Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS
ANEXOS
Página 2 de 83
TABLAS
PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS
PRONOUNS
one another
los unos a los
otros (más de
SHE ella Her su, sus Hers suyo/a/os/as Verbo her Herself dos personas
(de ella)
IT ello Its su, sus Its suyo/a/os/as (de or it Itself
(animales y ello)
objetos)
WE nosotros/as Our Ours Prepos. us ourselves
nuestro/a/os/as
YOU vosotros/as Your Yours you Yourselves
vuestro/a/os/as
THEY ellos/as their su, sus Theirs suyo/a/os/as them themselves
Página 3 de 83
VERBO TO BE (SER O ESTAR)
SOME Afirmativas Some milk, some chairs (algo de leche, algunas sillas)
ANY Negativas e Any Money, any tables (algo de leche, algunas sillas o nada
Interrogativas de leche, ninguna silla)
*Excepciones:
some, se puede usar en interrogativas cuando pides información : Can you give me some information?, o cuando
ofreces alguna cosa : Would you like some coffee?
Any se puede usar en afirmativas cuando te refieres a cualquiera, el que sea.: give me any book (dame cualquier
libro)
Página 4 de 83
COMPOUNDS
PALABRAS DE CANTIDAD
INCONTABLES CONTABLES
Negativa e Interrogativa MUCH mucho/a MANY muchos/as
Afirmativa,Negativa,Interrogativa A LOT OF/ LOTS OF Mucho/a/muchos /as
Sentido Negativo LITTLE Poco/poca A FEW Pocos/ pocas
Sentido Positivo A LITTLE A FEW
Un poco/una poca Unos pocos/unas pocas
THERE BE
PRESENTE PASADO
THERE IS (HAY) THERE WAS (HABÍA) 1 COSA/INCONT
THERE ARE(HAY) THERE WERE(HABÍA) PLURALES
PASSIVE
ELLA COMPRA COCHES ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT SIMPLE SHE BUYS CARS CARS ARE BOUGHT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS SHE IS BUYING CARS CARS ARE BEING BOUGHT
PAST SIMPLE SHE BOUGHT CARS CARS WERE BOUGHT
PAST CONTINUOUS SHE WAS BUYING CARS CARS WERE BEING BOUGHT
PRESENT PERFECT SHE HAS BOUGHT CARS CARS HAVE BEEN BOUGHT
PAST PERFECT SHE HAD BOUGHT CARS CARS HAD BEEN BOUGHT
FUTURE SIMPLE SHE WILL BUY CARS CARS WILL BE BOUGHT
FUTURE CONTINUOUS SHE WILL BE BUYING CARS CARS WILL BE BEING
BOUGHT
FUTURE PERFECT SHE WILL HAVE BOUGHT CARS WILL HAVE BEEN
CARS BOUGHT
MODALES/VERBOS CON TO SHE CAN BUY CARS CARS CAN BE BOUGHT
MODALES PERFECT SHE MUST HAVE BOUGHT CARS MUST HAVE BEEN
CARS BOUGHT
Página 5 de 83
MODALES
GENITIVO SAJÓN
Se utiliza para expresar posesión y sólo con personas o expresiones de tiempo (yesterday´s
newspaper).
REMEMBER
2º
El coche de mi madre es rojo My mother´s car is red
3º ´s 1º 4º
Página 6 de 83
TENSES
PAST CONTIN. Acción que estaba ocurriendo en el pasado pero no sabemos si terminó o
while no o bien se vio interrumpida por otra
PRS.PERFECT Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado pero todavía tiene que ver con el
Just, ever, already, presente
yet, this
morning,for, since Experiencias vitales
PST. PERFECT Acciones que tuvieron lugar antes que otra acción que ocurrió en el
pasado; es el pasado del pasado
Promesas
FUTURE CONTIN. Acciones que estarás haciendo (estarás en ello) para determinado momento
del futuro
FUT. PERFECT Acciones que ya habrás hecho para determinado momento del futuro
GOING TO Acciones que tienes la intención de hacer, las has pensado antes
Página 7 de 83
TENSES
1. PRESENTE SIMPLE:
Se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, genéricas, que tienen lugar con cierta
frecuencia (I DRINK)
USOS
Acciones que ocurren habitual, repetidamente o con frecuencia.
Como Futuro: horario de trenes, aviones etc. (what time does your
company open?)
Frequency adverbs: (How often): van con el Presente simple, indican frecuencia:
2. PRESENTE CONTINUO:
Se utiliza para describir acciones que se están desarrollando en este mismo
momento. Se forma con la persona, el verbo to be que corresponda y un verbo con
–ING (gerundio):
I am eating (You are Dancing-He is watching-She is reading a book)
Página 8 de 83
USOS
3. PAST SIMPLE:
Para los verbos regulares se forma añadiendo, ed, los irregulares son específicos
( ver la lista de verbos irregulares, la segunda columna)
I drunk, she worked, He danced, I worked, you washed.
La forma negativa, se hace con el To Do en pasado (Did) para todas las personas
I didn’t drink, she didn’t eat
USOS
Son Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado, y terminaron en el pasado.
Yesterday three years ago Last week
4. PAST CONTINUOUS:
Página 9 de 83
5. PRESENT PERFECT:
Se forma con la persona, have o has (para he, she, it) y el verbo en participio. Para el
participio hay que saber si el verbo es regular (se le añade –ed, como en el pasado) o
irregular (se mira la lista de verbos irregulares, en la tercera columna):
I have danced, she has visited, they have loaded…
I have written, she has gone, they have drunk….
Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado pero todavía tienen que ver con el
presente.
Past simple: I worked in Froebel 15 years
Present perfect: I have worked in froebel for 15 years (aún trabajas ahí)
Past simple: I never met my grandfather
Present perfect: I have never met my grandfather (aún sigue vivo)
Nos sirve para expresar experiencias vitales, Have you ever been to Italy?
Cuando vemos el resultado de algo que acaba de ocurrir. I have just
painted my room
Página 10 de 83
USOS
Acciones que han estado un rato sucediendo y no han terminado.
7. PAST PERFECT:
Se forma con la persona, had y el participio del verbo:
I had written- yo había escrito she had worked - Ella había trabajado
USOS
USOS
Tiene el mismo uso que el past perfect, pero incide en la idea del tiempo, algo que
había estado un rato sucediendo. La acción indicamos que no termina.
FUTURE TENSES
1. FUTURE SIMPLE:
2.
Usos: Predicciones futuras sin pruebas.Como una Fortune teller
(pitonisa).
Acciones futuras que no tenemos planeadas, que surgen en el momento,
decisiones espontáneas, I will buy some milk because there isn´t any
We/I- shall/will, sólamente para esta dos personas se puede utilizar (shall) con
todas se usa sólo will. El shall está en desuso, se suele usar para otros casos:
Shall- otros usos:
para ofrecerte- shall I open the window for you?
para preguntarte a ti mismo- what shall I do with it?
He will smile—he’ll speak El hablará
Página 11 de 83
Negative: I will not go, I won’t go, he won’t speak
Interrogative: will you go?, will he speak?
3. GOING TO FORM:
Uses: Predicciones futuras con pruebas e indica la intención que tienes de hacer
algo.
I am going to drive- voy a conducir you are going to wash-vas a lavar
He is going to draw- él va a dibujar
Negatives: I am not going to drive
Interrogativas: are you going to draw
4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
Con idea de future:
I am reading tomorrow
Uses: Acciones planeadas y organizadas, futuro de agenda.
On Tuesday I’m visiting the dentist
On Friday I’m having some drinks with a friend
I’m going to get married next year (tengo la intención)
I’m getting married next year(tengo ya la fecha)
5. FUTURE CONTINUOUS:
Uses: Acciones que estarás haciendo para determinado momento del futuro.
Tomorrow by this time I will be flying to the FIJI Islands
(Mañana a esta hora estaré volando a las islas Fiji)
6. FUTURE PERFECT:
Uses: Acciones que ya habrán ocurrido para determinado momento del futuro.
Tomorrow by this time I will have finished my exam
(mañana a estas horas habré terminado mi examen)
Página 12 de 83
PRESENT, PAST, PRESENT PERFECT: CHECK
Página 13 de 83
BE GOING TO – FUTURE – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Página 14 de 83
CONDICIONAL
Tipos de condicionales:
3rd:I f...past perfert..., Would have + participle. If I had been there, she
wouldn’t have died. Si yo hubiera estado allí ella no habría muerto
USES:
Zero- Universal, general Siempre se cumple, afirmaciones científicas.
IN CASE: Por si, Por si acaso. Take your umbrella in case it rains. Coge el
paraguas por si llueve
Página 15 de 83
CONDICIONALES MIXTOS
Son una mezcla entre el segundo condicional y el tercero. Lo hacemos porque nos referimos a
momentos diferentes en el tiempo:
If I had studied for the exam yesterday, now I would go to the cinema
PASADO(cond.tercero) PRESENTE(cond. Segundo)
Página 16 de 83
CONDICIONALES
1. I’ve hung out the clothes. It’s lovely and sunny; if it (stay) like this they (be) dry
in two hours.
2. How did you do in the car rally?
We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If we (not get) lots we
(come) in somewhere in the middle. We certainly (not be) last.
3. This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be) so noisy.
4. A group of spectators, including my self, left the stand just before the end of the
game. When we were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was
a great cheer from the spectators. If there (not be) a goal the crowd (not cheer).
5. If the crowd (not cheer) we (not run) back up the stairs to see what had
happened.
6. If we (not run) back we (not crash) into the rest of the spectators on their way
down, and there (not be) this frightful accident.
7. If the pain (return), take another pill.
8. If I (have) a balcony in my house, I (grow) plants in pots.
9. If he (leave) his bike outside, somebody (steal it)
10. I sometimes think that if I (have) children, I (make) the same mistakes my
parents made
11. We had a lot of trouble putting the tent up. If it (not be)so windy, perhaps it (not
be so difficult)
12. Look at poor Tom with his car. If I (be) Tom, I (get) a new battery.
1. If you had a carpet on the stairs...
2. If I lived in the country...
3. The milk wouldn´t have gone off...
4. If you took a course on computers
5. If you tell my secret to anyone...
6. He would be furious...
7. If the price of petrol goes up...
8. What would you do...?
9. He threatened to kill us unless...
10. We were lost. If we had brought a map......
11. We will go to the party...
12. If I were the President...
Página 17 de 83
I WISH
1. I wish I (were, would be) older than you
2. She is flying to Spain next week. I wish I (could go, could have gone) with
her
3. The train has just left. I wish we (hurried, had hurried)
4. I would love to play basketball. I wish I (were, had been) taller
5. The party was terrific. I wish you (were, had been) there
6. You look great. I wish I (looked, had looked) like you
7. He was in an accident. He wishes he (didn´t drive, hadn´t driven) so fast
8. He failed his test. He wishes he (studied, had studied) harder
9. Alan wishes you (would have come, had come)
10. I´m having a great time in Italy. I wish you (were, had been) here.
Página 18 de 83
RELATIVE CAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Who que,cual,el cual, quien, únicamente referido a personas
Which que, el cual, Cuando nos referimos a objetos o animales
Whose cuyo/a/os/as, Para referirnos a personas, objetos y animales.Indica
posesión.
Where donde, en donde(nunca con in, at, on) Cuando nos referimos a
lugares.
When que, cuando, Cuando nos referimos a tiempo
What lo que
Why el porqué, la razón de que (reason,motive)
Of which (de la cual) the table, the leg of which is broken, is brown. Para
objetos y animals, se puede poner whose, también.
RULES
- Defining.
1. Who/Which se pueden sustituirse por that, pero solo se suele hacer de manera
oral. The man who/that gave me the book, is Peter
Sin embargo en esta frase podemos prescindir del who puesto que no es el sujeto
Página 19 de 83
RELATIVE CLAUSES
2. I was reading about the Atacama Desert. It’s the driest place in the world.
4. Have you met John Smith? His sister can speak fourteen languages.
5. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
10. We’ll have to get across the frontier. This will be difficult.
11. The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been destroyed in
the explosion.
12. The lorry crashed into a bus-load of school children. Six of them were slightly
injured.
14. The matter was reported to the Chief of Police. He ordered us all to be arrested.
15. His girlfriend turned out to be an enemy spy. He trusted her absolutely
Página 20 de 83
MODALS
ABILITY:
Can Poder, Saber can’t /cannot
Could Podía, Podría
Be able to Poder, Saber
COULD
1. Habilidades en el pasado, permanentes.
When I was five I could play the piano.
2. Verbos de percepción: see, hear.
I could see a figure in the distance.
BE ABLE TO was/were able to
1. Acciones que después de cierto esfuerzo se consiguieron hacer.
2. The fireman was able to save the girl.
3. Para todos los tiempos (Next year I’ll be able to drive a car)
PERMISION:
Can Puedo, (no se debe utilizar).
Could Podría (formal, educado)
May Puedo (formal muy educado)
ADVICE: (consejo)
Should Deberías
Ought to Deberías
OBLIGATION:
Must Deber Mustn’t Prohibicion
Have to Tener que Don’t have to No tener que, ausencia de
obigación.
Must: expresa la opinión, obligación interna , moral
Have to: expresa obligación de un gobierno, reglas etc.
PROBABILITY:
+ Must 90%, May 70%, might/could 50%, can’t 90% -
He must be at home, (debe estar en casa)
He may be at home, (puede que este en casa)
He might/could be at home (podria estar en casa,Pudiera ser que estuviera en casa)
He can’t be at home (no debe/puede estar en casa)
MODALES PERFECTOS
Se usan para hablar de acciones pasadas, para hacer suposiciones y sacar conclusions
sobre el pasado:
Página 21 de 83
MODAL VERBS
1. When I was a child I __________ understand adults, and now that I am an adult
I __________ children.
2. If I bought a lottery ticket I __________ win &1.000.
3. He sees very badly, he __________wear glasses all the time.
4. We __________ drive faster; we have plenty of time.
5. Notice in a picture gallery: cameras, sticks and umbrellas __________ be left at
the desk.
6. Mr Pitt __________ cook his own meals. His wife is away.
7. You ought to buy now; prices __________ go up.
8. You have put too much in your rucksacks; you never __________ carry all that.
9. Father to small son: you __________ do what Mummy says.
10. You __________ ring the bell; I have a key.
11. You __________ drink this it is poison.
12. At five years old he __________ read quite well.
13. He has refused, but he __________ change his mind if you asked him again.
14. ....you open the window, please?
15. She.....type at 40 words per minute.
16. I´m not surprised you failed the exam. You ........worked harder.
17. I.....go now, or I´ll be late for work.
18. This car is in terrible condition- You...have an accident at any time.
19. They.....understand the teacher as he spoke too fast.
20. You...try to make your applications a bit neater or you´ll never get a job.
21. Poor Jack- he lost his homework, and he....do it again.
22. The government....increase taxes soon.
23. ........I have an orange juice, please?
24. Next year I..........to drive a car.
25. He didn´t speak very clearly but I.....understand what he said.
26. If we miss the last train, we......walk.
27. The vase is broken but it.........been the cat. It was outside the whole day.
28. My sister.......to go to work because it is Sunday.
29. She......come tomorrow, but I don´t think so.
30. You......drive carefully, I insist on it.
Página 22 de 83
MODALS
1. It is your obligation to feed the cats
2. If I were you, I´d sell my house
3. It is not necessary to do all the homework
4. Finally, he managed to reach the top
5. Perhaps she drank too much at the party
6. It is no allowed to drink or eat in the cinema
7. You needn´t get up early on Sundays
8. It´s forbidden to use your dictionaries in the exam
9. If I were you, I wouldn´t smoke so much
10. Perhaps they´ll come tomorrow
11. He has the ability to swim very well
12. I´m sure they visited the country
13. It is necessary to have a visa to enter the country
14. If I were you, I wouldn´t say anything
15. Perhaps she was afraid of him
16. I´m quite sure he´ll fail the exam
17. I knew how to play the piano when I was 8
18. It wasn´t necessary to stay there yesterday
19. It is your duty to report at six
20. It is not necessary for you to go
21. This is the best way to clean the gun
22. I suggest you get a second opinion
23. I expected him to pass the exam but he failed
24. Am I obliged to eat this food?
25. Taking it without permission was the wrong thing to do
26. School rules insist on uniform al all times
27. I advise you to relax more
28. It wasn´t necessary for her to buy me a gift
29. Will it be necessary for me to kill?
30. Chewing gum is forbidden in class
Página 23 de 83
FORMA PASIVA
La forma pasiva en inglés, al igual que en castellano, se forma utilizando el verbo TO BE,
acompañado del participio (past participle) del verbo principal:
La diferencia que se puede observar con el castellano es que, mientras en este el participio
concuerda en género y número con el sujeto, en inglés, al ser la forma del participio única,
no se produce dicha concordancia.
This boy is combed by his mother Este niño es peinado por su madre
The book is read by my sister El libro es leído por mi hermana
Casos en los que no ponemos el complemento agente: (by me,by people, by someone)
1. Cuando tenemos en la activa el sujeto en forma de pronombre personal:
I, You, He, we, You, They
2. Cuando el sujeto de la activa es, People
3. Cuando el sujeto de la activa es Someone,Somebody
4. Cuando el sujeto de la activa es obvio
The police arrested the Thief yesterday
(The thief was arrested yesterday)
Todas las formas activas tienen su equivalencia pasiva, incluidas las formas continuas,
excepto los verbos que no tienen complemento directo o indirecto o verbos como tener,
parecer o ser. Todas ellas se construyen, como hemos indicado, poniendo el verbo
auxiliar de la oración pasiva en el mismo tiempo que el verbo principal de la oración
activa.
Página 24 de 83
PREGUNTAS EN PASIVAS
CI She was bought a book yesterday in the morning (si es un pronombre hay que
cambiarlo a pronombre personal)
CD A book was bought to her yesterday in the morning (si empiezas por el CD,
tienes que añadir un to, delante del CI)
can
She will buy flowers in the street
Has to
can
Flowers will be bought in the street
Have to
Página 25 de 83
PASIVAS IMPERSONALES
FÁCIL.
It is said that he works in Paris (se dice que él trabaja en Paris)
(En pasado) It was said that he works in Paris. (Se dijo que él trabaja en Paris)
DIFÍCIL.
He is said to work in Paris (se dice que él trabaja en Paris)
He was said to have worked in Paris (se decía que él trabajaba en Paris)
CONTINUOUS.
They said that he was working in Paris. (Ellos dijeron que él estaba trabajando en Paris)
He was said to have been working in Paris (se decia que él había estado trabajando en Paris)
They say that he is working in Paris. (Ellos dicen que él está trabajando en Paris)
He is said to be working in Paris (se dice que él está trabajando en Paris)
Esta estructura se usa cuando queremos indicar que no hemos sido nosotros los que hemos
hecho la acción, sino otra persona:
I cut my hair yesterday (me corté el pelo ayer, pero lo hice yo)
I had/got my hair cut yesterday ( me corté el pelo ayer, pero fui a una peluquería)
Página 26 de 83
PASIVA
1. The burglars have cut an enormous hole in the door.
2. They make these artificial flowers of silk
3. Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice.
4. Students are doing a lot of the work.
5. The author has written a special edition for children.
6. Somebody has cleaned my shoes.
7. They rang the church bells.
8. A thief stole my dog two days ago.
9. Someone is serving refreshments.
10. Somebody has slashed the picture with a knife.
11. I’ve bought a new car.
12. In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles.
13. What did you write it with?
14. Someone saw him pick up the gun.
15. Has someone posted my parcel yet?
16. They didn´t tell me the news.
17. He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another.
18. We can´t repair your clock.
19. You should take down the for sale notice.
20. Will they serve champagne at the party?
21. They gave her two weeks to pay the fine.
22. You needn´t do this.
23. Why have they never tried my scheme?
24. A Japanese firm makes these tv sets.
25. An earthquake destroyed the town.
26. Visitors must leave their umbrellas in the cloakroom.
27. She didn´t introduce me to his mother.
28. The roar of the traffic will keep residents awake all night.
29. Who invented the telephone?
30. You will get someone to see to it.
Página 27 de 83
PASIVA IMPERSONAL
1. They say she´s unreliable.
2. People thought he was too outspoken
3. People suppose smoking is bad for your health
4. People know the escaped convict is armed
5. They believe that the sculpture is genuine
6. People said he had a terrible argument with his wife
7. They rumoured that Beethoven went deaf towards the end of
his life
8. People say food is going up in price.
9. Everybody knows sweet things are bad for your teeth
10. They considered that the painting was a fake
11. People expect the government will maintain its majority
12. People knew she had had a baby
13. People know she is living with her father
14. They reported that the thieves were murdered
15. They believed he was drinking too much
16. We know the expedition reached the South Pole
17. They said that he had been there
18. People think that he is a spy
19. We considered that she was the best singer that Australia had
ever produced
20. We know that you were on the town the day of the crime
CAUSATIVE
1. She.....(have) her wedding dress....(make) three months ago
2. You have to.....(get) your photo....(take) for your passport
3. She.....(just have) one article.....(accept) by the local newspaper
4. I can´t visit you tomorrow. I....(have)my hair...(cut)
5. My mother.....(have) the broken window....(fix) last week
6. He.....(have)new glasses.......(make) at the optician´s tomorrow
7. She......(have) a phone line....(install) today
8. We......(have) the contracts....prepare) by a lawyer next week
9. She.....(just have) a new cupboard.....(build) in her bedroom
10. You should......(get) your brakes........(check) before the winter
Página 28 de 83
REPORTED SPEECH
Para hacer mención sobre lo que alguien ha dicho usamos verbos como
explain,I want to know, I wonder... Aunque los más utilizados son say y
tell:
Para introducir lo que ha dicho, usamos that aunque muchas veces se puede
omitir esta palabra.
Página 29 de 83
Tabla de cambios que sufre el verbo:
past continuos
present continuos
He said he was feeling
I am feeling happy
happy
I am sleeping
He said he was sleeping
past perfect
past simple
He said he had been
I was happy
happy
I slept
He said he had slept
past perfect
present perfect
He said he had been
I have been happy
happy
I have slept
He said he had slept
simple conditional
future
He said he would be
I will be happy
happy
I will sleep
He said he would sleep
Página 30 de 83
CAMBIOS CON LOS VERBOS MODALES
CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
MUST HAD TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO 0UGHT TO
WOULD WOULD
WILL WOULD
En las oraciones interrogativas usamos el mismo orden gramatical que si fuese una afirmativa: el
sujeto va antes del verbo pero no es necesario usar el auxiliar "do" o "did".
Las reglas son exactamente iguales que en el estilo indirecto con statements, pero hay algunas
diferencias:
2. Have you been to Italy? He asked (me) if/whether I had been to Italy
Página 31 de 83
REPORTED SPEECH (interpretando)
Cuando la frase que tenemos que pasar a estilo directo es una orden, una
sugerencia, una amenaza, aviso, consejo, etc… el estilo indirecto interpreta la
intención del hablante. Hay que seleccionar el verbo correcto: threaten
(amenazar), warn (avisar), tell/ask (pedir), order (ordenar), apologize for
(disculparse por), advise (aconsejar), etc Cada uno de estos verbos tiene su
propia estructura, aunque la gran mayoría sigue esta estructura:
S+VERB+CT+(NOT)+TO+INFINITIVO
EJEMPLOS
`If you don’t do your homework, I’ll kill you´, she said
My wife encouraged me to buy the car but I refused to buy it because it was
very expensive.
Mi mujer me animó a que me comprase el coche pero yo me negué a compralo
porque era muy caro
Página 32 de 83
LISTA DE VERBOS CON SUS ESTRUCTURAS
CON THAT
Agree that+frase: Estar de acuerdo en que He agreed that she was nice
Complain that+frase: Quejarse de que… He complained that it was broken
Exclaim that+frase: Exclamar que.. She exclaimed that she had money
Explain that+frase: Explicar que… He explained That the bus
Promise that +frase: Prometer que He promised that she would go
INFINITIVOS SIN TO
SUGGEST
Cuando te incluyes en la sugerencia: + GERUNDIO
“Let´s dance” She suggested dancing
Cuando no te incluyes en la sugerencia: + THAT SUJETO SHOULD VERBO
“why din´t you dance?” She suggested that they should dance
NOTA: Tanto los infinitivos como los gerundios se niegan con el NOT delante.
He ordered me not to go
He let me not go
He suggested not going
Página 33 de 83
ESTILO INDIRECTO
STATEMENTS
1. “There´s been an accident and the road is blocked”, said the policeman. “It
won´t be clear for some time”
2. “This letter is full of mistakes”, said Mrs Jones.
3. “I don´t know why you waste so much time polishing the car”, said Paul
4. “You can phone from my office”, said Ann to Peter
5. “I´m going out now, but I´ll be in by nine”, he said
6. “I´ve just bought a car, it is not insured yet so I cannot take you for a ride”, said
Peter
7. “I must hurry; my father is always furious if any of us are late for meals”, She
told us
8. “Nothing ever happens in the village, all the young people have drifted away to
the towns”, Ann explained to me
9. “I can´t live on my basic salary so I´m going to ask for a chance to do overtime
work”, Sam said
10. “I have a message for your brother”, Tom said to Mary. “He isn´t at home. He
left two days ago”, Mary answered.
QUESTIONS
1. “Do you want to see the cathedral?” said the guide
2. “Who did you give the money to?”, Ann asked
3. “Have you been her long?”, he said
4. What country do you come from?” said Bill.
5. “How long have you been here?” said Ann.
6. “Are you working as well as studying?” asked Peter.
7. “Have you got a work permit?” Bill wanted to know.
8. “What are you going to study?” asked Ann.
9. “Have you enrolled for more than one class?” said Peter.
10. “Why Do you want to buy any second – hand books?” said Bill.
11. “Have you seen the library?” asked Ann.
12. “How often do you play rugby?” said Peter.
13. “Will you have time to play regularly?” he went on.
14. “Did you play for your school team?” said Bill.
Página 34 de 83
ORDERS, REQUESTS, ADVICE...
1. “Don´t drive through fog with only a fog light on”, he said “or oncoming drivers
may take you for a motorcycle”
2. “Please don´t drink any more”, she said. “Don´t forget that we have to drive
home”
3. “I´d buy the cabbage if I were you”, said the grocer
4. “Let´s go to Italy instead”, he said to me
5. “Remember to book the table for the restaurant, please”, she said
6. “Go to the dentist, Tom, before it gets any worse”, I said
7. “Would you like to come with us?”, they said
8. “I´m really sorry I´m late but the bus didn´t come on time”, She said
9. “You stole the money and I´m going to go to the police to report it”, he said to
her
10. “You´d better not go to the party”, Ellen told him
Página 35 de 83
COMPARATIVE/SUPERLATIVE
Para hacer los comparativos y superlativos hay que saber cuántas sílabas tiene el
adjetivo. En inglés, la división de sílabas se hace según se pronuncian las palabras, no
cómo se escriben. Si se pronuncia en un golpe de voz, tiene una sílaba, si es es dos, dos
sílabas, etc….
Big, large 1 Sílaba Beautiful 3 sílabas
RULES:
1º Adjetivos de 1 sílaba.
Para formar el comparativo se le añade + er, al adjetivo:
small /smaller, big/bigger, large/larger
Para formar el superlativo se añade la partícula + est, al adjetivo y el artículo:
Small/ the smallest, big/the biggest, large/ the largest
3º Adjetivos con 2 sílabas terminados en: (lo hacen como si tuvieran sólo 1 sílaba)
Y comparativo cambia y por i latina y se añade er : heavy heavier
Para el superlativo se añade la partícula the +est : the heaviest
Le comparativo se añade la r : simple simpler
Para el superlativo, se le añade la partícula the + est : the simplest
Er para el comparativo se añade er : clever cleverer
Para el superlativo se le añade la partícula the + est: the cleverest
OW para el comparativo se añade er yellow: yellower
Para el superlativo se le añade la partícula the +est : the yellowest
4º Irregular Adjectives:
GOOD BETTER THE BEST
BAD WORSE THE WORST
FAR FARTHER/FURTHER THE
FARTHEST/FURTHEST
MUCH/MANY MORE THE MOST
LITTLE (POCO) LESS THE LEAST
OLD (MIEMBROS FAMILIA) ELDER THE ELDEST
Página 36 de 83
EN FRASES:
TAN.......COMO..... (AS........AS.......)
1º Tú eres tan alto como yo, You are as tall as me
You aren’t as/so tall as me
MÁS......QUE.....(COMPARATIVO.......THAN)
2º Tú eres más alto que yo, You are taller than me
EL MÁS……DE…(SUPERLATIVO…….IN…)
3º Tú eres el más alto de la clase, you are the tallest in the class
MENOS.....QUE.......(LESS......THAN......)
4º Tú eres menos inteligente que él, You are less intelligent than him
El MENOS.......DE......(THE LEAST....IN....)
5ºTú eres el menos inteligente de la clase, You are the least intelligent in the class
EXPRESIONES RARAS
Página 37 de 83
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
1. Today´s soup tastes much.........than yesterday´s (good)
2. The way to school seems.....when I take the bus than when I walk (far)
3. England is not......the USA (big)
4. Trains are generally...........than buses (fast)
5. I´m sorry. I don´t have....time to help you now as I used to. (much)
6. I have......money this month than I did last month (little)
7. My graduation day was one of the.......days of my life (happy)
8. This car is.......in Spain than in England (common)
9. That´s the......car I´ve ever seen (old)
10. David is not........as his sister (tall)
11. Mice are.........than lions (dangerous)
12. Your bike is in......condition than mine (bad)
13. There were......people at the party than I expected (few)
14. That is probably the........painting I´ve ever seen (fine)
15. Flights to Spain are......than flights to America (frequent)
16. That was the.....meal I´ve ever eaten (bad)
17. Portugal is............than Argentina (big)
18. This museum is not........as the one we saw yesterday (interesting)
19. The new student is.......at maths than me (clever)
20. It is.......living in the city than living in the country (noisy)
21. David is the.........person I know (funny)
22. That book is......than the one we used to study at school (boring)
23. She isn´t.............as her mother (pretty)
24. That was the......meal I´ve ever eaten (delicious)
25. He has always been.........than Peter (active)
26. Glasgow is the......city in Scotland (large)
27. Iraq is..........than Britain (democratic)
28. Insects are the..........animals in the world (big)
29. The capital is not......as you imagine (small)
30. This is the.........day in my life (exhausting)
Página 38 de 83
TRANSLATE
1. Cuanto antes detectas un problema, más fácil es curarlo
10. There are black clouds, it is worse than two minutes ago
Página 39 de 83
HÁBITOS EN PASADO
Lucy answered this advertisement and made a dream come true. She went to live
on a tropical island from May 1981 to June 1982. The dream was more romantic
than the reality. They took only a few provisions and so in order to survive, they
fished and hunted for food. They lived in a small tent and at night they retired
quickly into it, otherwise they were attacked by all kinds of insects. Here they
entertained each other with stories of their childhood, but they argued about how
to organize their life on the island. Lucy liked going for walks while Peter, who
was often ill, had to stay near their camp. Fresh water was a particular problem.
There were few streams on the island and the sun beat down day after day. They
waited desperately for the rains to come; every day clouds formed on the
horizon and then disappeared. Their health suffered and they lost a lot of weight.
Any small cut or insect bite became infected. At first they bathed but in fact it
made the wounds worse. Slowly their lives improved. At the end of the year
Lucy felt very sad to leave the island.
Página 40 de 83
ENOUGH/TOO
Too Demasiado/a/os/as
Too much/many + sustantivo There’s too much milk
There are too many chairs
Too + Adjetivo you are too tall
SO/SUCH
Tan such + a/an/o nada +adjective + noun She is such a nice girl
She is such an ugly girl
a/an lo ponemos con sustantivos contables singular, an cuando el adjetivo
empieza por vocal
Tan such + adjective + noun It is such good milk(uncountable)
They are such good boys (plurals)
No ponemos ni a/an cuando el sustantivo es incontable y plural
Página 41 de 83
SO/SUCH
1. The weather was ….cold that we cancelled the trip
2. There is…….long queue for tickets that we won´t get any
3. This book is……good that I can´t put it down
4. The child was……ill that his parents took him to hospital
5. There was……heavy traffic that I was late for work
6. The radio was……loud that I couldn´t hear myself speak
7. She has got……many friends that she is invited to a lot of parties
8. It was……great book that I read it three times
9. She paid…..much Money for this car that she won´t let anyone drive it
10. It was……cold weather that there was ice on the windscreen
TOO/ENOUGH
1. My brother isn´t ………(old) to vote
2. The car drove by…….(quickly) for us to see the registration number
3. The handwriting wasn´t…….(clear) for me to read
4. Algebra is…….(complicated) to understand
5. She isn´t…….(tall) to be a basketball player
6. When the game was over, we were……(hungry) toe at two meals
7. You didn´t wait….(long) for your friend, poor boy!
8. Please, be quiet, you are….(noisy) to wake up the whole neighbourhood
9. Let´s get a taxi. It is……(far) to walk
10. The weather wasn´t…….(nice) to go swimming
MIXED
1. Alan is too old to change career now (enough)
2. The climb was so difficult that we stopped to res several times (such)
3. She ran too slowly to win the race (enough)
4. My bag was so heavy that I had to ask for help (such)
5. The house isn´t big enough for us to live in (too)
6. He wore such elegant suit that everyone complimented him (so)
7. My sister is too Young to watch horror films (enough)
8. My mother is so wise that people often ask her for advice (such)
9. The package is too heavy for you to lift by yourself (enough)
10. She felt so happy that she hugged everyone around her (such)
Página 42 de 83
GERUNDIO E INFINITIVO
*GERUNDIO
2. Después de preposiciones y adverbios ( excepto to, que a veces va con gerundio y a veces va
con infinitivo)
INFINITIVO CON TO
EJEMPLO: I have to go
7. Después de adjetivos.
Página 43 de 83
*INFINITIVOS SIN TO
1. Modales sin to: Can, must, will, shall, Should,*Need, Do, May…..
2. Make, Let, Would rather, Had Better, *Help, But, Except, Than, Sooner, Than.
TRY
(Intentar hacer algo) He tried to climb the mountain.
(Probar experimentar) His car stopped. He tried filling it up with petrol.
I have a headache. Try taking an aspirin.
REMEMBER/FORGET
(Acordarse de algo que tenías que hacer) I remembered to post the letter.
(Recordar algo del pasado, algo que hiciste) I remember going for walks in the country.
MEAN
(Tener la intención de algo) I didn’t mean to hurt you.
(Conllevar, traer consigo, Significar) Being a teacher means working a lot.
STOP
(Dejar de hacer algo) I stopped smoking two years ago.
(Parar para hacer algo) I was working. I stopped to smoke a cigarette.
(
HEAR / WATCH / LOOK / LISTEN / SEE / FEEL (Verbos de percepción)
(Viste la acción completa) I saw him fall.
(No viste la acción completa, sólo un rato) I saw him falling
NEED
I need to go (verbo normal)/ I need go (verbo modal)
It needs repairing (significado pasivo)
I need to go/go (go) I needn’t go/I don’t need to go (go)
Need I go?/ Do I need to go ?
I needn’t have gone to the office. But I went.
I didn’t need to go to the office. And I didn’t go.
My car needs repairing (Mi coche necesita repararse/ser reparado).
My house needs decorating (Mi casa necesita ser decorada/decorarse)
Página 44 de 83
BE USED TO Estar acostumbrado a + gerundios
BECOME USED TO/ GET USED TO Acostumbrarse a + gerundio
USED TO Solía……. + infinitive
I’m used to staying up late at night
When I went to England, I got used to driving on the left
I used to smoke a lot but now I didn’t.
NEGARLOS: Tanto los infinitivos con To, sin To o gerundios se niegan poniendo NOT delante
de ellos.
I decided not to go. I let him not go I enjoy not going to work
*EXPRESIONES
GERUNDIO
I can’t stand. No puedo soportar.
There’s no. No tiene sentido.
It’s well/worth. Merece la pena.
It’s no good. Es inútil.
It’s no use. Es inútil.
It’s a waste of time. Es una pérdida de tiempo.
I am keen on Soy aficionado a/de
INFINITIVO
I’m keen Soy aficionado a/ de.
I can’t afford No poder permitirse el lujo.
It’s a good idea. Es buena idea…
It’s best Lo mejor es...
It’s better (not) Es mejor...
Página 45 de 83
INFINITIVO Y GERUNDIO
1. You don't need (ask) me to go out.
2. Would you like (keep) the tickets
3. We watched them (jump) from a window
4. This book tells you how (win) at chess.
5. The fire seems (be) out.
6. She apologized for (be) late.
7. It is nice (sit) in the garden at night.
8. I'm for (do) nothing till the evening.
9. I suggest (leave) him here.
10. I don't like (get) bills.
11. I can hear the bell (ring)
12. He offered (lend) me Money
13. You´d better (not go) to the parrty
14. He made me (do) the same things.
15. He hates (be) kept waiting.
16. He decided (disguise) himself.
17. He stopped(drink) alcohol after his accident
18. Don't keep him (stand) at the door.
19. Did you remember (book) seats for the cinema tomorrow?
20. Did you advise him (go) to the police?
21. At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke)
22. You don't need (ask) him every time you want to go out.
23. Do you feel like (go) out tonight?
24. I´d rather (stay) home tonight
25. After what she told me I stopped(talk) to her
26. I remember (go) to school for the first time
27. I look forward to(see) you at the weekend.
28. The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard
29. She doesn't mind (work) on the noght shift
30. I enjoy (write) picture postcards
31. Avoid(make) silly mistakes
32. (Live) in London is very expensive
33. He tried(wash) it with bleach
Página 46 de 83
ADVERBIAL SURBODINATES
TIME PURPOSE
PLACE CONCESIVE
CAUSE REASON
CONSECUTIVE CONTRAST
Página 47 de 83
LINKING WORDS
1. John has done well in French, but not so well in Maths (however)
2. He was drinking and he was eating at the same time (while)
3. Although it rained, we went to the party (in spite of)
4. I tried to persuade her, I didn’t succeed, however. (although)
5. He didn´t get the job. He had bad manners (because of)
6. Ann felt ill, but insisted on going to work.(in spite of)
7. Although he was leading the race, Hudson lost it (however)
8. Despite the rain, the plane took off (although)
9. He didn´t pass. He hadn´t studied enough (because)
10. He arrived home. He switched the TV on (as soon as)
11. It is a nice day but we are going to stay in. (however)
12. She went out. She had put on her coat (after)
13. She went out. She had put on her coat (before)
14. Although he had money, he couldn´t buy the car (despite)
15. He didn´t come. He didn´t get the job (so)
16. We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn’t.(however)
17. I like first, but I don’t like catching them myself.(although)
18. Ann felt ill, but insisted on going to work.(however)
19. They studied a lot but they didn´t pass (however)
20. She was dancing and talking to a friend (while)
Página 48 de 83
QUESTION TAGS/TAIL QUESTION (coletillas)
En inglés es frecuente que tras una afirmación o negación, la misma persona añada una pregunta
corta de signo opuesto. Se traducen todas como: ¿verdad? ¿No?
Excepciones:
I am Peter. Aren’t I?
Shut up. Won’t you?
Let´s drink. Shall we?
A veces, también se utilizan para solicitar información o solicitar algo de un modo más cortés.
En estos casos, la oración principal suele ser negativa y la “question tag” afirmativa.
Página 49 de 83
QUESTION TAGS
Página 50 de 83
USED TO - SOLÍA
I used to smoke a lot but now I don´t Yo solía fumar mucho pero ahora no
I didn´t use to smoke a lot but now I do Yo no solía fumar mucho pero ahora sí
Did you use to smoke a lot? ¿Solías fumar mucho?
There used to be a lot of cars on this road solía haber muchos coches en esta carretera
There didn´t use to be a lot of cars on this road No solía haber muchos coches en esta
carretera
Did there use to be a lot of cars on this road? ¿solía haber muchos coches en esta
carretera?
Las palabras what (Cuál, qué) y Who (quién, quiénes) pueden preguntar por:
El sujeto: Who is drinking? Quién está bebiendo?
El objeto: who are you talking to? ¿Con quién estás hablando?
Cuando no se tiene sujeto, porque preguntas por él precisamente, el verbo lleva todos
los cambios, no se pone do/does/did:
When Cuando
As soon as Tan pronto como
Before Antes de
After Después de
Until Hasta
ORACIONES TEMPORALES
Página 52 de 83
EXPRESIONES DE CANTIDAD
A LOT OF,MUCH, MANY
1. How……paintings were stolen from the art gallery?
2. How….money have you got?
3. There were….Manchester United supporters at the football match
4. By the time we got to the front of the cinema queue, there weren´t….tickets left
5. ……..flights were delayed because of the bad weather
6. We´ll have to hurry. We haven´t got….time
7. Tom drinks….milk- one litre a day
8. She is a very quiet person. She doesn´t say….
9. I put….salt in the soup. Perhaps too……
10. It is a boring town. There isn´t…..to do
LITTLE, A LITTLE, FEW, A FEW
1. This town isn´t well-known. …….tourists come here
2. He can´t speak English very well. He only knows….words
3. Hurry up! We´ve got….time
4. She managed to sabe up….money for her holidays.
5. She´s not a good teacher. She´s got…patience with children
6. Tom moved to England……years ago
7. There was only….traffic, so we got to the airport on time
8. This is not the first time. It has happened….times before
9. She had…..hours to wait before her flight, so she went shopping
10. Would you like some more coffee? Yes, please, but only……
MIXED
1. His father died…..years ago
2. He was injured and lost…..blood
3. Don´t disturb. I´ve got……to do
4. The cinema was almost empty. There were ver….people there
5. We didn´t take….photos when we were on holiday
6. He is very shy. He has got very…..friends
7. We didn´t spend……money last summer, only……
8. The village was very small, there were only…houses
9. This car is very expensive. It uses…..petrol
10. He always puts……spices on his food
Página 53 de 83
SOME, ANY, NO AND COMPOUNDS
1. Ann has bought....new shoes
2. Does......mind if I smoke?
3. The bus was empty. There wasn´t.....on it
4. Would you like....to eat?
5. Do you live....near Jim?
6. Where did you go for your holidays?......We stayed in Torrejón
7. There´s......at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
8. I can´t make the omelette. I haven´t got....eggs
9. We slept under a bridge because we had......to stay
10. Can I have.....milk in my coffee, please?
11. I didn´t say.....Not a word
12. The accident was serious but fortunately .......was injured
13. She is very secretive. She never tells.............
14. I have met........at this party. They all came with me to school
15. You can cash this cheque at.....bank
16. What do you usually have for breakfast?...........I can´t eat so early
17. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost......?
18. I can´t find my glasses. I´ve looked for them.........
19. The town was still the same when I returned years later. .....had changed
20. How many cinemas are there here?.......The last one closed last week
21. This is a No parking area.........who parks here will be fined
22. Would you like.....more coffee?
23. The film is great. You can ask......who has seen it
24. Who do you like?..............All of them are stupid
25. If.......has any questions, I´ll answer them now
26. Can you give me.....information about places to see here?
27. ........came to visit me when I was in hospital, I am very sad
28. Ouch! I´ve got........in my eye
29. They haven´t got......children
30. Who did you dance with at the party? I danced with.......All of them.
Página 54 de 83
ARTÍCULOS
A/AN (un, una)
An se utiliza cuando la siguiente palabra comienza por vocal. An apple
Nombres singulares contables, indefinido, no sabemos cuál o nos da igual, uno cualquiera. Give
me a book (dame un libro, el que sea)
Con profesiones. I am a teacher (soy profesora)
cuando se menciona algo por primera vez. There is a girl. The girl…..
En exclamaciones con nombres singulares contables (what a nice day!) y con ciertas expresiones
numéricas (50 pence a pound).
THE (el/la/los/las)
Nombres singulares y plurales, definido, tanto el que habla como el que escucha saben a qué se
refieren.
Cuando sólo hay uno en el mundo (the Atlantic, The Queen of England).
Para lugares públicos (sólo algunos) The theatre,The bank
Nombres de grupos de personas en general, The French, The rich.
Ø (SIN ARTÍCULO)
Con nombres plurales e incontables, para generalizar. Money is..... (general) Put the money
on..... (específico). Children are very noisy (los niños, en general) The children next door are
noisy (sólo me refiero a los niños de al lado)
Con exclamaciones con nombres incontables o plurals. (what beautiful eyes).
2. Los nombres de pubs, hoteles, teatros y cines suelen ir con the: The Odeon,The London
Hilton.
4. Los nombres de calles, carreteras, plazas etc no suelen tener artículo, Oxford Street, Hyde
Park, Victoria Station.......
Página 55 de 83
ARTICLES
1. A, AN or THE:
1. I wrote my name at……top of…… page.
2. ……. moon goes round…Earth each 27 days.
3. ……USSR was……first country to send a man into …… space.
4. Did you see….film on….television or at…..cinema?
5. After….lunch we went for a walk by….sea.
6. I am not very hungry. I had…..big breakfast.
7. Peter was ……only person I talked to there.
8. He lives in….small villaje in….country.
9. I never listen to….radio. In fact, I haven´t got…radio
10. It was….beautiful day. ……sun was shining in ….sky.
11. It was…..long voyage. We were at….sea for ….week.
12. Can you turn ….television down, please?
13. Can you play….guitar? I have….guitar at home.
14. When was….telephone invented?
15. That man over there is collecting Money for….blind.
16. ….French are famous for their food.
17. …..rose is my favourite flower.
18. Could you close ….door, please?
19. This is….nice house. Has it got….garden. Yes, ..….garden is very big.
20. Did…the police find……person who stole your bag?
2. THE/NADA
1. Women/the women are better teachers than men/the men.
2. Most people/The most people believe that marriages/the marriages are basis
for our society.
3. They got married but marriage/the marriage was not succesful.
4. Skiing/The skiing is a good sport.
5. Do you know people/the people who live next door?
6. Some children hate school/the school.
7. I like to read in bed/the bed or at the work/work.
8. I took children/the children to school/the school.
9. My sister is very ill at hospital/the hospital. She had an accident when she
was going to church/the church.
10. Where is the university/university? I don´t know, I don´t go to the
university/university.
Página 56 de 83
WORD ORDER (orden de las palabras)
ADVERBS:
S + V + CD + CI + MODO + L +TIEMPO
Página 57 de 83
ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS
DETERMI GENERAL/ TA EDAD FORM COL PARTICIPI ORIGE MATE DEFINIT. SUSTANT.
NANTE OPINIÓN MA A OR O N RIAL/ COMPUE.
ÑO SUST
two lovely black leather riding boots
a priceless old Swedish picture
their huge circular swimming pool
Jane´s pretty Victorian writing desk
the dirty old metal garden seat
some cheap black leather shoes
the most beautiful haunting love song
three shiny new computerised iron milking machines
En general, los adjetivos van más cerca del nombre, cuanto más lo definan. Se van alejando de
él cuanto más generales y menos definitorios son. El esquema general es:
Página 58 de 83
INVERSIONS
They are used for special emphasis. We often put adverbs or adverbial phrases at the
beginning on a sentence to make more emphasis. When we use adverbs with a negative
meaning we must invert the subject and verb of the sentence and this produces some
changes.
Se usan para dar énfasis. Se colocan adverbios al comienzo de la frase, que no es su
posición normal, para dar más fuerza a la frase. Si estos adverbios tienen significado
negative, se produce una inversion del sujeto y el verbo y ésto produce cambios.
EXAMPLE
I never drink alcoholic drinks
NEVER do I drink alcoholic drinks
I will not go under any circumstances
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES will I go
Página 59 de 83
EXERCISES
1. The director will never give in to public pressure
2. As son as the meeting started, fighting broke out int he audience
3. Henry didn´t suspect his brother of complicity in the crime for one momento
4. I have never been so surprised in all my life
5. You will not find craftsmanship of such quality anywhere
6. I will never allow such practices to take place again
7. He announced his discovery to the world only when he was certain of his result
8. Good whisky is ready for consumption only after it has matured for ten years
9. This government has deceived the public, and it has deceived itself
10. This door should not be opne under any circumstances
11. The values of our society are at risk, and the very survival of the nation is
threatened
12. This country has never been so threatened before
13. Artists are rarely appreciated while they are still alive
14. Children Little realice that their world of innocence son disappears
15. I didn´t intend to deceive you at any time
16. If I ever told you a lie, I wouldn´t be able to look you inthe eye
17. I respect her opinions, and I admire her carácter greatly as well
18. If you require further information, don´t hesitate to contact me
19. I haven´t had to study since I was at university
20. If I hadn´t witnesses the experiment with my own eyes, I would never have
believed it could be done
Página 60 de 83
PREPOSITIONS
Las preposiciones (with, on, at, for, by, from, of, to...) son palabras que suelen ir
acompañando a sustantivos o a verbos (en gerundio)
Hay varios tipos de preposiciones:
TIEMPO
After: después de
Afterwards: después,
Before: antes de
By: para cuando
During: durante (dice en qué momento)
For: durante (dice cuánto tiempo)
From: desde
Since: desde
To: hasta
Until/till: hasta
At On in
EJEMPLOS
She wakes up at 7:00
I´ll see you at three o´clock
I go to church at Christmas
I will go at the weekend
Do you work at night?
I was born in June
The war ended in 1945
I like swimming in the summer
The plane will land in three minutes
The next class is on Monday
I was born on the 21st of June
We will leave on Tuesday morning
Be at home on time
I have lived here for 20 years
She hasn´t written since last June
The doctor´s hours are from nine till five
Página 61 de 83
We go to school from September to June
During the war, a lot of people died
I was in England for two years during the summer
I will finish the report by Tuesday
By the end of the week I will have collected the money
LUGAR
At On in
Página 62 de 83
DE DIRECCIÓN
Along: a lo largo de
To: a, hacia
Towards: hacia
Up: arriba
OTRAS PREPOSICIONES
FRASES PREPOSICIONALES
Las preposiciones pueden combinarse con algunos verbos, nombres y adjetivos para
formar frases preposicioneales. Las más frecuentes son:
Afraid of: asustado de
Ashamed of: avergonzado de
Bark at: ladrar a
Believe in: creer en
Deal with: tratar con
Depend on: depender de
Fall off: caerse de
Forget about: olvidarse de
In danger of: en peligro de
Página 63 de 83
Knock over: derrotado
Lack of: falta de
Late for: tarde para
Laugh at: reirse de
Leave for: salir hacia
Look at: mirar
Pay for: pagar por
Ready for: preparado para
Responsible for: responsible de
Base on: basado en
Speak about: hablar sobre
Succeed in: tener éxito en
Take care of: tener cuidado de, cuidar
Tell about: contarle (a alguien) sobre
Thank for: agradecer por
Apologize for: disculparse por
Tired of: cansado de
Wait for: esperar a
Write about: escribir sobre
Interested in: interesado en
Be good/bad at: ser bueno/malo en
Suffer from: sufrir algo
Listen to: escuchar
Dream about: soñar con
Think about/of: pensar en
The matter with: el problema con
The idea of: la idea de
Get married to: casarse con
Consist of: consistir en
Fall in love with: enamorarse de
Full of: lleno de
At all: en absoluto
At the age of: a la edad de
By accident: por accidente
By chance: por casualidad
By mistake: por error
By myself: por mí mismo
By the time: para cuando...
Far from: lejos de
For a living: como medio de vida
From time to time: de vez en cuando
In charge of: al cargo de
In my opinion: en mi opinion
Instead of: en vez de
At least: por lo menos
Página 64 de 83
At last: por fin
Look forward to: esperar (con ganas) Va seguido de gerundio, si es un verbo
Made of: hecho de
Make my mind: decidirme
On duty: trabajando
On the one hand: por un lado
On the other hand: por otro lado
Take advantage of: aprovecharse de
Be up to you: es tu decision
Página 65 de 83
FRASES ÚTILES
Página 66 de 83
For instance Por ejemplo
Likewise asimismo, igualmente
Similarly De manera similar
By the same token del mismo modo
In/by contrast en contraste con
Conversely a la inversa
On the contrary Por el contrario
In spite of that a pesar de esto
For this reason Por esta razón
Therefore Por consiguiente
Thus De este modo
As a result como resultado
Consequently consecuentemente
Hence De ahí que
All things considered considerando todo
In conclusion en conclusión
Clearly Claramente
Undoubtedly sin duda
In particular En concreto
Such as… Tales como….
Needless tos ay No hace falta decir
Above all sobre todo
On the whole en general
As a general rule como regla general
In a sense en el sentido de
Al least Por lo menos
In other words en otras palabras
That is to say Es decir
In future times en el futuro
As regards to como referencia a
With regard to con referencia a
For my part Por mi parte
As far as…..is concerned en lo que concierne a…
In accordance with De acuerdo con..
Including Incluyendo
Instead of en vez de
Until recently Hasta hace poco
Most of La mayoría de
Since desde, ya que, como
As como, mientras, ya que, porque, cuando
In the long/short run a la larga/a corto plazo
Even Incluso, ni siquiera (frase negativa)
A long-term goal objetivo a largo plazo
I.V.A stands for Las siglas I.V.A significan
At the beginning of al principio de
Summarizing Resumiendo
As recently as Tan reciente como
Man has tended to(+infinitivo) el hombre ha tendido a
The main reason for La principal razón para
According to the text De acuerdo con el texto
Página 67 de 83
It should nor be considered as No debería ser considerado como
…involves (+gerundio) ..Conlleva…
It provides… Nos da, nos suministra
I do not know whether.. No sé si…
Avoiding Evitando
It is based on.. Se basa en
It happens to be Resulta ser
It depends on Depende de
My knowledge in this matter Mi conocimiento en este tema
I would describe that as Lo describiría como
During the last few years Durante los últimos años
There is no legislation concerning… no hay leyes que tengan que ver con…
The surveys shoe that… Las encuestas muestran que
It causes serious problems Ocasiona graves problemas
As the proverb says Como dice el proverbio
Government sholud ban it el gobierno debería prohibirlo
It is like an addition Es como una adicción
Neither…nor… Ni….ni….
Either…or… O….o….
But Pero, sino
I wish+ pasado Ojalá…
It is about time… Ya es hora de que…
How on earth…? ¿Cómo demonios…?
If only I… Ojalá…
This is the last Straw Es la gota que colma el vaso
Better late tan never Más vale tarde que nunca
It is better not to (+ infinitivo) Es mejor…, más vale…
I have mentioned above Que he mencionado arriba
What is more… lo que es más
To a certain extend Hasta cierto punto
Notwithstanding No obstante
Meanwhile Mientras tanto
Obviously Obviamente
In brief Para resumir
In the first place/Firstly en primer lugar
First of all en primer lugar
To start with Para empezar
Secondly en segundo ugar
Thirdly en tercer lugar
Next lo siguiente
Finally Finalmente, para terminar
Lastly En último lugar
Nevertheless/nonetheless Sin embargo, no obstante
In addition to that Además de eso
Apart from that aparte de eso
Moreover Además
What is more Lo que es más
We hve to learn how to Tenemos que aprender a
It has not been succesful No ha tenido éxito
No matter how much you try No importa cuánto lo intentes
Página 68 de 83
As everybody knows como todo el mundo sabe
It is a well-known fact Es un hecho muy conocido que
It is true that es verdad que
Never make the mistake of No cometas nunca el error de
It is connected to Está relacionado con
Somehow De algún modo
And so on etecétera
Lest Por miedo a que, para que no
To+ infinitivo Para + verbo
In order to+ infinitivo Para + verbo
So as to+ infinitivo Para + verbo
So that + sujeto +verbo Para + verbo
Página 69 de 83
TENSES
GOING TO FORM
I am going to eat/she is going to eat/you are going to eat
I am not going to eat/she isn´t going to eat/you aren´t going to eat
Am I going to eat?/Is she going toe at?/Are you going to eat?
Yo voy a comer
Página 70 de 83
LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Página 71 de 83
ABBREVIATIONS
1. Rd. Road.
2. St. Street.
3. Sq. Square.
4. # 24. Number (American).
5. Nº 24. Number (British).
6. C/O. Care of.
7. Attn. Attention.
8. eg. For example.
9. Etc. And so on.
10. i.e. That is.
11. Plc. Public Limited Company.
12. Ltd. Limited.
13. Co. And Company.
14. Corp. Corporation.
15. Inc. Incorporated.
16. P&P. Postage and packing.
17. VAT. Value Added Tax.
18. c.c. Carbon copy.
19. enc. Enclosed.
20. P.S. Postscript.
21. @. At.
22. $ 30 ea. Each.
23. © Copyright.
24. Appel ® Macintosh (TM) Registered trade mark.
25. WISIWYG What you see is what you get.
26. CWO. Cash with order.
27. COD. Cash on delivery.
28. CIF. Cost, insurance, freight.
29. PAYE. Pay as you earn.
30. p/e ratio Price/earning ratio.
31. P&L account. Profit and less account.
32. a.s.a.p As soon as possible
Página 72 de 83
NUMERALS
Cardinals Ordinals
1. one 1st (the first)
2. two 2nd (the second)
3. three 3rd (the third)
4. four 4th (the fourth)
5. five 5th (the fifth)
6. six 6th (the sixth)
7. seven 7th (the seventh)
8. eight 8th (eighth)
9. nine 9th (the ninth)
10. ten 10th (the tenth)
11. eleven 11th (the eleventh)
12. twelve 12th (the twelfth)
13. thirteen 13th (the thirteenth)
14. fourteen 14th (the fourteenth)
15. fifteen 15th (the fifteenth)
16. sixteen 16th (the sixteenth)
17. seventeen 17th (the seventeenth)
18. eighteen 18th (the eighteenth)
19. nineteen 19th (the nineteenth)
20. twenty 20th (the twentieth)
21. twenty-one 21st (the twenty-first)
22. twenty-two 22nd (the twenty-second)
23. twenty-three 23rd (the twenty-third)
30. thirty 30th (the thirtieth)
31. thirty-one 31st (the thirty-first)
32. thirty-two 32nd (the thirty-second)
33. thirty-three 33rd (the thirty-third)
40. forty 40th (the fortieth)
50. fifty 50th (the fiftieth)
60. sixty 60th (the sixtieth)
70. seventy 70th (the seventieth)
80. eighty 80th (the eightieth)
90. ninety 90th (the ninetieth)
100. a (one) hundred 100th (the (one) hundredth)
101. one hundred and one 101st the (one) hundred and first
102. two hundred and two 102nd the (one) hundred and second
200. two hundred 200th (the two hundredth)
300. three hundred 300th (the three hundredth)
400. four hundred 400th (the four hundredth)
1.000 a (one) thousand 1.000th (the (one) thousandth)
2.000 two thousand 2.000th (the two thousandth)
Página 73 de 83
100.000 a (one) hundred thousand 100.000th (the one hundred (thousandth)
1.000.000 a (one) million 1.000.000th (the (one) millionth)
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1. "And" is used after hundred, thousand, million, if followed by one of the first 99 numbers as:
122 - One hundred and twenty-two.
2044 - Two thousand and forty-four.
1.965.716 - One million nine hundred and sixty-five thousand seven hundred and sixteen.
2."A" is more usual than "one" before hundred, thousand when these numbers stand alone:
a hundred a thousand
ORDINAL NUMBERS
1. Ordinal numbers are used to denote the date of the month, as:
Today is the first of June.
Yesterday was the thirty-first of May.
4. When ordinal numbers are expressed in figures the last two letters of the written word must be
added:
first - 1st
forty-second - 42nd
eightieth - 80th
5. In compound ordinal numbers the rule about "and" is the same as for compound cardinal
numbers:
23rd - the twenty-third
123rd - the hundred and twenty-third
Don't forget that only the last number (in compound ordinal numbers) takes the ordinal form.
Página 74 de 83
DATES
2. When reading or speaking we use the term "hundred" but not "thousand". The year 1968 would
be read as:
nineteen hundred and sixty-eight or more commonly; nineteen sixty-eight.
But the years 1900 and 1908 can only be read as:
nineteen hundred.
nineteen hundred and eight.
Página 75 de 83
TELLING THE TIME
REMARKS:
1. Before noon we write "am" (Ante-Meridian) after the time.
6:30 half past six am.
But after noon we write "p.m." (Post-Meridian).
6:30 half past six p.m.
Página 76 de 83
LETTERS AND EMAILS
Página 77 de 83
NUEVO We will contact you again Nos pondremos en contacto con
CONTACTO shortly Vds en breve
COMENTARIOS Thank you in advance for Gracias por adelantado por su
FINALES your help ayuda
Do not hesitate to contact us No dude en ponerse en contacto
again if you require any con nosotros si necesita más
further information información
Página 78 de 83
We would like to invite you to…/to Nos gustaría invitarle a…/a asistir
attend our… a nuestro…
Please let us know if you will be Le rogamos nos confirme sus
able to attend our… asistencia
PREPARACIÓN Before the meeting it would be Antes de la reunión sería de
useful if you could prepare/bring.. utilidad si pudiera preparar/traer…
ACEPTAR Thank you for your kind invitation. Muchas gracias por su amable
I would be delighted to attend invitación. Estaré encantado de
asistir
RECHAZAR Thank you for your kind invitation. Muchas gracias por su amable
Unfortunately, I have another invitación. Desafortunadamente,
appointment on that day. Please
accept my apologies
tengo otra cita ese día. Por favor,
I hope we will have the opportunity acepte mis disculpas.
to meet on another occasion in the Espero que tengamos la
near future oportunidad de reunirnos en otra
ocasión en el futuro.
COMERCIAL FORMAL ESPAÑOL
PEDIR We met last Friday on your Nos conocimos el viernes pasado
INFORM. stand at the Munich Trade en su stand de la Feria de Munich
CLIENTE: Fair Hemos conseguido su dirección
CONTACTO We are emailing you off your por medio de su página Web, a
PREVIO website, which we found través del Google
through Google
RAZONES We are Somos fabricantes/proveedores
manufactures/suppliers of… de…
We are interested in… Estamos interesados en…
PETICIONES We would be grateful if you Le agradeceríamos si nos pudiera
GENERALES could give us some dar información sobre …
information about…
Please send us information Por favor, envíenos información
about your product range and su gama de productos y precios
prices
PETICIONES In particular, we would like to En concreto, nos interesaría
CONCRETAS know... saber…
Please send us full details of Por favor, envíenos información
your prices, discounts, terms detallada de sus precios,
of payment and delivery descuentos, formas de pago y
times. plazos de entrega
Could you also say whether ¿Nos podría también informar de
there is any minimum order si hay un pedido mínimo?
CIERRE An early reply would be Le agradeceríamos una respuesta
greatly appreciated rápida
We look forward to an early En espera de una respuesta rápida
reply
DAR INFORM. Thank you for your email of Gracias por su email del (fecha)
PROVEEDOR (date) inquiring about… pidiendo información sobre…
We can quote you a Price Le podemos ofrecer un precio
of… CIF/FOB Madrid de…CIF/FOB Madrid
Página 79 de 83
We can deliver by Podemos hacer la entrega para el
(date)/within (period) (fecha)/ en (período de tiempo)
The goods will be shipped La mercancía será enviada 3 días
three days from receipt of a tras la recepción de un pedido en
firm order firme
We can offer a discount Le podemos ofrecer un descuento
of…on orders over… de… para pedidos mayores de…
We require payment by bank Requerimos el pago mediante
transfer/letter of credit transferencia bancaria/ carta de
crédito
Our normal procedure… Nuestro procedimiento habitual
es…
Our normal terms for first-time Para clientes nuevos nuestros
customers are.. términos habituales son
We can supply the ítems you Podemos suministrarle los
require.. artículos que nos pide
I am attaching our current catalogue Le adjunto nuestro catálogo
and Price list as a PDF file vigente y lista de precios en
archivo PDF
We dispatch the goods within 24 Entregamos la mercancía en 24
hours of a firm order and our horas tras el pedido en firme y
mínimum order is $100
nuestro pedido mínimo es de $100
I am afraid that model is no longer Me temo que ese modelo ya no
available está disponible
If you need any further information Si necesita más información no
do not hesítate to contact us. My dude en ponerse en contacto con
direct line is…
nosotros. Mi línea directa es…
May I call you at your convenience? ¿Le podría llamar cuando a Vd le
vega bien?
PEDIDOS FORMAL ESPAÑOL
HACER UN Thank you for your recent email. Gracias por su email. Aceptamos
PEDIDO We accept your quotation. su oferta.
(CLIENTE) Our completed order is attached, Nuestro pedido completo está
and we give full bank details below adjunto y le damos los datos
bancarios más abajo
Please acknowledge receipt of this Por favor, confirmen la recepción
order del pedido
Página 80 de 83
We hope to be able to ship your Esperamos poder enviarle su
order within….days and will keep pedido en…días y le
you fully informed.
mantendremos informado en todo
momento.
We apologize for any Le pedimos disculpas por
inconvenience this may cause cualquier inconveniente que esto
We are confident that the goods will
le pueda causar
meet your expectations.
Página 81 de 83
We are writing to draw you Les escribimos para llamar su
attention to the negative atención por la actitud tan negativa
attitude of some of your de algunos de sus empleados
employees/staff
Página 82 de 83
We will send replacement of Le enviaremos los artículos de
the items/give you a refund nuevo/le devolveremos el dinero
immediately inmediatamente
Página 83 de 83