Matters of Hijrah (Emigration) and Harb (Warfare)

Installment#1

IsHijrahFromNon-MuslimLandsCompulsory?

Excerptsfrom

TheRulingofResidingintheLandsoftheUnbelieversandProclaimingits
CompulsorinessinSomeSituationsi

BySheikh‘Abdul-‘AzeezibnMuhammadibnAs-SiddeeqAl-HasaniAl-Ghimaari–mayAllahbepleasedwithhim

OneofthelastGreatHadeethMastersofMorocco

Sheikh‘Abdul-‘Azeezsays:

Imam Ahmad relates with a sound chain on the authority of Mushaaji’ ibn Mas’ood that he brought the
Prophet–mayAllahblessandgrant himpeace–oneofhisnephewstomakethepledgetohimforthe
emigration(hijrah).SotheMessengerofAllah–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–said:

“No.Rather(makethepledge)onIslam.ForverilythereisnohijrahaftertheConquest.Buthewillbe
amongthosewhofollow(theemigrants)ingood.”

‘Aisha–mayAllahbepleasedwithher–clarifiedthisthatwehavestatedbyherstatement:

“Thereisnohijrahtoday.Thebelievers–eachofthemusedtofleewithhisdeentoAllah–HighisHe–
andtoHismessengeroutoffearofbeingpersecutedforit.Asfortoday,Allah–HighisHe–hasmade
Islammanifest.AndthebelieverworshipshisLordwhereverhepleases.”ii

Thescholarshavesaid:
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“Shealludedtothatthereasonforhijrahis“fearofpersecution(khaufal-fitnah)becauseofreligion
(deen).AsforifoneiscapableofworshippingAllah–HighisHe–inanyplace,it(i.e.hijrah)isnot
requiredofhim.”

Rather,someoftheImamshavesaid:

“Whenoneiscapableofopenlypracticingthereligioninanyoneofthelandsoftheunbelievers,theland
hasbecomebyittheAbodeofIslam.Soresidinginthemisbetterthanleavingthembecauseofwhatis
hopedof(in)othersenteringintoIslam.Rather,forhimtoremainatthatpointwouldbegivenmore
weightthantoemigratebecauseofthebenefitfoundinthattoIslamandtheMuslims.”

Andthatisfromtworegards:

Thefirst:isthehopethatoccurs-duetoopenlypracticingtheritesofIslam–oftheunbelieversentering
intoIslam.Andthatisoneofthegreatestofobjectives(maqaasid)intheShariah,andthemostimportant
ofwhatthesincereworkerscandowhoaretruetotheirreligion.

Thesecond:isthathe–bybeingabletoopenlypracticetheritesofIslamanddeclaretheonenessofGod
withoutfearofharassment,thelandbecomesanAbodeofIslaminhisregardandinregardtoother
Muslims.iii

Soifhewastoemigratefromit,itwouldbecomeanAbodeofWarfare(Daaral-Harb).Forthisreason,the
jurists(fuqahaa)havesaid:

“ItisincumbentupontheMusliminthissituationtoremainandnotemigrate.”

The most erudite Sheikh of the Shaafi’ees in his time, Ibn Hajar Al-Haithami said in Al-Fataawaa al-
Hadeethiyyah:204inanswertoaquestionraisedtohimaboutthehadeeth(thatsays):

“I(theProphet)aminnocentofanyMuslimresidinginthemidstofthePagans(mushrikeen).”

(Hesays)aftercommentswhoseverbatimis:

“Soifyousay:thestatementofthejurists–“Itispermissibletoresidebetweenthemforwhoeverhassafety
inhisperson”–mightconflictwithit,I’dsay:“Itdoesn’tconflictwithit,becausetheystipulatedthathebe
safeinopenlydisplayinghisreligion.Andwhenoneissafeinthat,thereisinhisresidingbetweenthema
benefittotheMuslimsoutweighinghisdeparturefromtheirmidst.Sotheypermittedthatforsuchaoneso
thathisplacefromwhichheemigratesdoesn’tbecomeanAbodeofWarfare.Rather,himresidingtheirin
thatinstanceiscompulsory.”[Endquote]


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Soheexpresslyproclaimedthatwhoeverissecurefrompersecution(fitnah)forhisreligionandisable–
alongwiththat–toopenlydeclarethewordoftauheed(God’soneness),andproclaimtheritesofIslam,it
iscompulsoryforhimtoremainsothathislocationfromwhichheemigrateddoesn’tbecomeanAbodeof
Warfare.

Andthisisclearlyapparenttothosewhoponderontheprooftexts(nusoos),andisacquainted withthe
commentsoftheImamsinthesubjectwearespeakingon.

(This is) Because the hadeeths found with respect to the prohibition against residing in the lands of the
unbelievers are construed (to refer) to when one isn’t able of carrying out the rites of the religion, fears
persecutionforthat,andisn’tsecureinhispersonandhiswealthbecauseofhisreligion.

AsforwhentheMuslimisabletoestablishtherites,publiclystatethewordofGod’soneness(tauheed),
thepublicsummons(adhaan)totheprayerswhenitiscalledfor,fasting,andotherrulings,thenthereis
nothingagainsthiminresidinginthelandsoftheunbelieversatall(mutlaqan).ivAndthereisnoobjection
(haraj)inremaininginthemforanyaim,likecommerce,studying(qiraa’ah),andwork.Andnoonehas
spokenoftheprohibitionofthatbasedontheproofthatAllah’smessenger–mayAllahblessandgrant
himpeace-whentheMuslimsbecamesettled,theiraffairbecamestrong,theirstrength(saa’id)increased,
(when)theybecamemanifest,andweresafefrompersecutionfortheirreligionandtheirpersons,he(the
Prophet)didn’torderthosewhocametohimasbelieverstoemigratetothelandsofIslamandtopartwith
theAbodeofUnbelief(Daaral-Kufr).

Tabaraani relates with a fair chain (hasan) on the authority of Hasan ibn Saalih ibn Basheer ibn Fudaik
(that)hesaid:

“FudaikwentouttoAllah’smessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace,andthensaid:“OAllah’s
Messenger!Verilytheyclaimthatwhoeverdoesn’temigrateisdestroyed.”SoAllah’sMessenger–may
Allahblessandgranthimpeace–said:“Establishprayer,payZakat,abandoniniquity,andliveintheland
ofyourpeoplewhereveryouplease.”

AndAhmad,Bazzaar,andTabaraanirelate–andthechainofAhmadisfair(hasan)–ontheauthorityof
‘Abdullahibn‘Amr(that)hesaid:

“Anaustereandboldnomadcame,andthensaid:“OAllah’sMessenger!Where(to)isthehijrah?Toyou
whereveryoumaybe?Toadesignatedland?Toaspecificpeople?Or(isitthat)whenyoudie,itends?”
He(Abdullah)said:“SotheMessengerofAllah–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–gotsilent,and
thensaid:“Whereistheoneaskingaboutthehijrah?”Hesaid:“HereIam,OAllah’sMessenger!”He(the
Prophet)said:“Whenyouestablishprayer,andpaytheZakat,thenyouareanemigrantevenifyoudiein
Al-Hadrami.”He(Abdullah)said:“HemeansalandinYamaamah.”v

Andinonenarration(hesays):

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“Hijrahisforyoutoabandontheindecencies(fawaahish),thosethatareapparentandthosethatare
hidden,toestablishtheprayer,andtopaytheZakat.Thenyouareanemigrant(muhaajir).”

Thisisexplicit(nass)regardingwhatIhaveadoptedanddetermined.Likewise,isthehadeethbeforeit.

AnditisknownthatYamaamahwasduringtheperiodofAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgrant
himpeace–anAbodeofUnbelief(Daaral-Kufr),sinceitwasn’topenedupuntiltheCaliphateofAbu
Bakr–mayAllahbepleasedwithhim.

Soitisn’tproperafterthistodispute,toindulgeignorantly,tospeakfutilely,andtolaunchforthwith
speculationinthistopic.

Similarly,Allah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–allowedforapeopletoresidein
Meccaaftertheir(acceptanceof)Islamandbeforetheconquestofit.AmongthemareAl-‘Abbaas,his
uncle–mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,becausetheydidn’tfearpersecution(fitnah)andtheyweresafe
fromharmhappeningtotheirpersonsin(doing)that.

Andinthatistheclearevidenceofthenon-compulsorinessofemigrationfromtheAbodeofUnbeliefand
thenon-prohibitionofresidinginitwhentheMuslimissafefrompersecutionbecauseofhisreligion.

ImamNaasirAs-SunnahMuhammadibnIdreesAsh-Shaafi’ee–mayAllahbepleasedwithhim–saidin
Al-Umm(4/84)inhiscommentsontheobligationofhijrahbeingonthosewhocanwithstandit:

“ItisonlyonhewhoispersecutedforhisreligioninthelandthatheacceptsIslamin,becauseAllah’s
Messenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–permittedforapeopleinMeccatoresideinitafter
their(acceptanceof)Islam:Al-‘Abbaasibn‘Abdil-Muttalibandothers–(thatwas)whentheydidn’tfear
persecution.AndheusedtoorderhissoldierstosaytothosewhoacceptedIslam:“Ifyouemigrate,you
havewhattheemigrantshave.Andifyouremain,youarelikenomads.”Andhe(theProphet)onlygrants
themachoiceinwhatispermittedforthem.”

Hesaidalsoduringcommentsabouttheauthorizationofhijrah(4/84)aftercomments:

“SoAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–orderedafaction.Thenitemigratedwhile
notforbiddingthosewhoremained.Heleftthe(choice)ofhijrahtothem.”

AndShaukaaniconveyedin(Nailal-Autaar)8/29ontheauthorityofAbuBakribnAl-‘ArabiAl-Maaliki
(that)hesaid:

“Hijrah:itisthedeparturefromtheAbodeofWarfare(Daaral-Harb)totheAbodeofIslam(Daaral-
Islam).AndithappenedduringthetimeoftheProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace,and

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 continuedafterhimforwhoeverfearedpersecution.Andtheonethathasendedaltogetherisbetaking
one’sselftowhereverhe(theProphet)mighthavebeen.”

AndBaihaqiputtogetherinhisSunanaspecialchapterforthisreason.Hesaid:

“ChapteroftheLicensegiventoResideintheAbodeofPaganism(Daarash-Shirk)forwhoeverdoesnot
fearPersecution.”

Hementionedinithadeethsthatindicatewhatheentitledthechapterfor.

Similarly, Haafiz Al-Haithami made a chapter in Majma’ Az-Zawaaid for the hadeeths that we have
mentionedalongwithhisstatement:(RegardinghewhoEstablishestheReligionWhereverHeIs).Healso
made a chapter for it in another topic with his statement: (Regarding He who Hasn’t Emigrated and
EstablishedtheReligionandtheShariah).

As for Haafiz Abu Bakr Al-Haazimi, he has expressly stated that the compulsoriness of hijrah from the
Abode of Unbelief is abrogated, and that hijrah was compulsory at the beginning of Islam according to
whatthehadeethindicates.Thenitbecamerecommended,notcompulsory.

[EndofPart1:Takenfrompp.11-15]


AbdullahbinHamidAli


i
 Hukm al-iqaamati fee bilaad al-kuffaar wa bayaan wujoobihaa fee ba’d al-ahwaal, Mataabi’ al-Booghaaz (‘Imaarah
Venezuela–AvenueHolland,Tangiers,Morocco).SecondPublication:1416/1996.
ii
Bukhaari,KitaabManaaqibal-Ansaar.
iii
 This statement is quoted from the great Shaafi’ee scholar of the 5th Islamic century, Imam Abu al-Hasan Al-
Maawardi (450 a.h.). Cross reference with Fath al-Baari and Imam Nawwawi’s commentary on his 40 hadeeth
collection.
iv
NoticeherehowSheikh‘Abdul-‘Azeezinmentioningwhatitmeanstobeabletoopenlypracticeone’sreligion,how
he makes no mention of being able to implement the Islamic legal punishments (hudood). This is because the
implementationofthehudoodisoneoftherulesspecificallyleftontheshouldersoftheIslamicstate(al-ahkaamas-
sultaaniyyah),notthecommonfolk.Thiswillbedealtwithinalaterinstallment,inshaAllah.
v
Thishadeethfurther clarifiesthatthemeaningofbeingableto establishoropenlypracticeyourreligioninanon-
MuslimlandhasnothingtodowithbeingabletopunishpeoplewiththeIslamicpunishmentsforfornication,adultery,
theft,etc.

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Matters of Hijrah (Emigration) and Harb (Warfare)


Installment#2

IsHijrahFromtheLandsoftheUnbelieversCompulsory?

Part2
ScholarlyQuotes

IbnHazmsaysinAl-Muhallaa12/124,

“AndthestatementofAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–“Iaminnocentofany
Muslimresidinginthemidstoftheunbelievers”–clarifieswhatwehavesaid,andthathe–uponhimbe
peace–merelymeantbythattheAbodeofWarfare.Otherwise,(wefindthat)heappointedhisgovernors
overKhaibarwhileallofthem(residingthere)wereJews.

Andwhenthoseunder(Islam’s)protection(ahladh-dhimmah)intheircitieswhilehavingnoother(faith
group)mixingwiththem,theone(Muslim)residingamongthemtogovernthem(imaaratin‘alaihim)orto
dobusinesswiththemisnotcalledanunbelieverandnotasinner.Rather,heisagoodMuslim.Andtheir
abodeisanAbodeofIslam,notanAbodeofPolytheism(DaarShirk),becausetheAbodeisattributedto
theonewhohasmasteryoverit,whorulesit,andcontrolsit.”

Andhesaysonpage125,

“Andasforhewhofleestothelandofwarfareduetooppressionthathefears,andhedoesnotwagewar
againsttheMuslims,didn’thelpthem(i.e.theunbelievers)againstthem(i.e.thebelievers),anddoesn’t
findanyonewhowillgranthimrefugeamongtheMuslims,then(for)thisindividual–thereisnothing
againsthim,becauseheisunderduressandcompelled.”


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IbnTaimiyahsaysinhisFataawi28/204aftercommentsaboutthecompulsorymigration,

“AndfromthischapteristheemigrationfromtheAbodeofUnbeliefandSinfulnesstotheAbodeofIslam
andFaith.Forverilyitisamigrationfromtheplaceofresidencebetweentheunbelieversandhypocrites
whodon’tgranthimthecapabilitytodoasAllah–HighisHe–hasorderedhim.”


HaafizAs-Suhaili–mayAllahbepleasedwithhim–saysinRaudAl-Anfwhilespeakingaboutthe
emigrationtoAbyssiniaandtheconversationbetweentheNajaashi,Ja’faribnAbiTaalib,andhis
companions,

“Andamongthelegalrulings(fiqh)thatitcontainsare:Todepartfromthehomelandeven-ifthe
homelandhappenstobeMeccainspiteofitsvirtue–whenthedeparturehappenstobeoutofflightwith
thereligion–evenif(thatflight)isn’tto(oneofthelandsof)Islam.

ForsurelytheAbyssinianswereChristiansworshippingtheMessiah.Andtheydidn’tsaythathewas“The
SlaveofAllah.”Thathasbecomeplaininthishadeeth…

AndtheydepartedfromAllah’ssacredhousetoanAbodeofUnbelief.Buttheirdoingthatwasoutof
cautionfortheirreligionandoutofhopetobeleftalonewiththeworshipoftheirLordwhilemaking
mentionofHiminsecurityandserenity.

Andthisisarulingthatcontinueswheneverevilgetstheupper-handinalandandabelieverisharassed
becauseofthetruth,andheseesfalsehoodovertakingthetruth,andhopestobeinanotherland–i.e.a
landwhereinhewillbeleftalonewithhisreligionandopenlydisplaytheworshipofhisLord,then
departinginthismannerisincumbentuponthebelievers.Andthisisthehijrahthatdoesn’tenduntilthe
DayofResurrection.AndtoAllahbelongstheEastandtheWest.Soeverywhereyouturn,thenthereis
Allah’sface.”


AndIbnHajarAl-‘AsqalaanisaysinFathAl-Baari(6/115)whilecommentingontheProphet’sstatement:
“ThereisnohijrahaftertheConquest.”Hesays,

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“Thatis,theConquestofMecca.Ortheintentiswhatismoregeneralthanthatalludingtothattheruling
ofotherthanMeccainthatregardis(thesameas)itsruling.Sohijrahisnotcompulsoryfromalandthat
theMuslimshaveopenedup.AsforpriortotheConquestoftheland,thenthoseoftheMuslimsinitare
(in)oneofthree(classes):

Thefirst:isonewhoiscapableofhijrahfromitwhoisn’tabletoopenlydisplayhisreligioninitandnot
fulfillhisobligations.Thenhijrahfromitiscompulsory.

Thesecond:isonewhoiscapable,butisabletoopenlydisplayhisreligionandfulfillhisobligations.Then
itisrecommendedinordertoincreasethenumberoftheMuslims,togivethemaid,towagejihadagainst
theunbelievers,havingsecurityfromtheirtreachery(ghadr),andachievingcomfortfromseeingindecency
amongthem.

Thethird:isonewhoisunable(tomakehijrah)becauseofanexcusesuchasbeingincaptivity,sickness,
etc.Suchispermittedtoremain.Butifheburdenshisselfandbearstheburdenofdeparture,heis
rewarded.”

AndasimilarbreakdowncanbefoundinthestatementsofIbnQudaamahinAl-Mughni(10/514).

[EndofInstallment#2]



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Matters of Hijrah (Emigration) and Harb (Warfare)


Installment#4

IsaCaliphorSultanRequiredFortheEnforcementoftheIslamicDetermined
Punishments(Hudood)?

AndDoesBeingAbletoOpenlyPracticeYourReligioninNon-MuslimLandsMeanthatOnebeAbleto
ImplementtheDeterminedPunishments?

ScholarlyQuotes

ImamAn-Nasafisaysinhis‘Aqaaid,

“TheMuslimsmusthaveanImam(i.e.caliph)inordertoimplementtheirlegaljudgments,toenforcethe
determinedpunishments(hudood),tosecuretheirinlets(thugoor),topreparetheirarmedforces,totake
their(obligatory)alms(sadaqaat),tosuppresstherebels(mutaghalibah),thieves(mutalassisah),andthe
brigands(quttaaat-tareeq),toimplementtheFridayprayers(juma’)andholidayprayers(‘ayaad),to
resolvethedisputesoccurringbetweentheservants(ofAllah),toacceptthetestimoniesrelatedtothe
rights(ofpeople),tomarryofftheyoungboysandgirlswhohavenolegalguardians,todividethebooty,
andotherthanthat.”i

ImamAt-TaftaazaanisaysinSharhAl-‘AqaaidincommentingontheCaliphate,

“(Itis)AmongtheaffairsthatthecommonersoftheUmmahdonotundertake.Soifitissaid,“Whyisit
notsufficienttohaveonepossessingmightineverregion?Andfromwhereisitcompulsorytoerectone
whohasuniversalsuperintendence(ar-riaasatal-‘aammah)?

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We’dsay:“Becauseitleadstodisputesandcontroversiesthatleadtotheruptureoftheaffairofthe
religionandsecularworldasweseeinthisageofours.”

Healsosays,

“Thenifitissaid:“Thenletitbesufficienttohaveonepossessingmight(shaukah)whohasuniversal
superintendence–beheanImamorotherthananImam.Forsurelythearrangementofsecurityoccurs
withthatasintheeraoftheTurks.”

We’dsay:“Indeed!Someorderinthematterofthesecularworld(dunyaa)occurs.However,thematterof
thereligionisdisturbed.Anditisthemostimportantgoalandthemostimportantissue.”ii


SheikhNuh‘AliSulaimaanAl-QudaatiiisaysinhisSharhofJauharatat-Tauheed,

“OfwhatitisknownisthattheNobleQur’anandthePropheticSunnahbothcontainjudgmentspertaining
totheentiresociety,andthatnooneisabletoapplyexceptforthegoverningauthority(daulah).Andthat
islikeadjudication(qadaa)inthevariousareaslikerequital(qisaas),thedeterminedpenalties(hudood),
contracts,andlikeguardingthereligionandsocietyby(waging)jihad,fulfillingsocialjustice,propagating
Islaminallregionsoftheworld,andjudgmentsotherthanthesethatindividualpersonsarenotcapableof
carryingout.

AndAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–establishedtheIslamicstatewithhis
emigrationtoMedinah,TheEnlightened.Andbecauseofthis,theemigrationwasabeginningforIslamic
history,sinceitisthebeginningoftheestablishmentoftheIslamicstate.AndAllah’sMessenger–may
Allahblessandgranthimpeace–wastheheadoftheIslamicstate,theoratoroftheFridayprayer,the
judgeindisputes,thecommanderinchiefofwar,etc.Andhewasn’tabletodothatpriortotheemigration
andtheestablishmentofthestate.SotheestablishmentoftheIslamicstatewasessential(daroori)sothat
theIslamicjudgmentsthatAllahmeantforpeopletoadheretocouldbeapplied.Allah–HighisHe–has
said,

((Andwhoeverdoesn’tjudgebywhatAllahhasrevealed,thenthosearetheunbelievers))[Maaidah:44].

AndafterthedeathoftheProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–thenobleCompanionsmade
hastetoappointaheadoftheIslamicstate.Andweredistractedbythismatterfrom(thematterof)

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 preparingtheProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–andhisburialinspiteoftheirardentlove
forhim,becausetheyunderstoodfromhimthatthismatterisnottobedelayed.

Bythis,thePeopleoftheSunnahfindprooffortheobligationofappointingaleaderfortheMuslimswho
happenstobeasubstitutefortheProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–inuniversal
superintendenceoftheaffairsofthereligionandthesecularworld.AndtheycalledhimtheKhaleefahof
Allah’sMessenger,Ameeral-Mu’mineen(CommanderoftheFaithful),andtheImamoftheMuslims
(Imamal-Muslimeen).Andallofthemarenamesforonedesignee.HeistheleaderoftheIslamicnation.

AndappointingtheCaliph(khaleefah)isacommunalobligation(fardkifaayah)uponalloftheMuslims
sincethedemiseoftheProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–untilthecomingoftheHour.So
whenthePeopleofInfluence(ahlal-hallwaal-‘aqd)–i.e.TheNotablesofthepeople(wujahaaan-naas)–
carryitout,thesinfallsfromothers…”iv



ImamAl-BaijoorivsaysinhiscommentaryontheJauharah,

“Andamongtheproofsindicatingtheobligationofit(i.e.thecaliphate)bywayofscripture(shar’):isthat
theDivineLawgiver(Shaari’)hasorderedtheimplementationofthedeterminedpenalties(hudood),the
securingoftheinlets,andthepreparationofthearmedforces.AndthatisonlycompletedwithanImam
thattheyreturntointheiraffairs…”vi

ImamIbnTaimiyahsays,

“AsforHissaying–HighisHe–((Andwhenyoujudgebetweenpeoplethatyoujudgefairly))[Nisaa:58],
verilythejudgingbetweenpeopleisinthedeterminedpenalties(hudood)andtherights(huqooq).And
theyaretwodivisions:Thefirstdivisionisthedeterminedpenaltiesandrightsthatarenotduetospecific
people.Rather,theirbenefitisforthegeneralityoftheMuslimsoracategoryofthemwhileallofthemare
inneedofthem.AndtheyarecalledthedeterminedpenaltiesofAllahandtherightsofAllahsuchasthe
penalty(hadd)forthebrigands,thethieves,thoseguiltyofillicitsexualintercourse,andthelikeofthem.
And(itisalso)likethejudgmentsinthewealthsupervisedbytheSultan(amwaalsultaaneeyah),
endowments(auqaaf),andthewills(wasaayaa)thatarenotforaspecificperson.

Theseareamongthemostimportantaffairsofgovernments(wilaayah).Andbecauseofthis,‘AliibnAbi
Taalib–mayAllahbepleasedwithhim–said:


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“Thepeoplemusthaveagoverningauthority(imaarah)–beitrighteousorunrighteous.”Thenitwassaid,
“OCommanderoftheFaithful!Thisrighteousone,wehaveknown.Butwhatisthecaseofthe
unrighteousone?”Hesaid:“Thedeterminedpenaltiesareenforcedbyit.Theroadsarekeptsecurebyit.
Theenemyisfoughtbyit.Andthespoilsaredividedbyit.”vii
.
ThenImamAl-MaawardistatesinAl-AhkaamAs-Sultaaneeyah10dutiesofthecaliph.Amongthemhe
mentions,

“…theimplementationofthedeterminedpenalties(hudood),sothatAllah’sinviolableacts–HighisHe–
areguardedfrombeingviolated,andsothattherightsofHisslavesareprotectedfromlossand
consumption.”viii

Allofthesequotesclearlyindicatethattheimplementationofthehudoodisthedutyleftontheshoulders
ofthekhaleefah,notthecommonMuslim.ThedutyofthecommonMuslimistoworktowardappointinga
khaleefahthroughthePeopleofInfluence(Ahlal-Hallwaal-‘Aqd)thatrepresentthemandtheir
concerns.Ifnooneappointsthekhaleefah–accordingtotheconditionsforappointingakhaleefah
outlinedintheShariah,thesinisonallMuslimsuntiltheydo.

Butintheabsenceofthatkhaleefah,noMuslimorgroupofMuslimsmaytakeituponthemselvesto
implementthehudoodonothers,becausethisistantamounttooneperformingthejobofanotherwhohas
contractedwithhisemployerthatonlyheistocarryoutthetask.

Now,whatthismeansforMuslimslivinginnon-Muslimlandsisthattobeabletocarryoutthehudoodis
notaconditionforourresidenceinsuchcountries.Andwhatfurthersupportsthisisthefollowinghadith:

- ImamNasaaireportsontheauthorityofAbuSa’idthatanomadaskedAllah’sMessenger–may
Allahblessandgranthimpeace–abouthijrah.Andhesaid:“Mercybeonyou!Verilythematter
ofhijrahissevere.Sodoyouhaveanycamels?”Hesaid:“Yes.”He(theProphet)said:“Sodoyou
payitsduealms(Zakat)?”ixHesaid:“Yes.”He(theProphet)said:“Thenworkbeyondthesea.
ForverilyAllah–MightyandMajestic–willneverabandonanythingofyourwork.”

Andnoticeinthishadith,theProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–allowedthismantoremain
outsideoftheMuslimlandsinspiteofthefactthatthoselandsdidn’timplementthehudood.



i
Al-Mataalibal-WafeeyahSharhAl-‘AqaaidAn-NasafeeyahTa-leefSheikhAbdullahAl-Harari,Daaral-Mashaaree’
lit-tabaa’atiwan-nashriwat-tauzee’,1418/1998,pp.144-145.

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ii
TakenfromSharhal-‘Aqaaid:pp.181-182.
iii
HeistheformerChiefJusticeandMuftioftheJordanianarmedforces,andaDoctorinShariah(IslamicLaw).
iv
 This quote is from Al-Mukhtasar Al-Mufeed fee Sharh Jauharat at-Tauheed, Daar Ar-Raazi, ‘Ammaan, Jordan,
1420/1999,pp.220-221.
v
HeisIbraaheemibnMuhammadibnAhmad,theShaafi’ischolarwhodiedintheyear1277a.h.
vi
Tuhfatal-mureedsharhjauharatat-tauheed,Daaral-kutubal-‘ilmeeyah1422-2001,p.220.
vii
TakenfromAs-SiyaasahAsh-Shar’eeyahIslaahar-Raa’iwar-Ra’eeyahofIbnTaimiyah,Daaral-kutubal-‘ilmeeyah,
p.65.
viii
Al-Ahkaamas-Sultaaneeyah,Daaral-kutubal-‘ilmeeyah,1405/1985,p.18.
ix
ThisisanimportantreferencetoforalaterinstallmentweplantowriterelatedtothematterofZakatandwhether
ornotakhaleefahisrequiredbeforeoneisobligedtopayZakat.

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Matters of Hijrah (Emigration) and Harb (Warfare)


Installment#3

IsAnAccord(Sulh)withtheNon-MuslimGovernmentRequiredBeforeAMuslimCan
ResideintheLandoftheUnbelievers?

Excerptsfrom

TheRulingofResidingintheLandsoftheUnbelieversandProclaimingits
CompulsorinessinSomeSituations

BySheikh‘Abdul-‘AzeezibnMuhammadibnAs-SiddeeqAl-HasaniAl-Ghimaari–mayAllahshowhimmercy

OneofthelastGreatHadeethMastersofMorocco

Before dealing with the topic of this installment let us consider the following in order to grant a proper
contexttotheresponseofSheikh‘Abdul-‘Azeez.

Hesaysonpage22ofhistreatise:

“AndtheCompanions–mayAllahbepleasedwiththem–usedtoadvanceproofforthepermissibilityof
anyparticularactthattheydidbythefactthattheQur’anwasbeingrevealedanditdidn’tforbidit-as(in
what)happenedregardingthematterofwithdrawingpriortoejaculation(‘azl)thatJaabir–mayAllahbe
pleasedwithhim–forwardedasproofforitspermissibilitywithwhatwehavementioned.


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 SothefirstplacethatAllah–HighisHe–mentionsthatwhilenottreatingitwithanyprohibitionor
censureisHissaying–HighisHe–inSuratAl-Jumu’ah:
((Andwhentheyseetradeandamusement,theydispersetoit,andleaveyoustanding)).

Ithascomeregardingtheoccasionofdescentoftheverse–asinBukhaariandMuslimontheauthorityof
Jaabiribn‘Abdillah(thathesaid):

“WhilewewereprayingwiththeProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–acaravanfromShaam
approachedbearingfood.Sothey(thoseattendingJumu’ah)gaveittheirattentionuntiltheredidn’t
remainwiththeProphet–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–anymorethan12men.Thenthisverse
camedown:
((Andwhentheyseetradeareamusement,theydispersetoit,andleaveyoustanding)).”

ThentheSheikhsaysonthesamepageandwhatfollowsit,

“AndofwhatisknownisthatShaamduringtheeraofAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthim
peace–wasanAbodeofUnbelief.Andinspiteofthat,hedidnotforbidtheCompanionsfromtravelingto
itforcommerce,andhedidnotcondemnthemforthat–asisthecustomoftheQur’an.Forverilyitnever
mentionsamatterthesubjectofcensurewithoutdealingwithitandclarifyingit–ashedidhere.Forsurely
hedidn’tdealwith(thematterof)travelingtoShaamforcommerce.Rather,hemerelydealtwith
censuringwhattheydidoftheirdispersingfromAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace
–atthetimeofthe(Jumu’ah)sermon(khutbah),nothingmore.

SoiftravelingtotheAbodeofUnbeliefhadbeenforbiddenandithadnotbeenpermittedfortheMuslim,
He(Allah)–HighisHe–wouldhaveclarifieditinthisincident(qissah),sincedelayingtheclarification
(ofaruling)fromthetimeoftheneed(forclarification)isnotpermissible…”


TheIssueoftheAccord(Sulh)

Onpage40and41oftheauthor’streatisehesaysthefollowing:

“Andmaybeonewillsayherethatthis(thing)thatthey(thescholars)havemadepermissiblewithrespect
toenteringintothelandsoftheunbelieversispremisedonacondition.ItisthattherebefortheMuslimsa
pactofsecurity(amaan)withthem(i.e.theunbelievers)oratreaty(mu’aahadah)sothattheoneresiding
intheirmidstmightbesecuredfromtheirabuseasisknown.Andwhereisthistoday?”


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Theresponse:isthatrestrictingtheentranceintothelandsoftheunbelieverswiththiscondition,ithasits
place(feehimaafeehi).

ButtheCompanions,whentheyweregoingtoShaamforcommerceandbringingcommoditiesbackfrom
ittoMedinahduringthetimeofAllah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace,therewasno
agreement(‘ahd),pactofsecurity(amaan),ortreaty(mu’aahadah)betweenAllah’sMessenger–may
Allahblessandgranthimpeace–andtheRomansinShaam(all)ofwhatindicatesthatallthatisdesiredis
fortheoneenteringtheirlandsthathebesecuredinhis(practiceofhis)religion,hisperson,andhis
wealth,evenifthatisnotbuiltuponanagreement(‘ahd)orpactofsecurity(amaan).

AndthisiswhathisorderoftheCompanionstoimmigratetoAbyssiniaindicates–mayAllahblessand
granthimpeace,because(with)itsruler(malik),notasingleindividualwaswrongedinhispresence.So
Allah’sMessenger–mayAllahblessandgranthimpeace–deemedtheexistenceofthismatterwiththe
Najaashiitobesufficient.

Similarly,thatthingwhosementionhasprecededontheauthorityofAbu‘UbaidinKitaabal-Amwaal
indicatesthelackofconsiderationgiventothisconditioninthat‘Umarusedtotakethefullfarmproduce
tax(‘ushr)iifromthoseactivelyinvolvedwithwar(ahlal-harb),becausetheyusedtotakethelikeofitwhen
they(theMuslims)cametotheirlands.

Also,(thesamegoesfor)whathe(Abu‘Ubaid)relatedontheauthorityofZiyaadbinHudairthatthey
usedtotakethefarmproducetaxfromthePeopleofWar(ahlal-harb)justastheyusedtoholdusin
contempt(yu’affiroonanaa)whenwecametothem.Meaning,Theydealtwiththemerchantsamongthe
Muslimswithmalice(muraaghamah)andaninteractionuncharacterizedbyenthusiasm(laamujaamalah).

Then–asaresultofthis-thiscondition(stipulated)bythejurists(fuqahaa),thereisnoproofforit.Andit
ismerelyanabandonmentofthemoreappropriateanalogy(istihsaan)iii,nothingmore.Andeven
accordingtotheviewofitbeencompulsory,that(accord)alsoexiststoday.

ForverilyalltheIslamiccountriesareboundtogetherwiththeEuropeanandAmericancountriesby
treatieswherebytheimmigrantsubjectsareprotectedfromtheirabuse,theirtreatmentofthemwithwhat
leadstooppressionofthemandasquanderingoftheirrights.Andthisiswell-known,innoneedof
clarification.

Sopreventing(one)fromresidinginthelandsoftheunbelieversfromthisregardisnotfound,itisnot
permittedtoholditasaview,andnoneuseitasproofforwhathehasdeliveredasalegalopinion(fatwa)

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relatedtointerdiction(man’)andprohibition(tahreem),exceptforonewhohasnoscrutinyanddoesn’tdo
wellinexaminingtheviewsofthejurists.”

EndofPart3


















i
ThetitleoftherulerofAbyssiniawas‘Najaashi.’
ii
Thetaxonfarmproducewas10%.Forthisreasonitiscall‘al-‘ushr’–Thetenth.
iii
Istihsaanisatoolofijtihaad.Itslinguisticmeaningis‘toconsidersomethingtobegood.”Itstechnicaldefinitionis:

“Digressingfromthemoreappropriatelyconsideredanalogy(qiyaasjali)forthelessconsideredanalogy(qiyaaskhafi)
orfromauniversal ruling(hukmkulli)toan exceptional ruling(hukmistithnaai)duetoaninterest(maslahah)that
demandsthatdigression.”

Intheabovecase,themoreappropriatelyconsideredanalogywouldbetonotgiveconsiderationtotherebeingapact
of safety between the Muslims and the non-Muslim officials in the land of the unbelievers, since the Prophet – may
Allahblessandgranthimpeace–neverdemandedthatfromanyone,sincetheatmosphereinnon-Muslimlandswhere
Muslimsresidedduringhistimewasn’thostiletothem.Asforthelessconsideredanalogyinthiscase,itwouldbeto
demand a pact of security (amaan) from the unbelievers for the protection of their Muslim subjects. The interest of
safety of one’s person, religion, and wealth is what would cause the jurists to digress from the more appropriately
consideredanalogyinplaceswheretheatmosphereagainstMuslimsishostileaswas the casein Andalusia (Muslim
Spain)aftertheunbelieversdrovetheMuslimsoutandretookcontrolofthelands.AnyMuslimstayinginsuchaplace
wouldonlybelegitimizedaftertherewasaninsurancegivenbytherulingpowersthatMuslimswouldbesafetofreely

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practice their religion according to the requirements of the rule of istihsaan. Unfortunately, for those who’d like to
cling to istihsaan for demanding that Muslims initiate a pact with the unbelieving authorities, there is no consensus
among legal theorists (usooliyyoon) that istihsaan is a valid rule of law. So to demand this from every Muslim
regardlessoftheparticularschooloflawtheyfollowandregardlessofthechangeofcircumstancesintheworldtoday
wouldnotbejustandfair.

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