special complex crime
of robbery with rape. The accused should instead be held liable for two (2)
separate crimes of robbery and rape, since the primary intent or objective of the
accused was only to rape the complainant, and his commission of the robbery
was merely an afterthought. The robbery must precede the rape. In order to give
rise to the special complex crime for which the court convicted the accused.
Art 308; Theft
1976 No. III-a
X, a commission agent, without being authorized by his principal, pulled
out several typewriters and adding machines from the prospective buyers, who,
after the period of trial of said machines, decided not to buy them. Instead of
returning the machines to the company, X pawned them with the different
Page 282 of 374

pawnshops for sums of money which he used for his own behalf. What crime has
X committed? Reason:
Answer
X committed the crime of theft. When X pulled out the typewriters and
adding machines from the prospective buyers, who, after the period of trial,
decided not to buy them, X, as commission agent, made them believe that he
acted on behalf of his principal, who is his employer, although in truth, he did not
as he was not authorized. When he took away the machines without the
knowledge and consent of his principal, he had only acquired physical
possession of the same, (People v. Maglaya, 30 SCRA 606).
Art 308; Theft
1976 No. IV-a
X found in the street amount of P200.00. He did not report his finding of
the money to the proper authorities nor did he return the same to the owner
whose address is inscribed in the bag containing the money. Instead, he used
the money for his benefit. What crime has X committed? Reason.
Answer
X committed theft. Theft is committed by any person who, having found
lost property, shall fail to deliver the same to the local authorities or to its owner
(Art, 308, No. 1, RPC). Since X found the bag containing the money in the street,
he had reason to know that the property was lost and it was his duty to turn it
over to the owner, whose address is inscribed in the bag or to the authorities.
Intent to gain is actually present since he used the money for his benefit knowing
that it did not belong to him. The Revised Penal Code does not even require
knowledge of the owner of the lost property. (People v. Panotes, et al., CA 36
0G. 1008).
Art 308; Theft
1976 No VI-b
X and his companions got six roosters from a coop, one yard high, five
yards long and one yard wide, by breaking the door of the coop located outside
the house of Y, the owner of the coop and the roosters. The taking of the
roosters as well as the breaking of the coop's door was done without the
knowledge and consent of the owner. What crime have X and his companions
committed? Reason.
Answer
X and his companions committed theft. The chicken coop is not a building
as contemplated in Art. 299 and Art. 302 of the Revised Penal Code. Since the
coop is located outside the house of Y, it is not a dependency under Art. 301 of
the Code. (People vs. Jaranilla, et a/., L-28547, February 24, 1974).
Art 308; Theft
1977 No. VII-a
Juan, a commission salesman of an office supply company, without the
knowledge and consent of the company, went to one of its customers who has
defaulted in paying the last three installments of a typewriter purchased on credit
and withdrew the said typewriter. The customer, thinking that Juan was
authorized to do so, allowed the withdrawal. Later on, Juan sold the typewriter
Page 283 of 374

and misappropriated the proceeds thereof for his own benefit. What crime did
Juan commit? Reason fully.
Answer
Juan will be liable for theft. Since he took the typewriter without the
knowledge and consent of the company from the purchaser who defaulted in
paying the last three installments, and the customer allowed Juan to withdraw it
thinking that he was authorized to do so, Juan had only the physical possession
of the typewriter, which did not vest in him juridical possession, which is
necessary in estafa. (People v Maglaya, 30 SCRA 606).
Art 308; Theft
1978 No. IX-b
AB accidentally left her purse with P500.00 inside a taxi cab. The driver
brought the purse and money to the police station and handed them to the desk
sergeant with the request that they be delivered to AB, the owner, whose name
and address were on a piece of paper inside the purse. The sergeant did not do
as requested but spent the money.
What was the offense/offenses committed by the sergeant? Discuss.
Answer
The offense committed is theft. The sergeant had only the physical
possession of the money although he received the same from the finder. The
possession of the money by the finder, who was the driver of the taxicab, was
physical. When the driver handed the money to the sergeant with the request
that it be delivered to AB, the owner, what was transferred to the sergeant is the
physical possession which the driver had on the money. The sergeant assumed
by voluntary substitution, as to both property and its owner, the same relation as
was occupied by the finder, (People vs. Avila, 44 Phil. 720).
Art 308; Theft
1980 No. II
"D and "E" intended to steal two bags of cement from a "bodega". They
placed the cement in a jeep and left with their loot.
After travelling some distance, they changed their minds and decided to
take the two bags of cement back. While in the compound of the "bodega", they
were apprehended by a police officer.
Are "D" and "E" liable for any crime? Answer
D and E are liable for consummated theft. When they placed the two bags
of cement in a jeep and left with their loot, they had already performed all the
acts of execution necessary for the accomplishment of the crime of theft. (U.S,
vs. Adiao, 38 Phil. 754) Theft was already consummated when after travelling a
certain distance, they changed their minds and decided to take the two bags of
cement back. In theft, the offender must have the possession and dominion of
the thing taken coupled with the intention at the time of taking of withholding it
with the character of permanency. (People vs. Solis et al, 12 CA Rep. 202)
Art 308; Theft
1980 No. XVII
"AA" was the owner of a jeepney for hire. When his driver was
hospitalized, he hired "BB" as driver on a temporary basis and entrusted to him
Page 284 of 374

the vehicle for transporting passengers from Quiapo to Taft-Baclaran with a
compensation of P30 a day. "BB" never returned the vehicle and after a search,
the vehicle was found in Ternate, Cavite, about to be sold. "BB" was charged
with Qualified Theft and was convicted.
Appealing the judgment of conviction, defense counsel contends that "BB"
may have committed Estafa but not Qualified Theft on the theory that the
possession of the vehicle was obtained with the consent of "AA", the owner, and
therefore, there was no illegal taking.
Decide the case.
Answer
The crime committed by BB is qualified theft. Estafa cannot be committed
altho the possession of the vehicle was obtained with the consent of AA, the
owner. BB was hired as a temporary driver and therefore was an employee of the
owner of the jeepney for hire. So he had only the physical or material possession
of jeepney. The established rule is that when the delivery of a chattel does not
have the effect of transferring the juridical possession thereof, the act of
disposing it with intent to gain and without the consent of the owner constitutes
the crime of theft. (U.S. vs. De Vera, 43 PhiL 100). In this case, the juridical
possession of the vehicle remained with AA, the owner. (People vs. Isaac, 96
Phil. 931)
Art 308; Theft
1982 No. 13
"A" broke open a window and, without entering the house, took a wooden
chest lying just underneath the window. He brought out the chest to the yard
where he broke it open and took away the contents thereof, all valued at
P1,000.00. What crime did he commit? Reason.
Answer
The crime committed by A is theft. For robbery with force upon things to
be committed, the offender should have entered the house. The facts of the
problem show that A without entering the house took the wooden chest lying
underneath the window which he broke open. To constitute robbery the offender
who brought outside the locked receptacle must have entered it; otherwise, the
crime committed is theft.
Art 308; Theft
1984 No. 19
Melencio gave Janet, a call girl, P5,000 as blood money with the
understanding that she would poison a business executive in the course of a
tryst. She did so. But before she left the scene of the crime, she got the victim's
expensive watch, gold ring and wallet containing about P5,000.
What crime or crimes were committed and by whom? Reasons.
Answer
Janet committed two crimes:
1. murder: as qualified by circumstance of consideration of a price or
reward, or by means of poison, or with evident premeditation, and
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2. theft: If the motive is to kill and the taking of the valuables is
committed thereafter, the crimes committed are homicide and theft (People v.
Elizaga, G.R. No. 2487, as cited in Gregorio, Fundamentals).
1. Melencio and Janet are liable for murder. Melencio is a
principal by inducement and Janet is a principal by direct participation. Murder is
the crime committed because the killing was in consideration of & price and by
means of poison. Either will be sufficient to qualify the crime of murder.
2. Janet will also be liable for theft. As an afterthought she got the
victim's expensive watch, gold ring and wallet containing about P5,000. Melencio
will not be liable because the theft was not included in the inducement nor is it a
necessary consequence thereof.
Art 308; Theft
1986 No. 16:
Brothers Aber and Bobot, 16 and 17 years old, respectively, have had no
food for the past two days. Suffering from severe hunger, they hatched a plan to
break into a store to steal some food. Five days later, at 12 midnight, they were
able to enter the store by breaking the hinges of the door. Aber took ten cans of
sardines worth P50.00. Bobot wandered into a nearby room where the store
owner, Cosme, was sleeping Cosme, awakened by Bobot's footsteps, attacked
Bobot with a club. Bobot avoided the blow and hit Cosme in the chest with his
fist. Aber, upon hearing the commotion, entered the room and tried to pull Bobot
away from Cosme. Cosme, however, continued to attack Bobot forcing the latter
to box Cosme in the face. Cosme collapsed on the floor. Bobot and Aber fled.
The following day, Aber sold six of the sardine cans taken from the store to
Dimas who lives a block from the store. Earlier that day Dimas heard rumors that
the nearby store had been robbed and that his friend Cosme was found dead.
Dimas thought of asking Aber and Bobot where they got the sardines to clear
away this doubt, but on second thought did not. He bought the cans for P20.00
and sold them for P30.00.
The fiscal charged Aber and Bobot with the complex crime of robbery with
homicide aggravated by nighttime, evident premeditation and dwelling. The fiscal
charged Dimas as an accessory of Aber and Bobot and for violation of the Anti-
Fencing Law (PD No. J612).
(1) If you were the counsel of Aber, what defenses would you raise?
Explain.
(2) If you were the counsel of Bobot, what defenses would you raise?
Explain.
(3) If you were the counsel of Dimas, what defenses would you raise?
Explain,
(4) If you were the judge, how would you decide the case? Explain,
Answer:
(1) If I were the counsel of Aber, I would question the validity of the
charge. Robbery with homicide is not proper crime because there was no
breaking of the door but only its hinges. (People vs Lising CA 62 OG. 9879) The
crime is theft. Since Aber was only l6 years old at the time of the commission of
the crime he should be prosecuted under the Youth and Child Welfare Code,
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where in case of conviction, he could apply for suspension of sentence. If
granted, during confinement upon his good behavior, he would be entitled to be
discharged.
Aber cannot be liable for the killing of Cosme because he has no part in its
commission.
(2) If I were the counsel of Bobot, I would invoke his age at the time of
the commission of the crime for the application of the Child and Youth Welfare
Code. The crimes committed are theft and homicide. Regarding the homicide,
Bobot can maintain that Cosme hit him with a club and continued to do so forcing
Bobot to attack him in the face. He can also invoke the mitigating circumstance of
lack of intent to commit so grave a wrong as that which resulted.
(3) If I were the counsel of Dimas, I would maintain that he could not be
liable as an accessory to the crime of homicide attributed to Bobot because he
had no knowledge of its commission.
Regarding the violation of the Anti-Fencing Law, he can maintain that he
bought the tins of sardines in good faith without any knowledge that these were
the proceeds of the crime of theft.
(4) If I were the Judge, I would convict Aber and Bobot for the crime and
theft. The breaking of the hinges of the door is not the breaking of the door as
provided in the law. So the crime committed is not robbery. Only Bobot will be
liable for the death of Cosme. Aber has no participation in his death aside from
the fact that the crime is not a necessary consequence of the plan to steal food in
the store. Besides the act of Aber in trying to pull Bobot away from Cosme is an
attempt to prevent Bobot from injuring Cosme. In the crimes of theft and
homicide, only nighttime and dwelling are aggravating. Evident premeditation is
inherent in theft which is a crime against property. It cannot be considered in
homicide as there is no showing of any previous planning to commit it. However,
both Aber and Bobot being 16 and 17 years respectively at the time of the
commission of the crime should be proceeded under the provisions of the Child
and Youth Welfare Code, if still under 18 years at the time of the trial. If
convicted, they could apply for the suspension of the sentence, and if granted,
they would be committed to an institution until they reach the age of majority If
they behave properly during confinement, they would be returned to the court to
be discharged; but if they proved themselves to be incorrigible, then for the
imposition of the sentence.
Dimas will be liable for fencing as he bought the tins of sardines without
inquiring from Aber where he got the sardines and under the circumstances he
could have known that those were the proceeds of the crime of theft. He bought
them with intent to gain as in fact he sold them for a profit.
Art 308; Theft
1989 No. 16:
"A", by using force, grabbed the bicycle of "B" and ran away. The following
day, "B" asked "C" to get back his bicycle from "A" and promised to pay him
P100 if successful, "C" agreed. "C" went to "A's" house but it was locked from
inside. Since "A" refused to let "C" in, "C" kicked the door open, confronted "A"
and with a dagger in hand, told "A" to give "B’s” bicycle. Intimidated, "A" gave the
bicycle to "C" who, in turn, gave it to "B". "B" paid "C" P100 for his efforts. What
crime or crimes did "A", "B" and "C" commit, if any?
Page 287 of 374

Answer:
A, by grabbing the bicycle of B and running away with it committed the
crime of THEFT, there being no showing that there was violence against or
intimidation of B to accomplish the snatching of the bicycle away from him. In a
case where the accused snatched from behind the bag the offended party was
then carrying, it was held that there being no violence against the offended party
immediately before, after or at the time the bag was snatched from her, the
accused was not liable for robbery, but only for theft (People vs. Villar, CA-GR
No. 14289, July 29, 1955; People vs. Jose, CA 62 O.G. 4604). In this case, all
the elements of theft are present: intent to gain, taking of personal property of
another without the latter's consent, and absence of violence against or
intimidation of persons or force upon things. There is intent to gain which is
presumed from the unlawful taking of the bicycle.
Art 308; Theft
2001 No IX
Francis Garcia, a Jollibee waiter, found a gold bracelet in front of his
working place in Makati and, upon inspecting it, saw the name and address of
the owner engraved on the inside. Remembering his parents' admonition that he
should not take anything which does not belong to him, he delivered the bracelet
to PO1 Jesus Reyes of the Makati Quad precinct with the instruction to locate the
owner and return it to him. PO1 Reyes, instead, sold the bracelet and
misappropriated the proceeds. Subsequent events brought out the fact that the
bracelet was dropped by a snatcher who had grabbed it from the owner a block
away from where Francis had found it and further investigation traced the last
possessor as PO1 Reyes. Charged with theft, PO1 Reyes reasoned out that he
had not committed any crime because it was not he who had found the bracelet
and, moreover, it turned out to have been stolen.
Resolve the case with reasons. (10%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Charged with theft, PO1 Reyes is criminally liable. His contention that he
has not committed any crime because he was not the one who found the bracelet
and it turned out to be stolen also, is devoid of merit. It is enough that the
bracelet belonged to another and the failure to restore the same to its owner is
characterized by intent to gain.
The act of PO1 Reyes of selling the bracelet which does not belong to him
and which he only held to be delivered to its owner, is furtive misappropriation
with intent to gain.
Where a finder of lost or mislaid property entrusts it to another for delivery
to the owner, the person to whom such property is entrusted and who accepts
the same, assumes the relation of the finder to the owner as if he was the actual
finder: if he would misappropriate it, he is guilty of theft (People vs. Avila, 44 Phil.
720).
Art 308; Theft
2002 No V.
A vehicular accident occurred on the national highway in Bulacan. Among
the first to arrive at the scene of the accident was A, who found one of the victims
already dead and the others unconscious. Before rescuers could come, A, taking
advantage of the helpless condition of the victims, took their wallets and jewelry.
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However, the police, who responded to the report of the accident, caught A.
What crime or crimes did A commit? Why? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A committed the crime of qualified theft because he took the wallets and
jewelry of the victims with evident intent to gain and on the occasion of a
vehicular accident wherein he took advantage of the helpless condition of the
victims. But only one crime of qualified theft was committed although there were
more than one victim divested of their valuables, because all the taking of the
valuables were made on one and the same occasion, thus constituting a
continued crime.
Art 308; Theft & Homicide
1976 No. VIII-b
X killed Y in a fit of anger. While in the act of disposing of, or concealing
the body, he found some money in one of the victim's pockets and took it. What
crime has X committed? Reasons.
Answer
Two crimes are committed by X namely, homicide and theft. Since the
purpose of X was not to commit robbery, the crime cannot to robbery with
homicide, (US. vs. Villorente, et at., 30 Phil 59). Since X killed Y in a fit of anger,
the motive for the crime is clear. The taking of the money in the pockets of the
victim occurred after the killing, and as a matter of fact, while in the act of
disposing of or concealing the body. The taking was conceived only after the
victim was killed. Two separate crimes of homicide and theft are therefore
committed. (People vs. Elizaga, 86 Phil. 364; People vs. Glore, 87 Phil. 789).
Art 308; Theft; issue of ownership
1998 No XIX.
Mario found a watch in a jeep he was riding, and since it did not belong to
him, he approached policeman P and delivered the watch with instruction to
return the same to whoever may be found to be the owner.
P failed to return the watch to the owner and, instead, sold it and
appropriated for himself the proceeds of the sale.
Charged with theft, P reasoned out that he cannot be found guilty because
it was not he who found the watch and, moreover, the watch turned out to be
stolen property.
Is P's defense valid? [5%] Answer:
No, P's defense is not valid. In a charge for theft, it is enough that the
personal property subject thereof belongs to another and not to the offender (P).
It is irrelevant whether the person deprived of the possession of the watch has or
has no right to the watch. Theft is committed by one who, with intent to gain,
appropriates property of another without the consent of its owner. And the crime
is committed even when the offender receives property of another but acquires
only physical possession to hold the same.
Art 308; Theft; stage of execution
1998 No XVII
In the jewelry section of a big department store, Julia snatched a couple of
bracelets and put these in her purse. At the store's exit, however, she was
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arrested by the guard after being radioed by the store personnel who caught the
act in the store's moving camera. Is the crime consummated, frustrated, or
attempted? [5%]
Answer:
The crime is consummated theft because the taking of the bracelets was
complete after Julia succeeded in putting them in her purse. Julia acquired
complete control of the bracelets after putting them in her purse; hence, the
taking with intent to gain is complete and thus the crime is consummated.
Art 308; Theft; stage of execution
2000 No III
Sunshine, a beauteous "colegiala" but a shoplifter, went to the Ever
Department Store and proceeded to the women's wear section. The saleslady
was of the impression that she brought to the fitting room three (3) pieces of
swimsuits of different colors. When she came out of the fitting room, she returned
only two (2] pieces to the clothes rack. The saleslady became suspicious and
alerted the store detective. Sunshine was stopped by the detective before she
could leave the store and brought to the office of the store manager. The
detective and the manager searched her and found her wearing the third
swimsuit under her blouse and pants. Was the theft of the swimsuit
consummated, frustrated or attempted? Explain. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The theft was consummated because the taking or asportation was
complete. The asportation is complete when the offender acquired exclusive
control of the personal property being taken: in this case, when Sunshine wore
the swimsuit under her blouse and pants and was on her way out of the store.
With evident intent to gain, the taking constitutes theft and being complete, it is
consummated. It is not necessary that the offender is in a position to dispose of
the property,
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER;
The crime of theft was only frustrated because Sunshine has not yet left
the store when the offense was opportunely discovered and the article seized
from her. She does not have yet the freedom to dispose of the swimsuit she was
taking (People vs. Dino, CA 45 O.G. 3446). Moreover, in case of doubt as to
whether it is consummated or frustrated, the doubt must be resolved in favor of
the milder criminal responsibility,
Art 310; Qualified theft
1975 No. X
A, a receiving teller of the Philippine National Bank, taking advantage of
his position, appropriated the amount of Pl,000.00 which he had in his
possession. Did he commit malversation, estafa, theft, or qualified theft? Why?
Answer
The crime is qualified theft. The receiving teller has only the physical
possession of the amount of P1,000, which is presumably a deposit received
from a client of the bank. Altho the Philippine National Bank is a government
bank, it however, performs proprietary functions and the receiving teller cannot
be considered a public officer under Art. 203 of the Revised Penal Code. In any
event, malversation is committed by an accountable public officer to whom public
Page 290 of 374

funds or property are entrusted for his custody. It cannot be estafa as the teller
does not have juridical possession of the amount. The teller is in possession of
the amount as an employee of the bank. His possession of the money is the
possession of the bank. The crime cannot be simple theft because the duties of a
receiving teller being pecuniary are clothed with monetary responsibilities and
confidential in nature. The position involves trust and confidence. So qualified
theft is committed as the misappropriation is with grave abuse of confidence.
(People v. Lacson, 57 Phil. 325).
1976 No. V-b
X left for the province with Ms family to take a vacation. But before doing
so, he entrusted the key to the main door of his house to Y, his neighbor. One
day, anxious to find out the contents of the house, Y opened the same with the
key X left him and once inside took some belongings of Y. What crime has X
committed? Reason.
Answer
Y committed the crime of qualified theft with grave abuse of confidence.
The fact that X and Y are neighbors and X having entrusted to Y the key to the
main door of his house when he and his family left for the province to take a
vacation shows a relation of intimacy, dependence, guardianship, and vigilance
between Y and the offended party, which created a high degree of confidence
between them and which the accused abused. In a case where the watchman of
the offended party delivered the key to the session hall of the provincial building
and with the key opened the session hall and stole a typewriter, it was held that
the theft was simple because the offended party was not the watchman but his
employer, unlike the facts in the problem. (People vs. Cabahug, CA 48 O.G.
2818). The crime is not robbery with force upon things because the key is not a
false key, as defined and included in Art. 305 (RPC).
Expand to explain the meaning of false key.
1976 No VI-a
X stole two goats valued at P150.00 each. He was charged by the Fiscal's
Office with qualified theft. Is the charge proper? Reason.
The charge for qualified theft is not proper. Goats are not large cattle but
small cattle. (People vs. Nazareno, L-40037, April 30, 1976). The correct charge
should be simple theft.
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Art 310; Qualified theft {Carnapping}
1985 No. 19:
CB, a driver of RM, on the boundary system, ran away with the jeepney of
the latter and sold the same, pocketing the proceeds thereof to the prejudice of
the aforesaid owner.
What crime or crimes were committed by CB? Discuss.
Answer:
The driver will be liable for qualified theft. Under the boundary system, the
driver is an employee of the owner of the vehicle. He has only the physical
possession of the vehicle. By running away with the vehicle and selling the same
and misappropriating the proceeds thereof, qualified theft is committed.
Art 310; Qualified Theft of large cattle
1992 No. 4:
At the height of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo at around midnight, Aniceto
joined some neighbors in evacuating his family, a few possessions and two
horses to higher ground. Miguel, taking advantage of the darkness and the
confusion, got one of the horses and asked his friend Doro to accompany him to
Angeles City where he sold the same to an acquaintance Peping. Searching for
his horse, Aniceto found it, with identifying brand intact, in the possession of
Peping who refused to surrender the same saying that he had paid good money
for it. Whereupon, Aniceto reported the matter to the police who promised to
accompany him to the Prosecutor's office.
a) May Miguel and Doro be charged criminally for any offense? If you were
the counsel for both, what defense could you possibly set up for them?
Suggested Answer:
a) Miguel should be charged of Qualified Theft of Large Cattle, a horse
being classified as such under Art. 310, RPC.
Doro, on the other hand, should be charged as accessory if he is aware
that the horse was stolen as he assisted the principal, Miguel, in profiting from
the crime.
If I were the defense counsel, I will put up the defense of consent of the
owner; hence, there is only civil liability.
Art 312; Usurpation of real property
1988 No. 10:
a) Jorge is the owner of 10 hectares of land in the foothills which he
planted to lanzones. On his last visit there he was shocked to discover that his
land had been taken over by a group of 15 families whose members had forcibly
driven away his caretaker, had appropriated the fruits for themselves, and were
now threatening to kill him should he try to eject them.
What crime should Jorge charge these 15 families? Explain.
Answer:
a) Jorge can charge the 15 families of 2 separate crimes namely:
1} Violation of Article 282 which provides that "Grave threats.— Any
person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon the person, honor or
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property of the latter or of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime shall
suffer..." and
2) Violation of Article 312 which provides that: "Occupation of real property
or usurpation of real rights in property.— Any person who, by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons, shall take possession of any real property or
shall usurp any real rights in property belonging to another, in addition to the
penalty incurred for the acts of violence executed by him, shall be punished by a
fine from P50.00...".
Art 312; Usurpation of real property vs (SPL) squatting
1989 No. 17:
"A" and "B", both farmers, entered the land owned by "X" and planted
palay thereon. When "X" came to know about it, he confronted "A" and "B" and
inquired why the latter occupied his land and planted palay thereon. "A", with a
bolo in hand, replied that the land belongs to the family of "S", and not to "X" and
at the same time said, "If you touch this land and my palay, blood will flow on this
ground." Because of said remark, "X" went to the Chief of Police and complained.
The Chief of Police filed a complex crime of Usurpation of Real Property with
Grave Threats. What crime or crimes were committed?
Answer:
The crime committed by A and B is squatting under PD 772 and not
usurpation of Real Property because in the latter crime, there must be violence
against or intimidation of persons employed in taking possession of any real
property or in usurping any real rights in property belonging to another (Art, 312,
RPC). In this case, it appears that A and B entered X's land without the owner's
consent or against his will but without any violence against or intimidation of
persons.
The crime of squatting is committed by any person who, with the use of
force, intimidation or threat, or taking advantage of the absence or tolerance of
the landowner, succeeds in occupying or possessing the property of the latter
against his will for residential, commercial or any other purposes.
The threat uttered by A not having been used IN THE TAKING OF
POSSESSION of the land, it is not absorbed in the crime of SQUATTING, When
A threatened X that blood will flow if X touches the land and his palay, he
committed the crime of grave threats by threatening another with the infliction of
a wrong amounting to a crime. Only A is criminally liable for the crime of grave
threats.
Art 312; Usurpation of real property vs (SPL) squatting
1977 No. X-a
P occupied a parcel of land when the owner thereof went abroad. When
the owner returned and tried to enter the land, P successively shot him for
around ten times to scare him from entering the land. The landowner was not hit.
P was charged of usurpation of real property and attempted homicide for said
acts. Was P correctly charged? If your answer is in the negative, what crime or
crimes will you file against P? Reason out your answer.
Answer
P was not correctly charged. Occupation of real property is not committed
because in this crime there must be employment of violence or intimidation (Art
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312, R.P.C.). The offense committed is squatting under Presidential Decree No.
772 as P occupied the parcel of land when the owner was abroad. Squatting is
committed by the offender taking advantage of the absence of the landowner
occupying his property for commercial, residential or other purposes. When P
successively shot the owner around ten times to scare him from entering the
land, there could be no intent to kill. "To scare" does not indicate intent to kill.
The crime committed is not attempted homicide but illegal discharge of firearm.
(Art. 254, R.P.C.)
Art 312; Usurpation of real rights
1996 No, 17:
Teresita is the owner of a two-hectare land in Bulacan which she planted
to rice and corn. Upon her arrival from a three-month vacation in the United
States, she was surprised to discover that her land had been taken over by
Manuel and Teofilo who forcibly evicted her tenant-caretaker Juliana, after
threatening to kill the latter if she would resist their taking of the land. Thereafter,
Manuel and Teofilo plowed, cultivated and appropriated the harvest for
themselves to the exclusion of Teresita.
1) What crime or crimes did Manuel and Teofilo commit? Explain.
2) Suppose Manuel and Teofilo killed Juliana when the latter refused to
surrender possession of the land, what crime or crimes did the two commit?
Explain.
Answer;
1) Manuel and Teofilo committed the crime of usurpation of real rights
under Art. 312 of the Revised Penal Code for employing violence against or
Intimidation of persons. The threats to kill employed by them in forcibly entering
the land is the means of committing the crime and therefore absorbed in the
felony, unless the intimidation resulted in a more serious felony.
2} The crime would still be usurpation of real rights under Art. 312, RPC,
even if the said offenders killed the caretaker because the killing is the Violence
against persons" which is the means for committing the crime and as such,
determinative only. However, this gives way to the proviso that the penalty
provided for therein is "in addition to the penalty incurred in the acts of violence
(murder or homicide] executed by them. The crime is similar to a robbery where
a killing is committed by reason thereof, giving rise only to one indivisible offense
(People vs. Judge Alfeche, plus the fine mentioned therein.
Art 315; BP 22
1980 No. XX
A check for P20,000.00 was drawn by the Federal Financing Corporation
in favor of "CC", duly signed by "DD", the corporate President, and "EE", the
corporate Treasurer. On the date of the presentation of the said check with the
drawee bank, the check was dishonored but the aforesaid corporate officials
were no longer connected with the corporation.
Charged with violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, the "Act Penalizing the
Making or Drawing of Check without Sufficient Funds and for Other Purposes",
"DD" and "EE" contend that they can no longer be held liable for the offense
charged because they are no longer officials of the said corporation.
Decide the case.
Page 294 of 374

Answer
DD, the Corporate President and EE, the Corporate Treasurer, who
signed the check for the Federal Financing Corporation as drawer, are liable
under Batas Pambansa No. 22 if the check, when presented to the drawee bank,
was dishonored for insufficiency of funds, even though when the check was
presented for payment and was dishonored, the said corporate officials were no
longer connected with the corporation.
Batas Pambansa No. 22 is explicit about the liability of the officers of a
corporation who signed the bouncing check for the corporation altho they had
ceased to be officers of the corporation when the check was dishonored. As a
matter of fact, an amendment introduced, during the deliberations of the bill in the
Batasang Pambansa, to exempt from liability the officers of a corporation or
association who were no longer officers when the check was dishonored was not
approved by the body.
Art 315; BP 22
1986 No. 14:
On January 1, 1986, Bonifacio sold to Antonio a wrist-watch for P1
,000.00. Antonio took the watch and drew a check forPl,000 payable to Bonifacio
or order. Per agreement, the check was postdated to January 25, 1986.
On January 25, 1986, Antonio called up Bonifacio and requested him not
to present the check until January 30, 1986 by which time the check would be
fully funded, Bonifacio agreed but on the condition that Antonio issue to him
another check for P200 to cover the interest. Antonio agreed and issued the
second check to Bonifacio. On January 25, 1986, Bonifacio discounted the first
check to Carlos for P900. Carlos paid Bonifacio P900.00 and Bonifacio endorsed
the check to Carlos, Bonifacio assured Carlos that the check was good and may
be encashed on the date indicated thereon. Carlos presented the check on
January 30, 1986. The check was dishonored by the bank for lack of funds.
Carlos immediately notified Antonio and Bonifacio of the dishonor of the check.
Both failed to make good the check.
May Antonio and Bonifacio, both be held liable under B.P No. 22 or the
Bouncing Checks Law? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Only Antonio will be liable under Batas 22 because he issued the check
without sufficient funds. Under the law, said check although postdated, was
issued in payment of the price of a watch for P1,000 and was therefore issued for
value. The check was presented for payment within 90 days from the date of
issue. Of course, if Antonio, within 5 banking days from notice of dishonor, paid
Carlos the value of the check or made a credit arrangement with the bank for its
liquidation, then there will be no more liability under the law.
Bonifacio will not be liable under Batas 22 because he endorsed the
check. Under this law, the one liable is "any person who makes or draws or
issues" any check which is not funded.
Art 315; BP 22
1991 No. 16:
As security for a loan of P50,000.00 he obtained from his friend, Joseph
David, payable not later than 17 April 1990, Roger Vasquez drew and delivered
Page 295 of 374

to Joseph a check for P50,000 dated 17 April 1990. Upon its presentment on due
date, the check was dishonored on the ground of insufficiency of funds. On the
basis of the complaint of Joseph, and after appropriate preliminary investigation,
the City Prosecutor filed against Roger an Information for violation of B.P. Big.
No. 22 alleging therein, inter alia, that Roger "with intent to defraud, by means of
deceit, knowing fully well that he had no funds and/or sufficient funds in the bank,
for value received, did then and there, willfully and feloniously, issue the
aforesaid check" but "when the said check was presented for encashment, said
check was dishonored and returned" on the ground of insufficiency of funds.
In a decision rendered thereafter, the trial judge ruled that Roger cannot
be convicted of the offense charged because the information failed to allege that
he knew, when he issued the check, that he would have sufficient- funds for its
payment in full upon its presentment to the drawee bank.
Is the Judge correct?
Answer:
The Judge is not correct in dismissing the case. The allegation satisfies
the legal definition of the offense. The maker's knowledge of insufficiency of his
funds is legally presumed from the dishonor of the check for lack of funds.
(People vs. Laggui 171 SCRA 305).
Art 315; BP 22; memorandum check
1994 No. 1;
2) What is a memorandum check?
3) Is the "bouncing" thereof within the purview of BP Blg. 22?
Answer;
2) A "Memorandum Check" is an ordinary check, with the word
"Memorandum", "Memo" or "Mem" written across its face, signifying that the
maker or drawer engages to pay its holder absolutely thus partaking the nature of
a promissory note. It is drawn on a bank and is a bill of exchange within the
purview of Section 185 of the Negotiable Instruments Law (People vs. Judge
David Nitafan, G.R. No. 75954, October 22, 1992).
3) Yes, a memorandum check is covered by Batas Pambansa No. 22
because the law covers any check whether it is an evidence of Indebtedness, or
in payment of a pre-existing obligation or as a deposit or guarantee (People
versus Nita-fan).
Art 315; BP 22; memorandum check
1995 No. 4:
1. (a) What is a memorandum check ?
(b) Is a person who issues a memorandum check without sufficient funds
necessarily guilty of violating B.P. Blg. 22? Explain.
2. Jane is a money lender. Edmund is a businessman who has been
borrowing money from Jane by rediscounting his personal checks to pay his
loans. In March 1989, he borrowed P100,000 from Jane and issued to her a
check for the same amount. The check was dishonored by the drawee bank for
having been drawn against a closed account. When Edmund was notified of the
dishonor of his check he promised to raise the amount within five days. He
failed. Consequently, Jane sued Edmund for violation of the Bouncing Checks
Page 296 of 374

Law (BP. Blg. 22). The defense of Edmund was that he gave the check to Jane
to serve as a memorandum of his indebtedness to her and was not supposed to
be encashed.
Is the defense of Edmund valid? Discuss fully.
Answer;
1. (a) A memorandum check is an ordinary check with the word
"Memorandum", "Memo", or "Mem" written across the face, signifying that the
maker or drawer engages to pay its holder absolutely thus partaking the nature of
a promissory note. It is drawn on a bank and is a bill of exchange within the
purview of Section 185 of the Negotiable Instruments Law. (People vs. Nitafan,
215 SCRA 79)
(b) Yes, a person who issued a memorandum check without sufficient
funds is guilty of violating B.P. Blg. 22 as said law covers all checks whether it is
an evidence of indebtedness, or in payment of a pre-existing obligation, or as
deposit or guarantee. (People vs. Nitafan)
2. The defense of Edmund is NOT valid. A memorandum check upon
presentment is generally accepted by the bank. It does not matter whether the
check is in the nature of a memorandum as evidence of indebtedness. What the
law punishes is the mere issuance of a bouncing check and not the purpose for
which it was issued nor the terms and conditions relating thereto. The mere act
of issuing a worthless check is a malum prohibitum. The understanding that the
check will not be presented at the bank but will be redeemed by the maker when
the loan falls due is a mere private arrangement which may not prevail to exempt
It from the penal sanction of B.P. Blg. 22. (People vs. Nitafan)
Art 315; BP 22; presumption of knowledge
2002 No XIII.
A a businessman, borrowed P500,000.00 from B, a friend. To pay the loan,
A issued a postdated check to be presented for payment 30 days after the
transaction. Two days before the maturity date of the check, A called up B and
told him not to deposit the check on the date stated on the face thereof, as A had
not deposited in the drawee bank the amount needed to cover the check.
Nevertheless, B deposited the check in question and the same was dishonored
of insufficiency of funds. A failed to settle the amount with B in spite of the latter's
demands. Is A guilty of violating B.P. Blg. 22, otherwise known as the Bouncing
Checks Law? Explain. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, A Is liable for violation of BP. Blg. 22 (Bouncing Checks Law),
Although knowledge by the drawer of insufficiency or lack of funds at the time of
the issuance of the check is an essential element of the violation, the law
presumes prima facie such knowledge, unless within five (5) banking days of
notice of dishonor or non-payment, the drawer pays the holder thereof the
amount due thereon or makes arrangements for payment in full by the drawee of
such checks
A mere notice by the drawer A to the payee B before the maturity date of
the check will not defeat the presumption of knowledge created by the law;
otherwise, the purpose and spirit of B.P. 22 will be rendered useless.
Art 315; Estafa
Page 297 of 374

1977 No XI-b
0 June 2, 1976, L drew a check in favor of M for P200 in the payment of
goods that he purchased from him on May 25, 1976. The check, when presented
for payment, was dishonored for insufficient funds, hence, M notified L of the fact.
But notwithstanding the lapse of three days from receipt of said notice, L failed to
pay or deposit the necessary amount to cover said check. Did L commit estafa?
Reason fully.
Answer
L is not liable for estafa. The bouncing check was issued in payment of a
pre-existing obligation. The drawer did not obtain anything by the issuance of
said check (People v. Canlas, CA 38 O.G. 1032). To constitute estafa even
under the law as amended, the check dishonored for lack of sufficient funds must
be issued at the time of contracting the obligation in payment thereof. (People v
Teodorico, CA 69 O.G. 4928).
Alternative Answer
Estafa is committed. Under the new law, the mere issuance of a check,
whether postdated or not in payment of an obligation, is estafa when the drawer
had no funds in the bank or his funds deposited were not sufficient to cover the
amount of the check. The drawer can no longer avail of the defense of a pre-
existing obligation or that he did not know that he had insufficient funds or no
funds in the bank. If within three days from notice, the drawer failed to deposit the
amount necessary to cover the check as what is indicated in the problem, there
is a prima, facie evidence of deceit constituting the false pretense or the
fraudulent act. This is the intention of the amendment according to its author,
former Senator Padilla.
Art 315; Estafa
1979 No. III
X called up Y, proprietor of a restaurant, and inquired how much would he
spend for a party of 20 people where 6 specific viands were to be served. Upon
information that the cost would be P600, X and his party proceeded to Y's
restaurant and ordered the food as agreed upon. When the bill came, X found
that he was being charged P700.00. Y told him he committed a mistake in
informing him that the cost was only P600.00. X refused to pay. After an
altercation, Y said he would accept P600 but X replied that the incident had
embarrassed him. X refused to pay a single centavo and threatened to sue Y for
damages, Y filed an estafa case against X. Will the charge prosper?
Answer
The case will prosper. The refusal of X to pay the amount of P600.00
which Y already agreed to accept would constitute defraudation of the owner of
the restaurant since X and his party obtained the food served therein. (Art. 315,
par. 2(5), Revised Penal Code). The embarrassment suffered by X during the
altercation regarding the correct price of the food is not any justification for him to
refuse payment. If at all, to vindicate his injured feelings, he has another remedy
other than refusal to pay the price.
Art 315; Estafa
1989 No. 18:
Page 298 of 374

Alfredo is the corporate treasurer of Multimillion Insurance Company. As
corporate treasurer, he would have in his possession an average of P5,000,000
at any given time. In 1984, when the money market rate of interest ranged from
35% to 50%, Alfredo place P1,000,000 of the corporate funds in the money
market in his name without the knowledge of any other corporate official of the
company. Upon maturity of the money market placement, Alfredo returned the
amount of P1,000,000 to the corporation, but kept to himself the interest income
of P250,000, At the end of 1984, when audit examinations of his accounts were
undertaken, the auditors found no shortage in his accountabilities. Did Alfredo
commit any crime?
Answer:
Yes, Alfredo committed the crime of estafa thru abuse of confidence, even
if he had no intention to permanently misappropriate the corporate funds for
himself. The law on estafa is clear and does not make any distinctions between
permanent and temporary misappropriations, for as long as damage is suffered
by the offended party. Damage was suffered by the corporation in this case
because if the Pl million pesos had not been withdrawn from the corporate
coffers it would have earned interest for the benefit of the company.
Estafa, and not qualified theft, is committed because as corporate
treasurer. Alfredo has juridical possession of the P5 million pesos in his custody.
This was in the nature of a trust fund entrusted to him for corporate purposes.
While it is a general principle that misappropriation of trust funds for short periods
does not always amount to estafa, it has been held that his principle cannot
extend to cases where officers of corporations converted corporate funds to their
own use, (U,S. vs. Sevilla, 43 Phil. 190). Fraudulent intent is not even necessary
in such cases because the breach of confidence involved in the misappropriation
or conversion of trust funds takes the place of fraudulent intent and is in itself
sufficient.
Art 315; Estafa
1990 No, 2;
Dencio, who is the Municipal Treasurer of the town, was also the treasurer
of a charity ball of the church. Because he was short of payroll funds for the
municipal employees, he used part of the church funds to replenish the payroll
funds with the Intention of returning the same when the public funds came.
a) Is Dencio guilty of malversation under the revised Penal Code? State
your reasons,
b) Assuming that he failed to replenish the church funds, may he be held
criminally liable thereby? Explain.
Answer:
b) Yes, momentary use of funds, since there is defraudation, is tantamount
to estafa under Article 215 of the Revised Penal Code. This is because he
received the funds in his fiduciary capacity as treasurer and there was temporary
damage caused. Personal benefit is not an element of the crime of estafa.
Art 315; Estafa
1991 No. 19:
A entrusted her car to B for repainting at the agreed cost of P7,800.00.
When the painting job was finished, A wanted to get the car but B refused to
Page 299 of 374

deliver until payment is made. When A came back the next day, the shop was
already closed, and B and the car were nowhere to be found. When finally B was
located, he told A that he sold the car and applied the amount to the repainting
cost and labor.
A sued B for estafa. The information related the above facts, indicating the
car as the subject of the felony. The Regional Trial Court convicted B for the
crime charged, Under the facts, is the conviction proper?
Answer:
Conviction was correct. Estafa was really committed as B had both
physical and juridical possession of the car, Having painted the car, he acquired
a lien thereto, and therefore could exercises that right against the whole world,
including the owner.
Art 315; Estafa
1992 No. 4:
At the height of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo at around midnight, Aniceto
joined some neighbors in evacuating his family, a few possessions and two
horses to higher ground. Miguel, taking advantage of the darkness and the
confusion, got one of the horses and asked his friend Doro to accompany him to
Angeles City where he sold the same to an acquaintance Peping. Searching for
his horse, Aniceto found it, with identifying brand intact, in the possession of
Peping who refused to surrender the same saying that he had paid good money
for it. Whereupon, Aniceto reported the matter to the police who promised to
accompany him to the Prosecutor's office.
b) Suppose, before the eruption, Miguel had borrowed the horse for a
couple of days from Aniceto. When the eruption occurred and after evacuating
his family, Aniceto asked Miguel to return the horse to him. Miguel answered that
the horse had run away and he could not locate it. Aniceto, however, found the
beast in the possession of Peping who told him that it was sold to him (Peping)
by Miguel. What criminal offense has Miguel committed, if any?
Suggested Answer:
b) Miguel having borrowed the horse, he has obligation to return the
same. His failure to return the same upon demand will make him criminally liable
for Estafa under Art. 315, par. 1(b), RPC.
Art 315; Estafa
1998 No XII.
Divina, is the owner of a 500-square meter residential lot in Makati City
covered by TCT No. 1998. As her son needed money for his trip abroad, Divina
mortgaged her lot to her neighbor Dino for P1,000,000. Later Divina sold the
same lot to Angel for P2,000,000. In the Deed of Sale, she expressly stated that
the property is free from any lien or encumbrance.
What crime, if any, did Divina commit? [5%] Answer:
Divina committed estafa or swindling under Art. 316, par. 2 of the Revised
Penal Code because, knowing that the real property being sold is encumbered,
she still made a misrepresentation in the Deed of Sale that the same is free from
any lien or encumbrance. There is thus a deceit or fraud causing damage to the
buyer of the lot.
Page 300 of 374

Art 315; Estafa
1999 No XIV
(a) Is there such a crime as estafa through negligence? Explain. (2%)
(b) Aurelia introduced Rosa to Victoria, a dealer in jewelry who does
business in Timog, Quezon City. Rosa, a resident of Cebu City, agreed to sell a
diamond ring and bracelet to Victoria on a commission basis, on condition that, if
these items can not be sold, they may be returned to Victoria forthwith.
Unable to sell the ring and bracelet, Rosa delivered both items to Aurelia
In Cebu City with the understanding that Aurelia shall, in turn, return the items to
Victoria in Timog, Quezon City. Aurelia dutifully returned the bracelet to Victoria
but sold the ring, kept the cash proceeds thereof to herself, and issued a check
to Victoria which bounced. Victoria sued Rosa for estafa under Article 315,
R.P.C., Victoria insisting that delivery to a third person of the thing held in trust is
not a defense in estafa.
Is Rosa criminally liable for estafa under the circumstances? Explain, [4%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(a) There is no such crime as estafa through negligence. In estafa, the
profit or gain must be obtained by the accused personally, through his own acts,
and his mere negligence in allowing another to take advantage of or benefit from
the entrusted chattel cannot constitute estafa. (People v. Nepomuceno, CA,
46OG 6135)
(b) No, Rosa cannot be held criminally liable for estafa. Although she
received the jewelry from Victoria under an obligation to return the same or
deliver the proceeds thereof, she did not misappropriate it. In fact, she gave them
to Aurelia specifically to be returned to Victoria. The misappropriation was done
by Aurelia, and absent the showing of any conspiracy between Aurelia and Rosa,
the latter cannot be held criminally liable for Amelia's acts. Furthermore, as
explained above, Rosa's negligence which may have allowed Aurelia to
misappropriate the jewelry does not make her criminally liable for estafa.
Art 315; Estafa & BP 22
1988 No. 14:
(b) Raul Doria gave in trust two acrylic paintings to Amar Solo to be sold
on commission basis for P20,000. Failing to sell them to George Ty, Amar
consigned the paintings to Alcanto Gallery. In the same month, Amar retrieved
one painting and tried to return in to Raul who refused to receive it without the
other painting. The other painting was bought by Mr. Lomot whose check, which
Amar gave to Raul, bounced, so that Amar paid Raul his own check of
P6,500.00 promising in writing to pay the P3,500-00 balance less his
commission.
Is Amar liable for estafa? Why?
How about Mr. Lomot, what crime, if any did he commit?
ANSWER:
(b) Amar is not liable for estafa but is liable for violation of BP 22, There is
only civil liability because as long as no case has been filed in court, an
obligation can still be novated. In this case there was novation.
Mr. Lomot is liable for violation of BP 22.
Page 301 of 374

1983 No. 16
A issued to B a P30,000 check in payment of the jewelry the former
simultaneously received from the latter. The check bounced.
For what offense or offenses may A be indicted? If accused for violation of
two separate laws, could A be held liable under both? Reasons.
Answer
A can be indicted for estafa under Act 315, par. 2 (d) of the Revised Penal
Code as amended by Rep. Act 4885 and under Batas 22 for the offense of
issuing a bouncing check. Under the Revised Penal Code the bouncing check
was issued in payment of the jewelry received, which is, therefore a
simultaneous obligation. Under Batas 22 the check is issued for value. The
accused can be held liable for both. Sections 5 of Batas 22 provides that liability
under the law is without prejudice to any liability under the Revised Penal Code.
There is no double jeopardy because the two offenses are not the same. In
estafa, damage is an element. The offense punished in Batas 22 does not
require damage. Besides Batas 22 as a special law punishes an offense which is
Malum Prohibitum. Criminal intent is not an element. In estafa, intent to defraud
is an element.
1988 No. 14:
(b) Raul Doria gave in trust two acrylic paintings to Amar Solo to be sold
on commission basis for P20,000. Failing to sell them to George Ty, Amar
consigned the paintings to Alcanto Gallery. In the same month, Amar retrieved
one painting and tried to return in to Raul who refused to receive it without the
other painting. The other painting was bought by Mr. Lomot whose check, which
Amar gave to Raul, bounced, so that Amar paid Raul his own check of
P6,500.00 promising in writing to pay the P3,500-00 balance less his
commission.
Is Amar liable for estafa? Why?
How about Mr. Lomot, what crime, if any did he commit?
ANSWER:
(b) Amar is not liable for estafa but is liable for violation of BP 22, There is
only civil liability because as long as no case has been filed in court, an
obligation can still be novated. In this case there was novation.
Mr. Lomot is liable for violation of BP 22.
1990 No. 10:
Exidor issued a check in payment of goods delivered to him by Virginia.
Unfortunately the check bounced for lack of sufficient funds.
a) What Is the criminal liability of Exidor? Explain your answer.
b) Suppose the bouncing check was postdated, will your answer be the
same? State your reasons.
Answer;
Page 302 of 374

a) Exidor is liable under the Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. 22) and for
estafa under Article 315, par. 2[d), Revised Penal Code
b) He will only be liable under the Bouncing Checks Law. (B.P. 22)
1992 No. 10:
Pedro Pobre sought financial assistance from his millionaire friend Joey
Manriquez who accomodated him by issuing in his favor a postdated check in the
amount of P10,000.00. Both of them knew that said check was not duly funded in
the bank. The two then approached Marie Vic Bautista and asked her to change
the check with cash, adding that even P9,500.00 will do, on the assurance that it
shall be funded on the due date. When Bautista presented the check to the bank
for encashment on its due date, it was dishonored as the account was closed.
What action may Bautista bring against Pobre and
Manriquez to hold them criminally liable to recover the P9,500.00 she
gave them? Explain,
Suggested Answer:
Both Pobre and Manriquez can be successfully charged of estafa under
Art. 315. RPC. and violation of BP No. 22.
Estafa, because Manriquez (in conspiracy with Pobre) issued a post-dated
check in payment of a simultaneous obligation, that is the cash of P9,500.00, and
when the check was presented for payment the same bounced. Manriquez
cannot even hide behind the alibi that he issued the check as an accomodation
or as a guarantee for the obligation of Pobre. Jurisprudence are extant that
extends the sanction of bouncing checks even under those circumstances.
BP No. 22 was likewise transgressed because the postdated check was
made and issued "on account or for value". Prosecution can he resorted to under
both statutes, as the elements in the two offenses vary, and besides Estafa is a
crime against property whereas violation of the special law is an offense against
public interest.
1996 No. 7:
1) The accused was convicted under B.P, Blg. 22 for having issued
several checks which were dishonored by the drawee bank on their due date
because the accused closed her account after the issuance of checks. On
appeal, she argued that she could not be convicted under B.P. Blg. 22 by reason
of the closing of her account because said law applies solely to checks
dishonored by reason of insufficiency of funds and that at the time she issued the
checks concerned, she had adequate funds in the bank. While she admits that
she may be held liable for estafa under Article 215 of the Revised Penal Code,
she cannot however be found guilty of having violated B.P. Blg. 22.
Is her contention correct? Explain.
Answer:
1) No, the contention of the accused is not correct. As long as the checks
issued were issued to apply on account or for value, and was dishonored upon
presentation for payment to the drawee bank for lack of insufficient funds on their
due date, such act falls within the ambit of B.P. Blg. 22. Said law expressly
Page 303 of 374

punishes any person who may have insufficient funds in the drawee bank when
he issues the check, but fails to keep sufficient funds to cover the full amount of
the check when presented to the drawee bank within ninety (90) days from the
date appearing thereon.
2003 No XII.
A and B agreed to meet at the latter's house to discuss B's financial
problems. On his way, one of A's car tires blew up. Before A left following the
meeting, he asked B to lend him (A) money to buy a new spare tire. B had
temporarily exhausted his bank deposits, leaving a zero balance. Anticipating,
however, a replenishment of his account soon, B issued A a postdated check
with which A negotiated for a new tire. When presented, the check bounced for
lack of funds. The tire company filed a criminal case against A and B. What
would be the criminal liability, if any, of each of the two accused? Explain. 8%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A who negotiated the unfunded check of B in buying a new tire for his car
may only be prosecuted for estafa if he was aware at the time of such negotiation
that the check has no sufficient funds in the drawee bank; otherwise, he is not
criminally liable.
B who accommodated A with his check may nevertheless be prosecuted
under BP 22 for having issued the check, knowing at the time of issuance that it
has no funds in the bank and that A will negotiate it to buy a new tire, i.e., for
value. B may not be prosecuted for estafa because the facts indicate that he is
not actuated by intent to defraud in issuing the check which A negotiated.
Obviously, B issued the postdated check only to help A: criminal intent or dolo is
absent.
Art 315; Estafa & BP22
1984 No 12
A issued and delivered a check to his friend B. Both A and B knew that the
check was not funded.
In payment of some goods, B indorsed the check to
C, who immediately deposited it with his bank.
When presented for payment to the drawee bank, the check was
dishonored. Notices for dishonor were sent to A and B. One month thereafter, C
went to the City Fiscal's Office to file a criminal complaint.
Against whom should the complaint be filed and for what crime or crimes,
if any? Explain.
A. Furnished 6y Office of Justice Palma
A is liable for violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 or the Bouncing Check
Law, which punishes the mere act of issuing a check not sufficiently funded.
B is liable for estafa for negotiating in bad faith the check to C that the
same was not funded.
Under the Revised Penal Code, A, the drawer is not liable for estafa, as he
delivered the check to B, a friend, who knew that the check was not funded.
Page 304 of 374

Deceit was not employed by A in the issuance of the check. B, however, who
endorsed the check as payee to C in payment of some goods, with knowledge
that the check was not funded, acted in bad faith or with deceit, and with intent to
defraud C, the endorsee, is liable for estafa. (People vs. Isleta et al 61 Phil. 332).
Under Batas No. 22, A is liable for the offense of issuing a check without
sufficient funds. The presumption is the check was issued for a consideration or
for value and A made, drew or issued said check knowing at the time of issue
that he did not have sufficient funds to pay the check in full when presented for
payment B, the endorser, is not liable under Batas 22 as he is not the maker,
drawer or issuer of said bouncing check.
Art 315; Estafa & BP22
1987 No. VIII;
Jose purchased roofing materials worth P20,000.00 from PY & Sons
Construction Company owned by Pedro, and paid the latter a check in the said
amount. The following day, Pedro deposited the check, but it was returned
dishonored because it was drawn against a closed account. Notwithstanding
written demands, Jose failed to make good said check. Atty. Saavedra, counsel
for Pedro, filed two complaints against Jose with the Office of the Provincial
Fiscal, one for estafa under Article 315 of the Revised Penal Code and another
for violation of Batas Pambansa Blg, 22. Atty. San Pascual, counsel for Jose,
claimed that if his client was at all liable, he could only be liable for violation of
Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 and not for estafa under Article 315 of the Revised
Penal Code because one precludes the other and because Batas Pambansa Blg.
22 is more favorable to the accused as it carries a lighter penalty.-The
investigating fiscal, on his resolution, stated that only one crime was committed,
namely, the complex crime of estafa under Article 315 of the Revised Penal
Code and violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 because the single act of issuing
the bouncing check constitutes two offenses, one under Article 315 of the
Revised Penal Code and another under Batas Pambansa Blg. 22.
If you were the Provincial Fiscal asked to review the matter, how would
you resolve it?
Answer:
The resolution of the investigating fiscal is erroneous. There is no complex
crime of estafa under Article 315 of the Revised Penal Code and the violation of
BP 22. A complex crime refers only to felonies which are punished in the Revised
Penal Code. Batas 22 which punishes the offense of issuing a worthless check is
a special law. The contention of Atty. San Pascual, counsel of Jose that his client
should be liable only for Batas 22 and for estafa under the Revised Penal Code
because one precludes the other and because Batas 22 is more favorable to the
accused as it carries a lighter penalty cannot also be sustained. Batas 22
specifically provides that liability under said act is without prejudice to any liability
for estafa under the Revised Penal Code. The check issued by Jose in payment
of roofing materials from PY and Sons was worthless. Said bouncing check
having been issued in payment of a simultaneous obligation constitutes estafa
under the Revised Penal Code and also the offense punished under Batas 22.
There is no identity of offenses. Damage is not an element of the offense
punished in Batas 22 whereas in estafa damage is an element. Estafa is an act
mala in se in which requires intent as an element while the offense punished in
Batas 22 is an act mala prohibita where intent is not an element.
Page 305 of 374

Art 315; Estafa & Malversation
1986 No 21:
Corporal Hamak and Sergeant Salat, both policemen, responded to a call
for assistance from Maglimayon, the owner of a bar along Mabini Street. It
appears that Maligalig, a customer, had been creating trouble in the bar,
prompting the owner to request him to leave. Maligalig pulled a gun and shot
Maglimayon, Slightly wounded, Maglimayon reached for his own gun but before
he could shoot, other customers subdued Maligalig.
Corporal Hamak and Sergeant Salat questioned the protagonists and got
an admission from Maligalig that the gun he used was unlicensed. On the other
hand, Maglimayon produced the license and permit for his firearm.
Hamak confiscated Maligalig's firearm. Salat asked for Maglimayon's
firearm, explaining that he had to bring it to the police headquarters for
examination but promised that he would return it to Maglimayon in five days.
(a) Hamak sold the firearm of Maligalig. What offense, if any did Hamak
commit? Give the elements of the offense as part of the explanation in your
answer.
(b) Salat gave away Maglimayon's firearm as a gift to his girlfriend. What
offense, if any, did Salat Commit? Explain.
Answer:
(a) Hamak will be liable for malversation. Since the firearm was
unlicensed, then it should be confiscated by the Government as what Hamak did.
Such partake of the nature of public property with Hamak, a public officer, having
the custody thereof. (People vs. Magsino CA 50 O.G. 678),
The elements of malversation are:
1. The offender is a public officer
2. He has the custody or control of public funds or property by reason
of his office.
3. He is accountable for these public funds or property.
4. He appropriates, takes, misappropriates, consents, or through
abandonment or negligence, permits another to take the same (Art. 217, Revised
Penal Code).
(b) Salat committed estafa. He received the licensed firearm from the
owner who is a private person with the promise to return it after it has been
examined in the police headquarters. The fact that he gave it to his girlfriend
constitutes misappropriation as he has the obligation to return it to the owner.
Art 315; Estafa through falsification of a commercial document
1986 No. 9:
Sumaway stole Magtamo's savings deposit passbook after waiting for the
latter to leave the room. Sumaway proceeded immediately to the bank and
misrepresented himself as the owner of the passbook. He also forged the
signature of Magtamo on the withdrawal slip. Because of this acts, he was able
to withdraw P10,000.00 from Magtamo's savings account.
What offense or offenses did Sumaway commit? State your reasons.
Answer:
Page 306 of 374

The crime committed is estafa thru falsification of a commercial document
(People vs. Pineda CA 37 O/G. 525).
The forging of the signature of Magtamo in the withdrawal slip constitutes
falsification of a commercial document. The crime, is a means necessary to
defraud the owner of the savings passbook.
Alternative Answer:
Two crimes are committed.
1. Theft of the savings pass book. It was taken with intent to gain without
force upon things as in robbery nor violence or intimidation.
2. Estafa thru falsification of commercial document. The forging of the
signature of the owner of the savings pass book in the withdrawal slip is
falsification of a commercial document which is a means to commit estafa.
Art 315; Estafa through falsification
2000 No XVI
Mr. Carlos Gabisi, a customs guard, and Mr, Rico Yto, a private Individual,
went to the office of Mr. Diether Ocuarto, a customs broker, and represented
themselves as agents of Moonglow Commercial Trading, an Importer of
children's clothes and toys. Mr. Gabisi and Mr. Yto engaged Mr. Ocuarto to
prepare and file with the Bureau of Customs the necessary Import Entry and
Internal Revenue Declaration covering Moonglow's shipment. Mr. Gabisi and Mr.
Yto submitted to Mr. Ocuarto a packing list, a commercial invoice, a bill of lading
and a Sworn Import Duty Declaration which declared the shipment as children's
toys, the taxes and duties of which were computed at P60,000.00. Mr. Ocuarto
filed the aforementioned documents with the Manila International Container Port.
However, before the shipment was released, a spot check was conducted by
Customs Senior Agent James Bandido, who discovered that the contents of the
van (shipment) were not children's toys as declared in the shipping documents
but 1,000 units of video cassette recorders with taxes and duties computed at
P600,000.00. A hold order and warrant of seizure and detention were then
issued by the District Collector of Customs. Further investigation showed that
Moonglow is non-existent. Consequently, Mr, Gabisi and Mr. Yto were charged
with and convicted for violation of Section 3(e) of R.A. 3019 which makes it
unlawful among others, for public officers to cause any undue Injury to any party,
including the Government. In the discharge of official functions through manifest
partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable negligence. In their motion for
reconsideration, the accused alleged that the decision was erroneous because
the crime was not consummated but was only at an attempted stage, and that in
fact the Government did not suffer any undue injury.
a) Is the contention of both accused correct? Explain. (3%)
b) Assuming that the attempted or frustrated stage of the violation charged
is not punishable, may the accused be nevertheless convicted for an offense
punished by the Revised Penal Code under the facts of the case? Explain. (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) Yes, the contention of the accused that the crime was not
consummated is correct, ...
Page 307 of 374

b) Yes, both are liable for attempted estafa thru falsification of commercial
documents, a complex crime. They tried to defraud the Government with the use
of false commercial and public documents. Damage is not necessary.
Art 315; Estafa through falsification of commercial documents
1997 No. 13:
The accused opened a saving account with Bank A with an initial deposit
of P2,000.00. A few days later, he deposited in the savings account a Bank B
check for P 10,000.00 drawn and endorsed purportedly by C. Ten days later, he
withdrew P 10,000.00 from his savings account. C complained to Bank B when
the check was deducted from his account. Two days thereafter, the accused
deposited another Bank B check of P 10,000.00 signed and endorsed allegedly
by C. A week later, the accused went to Bank A to withdraw P10,000.00. While
withdrawing the amount, he was arrested.
Convicted under two informations of estafa and attempted estafa both
through falsification of commercial documents, he set up the defenses that,
except for the showing that the signature of C had been forged, no further
evidence was presented to establish (a) that he was the forger of the signature of
C nor (b), that as to the second charge. C suffered any damage.
Rule on the defense.
Answer;
The defense is not tenable; (a) the possessor of a falsified document is
presumed to be the author of the falsification (People vs. Sendaydtego, 81 SCRA
120; Koh Tiek vs. People, et al, Dec. 21, 1990); (b) In estafa. a mere disturbance
of property rights, even if temporary, would be sufficient to, cause damage.
Moreover, in a crime of falsification of a commercial document, damage or intent
to cause damage is not necessary because the principal thing punished is the
violation of the public faith and the destruction of the truth as therein solemnly
proclaimed.
Page 308 of 374

Art 315; Estafa through falsification of private document
1984 No. 9
Can the complex crime of estafa thru falsification of a private document be
committed? State your reasons.
Answer:
A. Furnished by Office of Justice Palma.
There is no such crime punishable under the Revised Penal Code, so it
cannot be committed under any circumstance.
The reason for this is that the falsification of a private document to be
punishable requires damage to a third person or intent to cause damage,
consequently, where there is conversion to his own use of the amount collected
through the use of falsified documents, the crime committed is that of falsification
of private document with prejudice to a third person and not estafa through
falsification of private document.
There is no complex crime of estafa thru falsification of a private document
The reason is the damage which is an element of estafa in the very same
damage which is caused by the falsification of a private document, as an element
thereof. So, the falsification of a private document cannot be a means to commit
estafa as the immediate effect of the falsification which is the damage, is the
same as that of estafa. If a private document is falsified to cause damage to the
offended party the crime is falsification of a private document. (People vs. Reyes
56 Phil. 286). If a private document is falsified to conceal the misappropriation by
the accused of the money belonging to the offended party, the crime is estafa.
(People vs. Co Beng CA 40 O.G. 1919).
Art 315; Estafa through falsification of public document
1993 No. 1:
B Imitated the signature of A, registered owner of a lot, in special power of
attorney naming him (B) as the attorney-in-fact of A. On February 13, 1964, B
mortgaged the lot to a bank using the special power of attorney to obtain a loan
of P8,500.00. On the same day, both the special power of attorney and the
mortgage contract were duly registered in the Registry of Deeds. Because of B's
failure to pay, the bank foreclosed the mortgage and the lot was sold to X in
whose name a new title was issued. In March, 1974, A discovered that the
property was already registered in the name of X because of an ejectment case
filed against him by X.
1) If you were the lawyer of A, with what crime or crimes would you
charge B? Explain.
2) If you were the counsel of B, what would be your defense? Discuss.
Answer;
1) The crime committed is estafa thru falsification of public document.
2) My defense will be prescription ...
Art 315; Estafa vs illegal exaction
1977 No. VIII-b
Page 309 of 374

Answer
Art 315; Estafa; defense of ownership
2002 No XII.
A sold a washing machine to B on credit, with the understanding that B
could return the appliance within two weeks if, after testing the same, B decided
not to buy it. Two weeks lapsed without B returning the appliance. A found out
that B had sold the washing machine to a third party- Is B liable for estafa? Why?
(5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, B is not liable for estafa because he is not just an entrustee of the
washing machine which he sold; he is the owner thereof by virtue of the sale of
the washing machine to him. The sale being on credit, B as buyer is only liable
for the unpaid price of the washing machine; his obligation is only a civil
obligation. There is no felonious misappropriation that could constitute estafa.
Art 315; Estafa; defense of ownership
1996 No. 10;
On March 31, 1995, Orpheus Financing Corporation received from Maricar
the sum of P500,000 as money market placement for sixty days at fifteen (15)
per cent interest, and the President of said Corporation issued a check covering
the amount including the interest due thereon, postdated May 30, 1995. On the
maturity date, however, Orpheus Financing Corporation failed to deliver back
Mari-car's money placement with the corresponding interest earned,
notwithstanding repeated demands upon said Corporation to comply with its
commitment.
Page 310 of 374

Did the President of Orpheus Financing Corporation incur any criminal
liability for estafa for reason of the nonpayment of the money market placement?
Explain.
Answer:
No, the President of the financing corporation does not incur criminal
liability for estafa because a money market transaction partakes of the nature of
a loan, such that nonpayment thereof would not give rise to estafa through
misappropriation or conversion. In money market placement, there is transfer of
ownership of the money to be invested and therefore the liability for Its return is
civil in nature (Perez vs. Court of Appeals, 127 SCRA 636; Sebreno vs. Court of
Appeals etal, G.R. 84096, 26 Jan 95).
Art 315; Estafa; effect of novation
1984 No. 10
Does novation or compromise affect the criminal liability of a person
accused of estafa? Explain.
Answer:
Novation or compromise does not affect criminal liability of the offender or
accused. So, partial payment or extension of time to pay the amount
misappropriated or acceptance of a promissory note for payment of the amount
involved does not extinguish criminal liability, because a criminal offense is
committed against the people and the offended party may not waive or extinguish
the criminal liability that the law imposes for the commission of the offense.
But if the compromise is executed before a criminal action is instituted or
where the amount misappropriated was converted into a contract of loan and the
accused was made to acknowledge the debt, there is novation of contract so as
to extinguish any incipient criminal liability of the accused; but the novation must
be expressed and must refer only to the incipient criminal liability.
Novation or compromise does not affect the criminal liability of a person
accused of estafa if it occurs after the filing of the criminal action in court. So,
partial payment or extension of time to pay the amount misappropriated does not
extinguish criminal liability because a criminal offense is committed against the
People and the offended party may not waive or extinguish the criminal liability
that the law imposes for the commission of the offense. (People vs. Gervacio L
7705 Dec. 24, 1957).
But if the compromise is executed before a criminal action is instituted as
where the amount misappropriated was converted into a contract of loan and the
accused was made to acknowledge the debt, there is novation of contract so as
to extinguish any incipient criminal liability of the accused but the novation must
be expressed and must refer only to the incipient criminal liability. It prevents the
rise of criminal liability as long as it occurs prior to the filing of the criminal
information (Guingona Jr. vs. City Fiscal et al of Manila L-64750, Jan. 30, 1984,
127 SCRA 201).
Art 315; Estafa; pre-existing obligation
1976 No. X-b
Page 311 of 374

X purchased from Y, owner of a grocery store merchandise, worth
P600.00. He signed a promissory note for the amount of P500.00 payable on or
before October 30, 1976. On the date of the maturity of the promissory note, X
gave a check with the bank, the same was dishonored for lack of funds. Is X
liable for estafa?
Answer
X is not liable for estafa. The check was issued off the date of the maturity
of a promissory note for P500.00. It was issued therefore in payment of a pre-
existing obligation, and since X did not obtained anything by the issuance of the
said check, even if dishonored for insufficiency of funds, estafa is not committed.
(People vs. Canlas, CA 38 O.G. 1032). A bouncing check which is issued in
payment of a debt at a pre-existing obligation is still a defense inspite of the
amendment of par. 2(d) Art. 315, RPC by R.A. 4885. (People vs. Cua, CA No.
16841-CR, March 2, 1976), To constitute estafa under the law as amended, the
check dishonored for lack of funds must be issued at the time of contracting the
obligation in payment thereof. (People vs. Teodorico, CA 69 O.G. 4928). The
Department of Justice in a July 1976 opinion adheres to this view, in a directive
to all prosecuting officers for compliance, unless a different doctrine is
established by the Supreme Court.
Dissenting Opinion of SEN, PADILLA. — The mere issuance of check
without sufficient funds is estafa.
Art 315; Estafa; violation of PD 115
1995 No. 8:
Julio obtained a letter of credit from a local bank in order to import auto
tires from Japan. To secure payment of his letter of credit, Julio executed a trust
receipt in favor of the bank. Upon arrival of the tires, Julio sold them but did not
deliver the proceeds to the bank.
Julio was charged with estafa under P.D. No. 115 which makes the
violation of a trust receipt agreement punishable as estafa under Art. 315, par.
(1), subpar. (b), of the Revised Penal Code. Julio contended that P.D. No. 115
was unconstitutional because it violated the Bill of Rights provision against
imprisonment for non-payment of debt.
Rule on the contention of Julio, Discuss fully. Answer:
Such contention is invalid. A trust receipt arrangement doesn't involve
merely a simple loan transaction but includes likewise a security feature where
the creditor bank extends financial assistance to the debtor-importer in return for
the collateral or security title as to the goods or merchandise being purchased or
imported. The title of the bank to the security is the one sought to be protected
and not the loan which is a separate and distinct agreement. What is being
penalized under P,D. No. 115 is the misuse or misappropriation of the goods or
proceeds realized from the sale of the goods, documents or Instruments which
are being held in trust for the entrustee-banks. In other words, the law punishes
the dishonesty and abuse of confidence in the handling of money or goods to the
prejudice of the other, and hence there is no violation of the right against
imprisonment for non-payment of debt. (People vs. Nitafan, 207 SCRA 725)
Art 315; Estafa; violation of PD 115
1983 No. 1
Page 312 of 374

A imported lychees, covering its payment with a letter of credit he obtained
from a bank under a trust receipt arrangement. Upon arrival of the goods, he sold
all of them but did not turn over the proceeds to the bank, despite demands for
him to do so. What crime, if any, did A commits? Why?
Answer
Estafa thru misappropriation. Presidential Decree No. 115 provides that
the misappropriation of the proceeds realized from the sale of goods released
under a trust receipt is estafa under par. L(b) of Article 315 of the Revised Penal
Code. The reason is that the bank who has advanced the payment of the
imported lychees under a letter of credit obtained by the importer continues to be
vested with the ownership of the goods until the proceeds of the sale have been
turned over to the bank. (Samo vs. People L-17603-04, May 31, 1962)
Presidential Decree No. 115 provides further that the failure of the importer to
turn over the proceeds of the sale of the goods under a trust receipt arrangement
to the extent of the amount owning to the bank is estafa.
Art 315; Estafa; violation of PD115
1985 No. 15
Garcia, an importer, succeeded in convincing his bank to release his
importation under a trust receipt agreement he signed last January 15, 1985.
Upon maturity of the trust receipts on February 5, 1985, Garcia paid the bank in
check which was however dishonored. Informed of the said dishonor, Garcia paid
only 60% of the amount of his check and refused to pay the balance despite
demands.
(A) On the basis of the foregoing facts, what may Garcia be prosecuted
for? Reasons.
(B) What is the effect of the 50% payment made by Garcia on his criminal
liability? Discuss.
Answer:
(A) Garcia should be prosecuted for the violation of the terms of a trust
receipt which is punished in P.D. No. 115 as estafa through misappropriation or
conversion. Under the trust receipt agreement, Garcia was under obligation
upon, maturity thereof to turn over to the bank the proceeds of the sale of the
imported goods, document or instrument or to return the said goods, documents
or instrument if not sold. Failure to comply with this obligation shall constitute
estafa under Art. 315, Par. 1 (b) of the Revised Penal Code. Since Garcia paid
only 50% of the amount, he will be liable for estafa regarding the balance of 50%.
Art 319; Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property
1981 No. 11
"O" is the owner of a car. He mortgaged it to "B" under the Chattel
Mortgage Law to secure a loan of P2,000.00 that he had obtained from "B". The
lawyer of "B" who had prepared the document for him forgot to register it in the
office of the Register of Deeds. "O" sold the car to "C" as free from liens and
encumbrances but failed to pay to "B" the loan of P2,000.00 on its date of
maturity.
Prosecuted for violation of paragraph two of Article 319 of the Revised
Penal Code (Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property), is "O" criminally
liable for this offense? Why?
Page 313 of 374

Answer
"O" cannot be criminally liable under Art. 319 of the Revised Penal Code,
par. 2, which provides:
"Any mortgagor who shall sell or pledge personal property already
pledged or any part thereof under the terms of the Chattel Mortgage Law, without
the consent of the mortgagee written on the back of the mortgage and noted on
the record thereof in. the Office of the Register of Deeds of the Province where
such property is located."
From this provision it is clear that the first mortgage must be recorded in
the Register of Deeds because the consent of the first mortgage must be written
at the back of the second mortgage and noted on the record thereof, (which
refers to the first mortgage) in the Register of Deeds. Selling the thing already
mortgaged as free from liens and encumbrances constitutes estafa. (People vs.
Alvarez, 45 Phil. 472).
Art 320; Arson
1980 No. XIV
At about 11:30 A.M., "W" noticed that the nipa roof of their house was on
fire. He got up to get water with which to extinguish the fire. While putting out the
fire "W" noticed "X" near the house carrying a pole to the end of which was
attached a rug soaked with gasoline. "W", shouted "fire! tire" and started to put
out the fire. With the help of some neighbors, "W" succeeded in put-ting out the
fire but only after a small portion of the roof had been burned.
Is "X" liable for frustrated or consummated arson?
Answer
X will be liable for consummated arson. The mere burning of a portion of
the house, which in the problem is the nipa roof, is consummated arson. All the
elements of the acts of execution and accomplishment are present (People vs.
Hernandez, 54 Phil. 122). It cannot be frustrated arson because in frustrated
arson the offender sets on fire gasoline soaked rags to burn a building but the fire
is put out by a cause independent of the will of the offender before any portion of
the building is burned. (U.S. vs. Valdez, 39 Phil. 240).
Art 320; Arson
1987 No. IV:
Ricardo secured the services of Atty. Juanito to defend him in an arson
case pending in court. Juanito asked his client what actually happened. Ricardo
informed his lawyer that Sing Hua, owner of a department store, hired him to
burn the store because Sing Hua was losing heavily and wanted to get the
insurance on the store. Ricardo said that Sing Hua paid him P5,000.00, and
promised an additional 10% of the proceeds of the P10,000,000.00 fire insurance
once this was collected from the insurance company. He further said that Sing
Hua's claim for payment of the tire insurance was still pending and its approval
depended on the outcome of the arson case. This meant that the ABC Insurance
Company would pay the claim should Ricardo be acquitted in the arson case.
Then he would also get the 10% share of the fire insurance proceeds. He told
lawyer Juanito that by depending him in the arson case, the latter would be
helping collect the 10% which would amount of P1,000,000.00. After hearing
Ricardo's story, Atty. Juanito told him he could not further give him professional
advice or services and so Ricardo left. That same day, Juanito went to the NBI
Page 314 of 374

and told the NBI what Ricardo narrated him. The NBI alerted ABC Insurance
Company which immediately denied the claim for payment of insurance and filed
a complaint for attempted estafa through arson against Sing Hua and Ricardo.
(a) Did Juanito commit any crime?
(b) Would the situation be different if at the time Ricardo secured the
professional services of Juanito, ABC Insurance Company had already paid Sing
Hua the insurance and the latter had in turn paid Ricardo 10% "thereof?
Answer:
a) Juanito did not commit any crime. By telling Ricardo that he could
not give him professional advice or services, after being informed that the
owner of the department store hired him to burn the store because it was losing
heavily and wanted to get the insurance on the store, and that he was paid
already P5,000 with a promise of an additional 10% of the proceeds of the
P10,000,000 fire insurance once collected from the insurance company, Atty.
Juanito complied with his obligation as a lawyer to report to the authorities
whatever knowledge he has regarding the commission of a crime.
b) Juanito will be liable as an accessory because by accepting
10% of the insurance proceeds even in payment of the professional services, he
profited or assisted the principal, Ricardo, to profit from the proceeds of the
commission of the crime,
Art 320; Arson & Murder
1985 No, 17
B set the house of A on fire by way of revenge against the latter. B did not
know that A was inside. A died because of the fire,
(A) What crime or crimes did B commit?
(B) Suppose B knew that A was inside, what crime or crimes did B
commit?
(C) Suppose before setting it on fire, B entered the house and killed A.
Then B set the house on fire to hide the body of A. What crime or crimes did B
commit?
Explain your answers.
Answer:
(A) B will be liable for the special complex crime of arson with homicide as
provided in Presidential Decree No. 1613, because the death resulted from the
arson. The case of People v. Paterno (L-2665, March 6, 1960)—that the arson
absorbed the death, is no longer controlling.
(B) If B knew that A was in the house when it was set on fire, the crime will
be murder. The fire is the qualifying circumstance.
(C) If B killed A before the house was set on fire, two crimes are
committed, murder and arson. The arson was committed to conceal the crime of
murder.
Art 320; Arson & Murder (through use of fire) & Homicide
1989 No. 14:
Diego and Pablo were both farmers residing in Barangay Damayan. On
one occasion, Diego called Pablo to come down from his house in order to ask
Page 315 of 374

him why he got his (Diego's) plow without permission. One word led to another.
Diego, in a fit of anger, unsheathed his bolo and hacked Pablo to death. Pablo's
9-year old son, Mario, who was inside the house, saw the killing of his father.
Afraid that he might also be killed by Diego, Mario covered himself with a blanket
and hid in a corner of the house. To conceal the killing of Pablo, Diego brought
Pablo's body inside the house and burned it, Mario was also burned to death.
What crime or crimes did Diego commit?
Answer:
Diego committed two crimes (1) homicide for the death of Pablo and (2)
the special complex crime of arson with homicide as provided in PD 1613 for the
burning of the house and the death of Mario.
The hacking of Pablo to death is homicide, the killing not being attended
by any of the qualifying circumstances of murder. It was killing in the course of a
quarrel.
The burning of the house to conceal the killing of Pablo is a separate
crime. Were it not for the death of Mario, this separate offense would have been
arson. But inside the house was unknown to Diego, the resulting crime is under
PD No. 1613, because the death resulted from the arson. If by reason or on the
occasion of the arson, death results, the offense is the special complex or arson
with homicide (Sec. 5, PD 1613, which expressly repealed Art. 320 and
consequently the ruling case therein, People v. Paterno (L-2665, March 6, 1950).
If Diego knew that Mario was inside the house when he set it on fire, the
crime committed, instead of arson, would be MURDER, with fire as the qualifying
circumstance.
Art 320; Arson; Robbery; homicide
1995 No. 12:
Harry, an overseas contract worker, arrived from Saudi Arabia with
considerable savings. Knowing him to be "loaded", his friends Jason, Manuel and
Dave invited him to poker session at a rented beach cottage. When he was
losing almost all his money which to him was his savings of a lifetime, he
discovered that he was being cheated by his friends. Angered by the betrayal he
decided to take revenge on the three cheats.
Harry ordered several bottles of Tanduay Rhum and gave them to his
companions to drink, as they did, until they all fell asleep. When Harry saw his
companions already sound asleep he hacked all of them to death. Then he
remembered his losses. He rifled through the pockets of his victims and got back
all the money he lost. He then ran away but not before burning the cottage to
hide his misdeed. The following day police investigators found among the debris
the charred bodies of Jason, Manuel, Dave and the caretaker of the resort.
After preliminary investigation, the Provincial Prosecutor charged Harry
with the complex crime of arson with quadruple homicide and robbery.
Was Harry properly charged? Discuss fully.
Answer:
No, Harry was net properly charged. Harry should have been charged with
three (3) separate crimes, namely: murder, theft and arson.
Harry killed Jason, Manuel and Dave with evident premeditation, as there
was considerable lapse of time before he decided to commit the crime and the
Page 316 of 374

actual commission of the crime. In addition, Harry employed means which
weakened the defense of Jason, Manuel and Dave. Harry gave them the liquor to
drink until they were drunk and fell asleep. This gave Harry the opportunity to
carry out his plan of murder with impunity.
The taking of the money from the victims was a mere afterthought of the
killings. Hence, Harry committed the separate crime of theft and not the complex
crime of robbery with homicide. Although theft was committed against dead
persons, it is still legally possible as the offended party are the estates of the
victims.
In burning the cottage to hide his misdeed. Harry became liable for
another separate crime, arson. This act of burning was not necessary for the
consummation of the two (2) previous offenses he committed. The fact that the
caretaker died from the blaze did not qualify Harry's crime into a complex crime
of arson with homicide for there is no such crime.
Hence, Harry was improperly charged with the complex crime of arson
with quadruple homicide and robbery. Harry should have been charged with
three (3) separate crimes, murder, theft and arson.
Art 320; Destructive arson
1994 No. 6:
Tata owns a three-storey building located at No. 3 Herran Street. Paco,
Manila. She wanted to construct a new building but had no money to finance the
construction. So, she insured the building for P3,000,000.00. She then urged
Yoboy and Yongsi, for monetary consideration, to bum her building so she could
collect the insurance proceeds. Yoboy and Yongsi burned the said building
resulting to its total loss.
1) What crime did Tata, Yoboy and Yongsi commit?
2) What is their respective criminal liability?
Answer:
1) Tata, Yoboy and Yongsi committed the crime of destructive arson
because they collectively caused the destruction of property by means of fire
under the circumstances which exposed to danger the life or property of others
(Art, 320, par. 5, RPC. as amended by RA No. 7659).
Art 320; Destructive Arson
2000 No XVIII
c) One early evening, there was a fight between Eddie Gutierrez and
Mario Cortez. Later that evening, at about 11 o'clock, Eddie passed by the house
of Mario carrying a plastic bag containing gasoline, threw the bag at the house of
Mario who was inside the house watching television, and then lit it. The front wall
of the house started blazing and some neighbors yelled and shouted. Forthwith,
Mario poured water on the burning portion of the house. Neighbors also rushed
in to help put the fire under control before any great damage could be inflicted
and before the flames have extensively spread. Only a portion of the house was
burned. Discuss Eddie's liability, (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
c) Eddie is liable for destructive arson in the consummated stage. It is
destructive arson because fire was resorted to in destroying the house of Mario
Page 317 of 374

which is an inhabited house or dwelling. The arson is consummated because the
house was in fact already burned although not totally. In arson, it is not required
that the premises be totally burned for the crime to be consummated. It is enough
that the premises suffer destruction by burning.
Art 328; Malicious mischief
1976 No. X-a
X is a housemaid in the house of Y. After being scolded several times by
the master of the house, she put rat poison on the food of Y's dog, as a result of
which the dog died. What crime was committed by X? Reason.
Answer
X committed special malicious mischief. The death of the dog is due to the
administration of rat poison in its food. The poisonous substance was hence
used by X to kill a domestic animal of her master. (Art. 328, RPC). The act was
done intentionally and deliberately and the means employed is not fire or any
means involving destruction, for the sake of killing the dog, as she was actuated
by resentment or an evil motive.
Page 318 of 374

Art 328; Malicious mischief
1989 No. 19:
"A" is married to the sister of "B", and the three (3) live together in a house
located a Caloocan City. On several occasions, "B's" dog would bark at "A"
everytime he arrives at past midnight. One time, after arriving in the house at
around 2 o'clock in the morning, "BY" dog barked continuously at "A." In a fit of
anger, "A" entered the house, took a bolo and killed the dog. What crime was
committed and what is liability of "A?" Explain.
Answer:
The crime committed by A is malicious mischief. The elements of this are:
(1) the offender caused damages to the property of other
(2) the damage caused did not constitute arson or any other crime
involving destruction and
(3) the damage was caused by the offender (Caballes vs. DAR, GR
78214, 5 Dec. 88).
A's act of killing the dog is characterized by malice, it being a product of
anger and resentment.
However, A is exempt from criminal liability for the crime committed by him
because he is the brother-in-law of the offended party and they are both living
together under the same roof. Under Art. 332 of the RPC, no criminal, but only
civil, liability shall result from the commission of the crime of THEFT,
SWINDLING or MALICIOUS MISCHIEF committed or caused mutually by among
others, brothers and sisters and brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, if living
together.
Art 332; Absolutory cause
1980 No. I
(a) "A", a stranger, and "B", son of "C", connived with each other in
stealing "C's" carabao.
May "A" and "B" be held criminally liable for Theft of Large Cattle?
Answer
(a) Only A is criminally liable, B, being the son of C, the owner of the
carabao, is not liable, because of relationship, which in cases of theft, estafa and
malicious mischief is an absolutory cause. (Art 332, R.P.C.) The term "theft"
includes qualified theft, as it is understood in its generic sense. (People vs.
Marciano, CA-G.R. 13818-R, April 21, 1956.)
However, under Presidential Decree No. 533 the stealing of a carabao is
punished as cattle rustling, in which case A and B will be criminally liable
because of conspiracy. Relationship is not an absolutory cause.
Art 332; Absolutory cause
1981 No, 7
"A" and "B" are brothers-in-law living together in the same house. "A"
committed Estafa through Falsification of a Commercial Document against "B".
Prosecuted for this offense. "A" claimed that because of their relationship
the liability that he had incurred was only civil, not criminal.
Page 319 of 374

Decide the case with reasons.
Answer
A, in spite of his relationship with B cannot claim exemption from criminal
responsibility from the crime committed. The absolutory cause provided in Art.
332 of the Revised Penal Code refers to theft, estafa and malicious mischief.
Estafa through falsification as A complex crime is not included. If at all, A is still
liable for falsification of a commercial document.
Art 332; Absolutory cause; applicability to common law spouses
1980 No. I
(b) Hilario, common-law husband of Gloria, stole the wrist watch of the
latter valued at P2,QOO.OO.
May Hilario be held criminally liable for the crime of Theft?
Answer
(b) Hilario cannot be criminally liable for theft of the wrist watch of his
common-law wife. The term "spouse" in Article 332 of the Revised Penal Code
embraces common law relationship. (People vs. Constantino, CA 60 O.G.
3603). The properties acquired by common-law spouses are governed by
the rules of co-ownership. A co-owner cannot commit theft. (U.S. vs. Canta, 6
Phil. 342.)
Page 320 of 374

Crimes Against Chastity
Art 333; Adultery
1982 No. 10
"H" and "W" were newly married. While "H" was away in a foreign land, "X"
courted "W", and they subsequently had successive sexual intercourse. Upon his
return and upon learning of the unfaithfulness of his wife, "H" filed an adultery
case with the fiscal against "W" and "X". The fiscal's investigation showed
beyond doubt that all the while "X" did not know that "W" was a married women.
Hence, the fiscal filed an adultery charge against "W" only. If you were the fiscal,
how would you justify your action? If you were the lawyer for "H", what
arguments would you advance so as to compel the fiscal to include "X" as co-
accused? If you were the judge, what would be your decision?
Answer
If I were the Fiscal I would justify the filing of the adultery charge against
W only because from the investigation, X did not know that W was a married
woman. Under the law the man who has carnal knowledge of a married woman
not knowing her to be married is not liable for adultery. (Art. 333, R.P.C.) If I were
the lawyer for H, I would advance the argument that the supreme Court has
already established the rule that the jurisdiction of the court to hear and
determine a charge of adultery depends upon the filing of the complaint by the
husband and the husband is expressly prohibited from filing the complaint
against one of the parties without including the other (U.S. vs. Asuncion 21 Phil.
399). If I were the judge, my decision would foe to sustain the contention of the
lawyer for H because without including the paramour in the criminal action the
Court will not acquire the jurisdiction to hear and try the charge. As the Supreme
Court said, it is for the Court to determine the question of the guilt or innocence
of the paramour in the crime of adultery.
Art 333; Adultery
1982 No. 17
"A", husband, and "B", wife, are legally married. So are "X", husband, and
"Y", wife. "A" and "Y" had sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances.
"X" and "B" likewise had sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances.
(a) Who are guilty of adultery? And who among them may file the
corresponding complaint?
(b) Who are guilty of concubinage and who among them may file the
complaint?
Answer
Y, the wife of X, will be guilty of adultery. A, with whom Y had sexual
intercourse will be guilty of adultery if A knew that Y was married. X, the husband
of Y will file the complaint being the offended party. B, the wife of A will be guilty
of adultery. X with whom B had sexual intercourse will be guilty if X knew that B
was married. A the husband of B will file the complaint being the offended party.
Those liable in adultery are the married woman and the man who has sexual
intercourse with her knowing her to be married.
A and Y will be liable of concubinage. B, the wife of A will file the complaint
as she is the offended party. X and B will be liable for concubinage. Y wife of X
being the offended party will file the complaint as she is the offended party.
Those liable in concubinage are the husband and the paramour,
Page 321 of 374

Art 333; Adultery
1988 No. 7:
Pedro Orsal and the wife of accused Juan Santos started having illicit
relations while the accused was in Manila reviewing for the 1983 Bar
Examinations and his wife was left behind in Davao City. In the morning of July
15, 1984, the accused went to the bus station in Davao City to go to Cagayan de
Oro City to fetch his daughter, but after he failed to catch the first trip in the
morning, and because the 2:00 o'clock bus had engine trouble and could not
leave, the accused, after passing the residence of his father, went home and
arrive at his residence at around six o'clock in the afternoon. Upon reaching his
home, the accused found his wife Laura, and Pedro Orsal in the act of sexual
intercourse. When the wife and Pedro Orsal noticed the accused, the wife
pushed her paramour who got his revolver. The accused, who has then peeping
above the built in cabinet in their, room, jumped down and ran away. He went to
the house of his PC soldier-friend, and neighbor, got his (soldier's) M-16 rifle and
immediately, it was almost 6:30 p.m. then, went back to his house. Not finding his
wife there, he went to the hangout of Pedro Orsal and found the latter playing
mahjong there. The accused fired at Pedro three times with his rifle, hit him and
two bystanders. Pedro died instantaneously of wounds in the head, trunk, and
abdomen. The two bystanders were seriously injured but survived.
a) Can Juan Santos be held guilty for homicide for the death of Pedro
Orsal? Explain.
b) What offense did Juan Santos commit with regard to the two
bystanders? Explain.
c) What offense, did the wife of Juan Santos commit, if any why?
Answer
c) The wife of Juan Santos committed the crime of adultery. Article 333 of
the Revised PenalCode provides that "Who are guilty of adultery.— Adultery is
committed by any married woman who shall have sexual intercourse with a man
not her husband....".
Art 333; Adultery
2002 No X.
A. A, a married woman, had sexual intercourse with a man who was not
her husband. The man did not know she was married. What crime, if any, did
each of them commit? Why? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A, the married woman, committed the crime of adultery under Article 333
of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, for having sexual intercourse with a
man not her husband while her marriage is still subsisting. But the man who had
carnal knowledge of her, not knowing her to be married, shall not be liable for
adultery.
Art 333; Adultery & concubinage; who must file complaint
1994 No. 12:
Abe, married to Liza, contracted another marriage with Connie in
Singapore. Thereafter, Abe and Connie returned to the Philippines and lived as
husband and wife in the hometown of Abe in Calamba, Laguna.
Page 322 of 374

1) Can Abe be prosecuted for bigamy?
2) If not, can he be prosecuted for any other crime?
Answer:
1) No, Abe may not be prosecuted for bigamy ...
2) Yes, Abe, together with Connie, may be prosecuted for concubinage
under Art. 334 of the Revised Penal Code for having cohabited as husband and
wife. But concubinage being a private crime requires the sworn complaint of
Liza, the offended spouse in accordance with Rule 110 of the Revised Rules on
Criminal Procedure.
Art 333; Adultery; legal standing to file complaint
1991 No. 8:
b) In 1980, Socorro Wagas, a Filipino citizen and a resident of Cebu City,
and Loven Adenauer, a West German citizen, were married at the Sto. Rosario
Catholic Church in Cebu City, In 1983, Loven returned to West Germany where
he initiated a divorce proceeding against Socorro before a local court which, in
due time, promulgated in July 1985 a decree of divorce on the ground of failure
of marriage. In September 1985, Loven returned to the Philippines only to find
out that Socorro had filed a case of legal separation against him. In December
1985, Loven, who learned of the cohabitation of Socorro and Efren Reyes, her
childhood sweetheart, when he (Loven) was in Germany, filed a sworn complaint
for adultery against Socorro and Efren with the Office of the City Fiscal of Cebu.
Socorro's counsel moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that under
Article 344 of the Revised Penal Code, the crime of adultery cannot be
prosecuted except upon a sworn complaint filed by the offended spouse, and
Loven, having obtained a divorce in Germany, had ceased to be her offended
spouse.
Resolve the motion.
Answer:
In adultery or concubinage, the person who can legally file the complaint
should be the offended spouse and nobody else. Adulterer being no longer the
husband because of the divorce he initiated, he has no legal standing anymore.
(Pilapil vs. Somera , 174 SCRA 653)
Art 334; Concubinage
1982 No. 17
"A", husband, and "B", wife, are legally married. So are "X", husband, and
"Y", wife. "A" and "Y" had sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances.
"X" and "B" likewise had sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances.
(a) Who are guilty of adultery? And who among them may file the
corresponding complaint?
(b) Who are guilty of concubinage and who among them may file the
complaint?
Answer
Y, the wife of X, will be guilty of adultery. A, with whom Y had sexual
intercourse will be guilty of adultery if A knew that Y was married. X, the husband
of Y will file the complaint being the offended party. B, the wife of A will be guilty
of adultery. X with whom B had sexual intercourse will be guilty if X knew that B
Page 323 of 374

was married. A the husband of B will file the complaint being the offended party.
Those liable in adultery are the married woman and the man who has sexual
intercourse with her knowing her to be married.
A and Y will be liable of concubinage. B, the wife of A will file the complaint
as she is the offended party. X and B will be liable for concubinage. Y wife of X
being the offended party will file the complaint as she is the offended party.
Those liable in concubinage are the husband and the paramour,
1984 No. 18
While his wife was still living, A married C, single, in Hongkong. After living
there for a couple of years, A and C returned to and settled in Manila.
(a) Can A be prosecuted for bigamy? Why?
(b) In any event, can A be prosecuted for any other crime? If so, what?
How about C? Explain.
Answer
b) When A and C returned to and settled in Manila, it would mean that A
cohabited with C, that they lived together as husband and wife. A will be liable for
concubinage. C will be liable if he has already knowledge that A is married.
2002 No X.
B. A is married. He has a paramour with whom he has sexual relations
on a more or less regular basis. They meet at least once a week in hotels, motels
and other places where they can be alone. Is A guilty of any crime? Why? (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A Is guilty of the crime of concubinage by having sexual Intercourse under
scandalous circumstances, with a woman who is not his wife.
Having sexual relations on a more or less regular basis in hotels, motels
and other places may be considered a scandalous circumstance that offends
public conscience, giving rise to criticism and general protest such acts being
imprudent and wanton and setting a bad example (People vs. Santos, 86 SCRA
705 [1978]).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
A is not guilty of any crime because a married man does not Incur the
crime of concubinage by merely having a paramour, unless under scandalous
circumstances, or he keeps her in the conjugal dwelling as a mistress, or
cohabits with her in any other place. His weekly meetings with his paramour does
not per se constitute scandalous circumstance.
Art 336; Acts of lasciviousness
1982 No. 6
"A", a suitor of girl "B", saw the latter at about midnight walking along a
dark and deserted alley near her house. "A" sneaked up to her, grabbed her
breasts from behind, kissed her, and at the same time raised her dress. At that
moment, a noise was heard frightening "A", who immediately ran away.
Page 324 of 374

If you were the fiscal, for what crime would you prosecute "A"? Would you
allege treachery, nighttime, superior strength and uninhabited place as
aggravating circumstances? Reasons.
Answer
The crime committed is acts of lasciviousness. Stealthily kissing,
embracing and fondling the breast of complainant and raising her dress
constitute lewd or lascivious acts. (People vs. Yabut, CA G.R, No. 2550-R Aug.
5, 1960). More so, as the acts were committed at midnight and in a dark and
deserted alley altho near the house of the girl. Treachery is not present because
this aggravating circumstance applies only to crimes against persons. Acts of
lasciviousness is a crime against chastity. Nighttime is not present because the
facts do not show that the accused took advantage of the darkness of the night to
facilitate the commission of the crime to insure immunity from capture. Superior
strength is not aggravating because mere physical superiority is not taking
advantage of superior strength. It is necessary to prove the relative strength of
the parties (People vs. Bustos, 51 Phil 385). Uninhabited place is also not
present because the place of the commission of the crime was near the house of
the offended party and the fact that A heard some noise which frightened him
show that the place was not uninhabited. Besides, the facts do not show that the
place was purposely chosen for the easy and uninterrupted accomplishment of
the crime (People vs. Luneta et at., 45 O.G. 2832).
1993 No. 15
Mick, a gay foreigner, fondled and played with the private part of Egay, an
11 year-old boy, who enjoyed it and gladly received the P100.00 given him by the
foreigner.
1) What crime, if any, was committed by the foreigner? Explain.
2) If the act was committed on Citry, an 11 year-old girl; would your
answer be the same? Discuss.
Answer:
1} Acts of Lasciviousness under the circumstance of rape (Art. 336, RPC
and RA. 7610)
2) Yes, acts of lasciviousness is committed irrespective of sex. (Art. 336,
RPC)
1996 No. 15:
the town.
Answer:
Page 325 of 374

Pia to ridicule.
Art 336; Acts of lasciviousness vs unjust vexation
1994 No. 1;
Answer;
753).
Art 336; Acts of lasciviousness vs unjust vexation
1994 No. 1;
Answer;
753).
Art 337; Qualified seduction
1981 No. 13
"A" is a girl of 17 years, single and a fourth year high school student
whose teacher is "B". Teaching in the same school is "C". One afternoon, after
class, "A" and "C" had sexual intercourse in the storeroom of the school. "A"
became pregnant.
Prosecuted for qualified seduction. "C" interposed the following defenses:
(1) "C" is not the teacher of "A"; {2} "A" is not a virgin; and (3) the sexual relation
was with the consent of "A".
Are the defenses of "C" meritorious? Reasons.
Answer
Page 326 of 374

The defenses of C are not meritorious, (a) Qualified seduction may be
committed as long as the accused is a teacher in the same school where the
student is studying. This is due to the abuse of confidence and the moral
influence which the teacher exercises over the victim as a member of the faculty
[(Santos vs. People, 40 O.G, {Sup. 6). (b) Virginity is not to be understood in the
physical sense. It includes a girl of good reputation, (People vs. Lanot, CA-G.R.
#04557-CR, Jan. 18,1964), (c) Consent of the woman is not a defense since it
was accomplished by abuse of authority or confidence in view of the position of
"C" as a teacher.
Page 327 of 374

Art 344; Crimes against chastity; effect of pardon after filing of complaint
1991 No. 8:
a) A complaint for rape was filed by the victim against her father. When the
victim was about to finish her testimony, she and her aunt (her closest relative)
executed separate affidavits of desistance wherein they stated that they are
forgiving the accused. The judge dismissed the case. Is the dismissal proper?
Answer:
a) No, the dismissal of the case is not proper. While the affidavit of
desistance executed by the victim amounts to a pardon, the same does not
extinguish criminal liability. In the crime of rape and other private crimes, pardon
by the offended party only bars prosecution if given before the institution of the
criminal action. After the criminal action had been instituted, such pardon only
waives the civil liability but not the criminal liability of the offender.
Art 344; Extinction of criminal liability; marriage in good faith
1975 No. II
A seduced B, & woman, and was subsequently convicted. While serving
sentence, A married B but immediately after the ceremony, he abandoned her
and left for parts unknown. Subsequently arrested, the Fiscal filed a motion in
Court for A's recommitment to prison to serve his unexpired term contending that
A's marriage to B was in bad faith and only to escape criminal liability. A,
however, contended that under the provisions of Art. 344, par. 4 of the Revised
Penal Code, his criminal liability has been extinguished, for under the said article
"in cases of seduction, abduction, acts of lasciviousness and rape, the marriage
of the offender with the offended party shall extinguish the criminal action or remit
the penalty already imposed upon him." Is A's contention tenable? Why?
Answer
A's contention is not tenable. The marriage of the offender to the offended
party subsequent to his conviction for seduction must be done in good faith in
order to extinguish his criminal liability. (People v. Velasco, L-28081, Jan. 21,
1974). The conduct of the offender after the marriage, by abandoning the woman
and leaving for parts unknown shows that he did not have any bonafide intention
in making her his wife. (People v. Santiago, 51 Phil. 68). Such marriage can not
extinguish his criminal liability nor remit the penalty imposed upon him.
Page 328 of 374

Crimes Against the Civil Status of Persons
Art 347; Simulation of birth & Child trafficking under RA 7619
2002 No XI
A childless couple, A and B, wanted to have a child they could call their
own. C, an unwed mother, sold her newborn baby to them. Thereafter, A and B
caused their names to be stated in the birth certificate of the child as his parents.
This was done in connivance with the doctor who assisted in the delivery of C.
What are the criminal liabilities, if any, of the couple A and B, C and the doctor?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The couple A and B, and the doctor shall be liable for the crime of
simulation of birth, penalized under Article 347 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended. The act of making it appear in the birth certificate of a child that the
persons named therein are the parents of the child when they are not really the
biological parents of said child constitutes the crime of simulation of birth.
C, the unwed mother is criminally liable for "child trafficking", a violation of
Article IV, Sec. 7 of Rep. Act No. 7610. The law punishes inter alia the act of
buying and selling of a child.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The couple A and B, the unwed mother C, and the doctor being all
involved in the simulation of birth of the newborn child, violate Rep. Act No. 7610.
Their acts constitute child trafficking which are penalized under Article IV of said
law.
Art 349; Bigamy
1981 No. 14
"A" is a Bureau of Internal Revenue Agent assigned in San Fernando,
Pampanga. On January 5, 1955, he married "B" before the Municipal Judge of
that town. On December 1, 1960, he was transferred to Cagayan de Oro City and
left his wife with her parents in San Fernando
On October 5, 1965, he married "C" before a Minister of the Iglesia ni
Kristo in Cagayan de Oro City. "B" learned of the second marriage, so she filed a
case for Bigamy against "A". During the pendency of the case in the Court of
First Instance, "B" died.
Convicted by the Court, "A" appealed and assigned two errors: (1) that the
Information against him is defective because it did not include "C" as a co-
defendant; and (2) that the trial Court erred in convicting him after the death of
"B", since at that time there was no longer any impediment to his marriage to "C".
Are the assigned errors of "A" meritorious? Why?
Answer
The assigned errors are not meritorious.
1} The information against "A" is not defective because it did not include
"C" as co-defendant. Bigamy is not similar to the crimes of adultery and
concubinage, wherein. Art. 344 of the Revised Penal Code specifically requires
that the accused, if both are alive should be included in the information. In
bigamy, which is a public crime, both the first and second spouses may be
offended parties depending on the circumstances, as when the second spouse
married the accused with' out being aware of his previous marriage. Only if the
Page 329 of 374

second spouse had knowledge of the previous undissolved marriage of the
accused could she be included in the information, which the facts of the problem,
however, do not show (People vs. Nepomuceno, Jr., 64 SCRA 418).
2) The trial court did not err in convicting the accused after the death of "B"
during the pendency of the case. When "A" married for the second time, his first
marriage with "B" was still subsisting and, hence, he committed already the crime
of bigamy. Such second marriage is not included in the exceptions provided in
Article 83 of the Civil Code. There is no law which provides for the extinction of
bigamy after the death of the first wife of the accused. (People vs. Reyes, CA 62
O.G. 1525).
Art 349; Bigamy
1984 No. 18
While his wife was still living, A married C, single, in Hongkong. After living
there for a couple of years, A and C returned to and settled in Manila.
(a) Can A be prosecuted for bigamy? Why?
(b) In any event, can A be prosecuted for any other crime? If so, what?
How about C? Explain.
Answer
If A and C ceased to have any relation upon their return to the Philippines,
they are not criminally liable for bigamy, because the second marriage was
celebrated outside the country.
On the assumption that upon returning to Manila, A and C lived together
as husband and wife. A can be prosecuted for concubinage for cohabiting with a
woman who is not his wife. C can also be prosecuted for the same offense, if she
knew that A is married.
A cannot be prosecuted for bigamy because bigamous marriage was
celebrated in Hongkong. The provisions of the Revised Penal Code do not have
extra-territorial application to the crime of bigamy. (Art, 2, Revised Penal Code).
Art 349; Bigamy
1985 No. 16
While in the United States sometime in 1975, Armand married Amparo.
Because of violent repeated quarrels between them, Armand came back to
Manila in 1979 and being lonesome, married Corina that same year. Amparo
died in 1979, Two years thereafter, Armand got entangled with Delilah whom he
married in Baguio in 1981.
(A) Can Corina prosecute Armand for bigamy?
(B) How about Delilah, can she likewise file a case of bigamy against
Armand?
Answer:
(A) The facts of the problem do not indicate the specific date of the
death of Amparo in 1979 nor the marriage of Armand to Corina in 1979. If the
marriage with Corina was contracted before the death of Amparo, such marriage
would be void for being bigamous. Corina cannot prosecute Armand for bigamy
Page 330 of 374

because of his marriage to Delilah in 1981, since the prior subsisting marriage
was void. If the marriage with Corina was entered into after the death of
Amparo, such marriage would be valid. Corina then can prosecute Armand
for bigamy regarding his marriage to Delilah in 1981 as it was contracted during
the existence of a prior valid marriage.
(B) Delilah cannot file a case of bigamy against Armand regarding his
marriage with her in 1981 if the prior marriage with Corina was contracted
before the death of Amparo as such marriage is void for being bigamous. If the
marriage with Corina was entered into after the death of Amparo, then such
marriage will be valid. Delilah then can prosecute Armand for bigamy in
connection with his marriage with her in 1981.
Art 349; Bigamy
1994 No. 18:
Issa and Bobby, who were first cousins, were married in 1975. In 1993,
Bobby was told that his marriage to Issa was incestous under the law then in
force and therefore void ab initio. He married Caring.
Charged with bigamy, Bobby raised the defense that his first marriage is
void ab initio and therefore, there is no previous marriage to speak of.
Will you sustain Bobby's defense? Answer;
No. I will not sustain Bobby's defense, Bobby remarried in 1993, or after
the Family Code took effect on August 3, 1988, and therefore his capacity to
marry in 1993 shall be governed by said Code. In Art. 40 of the Family Code, it is
mandated that the absolute nullity of a previous marriage maybe invoked for
purposes of remarriage on the basis solely of a final judgment declaring such
previous marriage void. In short, there Is a need of a judicial declaration of such
nullity before Bobby may validly remarry (Dorothy Terre vs. Jordan Terre, 211
SCRA 6).
Art 349; Bigamy
1995 No. 2;
Joe and Marcy were married in Batanes in 1955. After two years, Joe left
Marcy and settled in Mindanao where he later met and married Linda on 12 June
1960. The second marriage was registered in the civil registry of Davao City
three days after its celebration. On 10 October 1975 Marcy who remained in
Batanes discovered the marriage of Joe to Linda. On 1 March 1976 Marcy filed a
complaint for bigamy against Joe.
The crime of bigamy prescribed in fifteen years computed from the day the
crime is discovered by the offended party, the authorities or their agents. Joe
raised the defense of prescription of the crime, more than fifteen years having
elapsed from the celebration of the bigamous marriage up to the filing of Marcy's
complaint. He contended that the registration of his second marriage in the civil
registry of Davao City was constructive notice to the whole world of the
celebration thereof thus binding upon Marcy.
Has the crime of bigamy charged against Joe already prescribed? Discuss
fully,
Answer:
No. The prescriptive period for the crime of bigamy is computed from the
time the crime was discovered by the offended party, the authorities or their
Page 331 of 374

agents. The principle of constructive notice which ordinarily applies to land or
property disputes should not be applied to the crime of bigamy, as marriage is
not property. Thus when Marcy filed a complaint for bigamy on 7 March 1976, it
was well within the reglamentary period as It was barely a few months from the
time of discovery on 10 October 1975. (Sermonia vs. CA, 233 SCRA 155)
Page 332 of 374

Art 349; Bigamy
1996 No. 6:
2) Joselito married Ramona in July, 1995, only to learn later on that
Ramona was previously married to David, from whom Ramona had been
separated for more than ten years. Believing that his marriage to Ramona was
an absolute nullity, Joselito contracted a subsequent marriage with Ana-belle.
Can Joselito be prosecuted for bigamy? Explain. Answer:
2) Yes, Joselito can be prosecuted for bigamy for his subsequent marriage
with Anabelle even though his marriage with Ramona was an absolute nullity.
Despite the nullity of the first marriage, Joselito should have filed a case of
dissolution of such marriage under Art. 40, Family Code, before contracting a
second marriage with Anabelle.
Art 350; Marriage contracted against the provisions of the marriage law
1993 No. 9:
Tong and Theresa got married before a judge, Theresa is below 18 years
old. Their marriage was effected because Theresa and her mother, Petra, at the
instigation of Tong, assured the judge who solemnized the marriage ceremony,
that Theresa was 19 years old and that her father was already dead. Upon
Tong's prodding too, Petra gave her consent. The father of Theresa, who was
actually not dead, heard of what took place. Not being content in only instituting
an action for annulment of their marriage, he desired to prosecute Tong.
The father consulted you for the purpose of filing a criminal action against
Tong. With what crime would you charge Tong? Explain.
Answer;
Violation of Art. 350, RPC. Marriage contracted against the provisions of
the marriage law.
Art 350; Marriage contracted against the provisions of the marriage law
1985 No. 8
While his marriage to Sylvia was subsisting, Rollie took Cynthia, who had
been legally separated from her husband, to Ramon Abad, who, in priestly attire
and posing as Fr. Chavez of the Aglipayan Church, solemnized their marriage.
After the marriage, Rollie took Cynthia to Baguio on a week-long honeymoon.
As a fiscal and based on the foregoing facts, what charge or charges will
you file and against whom? Discuss.
Answer:
As a fiscal, I will file a charge of Usurpation of Official Functions against
Ramon Abad. He merely posed as a priest of the Aglipayan Church and was not
therefore authorized to solemnize a marriage. Solemnization of a marriage is an
official function. (U.S. v. Hernandez, 29 Phil. 109).
Against Rollie, the charge will be a marriage contracted in contravention of
law which is penalized in Article 350 of the Revised Penal Code as an Illegal
Marriage, It cannot be bigamy as the marriage with Cynthia did not have all the
essential requisites of a valid marriage, (People v. Peralta CA-GR No. 13130-R,
June 30, 1955).
Page 333 of 374

Art 351; Premature marriages
1987 No. XIII:
At the time Josefa's husband, Pedro Corpuz, died, she was eight months
pregnant. As she was afraid she could not support her child with Pedro, Josefa
accepted Pablo's proposal for marriage. One week after the marriage, Josefa
gave birth to a boy whom they named, Pedro Corpuz, Jr. Prosecuted for
contracting premature marriage under Act. 351 of the Revised Penal Code. She
has engaged your services as a lawyer.
How would you argue for her acquittal?
Answer:
I would argue for the acquittal of Josefa. She is not liable for contracting
premature marriage under Article 351 of the Revised Penal Code. This article
does not apply as Josefa knew she was pregnant (eight months) when Pedro
Corpuz, her husband, died. When she married Pablo, and as a matter of fact,
one week after the marriage, she gave birth to a boy the paternity of the child
was not in doubt Article 351 punishes premature marriage in order to prevent
doubtful paternity (People vs. Rosal 49 Phil. 539).
Page 334 of 374

Crimes Against Honor
Art 353; Libel
1980 No XVIII
"Z", a reporter of a certain daily newspaper known as "Bulalakaw",
published an article concerning an account of a successful raid by two P.C.
officers upon a gambling den and the arrest of several people. The article also
stated that a certain Madame "X", the complainant, was among the persons
arrested and that her name was stricken from the information.
It turned out that the complainant was neither caught, arrested, nor
prosecuted, hence, she instituted an action for libel against "Z".
Will the charge against him prosper? Answer
The charge of libel will not prosper. As long as the publicists of the news
item was not prompted by ill-will or spite as there was intention to do harm, libel
will not prosper because of the absence of malice. In Quisumbing vs. Lopez et
al., 96 Phil. 510, the Supreme Court held that "newspapers should be given such
leeway and tolerance so as to enable them to courageously and effectively
perform their important role in our democracy. In the preparation of stories, press
reporters and editors usually have to race with their deadlines, and consistently
with good faith and reasonable care, they should not be held to account, to a
point for suppression for honest mistakes or imperfections in the choice of
words." The ruling in the case of U.S. vs. Bostos et al., 37 Phil. 731 is more to the
point, where it was held that "even when the statements are found to be false, if
there is probable cause for belief in their truthfulness and the charge is made in
good faith, the mantle of privilege may still cover the mistake of the individual".
As long as good faith exists, libel cannot prosper.
Art 353; Libel
1982 No. 4
"A" caused the publication in a newspaper of a news item wherein "A"
stated that "B" had cheated him in a business deal and that the public was being
warned against entering into any transaction with "B". The latter countered with a
subsequent press release in the same newspaper to the effect that "A"'s
allegations were not true and that "A" was a liar because it was "A" himself who
cheated "B". The fiscal charged both "A" and "B" in separate informations for libel
upon the complaint of "B" and the counter-charge of "A". Decide with reasons.
Answer
B's complaint should be sustained. His press release stating that the
allegation of A that B cheated him in a business deal is not true and that A was a
liar as it was A who cheated him altho defamatory is a fair and adequate answer
to the libel uttered by A and is necessarily related to the imputation made by A. B
only made an explanation and in doing so, uttered it in the same language that A
did. This is self-defense in libel as the utterance is not excessive but adequate to
repel the sting of the aspersion cast upon him by A. (People vs. Chua Hong, CA
61 O.G. 1932). On the other hand, A having initiated the libelous publication
against B cannot escape criminal responsibility. All the elements of libel as to A
are present, to wit:
1) defamation
2) malice
Page 335 of 374

3) publication
4) the person libeled is identifiable
Art 353; Libel
1984 No. 16
A, the husband of B, informed & TV commentator,
C, that his wife had complained that their youngest child who was
allegedly extremely ill and on the verge of death was denied admission at the RX
Hospital because B, his wife, could not put up the cash deposit required by the
hospital.
Without verifying said report, C, in his TV program, urged the closure by
the authorities of RX Hospital for denying medical assistance to a dying child
simply because the mother could not give a cash deposit. He added that the said
hospital even refused to accept a check.
It turned out however that the story was wrong. The sick child of A and B
was never in critical condition, and there was no check involved in the incident.
Subsequently, C was charged with libel. Decide the case with reasons.
Answer
C, is liable for libel because the imputation tend to cause dishonor,
discredit or contempt on the hospital. It is not true that the conditions of the child
was in a dying condition at the time. There was no check offered by way of
deposit so the statement of C that the hospital refused to accept the check was
false.
The fact that C did not even verify the report makes his liability clear.
C is liable for libel. The imputation is defamatory as it tended to cause
dishonor, discredit or contempt on the hospital. Malice in law, is therefore,
presumed. It is not true that the child was extremely ill and on the verge of death
nor is it true that the hospital refused to accept a check for the admission of the
child. Without verifying the facts and urging the closure of the hospital by the
authorities for denying medical admission to a dying child, the intent to cast
aspersion and injury to reputation and standing of the hospital becomes manifest
as it was done with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.
Alternative Answer
C is not liable for libel. In the TV program of C, what he did was to convey
to the public what substantially was imparted to him by A that his wife told him
that their child was denied admission to the hospital because B the wife of A
could not put up a cash deposit. The facts of the problem do not show that such
are false. And it cannot be assumed that C was motivated by spite, ill will or evil
design against the hospital when he made the charge as the business of a
hospital is coupled with public interest. As long as there is probable belief in the
truth of the matter charged and the charge is made in good faith, the author
cannot be liable for libel. (U.S. vs. Bustos et al 37 Phil. 737).
Art 353; Libel
1985 No 20:
Page 336 of 374

What is LIBEL and what pertinence has malice in law and malice in fact in
incurring criminal liability therefor? Discuss.
Answer:
Libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or a vice or defect,
real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status or circumstance tending
to cause the dishonor, discredit or contempt of a natural or a juridical person or to
blacken the memory of one who is dead.
Malice in law is presumed from every defamatory imputation. When the
imputation is defamatory, the prosecution need not prove malice. The law
presumes that the defamation is malicious. This is malice in law.
In a conditionally privileged communication, malice is not presumed. The
prosecution must prove malice in fact for the conviction of the accused of libel
involving qualifiedly privileged communication. This means that the accused was
prompted by personal ill-will or spite and not in response to the performance of a
duty but merely to injure the reputation of the person defamed. Malice in fact is
inconsistent with good motives and justifiable ends.
Art 353; Libel
1988 No. 15:
(a) Romeo Cunanan, publisher of the Baguio Daily, was sued by Pedro
Aguas for libel for the public publication of his picture with the notice that; "This is
to inform the public that Mr. Pedro Aguas whose picture appears above has
ceased to be connected with the Sincere Insurance Company as underwriter as
of December 31, 1987. Any transaction entered into by him after said date will
not be honored."
Is the publication defamatory? Explain briefly.
Answer:
(a) The publication is not defamatory because the element of intent to
defame is absent. This is a mere announcement and does not carry any
implication.
Art 353; Libel
1986 No, 13:
Atty. Roberto de Guzman is the Municipal Attorney of Taytay, Rizal. He
was ordered by the mayor to investigate Soledad Rodriguez, an employee of the
Treasurer's Office. The Mayor had received reports that Rodriguez was unable to
account for P20,000 out of her total collections of P450,000 of certain municipal
taxes. The mayor instructed de Guzman to report directly to him for the Mayor's
evaluation of the investigation results.
De Guzman conducted his investigation, interviewed Soledad Rodriguez
and examined her books.
De Guzman submitted his report, as instructed, to the Mayor. Asked by a
news reporter of the Town Daily News on the contents of his report, de Guzman
stated that upon the facts uncovered by him, he has found that Soledad
Rodriguez had malversed public funds and that he has recommended the
prosecution of Soledad Rodriguez for malversation. He admitted, however, that
his findings were still being evaluated by the Mayor. Soledad Rodriguez filed a
complaint against de Guzman for libel De Guzman, by way of defense, argued
Page 337 of 374

that his pronouncement was no more than a fair and true report without
comments, by an official investigator, after an investigation conducted in the
exercise of official functions. Is Atty. de Guzman liable for libel? Explain.
Answer:
Atty. de Guzman is not liable for libel. He divulged the contents of his
report to the news reporter without malice. Such affected the conduct of a public
officer which are related to the discharge of her duties. These are matters of
public interest. The report was fair and true without any comments (People vs.
Rico 3 CA Report 205).
Art 353; Libel
2003 No XI.
During a seminar workshop attended by government employees from the
Bureau of Customs and the Bureau of Internal Revenue, A, the speaker, in the
course of his lecture, lamented the fact that a great majority of those serving in
said agencies were utterly dishonest and corrupt. The following morning, the
whole group of employees in the two bureaus who attended the seminar, as
complainants, filed a criminal complaint against A for uttering what the group
claimed to be defamatory statements of the lecturer. in court, A filed a motion to
quash the information, reciting fully the above facts, on the ground that no crime
were committed. If you were the judge, how would you resolve the motion? 8%
Suggested Answer:
I would grant the motion to quash on the ground that the facts charged do
not constitute an offense, since there is no definite person or persons
dishonored. The crime of libel or slander, is a crime against honor such that the
person or persons dishonored must be identifiable even by innuendoes:
otherwise the crime against honor is not committed. Moreover, A was not making
a malicious imputation, but merely stating an opinion; he was delivering a lecture
with no malice at all during a seminar workshop. Malice being inherently absent
in the utterance, the statement is not actionable as defamatory.
Art 353; Libel
2002 No XVII.
A. A was nominated Secretary of a Department in the Executive Branch of
the government. His nomination was thereafter submitted to the Commission on
Appointments for confirmation. While the Commission was considering the
nomination, a group of concerned citizens caused to be published in the
newspapers a full-page statement objecting to A's appointment They alleged that
A was a drug dependent, that he had several mistresses, and that he was
corrupt, having accepted bribes or favors from parties transacting business in his
previous office, and therefore he was unfit for the position to which he had been
nominated. As a result of the publication, the nomination was not confirmed by
the Commission on Appointments. The official sued the concerned citizens and
the newspapers for libel and damages on account of his non-confirmation. How
will you decide the case? (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
I will acquit the concerned citizens and the newspapers involved, from the
crime of libel, because obviously they made the denunciation out of a moral or
social duty and thus there is absence of malice.
Page 338 of 374

Since A was a candidate for a very important public position of a
Department Secretary, his moral, mental and physical fitness for the public trust
in such position becomes a public concern as the interest of the public is at
stake. It is pursuant to such concern that the denunciation was made; hence,
bereft of malice.
B. If defamatory imputations are made not by publication in the
newspapers but by broadcast over the radio, do they constitute libel? Why? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, because libel may be committed by radio broadcast Article 355 of the
Revised Penal Code punishes libel committed by means, among others, of radio
broadcast, inasmuch as the broadcast made by radio is public and may be
defamatory.
Art 355; Libel by theatrical exhibition
1988 No. 9:
b) In the course of proceeding during a so-called "public hearing held
before a crowd in a place open to the public, the leaders of the meeting "tried"
certain public officials and thereafter "sentenced" them to "death by
assassination or ambuscades."
Are the leaders criminally liable? Decide the case.
Answer:
b) The leaders are criminally liable for the crime of libel by theatrical
exhibition. Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code provides: "libel by means of
writing or similar means.— A libel committed by means of writing, printing
lithography, engraving, radio, phornographs, painting, theatrical exhibition,
cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means, shall be punished by prision
correctional..".
Art 358; Grave Oral defamation vs slander
1990 No. 6:
a] Lando and Marco are candidates in the local elections. In his speeches
Lando attacked his opponent Marco alleging that he is the son of Nanding. a
robber and a thief who amassed his wealth through shady deals. May Marco file
a case against Lando for grave oral defamation? State your reasons.
b) Suppose Marco also delivered a speech stating therein that he had
charged Lando of estafa through falsification in the Tanodbayan so much so that
since his (Lando's) integrity is doubtful he should not be elected. May Marco also
be held liable for grave oral defamation? State your reasons.
Answer:
a] Marco cannot file a case for grave oral defamation. If at all, he may
file a case for light slander. In the case of People v. Laroga (40 O.G. 123), it was
held that defamation in a political meeting, when feelings are running high and
people could not think clearly, only amount to light slander.
b) No, Marco cannot be held liable for grave oral defamation considering
that Lando was merely stating what appears in a public record, referring to the
exercise of a legal right to file suit. Moreover, his statement against Marco
pertains to a person who is running for public office wherein a wider latitude is
given.
Page 339 of 374

Art 358; Oral defamation
1976 No. IV-b
In the course of an angry demonstration by a group of some 20 to 30
persons led by X, who had been laid off allegedly by Y, several threats were
hurled against the latter. Among the charges Y filed against X, one for oral
defamation because of Y's alleged utterance of the words: Y, putano ina mo.
Was X guilty of oral defamation? Reason.
Answer
X is not guilty of oral defamation. The utterance of “y, putang ina mo” is
proof of the threats to make the same more emphatic and should not be taken in
its literal sense and cannot constitute an independent offense from the several
threats which the 20 to 30 persons led by X hurled against Y who allegedly laid
them off, in the course of the angry demonstration. (Reyes v. People, L-21528-
29, March 28, 1969).
Art 358; Oral defamation/slander
1993 No. 7:
Because of a pendency of a labor dispute, two (2) belligerent labor unions
had a confrontation in a picket line during which the President and the Secretary
of one union shouted to the members and officers of the rival union composed of
men and women, the following:
"Mga supot, mga walang bayag, mga kabit ng Intsik, mga tuta, mga
segunda mano."
Are the President and the Secretary of said union liable for oral
defamation/slander? Explain.
Answer:
No. The President and the Secretary of the Union are not liable for oral
defamation or slander because there is no identity of the offended party. The
individual defamed or slandered was not singled out (People us. Uy Tioco. 32
Phil. 624).
Art 358; Slander
1996 No. 15:
the town.
Answer:
Page 340 of 374

Pia to ridicule.
Art 358; Slander
1988 No. 15:
(b) For some time, bad blood had existed between the two families of
Maria Razon and Judge Gadioma who were neighbors. First, there was a
boundary dispute between them which was still pending in court. Maria's mother
also filed an administrative complaint against the judge which was however
dismissed. The Razons also felt intimidated by the position and alleged influence
of their neighbor. Fanning fire to the situation was the practice of the Gadiomas
of throwing garbage and animal excrement into the Razon's premises. In an
explosion of anger, Maria called Judge Gadioma "land grabber", "shameless",
and "hypocrite,"
What crime was committed by Maria, if any? Explain briefly.
Answer:
(b) Maria committed the crime of slander or slight defamation only
because she was under the influence of anger. When Maria called Judge
Gadioma a hypocrite and land grabber she imputed to him the commission of
crimes.
Art 359; Slander by deed vs maltreatment
1994 No. 2;
2) Distinguish slander by deed from maltreatment.
Answer:
2) Slander by deed is a crime committed when a person publicly subjects
another to an act intended or calculated to cast dishonor, discredit or contempt
upon the latter. Absent the intent to cast dishonor, discredit, contempt, or insult to
the offended party, the crime is only maltreatment under Art, 266. par. 3, where,
by deed, an offender ill-treats another without causing injury.
Art 363; Incriminatory machination
1977 No. III-b
A police officer surreptitiously placed a marijuana cigarette in the breast
pocket of the polo shirt of a student and then arrested the student for illegal
possession of marijuana cigarette. For what crime or crimes will the police officer
be liable? Reason fully.
Answer
The police officer will be liable for the complex crime of incriminatory
machination with unlawful arrest. (People v. Alagao, et al., L-20721, April 30,
1966). The placing of marijuana cigarette in the breast pocket of the polo shirt of
the student is incriminatory machination, which is "planting evidence". The arrest
of the student for illegal possession of the marijuana cigarette is unlawful arrest.
Page 341 of 374

The two acts followed closely each other. Incriminatory machination is the means
to commit unlawful arrest and is, therefore, a complex crime.
Page 342 of 374

Quasi-Offenses
Art 365; imprudence & negligence
1983 No. 9
A jeep recklessly driven by A went out of control and hit the wall of a
house and a bystander, wrecking the wall and injuring the person hit.
In two separate informations, the driver was charged with damage to
property thru reckless imprudence and slight physical injuries thru reckless
imprudence.
Was the charge proper? If you were the Fiscal, for what crimes would you
prosecute A? Explain.
Answer
The charge is not proper. If I were the Fiscal I would prosecute A in a
single information for the crimes of reckless imprudence resulting in damage to
property and slight physical injuries. The essence of the quasi-offense of criminal
negligence or imprudence lies in the execution of an imprudent or negligent act
that if intentionally done would be punishable as a felony. For the law punishes
the negligent or imprudent act and not the result thereof. In other words,
negligence or imprudence is the crime itself. So if two informations are filed, one
for damage to property thru reckless imprudence and the other for slight physical
injuries thru reckless imprudence, and the offender is acquitted or convicted of
the crime of slight physical injuries thru reckless imprudence, such conviction or
acquittal will constitute double jeopardy in the prosecution for damage to property
thru reckless imprudence as such refers to the same act of reckless imprudence.
(People vs. Buan (1968) 22 SCRA 1383 Buerano vs. Court of Appeals (1982)
115 SCRA 82)
Alternative Answer — The charge is proper. A should be prosecuted for
two informations, one for damage to property thru reckless imprudence and
another for slight physical injuries thru reckless imprudence. A single information
cannot be filed because the slight physical injuries had it been intentional would
be a light felony. There is, therefore, no complex crime. The reckless imprudence
is not the crime itself but only a means or modality to commit the crime. (People
vs. Fallar 39 O.G. 1369; Lontoc, Jr. vs. Judge Gorgonio, L37396, April 30, 1979)
Art 365; imprudence & negligence
1977 No. X-b
In a children's party, G left his loaded and cocked pistol on a chair amidst
children playing around to meet visitors. All of a sudden, the chair was bumped
by a child being chased by his playmates, causing the pistol to fall on. the ground
and fired. This created considerate shock and fear among the persons present
thereat, especially the children, who scampered for safety. What crime, if any,
was committed by G? State your reasons.
Answer
No crime is committed by G. Reckless negligence is present since G left
his pistol loaded and cocked on a chair where there were children playing as
there was a children's party (II Viada p. 629). G could have foreseen that any
child might bump the chair while playing with others which was what actually
happened. G failed to exercise the necessary precaution taking into
consideration the place and the children present. But such reckless negligence is
Page 343 of 374

not punished because there is no material damage which is an element of the
quasi-offense of reckless negligence. (Art 365, R.P.C.).
Page 344 of 374

Miscellaneous
Corpus delicti
2000 No XVIII
a) Define "corpus delicti". (2%)
b) What are the elements of "corpus delicti"? (3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
a) Corpus Delicti literally means "the body or substance of the crime" or
the fact that a crime has been committed, but does not include the identity of the
person who committed it. (People vs. Pascual 44 OG 2789).
b) Elements of corpus delicti:
The actual commission by someone of the particular crime charged. It is a
compound fact made up of two things:
1) the existence of a certain act or result forming the basis of the criminal
charge; and
2) the existence of a criminal agency as the cause of the act or result
The identity of the offender is not a necessary element of corpus delicti
Corpus delicti
2001 No XI
At a birthday party in Bogo. Cebu, A got intoxicated and started quarrelling
with B and C. At the height of their arguments, A left and took a bolo from his
house, after which he returned to the party and threatened to stab everybody. B
got scared and ran towards the seashore, with A chasing him, B ran up a steep
incline along the shore and was cornered on top of a cliff. Out of fear, B jumped
from the cliff into the sea, A returned to the scene of their confrontation and
seeing that nobody was there, went home to sleep. The next day, B's wife
reported to the police station that her husband had not yet come home. A search
was conducted by the residents of the barangay but after almost two days, B or
his body could not be located and his disappearance continued for the next few
days. Based on the testimony of C and other guests, who had seen A and B on
top of the cliff, A was arrested and charged with Murder. In his defense, he
claimed that since B's body has not been found, there was no evidence of
"corpus delicti' and therefore, he should be acquitted.
Is the defense of A tenable or not? State the reason(s) for your answer.
(5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The defense of A is not tenable. "Corpus delicti" does not refer to the body
of the purported victim which had not been found. Even without the body of the
purported victim being found, the offender can be convicted when the facts and
circumstances of a crime, the body of the crime or "corpus delicti" is established.
In other words, the non-recovery of the body of the victim is not a bar to
the prosecution of A for Murder, but the fact of death and identity of the victim
must be established beyond reasonable doubt.
Entrapment
1990 No. 14:
Page 345 of 374

Rodolfo is an informer who told the police authorities that Aldo is a drug
pusher. Policeman Taba then posed as a buyer and persuaded Aldo to sell
marijuana worth P10.00 to the former. Aldo agreed. He delivered the goods and
so was apprehended with the marked money. He is now prosecuted for violation
of the Dangerous Drugs Act.
a) Aldo's defense is that he was the victim of an instigation of the police
who persuaded him to sell the goods to him. Decide the case with reasons.
Answer:
a) Aldo's defense in untenable as what happened here was entrapment.
With or without the act of Policemen Taba, Aldo would have went on selling the
marijuana to another buyer. The finding, it must be noted, was that Aldo was
continuously engaged in the act of pushing drugs. (People v. Tia, 51 O.G. 1863).
Alternative Answer:
This is a case of instigation because Aldo was persuaded by Policeman
Taba, who was posing as buyer, to sell marijuana.
Entrapment vs instigation
1978 No. II-d
Distinguish entrapment from instigation. Give an example of each. Do they
constitute defenses to criminal prosecutions? Explain.
Answer
In instigation, the instigator practically induces an innocent person who is
the would-be accused into the commission of the crime and himself becomes a
principal. In entrapment, ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of
trapping and arresting the law-breaker in the execution of his criminal plan
(People vs. Galicia, 40 O.G. 4476).
Example of Instigation — A policeman, representing himself to be a
private person engaged in gambling, approached the accused and induced him
to look for a place where they could smoke opium. The policeman saw the
accused three times to convince him of his desire to smoke opium. Because of
his insistence, the accused after some efforts, was able to look for such a place,
where both of them went. The policeman received from the owner of the place
the opium pipe to be used by him and the accused. After a while, upon some
pretext, the policeman left the place, then returned, and arrested the accused for
smoking opium. The accused cannot be criminally held liable as he was
instigated to commit the crime (U.S. vs. Phelps, 16 440).
Example of entrapment — The accused had a shipment of opium to be
landed in Cebu which he imported from Hongkong. He informed the Chief of the
Customs Secret Service in Cebu about the shipment, who pretended to remove
all difficulties for the landing of the contraband. When the accused started
landing the opium, he was arrested by the Customs authorities. The accused is
criminally liable. When the Secret Service Chief pretended to smooth the way for
the land of the opium, the accused had already made the importation of the
opium, which is an indictable offense. He was not induced to import the said
opium. What the Secret Service Chief did was merely to resort to a means to
facilitate the arrest of the accused.
Instigation is exempting because it is against public policy. The crime
would not have been committed were it not for the instigation. On the other hand,
Page 346 of 374

entrapment is not an absolutory cause and is not a bar to the prosecution and
conviction of the offender. In entrapment, a crime has already been committed,
and ways and means are merely resorted to trap and arrest the offender.
1995 No. 9:
1. Distinguished entrapment from Instigation. Discuss fully,
2. Suspecting that Juan was a drug pusher, SPO2 Mercado, leader of the
Narcom team, gave Juan a Pl00-bill and asked him to buy some marijuana
cigarettes. Desirous of pleasing SPO2 Mercado, Juan went inside the shopping
mall while the officer waited at the corner of the mall. After fifteen minutes, Juan
returned with ten sticks of marijuana cigarettes which he gave to SPO2 Mercado
who thereupon placed Juan under arrest and charged him with violation of The
Dangerous Drugs Law by selling marijuana cigarettes.
Is Juan guilty of any offense punishable under The Dangerous Drugs Act?
Discuss fully.
Answer;
1. In instigation, the Instigator practically induces the prospective
accused into commission of the offense and himself becomes co-principal. In
entrapment, ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of trapping and
capturing the lawbreaker while executing his criminal plan.
2, Juan cannot be charged of any offense punishable under The
Dangerous Drugs Act Although Juan is a suspected drug pusher, he cannot be
charged on the basis of a mere suspicion. By providing the money with which to
buy marijuana cigarettes, SPO2 Mercado practically induced and prodded Juan
to commit the offense of illegal possession of marijuana. Set against the facts
instigation is a valid defense available to Juan.
2003 No VII.
Distinguish fully between entrapment and instigation in Criminal Law,
Exemplify each. 4%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
In entrapment -
1) the criminal design originates from and is already in the mind of the
lawbreaker even before entrapment;
2} the law enforcers resort to ways and means for the purpose of capturing
the lawbreaker in flagrante delicto- and
3) this circumstance is no bar to prosecution and conviction of the
lawbreaker.
In instigation-
1) the idea and design to bring about the commission of the crime
originated and developed in the mind of the law enforcers;
2) the law enforcers induce, lure, or incite a person who is not minded to
commit a crime and would not otherwise commit it, into committing the crime;
and
Page 347 of 374

3) this circumstance absolves the accused from criminal liability (People v.
Dante Marcos, 185 SCRA 154. [1990]).
Example of entrapment:
A, an anti-narcotic agent of the Government acted as a poseur buyer of
shabu and negotiated with B, a suspected drug pusher who is unaware that A is
a police officer. A then issued marked money to B who handed a sachet of shabu
to B. Thereupon, A signaled his anti-narcotic team to close-in and arrest B. This
is a case of entrapment because the criminal mind is in B already when A
transacted with him.
Example of Instigation:
Because the members of an anti-narcotic team are already known to drug
pushers. A, the team leader, approached and persuaded B to act as a buyer of
shabu and transact with C, the suspected drug pusher. For the purpose, A gave
B marked money to be used in buying shabu from C. After C handed the sachet
of shabu to B and the latter handed the marked money to C, the team closed-in
and placed B and C under arrest. Under the facts, B is not criminally liable for his
participation in the transaction because he was acting only under instigation by
the law enforcers.
1984 No. 3
From the viewpoint of the accused, is it essential to make a distinction
between instigation and entrapment? Explain its legal significance.
Answer:
Yes. In entrapment, ways and means are effected to trap the offender,
while in instigation, the instigator induces another to commit a crime; thus he
himself becomes a co-principal.
Entrapment is no bar to the prosecution and conviction of the offender,
while instigation is.
From the viewpoint of the accused, it is essential to make a distinction
between instigation and entrapment. The reason it that instigation is exempting
whereas entrapment is not exempting nor mitigating. Instigation takes place
when a peace officer induces a person to commit a crime. Without the
inducement, the crime would not be committed. For reason of public policy, it is
exempting; otherwise, the peace officer would be a co-principal. The instigator
must not be a private person. In the case of entrapment, ways and means are
devised by a peace officer to trap or capture a person who has committed a
crime. With or without the entrapment, the crime has been committed already.
Hence, it is not a bar to the prosecution of the offender. (People vs. Valmores et
al L 58635, June 24, 1983 122 SCRA 922)
1985 No. 3
DD, a member of the National Bureau of Investigation, was approached by
his compadre, EE, regarding the latter's plan to hold-up a nearby bank. DD
agreed to lend his car as the get-away car; he also asked his driver, FF, to drive
Page 348 of 374

the car for EE. On the day the crime was to take place, DD tipped off the local
police. EE was arrested as he pointed a gun at the bank teller demanding cash:
(A) Can EE raise the defense of instigation by DD? Discuss.
(B) Did DD incur any liability? Discuss. Answer:
(A) EE cannot raise the defense of instigation by DD. Instigation takes
place when a peace officer in the performance of duties induces a person to
commit a crime. The reason why the crime is committed is because of the
inducement. The facts of the problem are clear that DD did not induce nor
instigate EE to plan the hold up of the bank. The plan was already conceived by
EE when he approached DD. When DD agreed to the plan by lending EE his car.
as a get-away vehicle and his driver to drive it for EE, he devised a way to
facilitate the apprehension of EE, as when DD in fact tipped off the local police
on the day the crime was to take place. This is not a case when an innocent
person is induced to commit a crime merely to prosecute him. It is simply a trap
to catch a criminal. (People v Valmores et al 122 SCRA 922 1983),
(B) DD is not criminally liable. His agreeing to the plan of EE to hold up the
bank is merely a way to trap or facilitate the arrest of EE. This is evident when
DD tipped off the police on the day when the crime is to be committed. DD acted
in the performance of his duties as an officer of the law to entrap EE.
Entrapment; Warrantless arrest; right against self-incrimination;
presentation of informer
1992 No. 8:
Members of the Narcotics Command, upon learning from an informer that
Tee Moy, notorious drug lord was plying his trade and selling methamphetamine
hydrocholide (popularly known as shabu) in a motel at Bambang St., planned a
buy-bust operation to capture him. Camotes was to enter the lobby of the motel
where Tee Moy hangs around and pose as buyer. The moment the drug vendor
hands the drug to him, Camotes would scratch his ear as a signal to his
companions deployed near the motel entrance.
So Camotes, upon espying Tee Moy near the registration desk,
approached the latter. When asked if he would like a "score", he answered in the
affirmative. He was then handed a matchbox with the assurance that it contained
the drug, for which he gave a P100.00 marked bill. Upon giving the pre-arranged
signal, the NARCOM agents rushed inside and arrested Tee Moy.
In the course of time, Tee Moy was prosecuted for the crimes of
possession and sale of prohibited drugs under the Dangerous Drugs Act. During
the trial, his counsel interposed the following defenses:
a) The arrest, having been effected without a warrant of arrest, was
violative of Tee Moy's constitutional rights.
b) Accused was the victim of a frame-up instigated by the law
enforcement officers, such that he was practically forced to sell his goods to a
total stranger which was abnormal and unrealistic for one in the kind of business
he is in.
c) The prosecution deliberately failed to present the informer as a witness
so that he could have been subjected to cross-examination by the counsel for the
accused.
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d) Tee Moy cannot be prosecuted for the separate offenses of possession
and sale of prohibited drugs but of only one criminal offense.
e) Tee Moy was made to sign a Confiscation Receipt at NARCOM
headquarters which has been admitted as evidence against him, thus violating
his constitutional right against self-incrimination.
If you were the prosecutor, how would you traverse the above arguments
of counsel for the accused? Take up each number separately.
Suggested Answer:
a) There is no need for a warrant of arrest, as this falls under the
instances of warrantless arrest sanctioned by law, where a public officer or
private individual may arrest a person if, in his personal presence, the person
arrested is actually committing, is about to commit, or has just committed a
crime.
b) This is a pure case of entrapment as Tee Moy has already decided to
commit a crime and the agents of persons in authority merely devised ways and
means to entrap him. There was no inducement of Tee Moy as the latter
precisely decided to make a "score" or sale. No pressure or investigation was
applied on him.
c) Failure to present the informer is not fatal to the cause of the
prosecution as the testimony of the latter will be merely corroborative to the
testimony of the other witnesses who were eye-witnesses to the commission of
the crime. There are sufficient evidence to convict the accused beyond
reasonable doubt.
Judgments; Finality of judgments; effect thereof
1987 No XV:
Jose, Pedro and Juan, robbed ABC Bank of P200,000 and using a stolen
car, immediately proceeded to Quezon City. The police recovered the money and
the car. After the trial, during which the bank lawyer intervened as private
prosecutor, the court convicted Jose, Pedro and Juan of robbery and ordered the
forfeiture of the money (P200,000.00) and the car in favor of the government as
proceeds and instrument of the crime, respectively. The bank lawyer received
copy of the judgment, but did not do anything. Jose, Pedro and Juan did not
appeal the judgment, and began service of sentence. Two months later, realizing
that the court did not order the return of the money to the bank, the bank lawyer
filed a motion for modification of the judgment and prayed that the money be
ordered returned to the bank. Two months later, Armando, the owner of the
stolen car, learned of the judgment even much later. He comes to you seeking
your well considered opinion on whether it is still possible to recover his car.
(a) As legal counsel, what will you tell him? Explain briefly.
(b) Under the facts given, would the bank be entitled to the return of the
money? Why?
Answer:
b) The motion of the bank lawyer for the modification of the judgment
with the prayer that the money be ordered returned to the bank must be
denied. The judgment is already final and so the court has no more "jurisdiction"
over the case (People vs. Velez 15, SCRA 26).
Judgments; Modification of judgment as to damages after finality
Page 350 of 374

1991 No. 13:
b) Jose Lopez was convicted for the crime of serious physical injuries
and, taking Into account two (2) mitigating circumstances, was sentenced to
suffer imprisonment of four (4) months and twenty (20) days, and to indemnify
the victim in the amount of P25,000.00 as actual and compensatory damages.
He applied for probation, which was granted by the court; however, the order of
probation directed him to pay in installment, at the rate of P1,000.00 a month, the
damages awarded to the offended party. Jose was able to pay only three (3)
monthly installments. Because of such failure, the offended party filed a motion
for the execution of the civil aspect of the decision.
a) Is the order directing the payment of the damages in installment valid?
Did it not modify the decision after it had become final?
b) Should the motion for execution be granted?
Answer:
a) Yes, the order directing payment in installment is proper. It did not
modify the final decision but only in the manner of its execution. (Similarly
situated in the case of Agustin vs. Court of Appeals).
b) Execution should be granted as the decision is final and executory,
following the dissenting opinion of Justice I. Cruz in said case.
Page 351 of 374

Special Penal Laws
Anti-wire tapping act
1993 No. 16:
C told his lawyer, Atty. T, to settle the criminal case he filed against L, and
so Atty. T called up through telephone L, and informed him that C is willing to
have the case dismissed provided that L pays P8,000.00 and makes a public
apology. L told Atty. T to call him up the following day as he would consult his
lawyer.
The following day when Atty. T called up L, the latter requested his lawyer
Atty. X, who was in his (L's) office at that time, to secretly listen to the telephone
conversation through a telephone extension.
When the P8,000.00 agreed upon on the telephone was delivered to Atty.
T at the appointed place and time, he (Atty, T) was arrested by the police for
Robbery/Extortion on complaint of L who was accompanied by his lawyer, Atty.
X. Atty. X executed an affidavit stating that he heard Atty. T demanding
P8,000.00 for the withdrawal of the criminal complaint through a telephone
extension. On the basis of this affidavit, Atty, T filed a criminal complaint against
Atty. X and L for violation of sec. 1 of RA. No. 4200, otherwise known as the Anti-
Wire Tapping Act. which says:
"It shall be unlawful for any person not being authorized by all the parties
to any private conversation or spoken word to tap any wire or cable or by using
any other device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept or record such
communication or spoken word by using a device commonly known as
dictaphone or dictograph or detectaphone, walkie talkie or tape recorder, or
however otherwise described."
If you were the Judge, would you convict or acquit L and his lawyer, Atty.
X? Support your decision with reasons.
Answer:
No, because it is a telephone extension and those enumerated by law
means an extension with permanent recording of which a telephone extension is
not. (Gaanan vs. IAC, 145 SCRA 112)
Carnapping
1993 No. 19:
Dodoy, possessing only a student driver's permit, found a parked car with
the key left in the ignition, he proceeded to drive it away, intending to sell it. Just
then Ting, the owner of the car, arrived. Failing to make Dodoy stop. Ting
boarded a taxi and pursued Dodoy, who In his haste to escape, and because of
his inexperience, violently collided with a jeepney full of passengers. The jeepney
overturned and was wrecked. One passenger was killed; the leg of the other
passenger was crushed and had to be amputated. The car of Ting was damaged
to the tune of P20,000.00.
What offense or offenses may Dodoy be charged with? Discuss.
Answer:
Consummated carnapping. Homicide, Serious Physical Injuries and
Damage to Property resulting from reckless imprudence.
Page 352 of 374

Please take note that with respect to Espiritu Case, taking hold of the
object is enough to consummate the crime; although in the Dirio case, it is still
frustrated because there is inability to dispose freely the object.
Page 353 of 374

Carnapping
1998 No VI
Samuel, a tricycle driver, plied his usual route using a Honda motorcycle
with a sidecar. One evening. Raul rode on the sidecar, poked a knife at Samuel
and instructed him to go near the bridge. Upon reaching the bridge, Raul alighted
from the motorcycle and suddenly stabbed Samuel several times until he was
dead. Raul fled from the scene taking the motorcycle with him.
What crime or crimes did Raul commit? |5%]
Answer:
Raul committed the composite crime of Carnapping with homicide under
Sec. 14 of Rep. Act No. 6539, as amended, considering that the killing "in the
course or "on the occasion of a carnapping (People vs. De la Cruz, et al. 183
SCRA 763). A motorcycle is included in the definition of a "motor vehicle" in said
Rep. Act, also known as the 'Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972'. There is no apparent
motive for the killing of the tricycle driver but for Raul to be able to take the
motorcycle. The fact that the tricycle driver was killed brings about the penalty of
reclusion perpetua to death.
Alternative Answer:
The crime committed by Raul is carnapping, punished by Section 14 of
Rep. Act No. 6539. The killing of Samuel is not a separate crime but only an
aggravating circumstance.
Child abuse; RA 7610
1993 No. 5:
Sometime in December, 1992, retired Lt. Col. Agaton, celebrating the first
year of his compulsory retirement from the Armed Forces of the Philippines, had
in his company a fourteen (14) year-old girl whose parents were killed by the Mt.
Pinatubo eruption and being totally orphaned has been living or fending for
herself in the streets in Manila, They were alone in one room in a beach resort
and stayed there for two (2) nights. No sexual intercourse took place between
them. Before they parted, retired Lt. Col. Agaton gave the girl P1,000.00 for her
services. She gladly accepted it.
1) What crime may the retired colonel be charged with, if any? Discuss.
2) What possible defenses can he interpose? Explain. Answer:
1) The retired colonel may be charged with child abuse, in violation of
Rep. Act 7610, a law providing special protection against child abuse,
exploitation, and discrimination.
One of the acts of child abuse or exploitation penalized under Article VI of
RA 7610 is that of keeping company of a minor who is ten (10) years or more
younger than the offender in a hotel, motel, beer house, disco joint, pension
house, cabaret, sauna or massage parlor, beach resort, and similar places.
Considering that Lt. Col. Agaton is a retiree pursuant to a compulsory retirement,
while the child he kept company within a private room in the beach resort, is only
14 years old, there must be an age difference of more than 10 years between
them. This fact plus the circumstance that Lt. Col. Agaton stayed with the child, a
girl, in one room at such beach resort for two nights, and thereafter he gave her
P1,000.00 "for her services", constitutes the very evil punished, among other
acts, in said law.
Page 354 of 374

2) The possible defenses Lt. Col. Agaton may Interpose are that the child
is related to him by affinity, or by consanguinity within the fourth degree, or by a
bond recognized in law, or local customs and traditions, or that he was only
acting in pursuance of a moral, social, or legal duty (Sec. 10(b), Art. VI, RA
7610),
Dangerous Drugs Act
1990 No. 14:
Rodolfo is an informer who told the police authorities that Aldo is a drug
pusher. Policeman Taba then posed as a buyer and persuaded Aldo to sell
marijuana worth P10.00 to the former. Aldo agreed. He delivered the goods and
so was apprehended with the marked money. He is now prosecuted for violation
of the Dangerous Drugs Act.
a) Aldo's defense is that he was the victim of an instigation of the police
who persuaded him to sell the goods to him. Decide the case with reasons.
b) Suppose policeman Taba told Aldo that he (Taba) has a supply of
marijuana and he persuaded Aldo to sell it to him because he (Taba) needed the
money badly. Aldo succeeded in selling P20.00 worth of marijuana to Moye,
What is the criminal liability of Aldo if apprehended in the act? Explain.
Answer:
b) Aldo is liable for violating the Dangerous Drugs Act (RA No, 6425, as
amended) in performing the act of selling narcotics.
Dangerous Drugs Act
1993 No. 13:
Manny was apprehended In a buy-bust operation during which one (1)
deck of shabu (methamphetamine hydro-chloride) was delivered by him to the
policeman posing as buyer and another deck of shabu was taken from his pocket
after his body was frisked before he was actually brought to the police precinct.
Convicted of violating sections 15 (sale and distribution of regulated drugs] and
16 (possession or use of regulated drugs] of the Dangerous Drugs Law, he was
sentenced to thirty (30) years of life Imprisonment and payment of a fine of
P20,000.00 (for violating sec. 15) and to imprisonment of eight (8) years and
payment of fine of P6,000.00 (for violating sec. 16). He then sought the reversal
of the decision, on the following grounds:
First, he could not be convicted of having violated sec. 15 because he has
not yet received the money from the buyer and the sale is not yet consummated;
Second, his conviction under sec. 16 is erroneous because his possession
of shabu Is absorbed in the charge of illegal sale or delivery; and
Third, it is unbelievable that he would sell the confiscated shabu in a sari-
sari store near the national road open to the public view and to a stranger.
1) If you were the Solicitor General, how would you rebut the arguments
of the accused? Discuss fully.
2) Give your comment with regard to the penalties imposed.
Answer:
1) Manny is liable. The law provides, "shall sell, dispense, deliver,
transport or distribute".
Page 355 of 374

2) Yes. he is also liable because the shabu taken from his possession or
pocket is different from the shabu he was to deliver to the seller.
3) As to the third reason, it is not unbelievable because although it is a
public place, this kind of sale can always be clandestinely be made. [People vs.
Rey Bernardino, Jan. 28, 1991)
With respect to the penalty imposed, life imprisonment should not be
limited to 30 years; and 8 years is wrong, it should be indeterminate. (People us.
Angeles, because of Eliginio vs. Alvarez (1992)
Dangerous Drugs Act
1998 No IX.
Superintendent Al Santiago, Chief of the Narcotics Division, Western
Police District, received information that a certain Lee Lay of-No. 8 Tindalo
Street, Tondo, Manila is a member of the 14K Gang selling shabu and marijuana.
SPOl Lorenzo and SPO3 Peralta were instructed to conduct surveillance and
buy-bust operations against Lay. Their informant contacted Lay and a meeting
was arranged at T. Pinpin Restaurant at 2:00 in the afternoon on February 14,
1993. SPO1 Lorenzo and SPO3 Peralta, acting as poseur-buyers, purchased
from Lay 10 sticks of marijuana and paid P500. Later, Lay agreed to sell to them
one kilo of dried marijuana fruiting tops which he gave them at his residence.
The policemen arrested Lay and a search was conducted. Found were
356 grams of marijuana seeds, 932 grams of marijuana fruiting tops and 50
sticks of marijuana cigarettes.
What offense or offenses did Lay commit? [5%] Answer:
Lay committed the offenses of illegal selling of dangerous drugs and illegal
possession of dangerous drugs which should be made subject of separate
informations.
The crime of illegal selling of dangerous drugs is committed as regards the
10 sticks of marijuana and as regards the one (1) kilo of dried marijuana fruiting
tops, which should be subject of two (2) separate informations because the acts
were committed at different times and in different places.
The crime of Illegal possession of dangerous drugs is committed as
regards the marijuana seeds, marijuana fruiting tops and marijuana cigarettes
which are not the subject of the sale. Another Information shall be filed for this.
Dangerous Drugs Act
2000 No XIII
b) At about 9 o'clock in the morning, a Narcom Group laid a plan to entrap
and apprehend A, a long suspected drug dealer, through a "buy-bust" operation.
At the appointed time, the poseur-buyer approached A who was then with B. A
marked P100 bill was handed over to A who in turn, gave the poseur-buyer one
(1) tea bag of marijuana leaves. The members of the team, who were then
positioned behind thick leaves, closed in but evidently were not swift enough
since A and B were able to run away. Two days later, A was arrested in
connection with another incident. It appears that during the operations, the police
officers were not able to seize the marked money but were able to get
possession of the marijuana tea bag. A was subsequently prosecuted for
violation of Section 4, Article II of Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the
Page 356 of 374

Dangerous Drugs Act, During the trial, the marked money was not presented.
Can A be held liable? Explain. (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
b) Yes. A can be held liable. The absence of the marked money will not
create a hiatus in the prosecution's evidence as long as the sale of the
dangerous drugs is adequately proven and the drug subject of the transaction is
presented before the court. There was a perfected contract of sale of the drug
(People vs. Ong Co, 245 SCRA 733; People vs. Zervoulakos, 241 SCRA 625).
Dangerous Drugs Act; availability of plea bargaining
1998 No XIII.
2. Edgardo was charged with importation of prohibited drugs in an
information filed with the Regional Trial Court of Kalookan City on June 4, 1994.
The offense is punishable by reclusion perpetua to death. Can Edgardo avail of
plea-bargaining? [2%]
Answer:
2. No, Edgardo cannot avail of plea-bargaining because the imposable
penalty for his violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act (R.A. No. 6425. as
amended) is reclusion perpetua to death. Section 20-A expressly provides that
plea-bargaining shall not be allowed where the imposable penalty for the
violation of said law is reclusion perpetua to death. (Sec. 20-A, R.A. No. 6425, as
amended).
Dangerous Drugs Act; consummation of sale
1996 No. 3
2) Pat. Buensuceso, posing as a buyer, approached Ronnie, a suspected
drug pusher, and offered to buy P300 worth of shabu. Ronnie then left, came
back five minutes later and handed Pat, Buensuceso an aluminum foil containing
the shabu. However, before Pat, Buensuceso was able to deliver the marked
money to Ronnie, the latter spotted a policeman at a distance, whom Ronnie
knew to be connected with the Narcotics Command of the Police. Upon seeing
the latter, Ronnie ran away but was arrested thirty minutes later by other
policemen who pursued him.
Under the circumstances, would you consider the crime of sale of a
prohibited drug already consummated? Explain.
Answer:
2) Yes, the sale of prohibited drug is already consummated although the
marked money was not yet delivered. When Ronnie handed the aluminum foil
containing the shabu to Pat. Buensuceso pursuant to their agreed sale, the crime
was consummated. Payment of the consideration is not an element of requisite
of the crime. If ever, the marked money is only evidentiary to strengthen the case
of the prosecution.
Dangerous Drugs Act; criminal intent to posses
2002 No XX.
A and his fiancee B were walking in the plaza when they met a group of
policemen who had earlier been tipped off that A was in possession of prohibited
drugs. Upon seeing the policemen and sensing that they were after him, A
handed a sachet containing shabu to his fiancee B, telling her to hide it in her
Page 357 of 374

handbag. The policemen saw B placing the sachet inside her handbag. If B was
unaware that A was a drug user or pusher or that what was inside the sachet
given to her was shabu, is she nonetheless liable under the Dangerous Drugs
Act? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No. B will not be criminally liable because she is unaware that A was a
drug user or pusher or of the content of the sachet handed to her by A, and
therefore the criminal intent to possess the drug in violation of the Dangerous
Drugs Act is absent. There would be no basis to impute criminal liability to her in
the absence of animus possidendi.
Hazing
2002 No XVIII.
A. What is hazing as defined by law? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Hazing, as defined by law, is an initiation rite or practice as a prerequisite
for admission into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing
the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating situations
such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and similar tasks or activities or
otherwise subjecting him to physical or psychological suffering or injury.
B. What does the law require before initiation rites may be performed?
(3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Section 2 of Rep. Act No. 8049 (Anti-Hazing Law) requires that before
hazing or initiation rites may be performed, notice to the school authorities or
head of organizations shall be given seven (7) days before the conduct of such
rites. The written notice shall indicate (a) the period of the initiation activities, not
exceeding three (3) days; (b) the names of those to be subjected to such
activities, and (c) an undertaking that no physical violence shall be employed by
anybody during such initiation rites.
Highway Robbery
2001 No VIII
Police Sgt. Diego Chan, being a member of the Theft and Robbery
Division of the Western Police District and assigned to the South Harbor, Manila,
was privy to and more or less familiar with the schedules, routes and hours of the
movements of container vans, as well as the mobile police patrols, from the pier
area to the different export processing zones outside Metro Manila. From time to
time, he gave valuable and detailed information on these matters to a group
interested in those shipments in said container vans. On several instances, using
the said information as their basis, the gang hijacked and pilfered the contents of
the vans. Prior to their sale to "fences" in Banawe, Quezon City and Bangkal,
Makati City, the gang Informs Sgt, Chan who then inspects the pilfered goods,
makes his choice of the valuable items and disposes of them through his own
sources or "fences". When the highjackers were traced on one occasion and
arrested, upon custodial investigation, they implicated Sgt. Chan and the fiscal
charged them all, including Sgt. Chan as co-principals. Sgt. Chan, in his defense,
claimed that he should not be charged as a principal but only as an accessory
Page 358 of 374

after the fact under P.D. 532, otherwise known as the Anti-Piracy and Anti-
Highway Robbery Act of 1972.
Is the contention of Sgt. Chan valid and tenable? Explain, (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the contention of Sgt. Chan is not valid or tenable because by express
provision of P.O. 532, Section 4, a person who knowingly and in any manner,
aids or protects highway robbers/brigands, such as giving them information about
the movement of police officers or acquires or receives property taken by
brigands, or who directly or indirectly abets the commission of highway
robbery/brigandage, shall be considered as accomplice of the principal offenders
and punished in accordance with the rules in the Revised Penal Code.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
No, the contention of Sgt. Chan that he should be charged only as
accessory after the fact is not tenable because he was a principal participant in
the commission of the crime and in pursuing the criminal design.
An accessory after the fact involves himself in the commission of a crime
only after the crime had already been consummated, not before, For his criminal
participation in the execution of the highjacking of the container vans, Sgt. Chan
is a co-principal by indispensable cooperation.
Hijacking
1975 No. XVII
The accused hijacked an airplane and at gunpoint ordered the pilot to fly
to Peking instead of to Davao, which was the plane's destination. Since the pilot
refused, the accused shot him to death. Afterwards, the accused was
overpowered by the crew and the co-pilot was able to fly the plane safely to
Davao. What crime or crimes did the accused commit? Why?
Answer
The accused is liable for the offense of hijacking which is an act inimical to
civil aviation, since he compelled unlawfully a change in the course of the plane
to Davao, which was its destination, to Peking, while the plane was in flight.
Under the law, it is not essential that the hijacker should succeed in his purpose.
The offense is punishable by death since the accused fired upon the pilot
causing his death, and therefore the offense is accompanied by murder as the
pilot did not have any chance to defend himself. It is assumed that the plane is
an aircraft of Philippine registry. (Secs, 1 and 2, Rep. Act No. 6235).
Hijacking/ murder/ frustrated coercion
1978 No. VII-a
Answer
Page 359 of 374

Alternative Answer
Page 360 of 374

Illegal possession of firearms
1975 No. I
A shot and killed D with an unlicensed firearm. The Fiscal filed charges
against A — one for Homicide and another for Illegal Possession of Firearm. The
defense counsel contended that only one charge should have been filed —the
complex crime of Homicide with Illegal Possession of Firearm as the use of the
unlicensed firearm was a necessary means to commit the homicide. Is the
contention meritorious? Why?
Answer
a) The contention of defense counsel is not meritorious, A complex
crime refers only to felonies. (Art. 48, Revised Penal Code, People vs. Araneta,
48 Phil. 650). The offender will be liable for two crimes. One for homicide, which
is a felony punished in the Revised Penal Code, and another for illegal
possession of firearm, which is an offense punished in a special law.
b) People vs. Alger, 92 Phil 227.
1998 No V.
1. How is the crime of coup d'etat committed? [3%]
2. Supposing a public school teacher participated in a coup d'etat using
an unlicensed firearm. What crime or crimes did he commit? [2%]
Answer:
1. The crime of coup d'etat is committed by ...
2. The public school teacher committed only coup d'etat for his
participation therein. His use of an unlicensed firearm is absorbed in the coup
d'etat under the new firearms law (Rep. Act No. 8294). A prosecution for illegal
possession of firearm under the new law is allowed only if the unlicensed firearm
was not used in the commission of another crime.
2000 No XIII
a) A has long been wanted by the police authorities for various crimes
committed by him. Acting on an information by a tipster, the police proceeded to
an apartment where A was often seen. The tipster also warned the policemen
that A was always armed. At the given address, a lady who introduced herself as
the elder sister of A, opened the door and let the policemen in inside, the team
found A sleeping on the floor. Immediately beside him was a clutch bag which,
when opened, contained a .38 caliber paltik revolver and a hand grenade. After
verification, the authorities discovered that A was not a licensed holder of the .38
caliber paltik revolver. As for the hand grenade, it was established that only
military personnel are authorized to carry hand grenades. Subsequently, A was
charged with the crime of Illegal Possession of Firearms and Ammunition. During
trial, A maintained that the bag containing the unlicensed firearm and hand
grenade belonged to A, his friend, and that he was not in actual possession
thereof at the time he was arrested. Are the allegations meritorious? Explain.
(3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Page 361 of 374

a) A's allegations are not meritorious. Ownership is not an essential
element of the crime of illegal possession of firearms and ammunition. What the
law requires is merely possession, which includes not only actual physical
possession but also constructive possession where the firearm and explosive are
subject to one's control and management. (People us. De Grecia, 233 SCRA
716; U.S. vs. Juan, 23 Phil. 105: People vs. Soyag, 110 Phil. 565).
PD 46
1994 No. 19:
Gino was appointed Collector of Customs and was assigned at the Ninoy
Aquino International Airport, Gerry, an importer, hosted a dinner for 100 persons
at the Westin Philippine Plaza in honor of Gino.
What are the offense or offenses committed by Gino and Gerry?
Answer;
Both Gino and Gerry are liable for violation of Presidential Decree No. 46,
which punishes any public official or employee who receives, directly or
indirectly, and for private persons who give, offer any gift, present or valuable
thing on any occasion, including Christmas, when such gift or valuable thing is
given by reason of his official position, regardless of whether or not the same is
for past favor or favors, or the giver hopes or expects to receive a favor or better
treatment in the future. Being an importer, Gerry reasonably expects future favor
from Gino.
Included within the prohibition is the throwing of parties or entertainment in
honor of the official or employee or of his immediate relatives.
PD 46
1997 No. 16:
A, who is the private complainant in a murder case pending before a
Regional Trial Court Judge, gave a judge a Christmas gift, consisting of big
basket of assorted canned goods and bottles of expensive wines, easily worth
P10.000.00. The judge accepted the gift knowing it came from A.
What crime or crimes, if any, were committed? Answer:
The Judge committed the crime of Indirect bribery under Art. 211 of the
Revised Penal Code. The gift was offered to the Judge by reason of his office. In
addition, the Judge will be liable for the violation of P.D. 46 which punishes the
receiving of gifts by pubic officials and employees on occasions like Christmas.
PD 534; illegal fishing
1991 No 4:
Two [2] Philippine National Police (PNP) officers. X and Y, on board on
Page 362 of 374

Suggested Answer:
Additional Answer:
PD 704
1996 No. 11
Upon a laboratory examination of the fish seized by the police and agents
of the Fisheries Commission, it was Indubitably determined that the fish they
were selling were caught with the use of explosives. Accordingly, the three
vendors were criminally charged with the violation of Section 33 of P.D. 704
which makes it unlawful for any person to knowingly possess, deal in, or sell for
profit any fish which have been illegally caught. During the trial, the three vendors
claimed that they bought the fish from a fishing boat which they duly identified.
The prosecution however claimed that the three vendors should nevertheless be
held liable for the offense as they were the ones caught in possession of the fish
illegally caught.
On the basis of the above facts, if you were the judge, would you convict
the three fish vendors? Explain.
Answer:
No, I would not convict the three fish vendors if I were the judge. Mere
possession of such fish without knowledge of the fact that the same were caught
with the use of explosives does not by itself render the seller-possessor
criminally liable under P.D. 704. Although the act penalized in said Decree may
be a malum prohibitum, the law punishes the possession, dealing in or selling of
such fish only when "knowingly" done that the fish were caught with the use of
explosives; hence criminal intent is essential. The claim by the fish vendors that
they only bought the fish from fishing boats which they "duly identified", renders
their possession of such fish innocent unless the prosecution could prove that
they have knowledge that explosives were used in catching such fish, and the
accused had knowledge thereof.
PD 9; Illegal possession of bladed weapons
1980 No. XIII
While "U", a 60-year-old barber, was sweeping the yard of his shop in a
barrio, his cousin dropped by and left his bolo (cousin's) for safekeeping. "U" put
the same behind a mirror in his barber shop. Later, "V" came around and
threatened him by saying "come out old man and I'll kill you." It appears that they
had a prior altercation relative to a grandson of "U".
Page 363 of 374

Incensed, "U" got the bolo from behind the mirror and chased "V" for about
20 meters. At this point, a policeman intercepted "U", told the latter to put down
his bolo and arrested him..
"U" was subsequently charged with Illegal Possession of Deadly Weapon
under Presidential Decree No. 9 which makes it unlawful to carry outside of one's
residence any bladed weapon except where such article is being used as a
necessary implement to earn a livelihood.
If you were the trial Judge, would you find "U" guilty of said crime?
Answer
If I were the judge, I would not find U guilty of illegal possession of deadly
weapon under Presidential Decree No. 9. U got the bolo from behind the mirror in
his barber shop to chase V who threatened him that he will kill" him. Presidential
Decree No. 9, punishes the offense of carrying a bladed weapon outside of one's
residence if not being used as a necessary implement to earn a livelihood either
in furtherance of, or to abet, or in connection with subversion, rebellion,
insurrection, lawless violence, criminality, chaos or public disorder. (People vs.
Purisima,, 87 SCRA 542). The offense punished in Presidential Decree No. 9 is
primarily linked with the political purposes with which martial law was declared.
(Bermudez vs. Court of Appeals, L-417121, July 30, 1979)
Plunder; prescription of crimes; prescription of right to recover properties
1993 No. 4
Through kickbacks, percentages or commissions and other fraudulent
schemes /conveyances and taking advantage of his position, Andy, a former
mayor of a suburban town, acquired assets amounting to P10 billion which is
grossly disproportionate to his lawful income. Due to his influence and
connections and despite knowledge by the authorities of his Ill-gotten wealth, he
was charged with the crime of plunder only after twenty (20) years from his
defeat in the last elections he participated in.
1) May Andy still be held criminally liable? Why?
2) Can the State still recover the properties and assets that he illegally
acquired, the bulk of which is in the name of his wife and children? Reason out.
Answer;
1) Andy will not be criminally liable because Section 6 of RA 7080
provides that the crime punishable under this Act shall prescribe in twenty years
and the problem asked whether Andy can still be charged with the crime of
plunder after 20 years,
2) Can the State still recover? Yes, because Section 6 provides that
recovery of properties unlawfully acquired by public officers from them or their
nominees or transferees shall not be barred by prescription, laches or estoppel.
RA 1379; prescriptive period for forfeiture
1990 No. 13
Maloling is a public official who resigned from the service on February 1,
1984. On February 15, 1990, the Solicitor General filed a petition in court for the
forfeiture of the property of Maloling which was allegedly unlawfully acquired.
a] If you were the counsel of Maloling, what defense or defenses would
you interpose? Explain your answer.
Page 364 of 374

b) Besides property unlawfully acquired found to be in the name of
Maloling, what are the other properties not in his name which may nevertheless
be considered unlawfully acquired? Explain your answer.
Answer;
a) I would interpose the defense of prescription as the right to file a
petition for forfeiture under Republic Act No. 1379 Section 2 prescribes in four
(4) years from the date of resignation.
b) Property which may still be considered as unlawfully acquired, though
not in the name of Maloling at the time of filing of the petition for forfeiture, shall
include:
1) Property unlawfully acquired by the respondent but its ownership
concealed by being recorded in the name of, or held by, the respondent's
spouse, ascendants, descendants, relatives or any other person; and
2) Property unlawfully acquired by the respondent, but transferred by him
to another person/s. (RA. 1379 Section l(b)).
RA 3019
1997 No. 20:
A is charged with the crime defined in Section 3(e) of the Anti-Graft and
Corrupt Practices Act in an Information that reads:
That from 01 to 30 January 1995, in the City of Pasig and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the accused, being then employed in the
Office of the District Engineer, Department of Public Works and Highways and in
the discharge of his official administrative functions, did then and there willfully
and unlawfully work for and facilitate the approval of B's claim for the payment of
the price of his land which the government had expropriated, and after the claim
was approved, the accused gave B only P1,000.00 of the approved claim of
P5,000 and willfully and unlawfully appropriated for himself the balance of
P4,000, thus causing undue injury to B and the Government."
A has filed a motion to quash the information, contending that it does not
charge an offense. Is he correct?
Answer:
Yes, the contention of A is correct. The information failed to allege that the
undue injury to B and the government was caused by the accused's manifest
partiality, evident bad faith, or gross Inexcusable negligence, which are
necessary elements of the offense charged, ie., violation of Section 3(e) of the
Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. The accused is employed in the Office of
the District Engineer of the DPWH. which has nothing to do with the
determination and fixing of the price of the land expropriated, and for which
expropriated land the Government is legally obligated to pay. There is no
allegation In the information that the land was overpriced or that the payment of
the amount was disadvantageous to the Government. It appears that the charge
was solely based on the accused having followed up the payment for B's land
which the Government has already appropriated, and that the accused eventually
withheld for himself from the price of the said land, the amount of P4,000 for his
services. No violation of Section 3(e) of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Act appears.
At most, the accused should be merely charged administratively
Alternative Answers:
Page 365 of 374

1. Yes, A is correct in filing a motion to quash the information because
Section 3(e) of Republic Act 3019 applies only to officers and employees of
government corporations charged with the grant of licenses or permits or other
concessions, and not to DPWH, which is not a government corporation.
2. A is not correct. In the case of Meforda vs. Sandiganbayan. 151 SCRA
399, which involves a substantially identical information as the Information
quoted in the question, the Supreme Court held that the Information was valid.
While it is true that the information quoted In the question, failed to allege evident
bad faith, gross inexcusable negligence or manifest partiality, said Information Is
nevertheless adequate because it averred the three (3) elements for the violation
of Section 3(c) of RA. 3012 when it stated (1) that the accused is a public officer
at the time of the commission of the crime, being employed in the Office of the
District Engineer, DPWH; (2) that the accused caused undue Injury to B and the
Government, with the statement that BT the owner of the land, received only
P1,000.00 instead of the full value of P5,000.00; and (3) that in the discharge of
A's official administrative functions, he "did then and there willfully and unlawfully
work for and facilitate the approval of his claim xxx and "willfully and unlawfully
appropriate for himself the balance of P4,000.00 x x x". An information need not
employ or use the very words or language of the statute.
It may also use words or language of similar import.
RA 3019
1986 No. 15:
Kabilugan, in January 1985, was appointed director of a bureau in one of
the ministries of the government. In accordance with the Anti-Graft and Corrupt
Practices Act, he filed his statement of assets and liabilities within thirty days
after assuming office. In March, 1986, after the February political upheaval,
Kabilugan fled the country, fearing that he would be investigated for a number of
irregularities in his bureau. For his failure to file his statement of assets and
liabilities on or before April 15, 1986, he was charged with violation of the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. Kabilugan pleads that he. being abroad, it was
impossible for him to prepare and file his statement of assets and liabilities.
Is the charge against Kabilugan proper? Explain. Answer:
The charge against Kabilugan is proper. The fact that he was abroad
when he should file the statement of his assets and liabilities as required by law
is not a valid excuse. Being a director of a bureau, under the Anti-Graft Law, the
statement should have been filed with the Department Head by mail or thru the
Office of the Philippine Ambassador abroad.
RA 3019
1983 No. 14
A building contractor offered a bribe to an engineer employed in the
Ministry of public Works and Highways. The latter refused the offer, not because
of moral scruples but because he thought he was being entrapped.
(a) What crime or crimes, if any, under the Revised Penal Code were
committed and by whom? Give the basis of the liability or non-liability of both the
building contractor and the engineer.
(b) Did either or both offerer and offeree commit any offense under the
Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act [Republic Act No. 3019}? Why?
Page 366 of 374

Answer
b) Neither the offerer and the offeree can be held liable for any offense
under the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (Act 3019), Sec. 4 (b) of the said
law which punishes any person who knowingly induces or causes any public
officer to commit any of the offenses defined in Section 3 of the law, will not
apply. The problem does not specifically state that the contractor induced on
caused the engineer to commit any of the acts enumerated in Section 3 of the
law.
RA 3019
1984 No. 17
A, a BIR examiner, was undertaking an examination of the tax liability of X
under his 1983 income tax returns. When X learned that A's son who had just
returned from the United States was going to be married, he sent through A a no-
frost refrigerator as his wedding gift.
What crime or crimes, if any, did A and/or X commit? Explain.
Answer
A and X are both guilty of violation of R.A. 3019 (The Anti-Graft and
Corrupt Practice Act) which provided among others:
"Sec. 3: Corrupt practice of public officers. In addition to acts or omissions
of public office already penalized by existing law, the following shall constitute
corrupt practices of any public officer and are hereby declared to be unlawful: "x
xxxx
"(b) directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift present, share,
percentage, or benefit for himself or for any other party, wherein the public officer
in his capacity has to intervene under the law. "x x x -x x
"The person giving the gift, present, share, percentage, or benefit referred
to in paragraphs (b) and (c) or offering or giving to the public officer the
employment mentioned in paragraph (d) of this section, shall together with the
offending public officer, be punished under Section nine (9) of this Act----"
"Section 2 (c) of said law also provides that: "Receiving any gift" includes
the act of accepting directly or indirectly a gift from a person other than a member
of the public officer's immediate family, in behalf of himself or any member of his
family or relative within the fourth civil degree, either by consanguinity or affinity
even on the occasion of a family celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if
the value of the gift is under the circumstances manifestly excessive."
A and X are both guilty under the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. A,
the BIR examiner is liable for "receiving the no-frost refrigerator as & wedding gift
for his son, while he was undertaking an examination of the tax liability of X, the
gift giver, under his 1983 income tax return. The Anti-graft law punishes the
public officer for directly or indirectly receiving- a gift for himself or for any other
party wherein the public officer in his capacity has to intervene under the law.
(Sec. 3 b Art. 3019). The person giving the gift to the public officer is punished
together with the public officer (Sec. 9 Art. 3019). Receiving any gift under the
Anti-Graft Law includes the act of accepting a gift directly or indirectly from a
person other than a member of the public officer's immediate family, in behalf of
Page 367 of 374

himself or any member of his family x x even on the occasion of a family
celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is under the
circumstances manifestly excessive. The no-frost refrigerator is certainly a very
expensive item and if A was not a BIR examiner undertaking the examination of
the income tax return of X at the time the wedding gift was given, certainly a gift
that expensive would not have been given.
RA 3019
1985 No. 13
Cris Vera, an influential member of the Sangguniang Panlunsod of Butuan
City and a well-known radio commentator of the said place, addressed a written
communication to Director Jose of Butuan City LTC, asking for the issuance of a
"temporary permit" for a special trip to Ozamis City of a TPU jeepney belonging
to Vera's relative which got involved in a vehicular collision with a private car in
the latter's place. The purpose of the said request is to make it appear that the
trip although not within the authorized route of the TPU jeepney's certificate of
public convenience, was nevertheless authorized so as to enable the owner to
recover on the insurance policy.
Director Jose refused, fearful of the disastrous consequences. Thereafter,
he was the subject of unsavory comments and furious attack by Cris Vera in his
program. Director Jose then countered with a criminal complaint for violation of
the Anti-Graft Law with the Tanodbayan against Cris Vera.
Will the complaint prosper? Discuss with reasons.
Answer:
The criminal complaint against Cris Vera for violation of the Anti-Graft Law
which was filed with the Tanodbayan will not prosper. The mere act of Cris Vera,
an influential member of the Sangguniang Panlunsod of Butuan City and a well-
known radio commentator of addressing a letter to Director Jose of Butuan City
LTC, asking for the issuance of a "temporary permit" for a special trip to Ozamis
City of a TPU jeepney belonging to Vera's relative which got involved in a
vehicular collision with a private car, is not "persuading, inducing or influencing"
another public officer to perform an act in violation of the rules and regulations of
the office. (Sec. 3 (a) Act. 3019), Generally to induce, persuade or influence is to
give a price, reward or promise. It is essential that the accused should have
acted for a consideration, payment or enumeration (People vs, Bornales 13
SCRA 972, 67 O.G. 8316). The fact that Director Jose was the subject of
unsavory comments and furious attacks by Cris Vera in his radio program after
the denial of the request, as its purpose was to enable the owner of the TPU to
recover on the insurance policy, do not also constitute ''persuading or
influencing" as there is no mention that the attacks were uttered due to the denial
of such request for the issuance of the "temporary permit".
RA 3019
1990 No. 9;
a) Melda, who is the private secretary of Judge Tolits Naya. was
persuaded by a litigant. Jumbo, to have his case calendared as early as
possible for a consideration of P500. May she be held criminally liable for this
accommodation? Explain your answer.
Page 368 of 374

b) What will be the criminal liability of Melda if she volunteered to
persuade Judge Tolits Naya to rule in Jumbo's favor without asking any
consideration? Explain your answer.
Answer:
a) The answer would depend/be qualified by the implication of the phrase
"to have his case calendared as early as possible".
If the phrase is interrupted as an unjust act and in violation of the rule to
give priority to the older cases, then she would be liable under direct bribery for
an act which does not constitute a crime but is unjust. He may also be held liable
under Section 3(e) of RA. 3019, the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, as
amended: "x x x giving any private party any unwarranted benefits".
If you interpret the phrase as a non-violation of the rules and regulations
then he can only be held liable for direct bribery.
b) Melda is not criminally liable because the act of volunteering to
persuade is not a criminal act. It is the act of persuading that is considered a
criminal act. The act does not fall under Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code
on Direct Bribery nor does it fall under Article 211 of the RPC on Indirect Bribery.
Neither does it fall under the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Section 3(a) of
RA. 3019 refers to acts of persuading another public official to violate rules and
regulations.
RA 3019
1991 No. 17:
A, the Director of the Southern Islands Hospital in Cebu City, a
government training hospital, instructed the withholding of the salaries of Y, one
of the Medical Specialists of the hospital, for the months of January, February
and March 1989 due to Vs failure to submit his daily time records, and his salary
for the period 1 to 15 April 1989 which was the period covered by his application
for sick leave which A disapproved when he found out that Y was not actually
sick. A likewise ordered the removal of T's name from the plantilla because of the
former's dissatisfaction with the services of the latter who continued teaching,
even during office hours, In a medical college in Cebu City. Nevertheless, after Y
submitted his daily time records in May 1989, his salaries were released. Also,
his name was later re-included in the final plantilla.
A was charged before the City Prosecutor's Office of Cebu City for
violation of Section 3, paragraph (c) of RA No. 3019, as amended, which
considers as among the corrupt practices of any public officer and declares
unlawful the following: "causing any undue injury to any party, including the
Government, or giving 'any private party any unwarranted benefits, advantage or
preference in the discharge of his official, administrative or judicial functions
through partiality, evident bad faith, or gross inexcusable negligence, x x x"
If you were the Investigating prosecutor, how would you resolve the case?
Answer:
Liable, I will file the information as one of the corrupt practices is causing
undue injury to any party, including the government due to evident bad faith, Sec.
3fe), RA No. 3019.
Alternative Answer:
Page 369 of 374

The Director is not liable under Sec.3(e), RA 3019, because there was no
"undue injury" suffered by Y.
RA 3019; effect of reelection
1980 No. XIX
On June 10, 1974, a Provincial Governor of a certain province bought a
bulldozer valued at P200,000 out of provincial funds for the use and repair of
provincial roads, when actually one could be bought for P100,000.00, which
transaction was manifestly and grossly disadvantageous to his province.
In the last local elections, he ran for reelection. During the height of his
political campaign, his opponents raised said questionable transaction as an
issue before the electorate, but nonetheless, he was elected by a comfortable
margin.
Would his reelection be a bar to a prosecution for the crime committed
prior to his reelection, for violating the provisions of Republic Act No. 3019, or the
Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act?
Answer
The reelection of the Provincial Governor is not a bar to his prosecution for
violating the provisions of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, committed
prior to his reelection. Reelection cannot condone previous criminal acts of an
elective official, punishable under the Anti-Graft law prior to his reelection. The
doctrine established in the case of Pascual vs. Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija,
106 Phil. 466 and Lizares vs. Hechanova, 17 SCRA 58 that a reelected public
officer is no longer answerable to administrative sanctions for acts committed by
him during his former tenure does not apply to criminal prosecution under a
special statute like the Anti-Graft Law. If after the reelection of a public officer, no
crime committed by him prior thereto becomes punishable, even if it has not yet
prescribed, will be patently offensive to the objectives and letter of the Anti-Graft
and Corrupt Practices Act, (Luciano vs. Provincial Governor, 28 SCRA 617).
RA 3019; meaning of public officer
2003 No XV.
The Central Bank (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas}, by a resolution of the
monetary board, hires Theof Sto Tomas, a retired manager of a leading bank as
a consultant. Theof later receives a valuable gift from a bank under investigation
by the Central Bank. May Theof be prosecuted under Republic Act No. 3019
(Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act) for accepting such a gift? Explain. 8%
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, Theof may not be prosecuted under Rep. Act 3019, but may be
prosecuted for violation of Pres, Decree No. 46, under which such act of
receiving a valuable gift is punished.
Although Theof is a "public officer" within the application of the Anti-Graft
and Corrupt Practices Act (RA 3019), yet his act of receiving such gift does not
appear to be included among the punishable acts under Rep. Act 3019 since he
is not to intervene in his official capacity in the investigation of the bank which
gave the gift. Penal laws must be strictly construed against the State. In any
case, Theof is administratively liable.
Alternative Answer
Page 370 of 374

Yes, Theof may be prosecuted under Rep. Act 3019 because he is a
"public officer" within the purview of said law, and Theof received the valuable gift
from a bank which is under investigation by the Central Bank where he is
employed as a "public officer". Receiving gift, directly or indirectly by a public
officer from a party who has a transaction with the Government is wrong, more
so when the gift-giver is under investigation by the government office to which
the public officer is connected.
RA 3019; penalties thereof
1986 No. 4:
Alpha company owns hardware store. Because of financial difficulties, it
filed a petition for suspension of payments with the Securities and Exchange
Commission. Pollux, 17 years of age. is the youngest brother of one of the SEC
Commissioners. Without the knowledge of his brother. Pollux approached the
president of Alpha and asked for a gift of 50 bags of cement. Prosecuted for
violation of Section 4 of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Pollux pleaded
guilty. During the trial of Pollux, his counsel argued that his client was entitled to
mitigating circumstances.
If you were the fiscal, would you have a legal basis for opposing the
request for a mitigation of the penalty? Explain.
Answer:
There is no legal basis for approving the request for a mitigation of the
penalty. The reason is the penalty provided in the Anti-Graft Law, whether the
offender is a public officer or a private person, is indeterminate, which means it is
not divisible, that is, it cannot be divided into periods of fixed duration, in order to
appreciate any attending mitigating circumstance. The penalty is imprisonment of
not less than one year or more than ten years.
RA 3019; preventive suspension
2000 No XII
A month after the arraignment of Brad Kit Commissioner of the Housing
and Land Use Regulatory Board, who was charged with violation of Section 3 (h)
of Republic Act 3019 [Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act) before the
Sandiganbayan, the Office of the Special Prosecutor filed a Motion to Suspend
Accused Pendente Lite pursuant to Section 13 of the Anti-Graft Law. The Court
granted the motion and suspended accused Brad Kit for a period of 90 days.
Accused assailed the constitutional validity of the suspension order on the
ground that it partakes of a penalty before Judgment of conviction is reached and
is thus violative of his constitutional right to be presumed innocent. He also
claimed that this provision of the law on suspension pendente lite applies only to
elective officials and not to appointed ones like him. Rule with reasons. (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The suspension order does not partake of a penalty and is thus not
violative of Brad Kit's constitutional right to be presumed innocent. Under the law,
the accused public officers shall be suspended from office while the criminal
prosecution is pending in court (Sec. 13, RA. 3019). Such preventive suspension
is mandatory to prevent the accused from hampering the normal course of the
investigation (Rios vs. Sandiganbayan,279 SCRA 581 (1997); Bunye vs.
Escareal 226 SCRA 332 (1993)).
Page 371 of 374

Neither is there merit in Brad Kit's claim that the provision on suspension
pendente lite applies only to elective officials and not to appointed ones like him.
It applies to all public officials Indicted upon a valid information under RA. No.
3019, whether they be appointive or elective officials; or permanent or temporary
employees, or pertaining to the career or non-career service (Segovia vs.
Sandiganbayan, 288 SCRA 328 [1998]).
RA 3019; preventive suspension
1999 No VII
(b) A public officer was accused before the Sandiganbayan of a violation
of Section 3 (e) of RA No. 3019, the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. Just
after arraignment and even before evidence was presented, the Sandiganbayan
issued an order for his suspension pendente lite. The accused questioned the
said Order contending that it is violative of the constitutional provision against an
ex post facto law. Will you sustain the objection of the accused? Why? [2%]
(c) What pre-conditions are necessary to be met or satisfied before
preventive suspension may be ordered? (2%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(b) No, I will not sustain the objection of the accused. Suspension of
the accused pendente lite is not violative of the constitutional provision against
ex-post facto law. Ex-post facto law means making an innocent act a crime
before it is made punishable.
(c) The pre-conditions necessary to be met or satisfied before a
suspension may be ordered are: (1) there must be proper notice requiring the
accused to show cause at a specific date of hearing why he should not be
ordered suspended from office pursuant to RA 3019, as amended; and (2) there
must be a determination of a valid information against the accused that warrants
his suspension.
RA 6713; coverage
2001 No XII
Robert Sy, a well known businessman and a founding member of the
Makati Business Club, aside from being a classmate of the newly-elected
President of the Philippines, had Investments consisting of shares of stocks in
the Urban Bank, the PNB, the Rural Bank of Caloocan City and his privately-
owned corporation, the RS Builders Corporation and Trans-Pacific Air. After the
President had taken his oath and assumed his office, he appointed Robert as
Honorary Consul to the Republic of Vietnam. Robert took his oath before the
President and after furnishing the Department of Foreign Affairs with his
appointment papers, flew to Saigon, now Ho Chi Min City, where he organized
his staff, put up an office and stayed there for three months attending to trade
opportunities and relations with local businessman. On the fourth month, he
returned to the Philippines to make his report to the President. However, the Anti-
Graft League of the Philippines filed a complaint against Robert for (1) falling to
file his Statement of Assets and Liabilities within thirty (30) days from assumption
of office; (2) failing to resign from his businesses, and (3) falling to divest his
shares and investments in the banks and corporations owned by him, as required
by the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees.
Will the complaint prosper? Explain. (5%)
Page 372 of 374

SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The complaint will not prosper because the Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and Employees (Rep. Act. No. 6713), expressly
exempts those who serve the Government in an honorary capacity from filing
Statements of Assets and Liabilities, and from resigning and divesting
themselves of interest from any private enterprise (Secs. 8A and 9).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Yes, the complaint will prosper under Sec. 7 of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt
Practices Act (Rep. Act No. 3019, as amended], which requires all public officers
within 30 days from assuming public office to file a true, detailed sworn statement
of assets and liabilities. Violations of this law are mala prohibita which admits of
no excuses.
RA 7438
1993 No, 20:
Upon complaint of Baby, NBI agent Cesar Invited Estafador to the NBI
headquarters where Cesar showed to Estafador the sworn complaint of Baby for
estafa. He thereafter began questioning Estafador who told him that he
(Estafador) is willing to submit to an investigation since he has nothing to hide.
Thereupon, Cesar got a typewriter and took down the statement of Estafador
without informing the latter that he has a right to remain silent and to secure the
services of a lawyer. After the statement was signed by Estafador, his fiancee,
Fadora, came and asked Cesar to allow her to confer with Estafador but Cesar
refused saying that after all, Fadora is not a lawyer, and that Estafador voluntarily
gave his statement.
If you were the lawyer of Estafador, with what crime would you charge the
NBI agent? Explain.
Answer;
Violation of RA 7438, defining rights of persons arrested,
1) Failure to inform him of his right to counsel and to remain silent [Sec.
4, par. 1); and
2) Prevent an Immediate member of his family which includes fiancee, to
confer with Estafador (Sec. 4(b).
Subversion
1991 No. 2:
a) May a ranking leader of the NPA who has taken up arms against the
government be simultaneously prosecuted for violation of Section 1 of RA. 1700
(the Anti-Subversion Act) and for rebellion under Article 135 of the Revised Penal
Code, as amended?
Answer;
Yes, because the two offenses are punished under separate laws.
Besides, the elements of the two offenses differ.
b) What would have been the legal effect of the repeal of P.D. No. 1835
(Codifying The Various Laws on Anti-Subversion and Increasing the Penalties
For Membership in Subversive Organizations) as amended by P.D, No. 1975, if
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R.A. No. 1700 (An Act to Outlaw The Communist Party of the Philippines and
Similar Associations, Penalizing Membership Therein and For Other Purposes)
were not revived?
Answer:
b) If the repeal of P.D. 1835 as amended by R.A. 1735, is absolute,
without reviving R.A. 1700, the original provision on illegal associations under
Art. 147 of the Revised Penal Code would be the pertinent provision to be taken
into account. Hence, it must be proved that the purpose of the organization is to
commit any crime punishable by the code or for some purpose contrary to public
morals.
Alternative Answer;
b) If Rep. Act No. 1700 were not revived by Executive Order No. 167, the
repeal of P.D. No. 1835 and P.D. No. 1975 would have created a vacuum in the
sense that membership in subversive organizations would no longer be
punishable.
Subversion
1978 No. X-a (1)
What do you understand by the term "subversive associations and
organizations" contemplated by Presidential Decree (PD) 885, otherwise known
as the "Revised Anti-Subversion Law"?
Is membership in such associations and organizations illegal per se?
Discuss fully. When does subversion become a qualified offense?
Subversive associations or organizations refer to any association,
organization, political party or group of persons organized to overthrow the
government of the Republic of the Philippines with the open or covert assistance
and support of a foreign power by means of violence, force, deceit, or any other
illegal means.
Membership is not illegal per se because it must be made knowingly,
willfully and by overt acts. (People vs. Ferrer, 48 SCRA 382). Subversion
becomes qualified if a member is an officer or ranking leader or takes up arms
against the government.
Page 374 of 374

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