CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Computer and internet have gained a central importance in human life and social

media had a prominent role in this picture. Besides easy, cheap and fast access to

information through computers and the internet, the expansion of the communication

network is one of the factors that lead individuals to use social media.

Social media has become indispensable part of the daily life. Although there are many

useful applications of social media, the excessive use of medium led to personal, social and

occupational problems. With these problems, it began to lead Social Media Addiction,

which describe as a new kind of addiction.

Social Media Addiction is a term used to describe situation where a user spends too

much time on social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram) such that it negatively

affects other aspects of his or her daily life like school, work, or relationships with others

(Walker,2011). According to Pavlicek (2013), a social media addict can considered as one

with an urge to be use social media excessively. For instance, engaging activities like

“frequently checking status updates and post or “stalking” the profiles of other users for

many hours” and this behavior or habit conflicts with his or her everyday responsibilities

such as family, school, work or other social obligations.

Social media addiction is a relevant problem that will even get worse in future due

to the rapid development of technologies. People spend more time in the internet and social

networking sites.

1
 Hence, this paper is an attempt to understand Social Media Addiction. This study

aims to determine the Level of Social Media Addiction among selected students

specifically the Programming students of ACLC NAGA s/y 2018-2019. This study aims to

provide suggestions on possible actions to prevent addiction.

2
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the Level of Social Media Addiction among

Programming students of ACLC-NAGA, especially it sought to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

2. Which social media accounts do programming students of ACLC use the most?

3. How frequent do selected programming student of ACLC-NAGA uses social

media?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study was to find whether selected Programming students

of ACLC-NAGA are addicted to social media and the level of their addiction. The

following objectives are guided the study:

1. To identify the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

2. To determine the social media accounts do programming students of ACLC use the

most.

3. To know how frequent does a selected Programming student of ACLC-NAGA uses

social media.

3
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study deemed beneficial to the students particularly to the

Programming students of ACLC-NAGA and to the following:

Students. The research aims to help the students to be aware of Social Media

Addiction

Teachers. This research aims to help teachers to guide and give students a proper

attention at the same time on how to prevent social media addiction.

Parents. This study aims to help parents to know their child profile on social media

and the treatments they can give to prevent the said issue.

School. This research aims to help the school to know how many students, range of

ages and as well as each student level of social media addiction and the action taken

to eliminate the said issue.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research sought to find out the level of addiction to social media among selected

Programming students of ACLC-NAGA s/y 2018-2019. This study limits only to 100

students out of 284 students of Programming who are currently enrolled. Only those

Programming students are allow to participate in the research. This research conducted

from July to October 2018 at fourth floor Nagaland E-mall.

4
Definition of Terms

Social Media: Internet based application or sites used for social networking.

Social media addiction: Excessive use and dependency on social media for gratifications

that it interferes with other activities in a person’s life.

Extrovert: gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is

sapped when they spend too much time alone. They recharge by being social.

Introvert: (those of us with introverted tendencies) tend to recharge by spending time

alone. They lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly

large crowds.

FOMO (Fear of missing out): fear of having made the wrong decision on how to spend

time since "you can imagine how things could be different".

Anxiety: is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, fear, apprehension,

and worrying.

Twitter is an online social networking micro-blogging site that enables users to send and

read short 140-character messages called "tweets" (Twitter Inc.)

Skype is a telecommunications application software product that specializes in providing

video chat and voice calls from computers, tablets, and mobile devices via the Internet to

other devices or telephones/smartphones. Users can also send instant messages, exchange

files and images, send video messages, and create conference calls (Wikipedia).

5
Instagram is an online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing and social networking service

that enables its users to take pictures and videos, and share them on a variety of social

networking platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter (Wikipedia).

Facebook is an online social networking service which allows users to create a profile,

add other users as "friends", exchange messages, post status updates and photos, share

videos and receive notifications when others update their profiles. Additionally, users can

join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, etc. and

categorize their friends into lists such as "People from Work" or "Close Friends".

(facebook.com)

Messenger is a free mobile messaging app used for instant messaging, sharing photos,

videos, audio recordings and for group chats. This is separate app to Facebook. However,

user’s profile can be set using their Facebook account or a telephone number. (webwise).

6
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature that is directly linked to the

current study. Review of related literature has to do with the identification and analysis of

past studies or in general, documents contain information related to the research problem

of the study to carry out. The review usually describes, sum up, assesses and explain related

literature and it also helps in choosing a theory to back the research and helps define the

nature of the study to be undertaken.

Social media use

There are many reasons why students use social media. Nyland (2007) identified

the five motives of using social media as “meeting new people, entertainment, maintaining

relationships, social events and media creation.” These motives are among common

engagement of university students who use social media as findings of some studies show.

A study carried out in University of Education Winneba in 2013 identified that students

use social media for “connecting old friends and family members, finding new friends,

obtaining or sharing learning materials, receiving update of events, posting information

and whiling away time.

Li & Chung (2006) state that the “Internet in itself is not addictive: instead the

social functions, self- expressions, communication and building of personal ties on the

Internet are what is addictive.”

7
 Nicole (2007) students and teenagers have especially recognized these social media

to be able to contact their peers, share information, reinvent their personas and display their

social live. In another research conducted by Shana (2012) it was as certain that students

use platforms mainly for chatting and making friends.”

Omekwu et al (2014) the objectives of the study was to find out the different

categories of social media sites. Undergraduate students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka

use to find out the extent to which they use it to examine why they use social media, to find

out what gratification they get from using it, to find the risks involved in social networking

and to offer solution to deal with such risks. The researcher surveyed a sample of 150

undergraduate students and data collected using a questionnaire. Respondents selected

using the simple random sampling technique. Findings of the study revealed that almost all

students use social media to interact with friends, connect with their classmates for studies

online, for discussing national issues and entertainment.

In another study carried out by Appeanti & Danso (2003) titled “Students’ Use

Media in Higher Education in Ghana,” they examined social media use among university

students using an online survey. Three hundred and eleven sandwich students in the

University of Education, Winneba randomly sampled to participate in the study. Their

findings showed that majority of the students were aware of the existence of social media

and they use it for various reasons such as connecting with family members and old friends,

making new friends, sharing or getting learning materials, getting updates on events,

sharing information and whiling away time.

8
 Guy (2012) a study found out that 90% of college students visit social media sites

in a regular basis using desktop computers, laptops, e-readers, tablets and cellphone to

actively engage in social networking, text messaging, blogging, content sharing, online

learning and much more daily.

Social Media Addiction

According to Pamaoukaghion (2010), Social Media Addiction was first known as

psychological disorder around the world, also internet addiction lead to social media

addiction. Facebook is the one of the most famous visited social network website. There

are many levels of social network addiction, some of the levels are for emotional low self-

confidence and scared be exposed personally. According to his study from the University

of Athens, psychiatrists discuss about a woman who lost her job because of being online

on a social media. The discussion was about the situation of the women that it could be a

sign of social media addiction.

According to Cheever (2009), there are five signs that may signal one has type of

social media addiction. 1.) When one is sleeping late at night spending time on social

networks, 2.) When a person spends more than an hour in social media sites, 3.) When one

disregards work including school work, 4.) And also being stressed when you start your

day without even using social media and the last and one of the most popular sign that you

are really became addicted in social media is when you start to break your schedule and

focuses your mind only in social media. Although this information may find very normal

to some people or may sound alarming to their daily living.

9
 Dau (2015) also investigated the social media addiction among the students of

tertiary institutions in Northern Nigeria and the level at which the students are addicted.

The findings from the study showed the majority of the respondents are all popular social

media platforms with Facebook having the largest number of users. He also found that

majority of the respondents use these social media platforms mainly for social needs such

as friendship and dating.

Young et al. (2000) when we examine the symptoms of social media addiction

in young people, degradation of functionality becomes to be the most defining

characteristic. Namely, decrease in academic success, reduced work performance, inability

to fulfill responsibilities towards family and disruption in psychosocial functions are the

most important symptoms of addiction. Also, thinking of and desire for the Internet, virtual

environments and social media platforms throughout the day, unable to be free of them and

the feeling of loneliness and restlessness evoked by lack of social media are among other

symptoms. Some indicators of addiction in young people include considering social media

as a way of escape from personal problems, being unable to adapt to social life and

withdrawal into themselves when away from social media, insomnia, weight gain due to

decreased activity level, disorders like irregular eating habits and being unable to prevent

themselves from entering social media sites although they know all these undesirable

effects.

Al-Menayes (2015) a study aimed to examine the dimensions of social media

addiction in University students in Kuwait. The study based on the Internet addiction scale

developed by Young in 1996 from which questionnaires were designed and distributed to

1327 undergraduate students. The researcher employed the cross sectional survey

10
methodology. Findings from the data collected showed that social media addiction has

three (3) independent dimensions, i.e. the users experience with social media, time spent

using social media and satisfaction derived from them. He also found that social media

addiction was a negative predicator of academic performance as measured by a student’s

GPA.

Proybylski et al (2013) mobile social media offer a large number of experience

from a psychological viewpoint each with powerful features that can lead to problem

behavior. For example, the extrovert might spend much time on Facebook, compulsively

checking their profile to see the number of “likes” their posts received. For others, with a

narcissistic inclination, Instagram may prove to be an addictive medium for them to display

themselves to others with “selfies”. Social anxiety can also fuel social media addiction.

The fear of missing out (FOMO) can be the main reason for frequent social media uses

regard loss of time of a day at the expense of other activities.

In another study, Alabi (2012) sought to find out the level of Facebook Addiction

among selection of Nigerian University Undergraduates. The study surveyed the level of

addiction to Facebook among selected undergraduate students of these universities.

Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used in selecting 1000 undergraduate

students from four universities in South-western Nigeria- two private institutions and the

other two; public. Data was collected using the Facebook Addiction Symptoms Scale

(FASS) in the form of a questionnaire. The findings from the study revealed a low level of

addiction particularly among universities undergraduates in private universities mainly due

to internet access.

11
 All the above literature reviewed suggest that social media addiction exists

however, most of the studies that have been carried out on social media addiction have

used mostly Facebook in its analysis and not much has been done with other social media

sites. The review also revealed the various scales for measuring addiction to internet and

certain social media platforms and have used in measuring addiction in other studies in

other parts of the world. It should be possible to develop similar addiction measures for

analyzing other social media sites or other general instruments.

12
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Several theories have used to interpret the use of social media and its outcomes.

Determining the concepts of this research the study comes up with two theories: the Uses

and Gratification Theory (U &G) and the Media System Dependency Theory (MSD).

These two together assume that users of media rely on it to fulfil specific needs and in the

process develop preoccupations with it and will therefore help explain the level of social

media addiction among Programming students of the ACLC-NAGA. In the following

paragraph are the theories that support our studies.

Uses and Gratification Theory

McQuail (2005), the Uses and Gratification theory generally seen as a theory that is

closely linked to research on media effects. It is an approach to gaining insight on how and

why people look for particular media to satisfy particular needs.

An American sociologist Elihu Katz introduced the theory of uses and gratification in

1959 in an article in which he explained that communication research was near extinction

because researchers only focused on the effects the media had on people. He therefore

suggested that researchers focus rather on how media is used (Severin & Tankard, 2001).

McQuail (2005), states that the theory “seeks to explain the uses of media and the

satisfactions derived from them in terms of motives and self-perceived needs of audience

members.” As active influencers of the effect media has on them, users of media identify,

choose and retain media messages.

13
 According to Ruggerio (2000), internet users choose activities online that satisfy needs

like “entertainment, information and social interaction.’ Uses and Gratification theory

therefore shows an affirmative relationship between the choice of using social media and

the gratification of it.

Based on this, the researcher chose to apply this theory to study the use and level of

social media addiction among programming students of AMA Computer Learning Center

(ACLC).

Media Systems Dependency Theory

The Media Systems Dependency Theory proposed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin

DE Fleur in 1976 in an article that sought to describe why media could have cognitive,

affective and behavioral effects on different people in different way. Media Systems

Dependency theory regards audience as an active part in the communication process.

The theory posits that individual have a goal when choosing the media they use and are

active in the making of this decision. It also suggest that the more a person relies on a

specific media to satisfy his or her needs, the more the media will become significant to

him/her ( Encyclopedia of communication theory, 2009). This therefore shows an

affirmative connection between need for gratification and dependency. According to

LaRose & Eastin (2002), internet addictions are generally “habits” that are initiated when

the “gratification sought”, starts to have an effect on users, which may lead to

preoccupation with it. With repetitive use and engagement in favorite online activities, a

habitual behavior may triggered with little or no intention or addictions.

14
 Digital media have developed and has become an essential part of people’s lives. With

the growth of social media in recent times and its frequent use by many, over- dependency

on it for media needs by students may be a probable cause of addiction to it. The Media

Dependency theory has used as the theoretical basis for some studies of the Internet such

as Jung et al (2001) and Dhavan et al (2001) and can therefore help explain findings of this

study.

15
 THE LEVEL OF SOCIAL MEDIA
ADDICTION AMONG SELECTED
PROGRAMMING STUDENTS OF ACLC-
NAGA S/Y 2018-2019

USES AND
GRATIFICATION
THEORY MEDIA SYSTEMS
DEPENDENCY THEORY
ELIHU KATZ (1959)
BALL-ROKEAH &
-helps to explain the many and
DEFLEUR (1976)
varied reasons why consumer
used and like social media -It said that the more a person
relies on a specific media to
-the uses and gratification for
satisfy his or her needs, the
using social media are social
more the media will become
interaction, information
significant to him or her
seeking, pass time,
entertainment, relaxation, -social media addiction are
communicatory utility, generally “habits” that are
expressions of opinions, initiated when the gratification
confidence utility, information sought”, starts to have an
sharing and surveillance and effect on users which may lead
watching of others. to preoccupation with it.

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study

16
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The research paradigm illustrates the conceptual framework of the study shows the

relationships of the input, process and output of the topic. This framework embodies the

specific direction by which the research will have undertaken by describing the relationship

between the specific variables identified in the study.

The input shows the questions that seek to answer which includes the demographic

profile of the respondents in terms of age and gender, the social media accounts do

programming students of ACLC use the most and how frequent they use social media. To

enable to determine the Level of Social Media Addiction among programming students of

ACLC Naga.

The process on the other hand show the research being conducted through defining

the problems of the research first and gathered required data relevant to the research from

respondents through answering the questionnaires.

The output as the result, will indicate the general view of the situation, to determine

the level of social media addiction and defined the outcome of the study and give

justification to the research

17
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 The  Survey  Blog
demographic  Seminars
questionnaire
profile of the
respondents in
terms of:  Gathered
a. Age
required data
b. Gender
 The social media
 Analysis and
accounts do
programming interpretation
students of of Data
ACLC use the
most
 The frequency
of the
respondents uses
social media

Figure 2.Conceptual Framework of the Study

18
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter examines in detail the methodology used in carrying on the study. It

covers the following aspects: Research Design, Respondents of the Study, Research

Locale, Sampling Technique, Instrumentation, Data Collection Method, and Statistical

Method. The researcher has discussed these aspects by highlighting the reasons why some

techniques selected for the research design.

Research Design

The study employed the quantitative methodology of research under which is

descriptive survey was used to investigate the phenomenon of social media addiction

among Programming student of ACLC Naga. According to Orodho (2013), a study that

seeks to acquire information by interviewing of administering a questionnaire to

respondents is a descriptive survey.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study is programming students of ACLC NAGA. Since the

chosen population could not observed because of factors such as time limitation and

financial constraints, a section of population selected as a sample from the entire population

to represent the whole. A sample derived from the population. For this study, the sample

sized is 100, made up of programming students from Grade 11 and Grade 12.

19
 Research Locale

The study will be conduct at Ama Computer Learning Center (ACLC). The

respondents interviewed to their respective classroom. The researchers chose the place of

implementation because it give the researchers the needed information for people with

social media accounts especially programming students. The study will be conduct in the

first semester of the academic year 2018-2019.

Sampling Techniques

Probability sampling was use for this study and under this method; the Stratified

sampling technique was use to divide students into strata after which the simple random

sampling was used to select participants in the survey.

Under the stratified sampling technique, all members of the population are puts into

strata and a specific number subsequently drawn from each stratum to represent the whole.

In the case of this study, the stratum represents each grade in the ACLC Naga namely the

Grade 11 and Grade 12. This means that, out of every Grade, a specific number of

respondents selected to participate in the study. This was gives all the subsets of the sample

frame equal probabilities of selection

20
 Instrumentation

For this study, data was collected through self-administered questionnaires made up

of 20 questions in two section; A and B where Section A covered Personal information of

the respondents and Section B covered questions under social media use and internet

Addiction test. The questionnaire partly modelled after the Internet Addiction Test (IAT)

developed by Kimberly Young to enable the researcher test the level of addiction among

programming students. It consists of 20 items that measures mild, moderate and severe

levels of Internet Addiction.

However, the researcher did not use all the 20 items. The scale has tested for validity

and reliability in different parts of the world in studies carried out by Ferraro, G. et al.,

(2007) & Khazaal, Y. et al. (2008).

The IAT was chosen because social media is a subtype of the internet (Turel, O. &

Serenko, A., (2010) and the items it has for measuring addiction covers all sites unlike the

other scales that have been modelled for specific sites like the Facebook Addiction

Symptoms Scale ( FASS) and Facebook Addiction Test ( FAT) for Facebook.

For this study, the researcher used 13 out of the 20 items from the IAT due to the

relevance of the items to respondents and because of its relativity to the setting of the study.

Each of the 13 items answered using a scale:

21
0= Not applicable

1= Rarely

2= Occasionally

3=Frequently

4=Often

5= Always

To find the level of addiction to social media among programming students,

individual score for each item on the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), which was administer

to each respondents as part of the questionnaire, were summed up and the total score for

each respondents was grouped according to the range of points in which they fall. Scores

ranged between:

0-14 points: None

15-29 points: Mild

30-59 points: Moderate

60-80 points: Severe

22
 Data Collection Method
The Survey method is employ in collecting quantitative data in the study. Consent

from teachers was obtained prior to visiting the classrooms. In this setting, students were

informed of the purpose of filling out the survey and turning it in was deemed as having

their consent and that participation was voluntary. They also aware that there was no

penalty for choosing not to participate. After explaining the procedure, the survey

questionnaire were distributed. Administration of the questionnaire took approximately 10

minutes. The principal investigator stood at the front of the classroom and all the completed

survey were placed by the student into an envelope. This sample type was chosen for

convenience so as to obtain as diverse a sample of possible.

Statistical Method

Data obtained from the field inputted into the Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences (SPSS) version 20, which is a software designed for analysis of social science

research data into frequencies and percentages. To help present the data in the form of

tables and charts, which then analyze based on the research questions and later, discussed

to arrive at conclusions.

23
 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS

This chapter presents the findings of the data collected from 100 Programming

students of the ACLC Naga to find out their usage of social media and the test their level

of addiction to it. A 20 items questionnaire was administered to respondents and a 100%

response rate was achieved. Using frequency tables and charts, the research questions and

objectives of the study have been discussed below in detail.

Findings related to statement of the problem

Social media use among programming students of ACLC Naga

SOP.1 What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of?

a. Age

b. Gender

Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

AGE
f %

14-16 years old 13 13%

17-19 years old 83 83%

20 years old and above 4 4%

TOTAL 100 100%

24
 Table 2. Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Gender

GENDER
f %

Female 48 48%

Male 46 46%

Lesbian 3 3%

Gay 2 2%

Bisexual 1 1%

TOTAL 100 100%

As it can be observed from Table 1. Majority of the respondents who filled out the

questionnaire are fall between the ages of 17-19 years old while only thirteenth of them are

between the ages of 14-16 years old and the remaining four of them are fall in the ages of

20 years old and above.

In the Table 2, forty eight percent (48%) of the respondents who filled out the

questionnaire are female while forty six percent (46%) are male respondents. And the

remaining six percent was divided into lesbian (3%), gay (2%) and bisexual (1%).

The researcher found out that majority of social media users in Programming

students of ACLC Naga are female and fall between the ages of 17-19 years old.

25
SOP.2. Which social media accounts do programming students of ACLC-Naga use the

most?

Figure 3. Number of Social Media accounts do the respondents have

Number of Social Media Accounts

One
20%
One
Four more accounts
30%, Two

Three

Two, Four more accounts

Three 29%
21%

f=100

Majority of the respondents have 4 and more social media accounts and 29% of them

said they have only two social media accounts. Other (21%) said they have three social

media accounts while the remaining 20% said they have only one social media accounts.

26
 Figure 4. Social media accounts use the most

Social Media Accounts use the most

69%
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%
16%
20%
9%
10% 3% 2% 1%
0%
Facebook Messenger Twitter Others Skype Instagram

f=100

More than half of the respondents said they use Facebook on a regular basis

followed by and the Messenger which has sixteenth percent of the respondents using it

regularly. A ninth percent of the respondents said they use twitter regularly and the three

percent other said it was other social media accounts which were not included in the list

provide choose from they used more often. Two percent respondent choose Skype as the

social media accounts they use the most while the remaining one percent who responded

to the question mentioned Instagram they used more often.

27
SOP.3 How frequent do a selected programming students of ACLC-Naga use social

media?

TIME SPENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA

35%

30% 29%

25%
23%

20%
20%

16%
15%
12%

10%

5%

0%
Less than an hour One hour Two hours Three hours Four more hours

Figure 5. Average time spent on Social Media

f=100

Figure 5 shows the time respondents spend on social media daily. A majority of the

respondents (29%) said they spend four or more hours on social media daily. Other

respondents (23%) said they spent two hours on social media a day, another 20% said they

spend one hour on social media daily. Less than an hour is spent on social media by 16%

of the respondents daily while the remaining 12% said they spent three hours on social

media a day.

28
 As reviewed in related literature earlier, a study by Al-Menayes (2015) identified

time spent using social media as one of the dimensions of social media addiction because

it was clearly linked to all the identified factors of the phenomenon. This implies that, the

more time spent on social media, the higher probability for social media addiction to exist.

As the results have shown that majority of the Programming students of ACLC-Naga spend

more than four hours daily on social media therefore it further supports other findings from

this study that show the existence of social media addiction among programming students.

Figure.6 Reasons for using social media respondents are subscribed to.

Reasons for using Social Media

40.00% 36.50%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 17.30% 16.80% 16.20%
15.00% 13.20%

10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Entertainment Meeting People Social Events Create media Maintain
content and share relationship
opinions

f=197

Variables for this question were derived from Nyland’s (2007) five motives for

which people use social media. The five motives are entertainment, creating media content

and sharing opinions, meeting new people, for social events and maintaining relationships.

29
 The results shows that majority of the respondents use their social media

account for entertainment, followed by 17.30% who use social media for meeting new

people while 16.80% of them said they use social media for social events. Other

respondents (16.20%) said they use social media for creating media content and sharing

opinions and the remaining 13.20% said they use it to maintain relationships.

From the data, majority of Programming students of ACLC Naga use social

media for entertainment more than any other reasons for using social media.

Figure 7. Issues discussed on social media

Issues discussed on Social Media

Governance 1%

Economics 5%

Others 11%

Sports 12%

Personal Issues 26%

Entertainment 45%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Series 1

f=100

Respondents were asked what they mostly discussed on the social media accounts

they are subscribed to. Most of the respondents said they discussed issues pertaining to

entertainment followed by their personal issues and then sports. Eleventh percent (11%) of

the respondents said they discussed other issues like memes, academics and general issues.

30
Fifth of them said they gave attention to issues concerning economics while one percent of

them said their interest was on the governance.

Internet Addiction Test

This section analyses the 13 items derived from the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by

Dr. Kimberly Young used in this study. These 13 items are questions that were based on

what studies have shown to be the factors that determine whether one is addicted to internet

use or in the case of this study, social media or not. There are six factors that determine

addiction and they include: Salience, Excessive use, neglect of responsibilities,

anticipation, Neglect of social life and lack of self-control.

Answer to the question were in the form of a 5- point Likert scale and respondents

selected their responses to each question based on the one that best applied to the frequency

of the behavior described in the question.

Table 3. How often do you find that you stay online longer than you intended?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 0 0%

RARELY 23 23%

OCCASIONALLY 25 25%

FREQUENTLY 22 22%

OFTEN 17 17%

ALWAYS 13 13%

Total 100 100%

31
 A quarter of the respondents said they occasionally stay online longer than they

intend to, while 23% of them admitted to rarely stay online longer than they intended to.

Frequently, 22% of them stay online longer than they intended to and another 17% said

they often stay online longer than they intend to when they log on. Other respondents (13%)

said they always stay online longer than they intended while there’s no one said that the

question does not apply to them.

Table 4. How often do you form new relationships with fellow online users?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 10 10%
RARELY 23 23%
OCCASIONALLY 28 28%
FREQUENTLY 21 21%
OFTEN 16 16%

ALWAYS 2 2%

Total 100 100%

When asked how often respondents form new relationships with fellow online users,

28% of the respondents said that happened occasionally and 23% said they rarely form new

relationships with other users, 21% said they frequently did, while 16% said it was often

the case. Some other 10% of the respondents said the question did not apply to them and

the remaining 2% of the respondents said they always form new relationships with other

online users.

32
 Table 5. How often do others in your life complain to you about the amount of time you spend

online?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 12 12%

RARELY 22 22%

OCCASIONALLY 22 22%

FREQUENTLY 24 24%

OFTEN 15 15%

ALWAYS 5 5%

Total 100 100%

Majority of the respondents (24%) said people in their lives frequently complained

about the time they spend online, 22% of them said people rarely complained about the

amount of time they spend online and another 22% said that people occasionally

complained about the amount of time they spend online. Others (15%) said it was often the

case, 12% respondents however said this did not apply to them but the remaining 5% said

there was always a complaint about the time they spend using social media.

33
 Table 6. How often do your grades suffer because of the amount of time you spend

online?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 21 21%

RARELY 25 25%

OCCASIONALLY 25 25%

FREQUENTLY 17 17%

OFTEN 9 9%

ALWAYS 3 3%

Total 100 100%

According to Table 6, 25% of the respondents said their grades are rarely affected

by the amount of time they spend online. Another 25% said their grades occasionally

affected. Twenty one percent (21%) said their grades are never affected by the amount of

time they spent online, another 17% said it was frequently affected and 9% said it was often

the case. The remaining 3% said their grades were always affected by the number of time

they spent online.

34
 Table 7. How often do you check your social media accounts before something else you

need to do?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 2 2%

RARELY 18 18%

OCCASIONALLY 33 33%

FREQUENTLY 17 17%

OFTEN 18 18%

ALWAYS 12 12%

Total 100 100%

From the table above it can be said that 33% respondents said they occasionally check

their social media accounts before something else they needed to do while 18% said they

rarely did. Another 18% said they did that often while 17% of the respondents too said

they frequently checked their accounts before doing else they needed to do and 12% said

they did that all the time while the remaining 2% of the respondents said it did not apply

to them.

35
Table 8. How do you often do you block disturbing thoughts about your life with soothing

thoughts of the social media?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 15 15%

RARELY 18 18%

OCCASIONALLY 26 26%

FREQUENTLY 22 22%

OFTEN 13 13%

ALWAYS 6 6%

Total 100 100%

The table shows that 26% respondents occasionally block disturbing thoughts about

their life with soothing thoughts of social media while 22% said they frequently did.

Eighteen percent respondents said they rarely blocked disturbing thoughts with social

media, others (15%) said this did not applicable to them. While 13% of them said they

often did and the remaining 6% of them said that was the case all the time.

36
Table 9. How often do you fear that life without social media would be boring, empty and

joyless?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 11 11%

RARELY 20 20%

OCCASIONALLY 20 20%

FREQUENTLY 17 17%

OFTEN 15 15%

ALWAYS 17 17%

Total 100 100%

It can be deduced from this table that, apart from 20% each said they rarely and

occasionally feared life without social media would be boring, empty and joyless, 17% of

the respondents said they frequently felt that way and another 17% of them said they always

feared while 15% of them said they often feared that would happen. And the remaining

11% said that they did not far that life without social media would be boring, empty and

joyless.

37
 Table 10. How often do you lose sleep due to late night social media use?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 12 12%

RARELY 22 22%

OCCASIONALLY 19 19%

FREQUENTLY 19 19%

OFTEN 18 18%

ALWAYS 10 10%

Total 100 100%

This table shows responses participants gave when they were asked how often they

lost sleep due to using social media at the night.

A few of the respondents (10%) said they always lost sleeping time due to late night

social media use while 12% of them said they never lost sleeping due to late night social

media use and 18% of them said they often lost sleep. Others (19%) said they occasionally

lost sleep and another 19% said they frequently did and the remaining 22% said they rarely

lost sleep due to using social media at the night.

38
 Table 11. How often do you fantasize about being online?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 7 7%

RARELY 24 24%

OCCASIONALLY 24 24%

FREQUENTLY 25 25%

OFTEN 13 13%

ALWAYS 7 7%

Total 100 100%

Table 11 shows that quarter of the respondents said they frequently fantasize about

being online while 24% said they rarely fantasized about being online and another group

of 24% said they occasionally fantasized about being online while 13% said they often did.

Seven percent of the respondents said they never fantasized about being online while

another 7% said they fantasized about being online all the time.

39
 Table 12. How often do you find yourself saying ‘just a few minutes” when online?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 10 10%

RARELY 20 20%

OCCASIONALLY 20 20%

FREQUENTLY 20 20%

OFTEN 14 14%

ALWAYS 16 16%

Total 100 100%

This table shows, twenty percent each said they rarely, occasionally and frequently

experienced this while 16% of them said it always happen. Another 14% said they often

said that and the remaining 10% said it does not apply to them.

40
 Table 13. How often do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend online and

fail?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 8 8%

RARELY 27 27%

OCCASIONALLY 33 33%

FREQUENTLY 15 15%

OFTEN 9 9%

ALWAYS 8 8%

Total 100 100%

Respondents were asked how often they try to cut down the amount of time they spend

online and fail and their responses revealed that majority of them (33%) occasionally failed

in trying to cut down the amount of time they spend online while 27% of them rarely failed.

Also 15% said they failed frequently while 9% of them said they often failed. Very few of

them (8%) said they never failed in their quest as they said it did not apply to them and

another 8% said they always failed in attempting to cut down the amount of time they spend

online.

41
 Table 14. How often do you choose to spend more time online over going out with

others?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 14 14%

RARELY 20 20%

OCCASIONALLY 25 25%

FREQUENTLY 20 20%

OFTEN 14 14%

ALWAYS 7 7%

Total 100 100%

A quarter of respondents said they occasionally choose to spend more time online

over going out with others while fifth of each of the total number of respondents said they

rarely and frequently did. However, 14% of the respondents said they never choose to

spend more time online over going out and another 14% said they often choose to spent

time online instead of going out with others and the remaining 7% of respondents said they

always to choose to spend more time online over going out with others.

42
 Table 15. How often do you feel depressed, moody or nervous when you are offline,

which goes away once you are back online?

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

NOT APPLICABLE 22 22%

RARELY 18 18%

OCCASIONALLY 17 17%

FREQUENTLY 23 23%

OFTEN 12 12%

ALWAYS 8 8%

Total 100 100%

Majority of the respondents (23%) said they frequently feel depressed, moody or

nervous when offline, which goes away once they are back online while 22% of them said

feeling depressed, moody or nervous when offline did not apply to them. However, 18%

of the respondents said they felt that way rarely, 17% of the respondents experienced those

feeling occasionally, 12% often and the remaining 8% accepting they felt depressed,

moody or nervous when offline, which goes away once they are back online.

43
 Level of Social Media Addiction

Scores for each respondent’s answer to the 13 items of the Internet Addiction Test

(IAT) included in the questionnaire were summed up and grouped in a range of points.

The scores were ranged as follows:

0-14 points: None

15-29 points: Mild

30-59 points: Moderate

60-80 points: Severe

The percentage for each group was calculated and the results are represented in the chart

below.

Figure 8: Level of addiction to social media accounts

LEVEL OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION

None
Moderate
50%
Mild

Severe
Moderate None
1%
14%

Severe
Mild
35%

f=100

44
 Figure 8 shows the various levels at which students are addicted to Social media.

Although all the respondents sampled for this study use social media, not all of them are

addicted to social media. The study revealed that 14% of the respondents obtained scores

below any of the levels of addiction and can therefore not addicted to social media. A

majority (50%) of student obtained scores that placed them at a moderate level of addiction

while 35% obtained scores that fall within the mildly addicted range. Only one of the

respondents can be said to be severely addicted to social media scoring 60 points which

falls within the severe level of addiction. These findings confirm the existence of the social

media addiction phenomenon among programming students of AMA Computer Learning

Center Naga although it is not an alarming level.

Summary

This chapter presented the results of the information gathered from the survey

conducted among 100 programming students of ACLC Naga. The study found that

Facebook is the most subscribed to and most used social media in ACLC. It also found that

majority of the students to these platforms for entertainment which also makes up the issues

most discussed on these platforms by programming students. Findings also showed the

existence of social media addiction among programming students at different levels with

majority being at the moderate level and just 1% being severely addicted.

45
 CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

This chapter discusses the findings in the preceding chapter and draws on the

theoretical framework used in the study and related literature which was reviewed in

Chapter 2, as well as the objectives of the study to enable the researcher draw conclusions

and make recommendations for future studies. This study sought to find out the level of

social media addiction among programming students of ACLC Naga. The sample frame

was made up of 100 programming students and a 100% response rate was achieved and

answers provided by respondents to questionnaires they were given are summarized

according to the objectives of the study.

Summary of Key Findings and Discussion

The discussion of the findings of this study will be done in connection to the research

objectives, theoretical framework and the literature that were reviewed in chapter two. To

this end, this subsection seeks to establish how the findings reflect the assumptions and

principle that underpin the Uses and Gratification and the Media Systems Dependency

theories.

The first objective was to identify the demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of: Age and Gender. The study revealed that majority of social media users in

programming students fall between the ages of 17-19 years old and majority is female.

The second objectives sought to determine the social media accounts do

programming students of ACLC Naga use the most. The study revealed that majority of

the respondents are subscribed to more than one social media accounts. Facebook was

46
identified as the most use social media accounts among the programming students. This

was followed by Messenger, Twitter, other social media accounts such as Google+,

WeChat, Snapchat and LinkedIn, Skype and Instagram in that order.

The findings from this study ties in with the study by Dau (2015) which showed that

the majority of the respondents use almost all popular social media accounts and he

identified Facebook as having largest number of users, this study confirmed Facebook as

the most popular and most use social media accounts.

The findings also show that Facebook is the most regularly used social media

accounts although almost all the respondents had alternatives. This finding is an agreement

with the postulations of the Uses and Gratification theory which explains that there is a

motive behind audiences’ choice and use of media. According to the theory, media

consumers are at liberty to choose from a variety of channels, specifically one that fully

meets their needs although they have many alternatives and social media certainly offers a

wide range of platforms for the audience to choose from.

Findings also confirm assertions by the Media Systems Dependency Theory

which posits that the more a medium fulfils the needs of a user the more dependent he/she

is on that media therefore programming students use Facebook more regularly than any

other social media accounts because it satisfies their reason for using social media more.

Each of these social media accounts has its strength and specialized functions,

hence the selection of one platform is an indication of what the audience want to use the

medium for, which confirms assertions by the theorists of the Uses and Gratification theory

that users look for a media source that satisfies their needs although they may have

47
alternative choices. This means the users turns to the particular social media accounts that

meets their expectations which in this case is Facebook. The extent to which the social

media account is able to deliver and meet the expectation of the user determines the degree

of dependency on that social media accounts. Finding also show that all the reasons for

which respondents choose to join and use social media can be satisfied by Facebook which

majority of respondents also chose as their most regularly social media accounts. This

analysis ties in with the postulation of media systems dependency theory which states that

the more the media will become important to him/her.

The third objective sought to know how frequent does a programming student of

ACLC Naga uses social media. The finding revealed that majority of programming

students of ACLC Naga spend 4 and more hours on social media daily. This further

confirms the existence of addiction to these sites among students as time they spent on

social media has been identified as a dimension of addiction in the study by Al-Menayes

(2015) with results of another study carried out by the University of Derby in the UK which

shows that users who spend an average of 3.6 hours a day on social media are classified as

addicted. Also, responses to one of the question asked in the IAT (How often do you find

yourself saying “just a few more minutes” online?) showed majority of students spent more

time than intended using social media and had difficulty in trying to cut down the amount

of time they spent online. This confirms two of the six factors (excessive use and lack of

self-control) that determine the existence of addiction mentioned earlier in chapter 4.

48
 This finding specifically relates to the basic assumption of the media system

dependency theory. This theory is anchored on audience’s dependence on media for their

needs to be met. From the study findings, social media addiction is present but not at its

optimal level. It can therefore, be inferred that the sampled population are dependent on

social media because of needs they want met when using platforms.

The last and the main objective was to find the level of social media addiction among

programming students of ACLC Naga. Generally, finding confirmed the existence of social

media addiction phenomenon among programming students of ACLC Naga and also

showed that addiction existed at different levels i.e. mild, moderate and severe level of

addiction. At the mild level are average users who use their social media accounts a bit too

long but have control over their usage. At the moderate level, the user may experience

occasional or frequent problems because of their use of the media while at the severe level,

social media usage causes major problems in some aspects of the user’s life like poor

academic performance in the case of student.

Findings also showed that 85% of the respondents were moderately and mildly addicted

while only 1% was severely addicted. However, findings also showed that 14% of the

respondent were not within any of the various levels of addiction.

The findings also revealed students use their social media accounts for entertainment,

meeting people, and social events, create media content and share opinions and maintain

relationship in descending order. This findings confirms the research finding by Dau

(2015), Omekwu et al (2014) and Appeanti & Danso (2003) that majority of the

respondents use these social media accounts mainly for social purposes. All these studies

found that majority of the respondents use these social media platforms mainly for social

49
needs such as friendship, maintaining and forming new relationships with the most

dominant being entertainment as most of them said they joined social media because of

entertainment and the issues they discussed most on these platforms is about entertainment.

Conclusion

The study has shown that programming students of AMA Computer Learning

Center are active users of social media. The study shows majority of the respondent’s falls

between the 14-16 years old and female. The findings also revealed that the most popular

social media accounts use by programming students of ACLC is Facebook with almost all

respondents subscribing to it and using it on a regular basis. Majority of the programming

students of ACLC Naga spend more 4 hours daily on social media. Importantly, the study

confirmed the existence of social media addiction among programming students though

not an alarming rate. It revealed that the most of them are moderate and mildly addicted

with only one person who is severely addicted. This an indication that ACLC has not been

left out of the effects of advancement in technologies like the internet although compared

to other places where similar studies have been carried out.

Al-Menayes (2015) found in his study that students with higher social media

addiction rate have poorer academic records than who are either moderately addicted or

not addicted. The same can be deduced from findings this study. Although, the current

study did not set out establish a correlation between social media addiction and academic

performance, the study focused on students and this is an important issue that concerns

them and must therefore be looked at. One of the question as part of the items which were

50
used to test for addiction (How often do your grades suffer because of the amount of time

you spend online?) had majority of respondents saying their grades were occasionally

affected by their use of social media. This majority fall within the mild and moderate level

of addiction. However, the respondent who fell within the severe level of addiction said his

grades always suffered as a result of using social media. It therefore backs to the result of

Al- Menayes’ study. Finding show there is relatively low addiction to social media among

programming students of ACLC Naga, hence, it can be deduced that excessive social media

use does affect academic performance. Although addiction to social media is not yet an

optimal level at among programming students, like all other addictions negatively affect

the aspects of life, this could be a cause for concern and attention must therefore be given

to the phenomenon so as to prevent negative impact especially to the academic

performance of the students.

51
 Limitation

Firstly, this study was limited with a number of people sampled for the study. The

sample size was limited to only 100 programming students which is a very significant

number considering the general population of Programming student of the school due to

time constrain. This affected the generalization of the findings. Future studies should study

a larger number to further asses the phenomenon to know the actual situation and impact

so that it can be addressed appropriately.

Secondly, the method used in conducting the study limited only in terms of findings.

Survey was the only research techniques that was used to identify the existence of social

media addiction among programming students. This method only succeed in scratching the

surface of the phenomenon without in depth analysis into the impact of the addiction on

students’ academic performance and other aspects of their lives. Future studies must

complement the survey research method with either an interview on focus group

discussion. This will enable the researcher to gather extensive data for effective conclusion

and firm understanding of the social media addiction phenomenon.

52
 APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (Optional):

Dear respondent,

We are the Grade 12-ABM student of ACLC-Naga conducting research on “The

Level of Social Media addiction among Programming students of ACLC NAGA s/y2018-

2019” in partial fulfilment for Practical Research II. We will be most grateful if you will

answer the questions to the best of your ability. Your responses will be treated

confidentially and used only for academic purposes. Your participation is greatly

appreciated.

Instruction: Please fill the spaces provided. Mark [√] where applicable and specify where

necessary

I. Personal information

1. Age: ___14-16 ____17-19 ___20 above

2. Gender: ___Male ____Female ____Lesbian ____Gay ___Bisexual

___Transgender

3. Number of social media Accounts: __1 ___2 ___3 ___4 and more

53
4. Which of the following social media sites do you use on regular basis?

__Skype __ Facebook __Twitter

__ Instagram __ Messenger __other specify_____________

5. Why did you join these social media platforms? ( tick as many reasons as you do on

social media)

__ Entertainment __Meeting people __ Maintain

relationship

__Social events __Create media content and share opinions

6. On average, how much time do you spend on social media daily?

__ Less than an hour ___ one hour __ two hours

__Three hour’s __ four more hours

7. What issues do you mostly discuss on your social media platforms?

__Personal issues __Entertainment __Governance

__Economics __Sports __ others, specify _____

54
II. Rate yourself from 0-5.

0 1 2 3 4 5
QUESTIONS Not Rarely Occasionally Frequently Often Always
Applicable
8. How often do
you find that
you stay online
longer than you
intended?
9. How often do

you form new

relationships

with fellow

online users?

10. How often do

others in your

life complain to

you about the

amount of time

you spend

online?

11. How often do

your grades or

school work

suffer because

55
 of the amount

of time you

spend online?

12. How often do

you check your

social media

account(s)

before

something else

that you need to

do?

13. How often do

you block out

disturbing

thoughts about

your life with

soothing

thoughts of the

Internet?

14. How often do

you fear that

life without the

Internet would

56
 be boring,

empty, and

joyless?

15. How often do

you lose sleep

due to late-

night social

media use?

16. How often do

you fantasize

about being

online?

17. How often do

you find

yourself saying

“just a few

more minutes”

when online?

18. How often do

you try to cut

down the

amount of time

57
 you spend

online and fail?

19. How often do

you choose to

spend more

time online

over going out

with others?

20. How often do

you feel

depressed,

moody or

nervous when

you are offline,

which goes

away once you

are back

online?

Signature of the Respondent

58
 APPENDIX 3
Original Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Dr. Kimberly Young

The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the first validated test for Internet Addiction

to measure Internet use in terms of mild, moderate, to several levels of addiction.

Based upon the following five-point Likert scale, select the response that best

represents the frequency of the behavior described in the following 20-item questionnaire.

0 = Not Applicable

1 = Rarely

2 = Occasionally

3 = Frequently

4 = Often

5 = Always

1. ___How often do you find that you stay online longer than you intended?

2. ___How often do you neglect household chores to spend more time online?

3. ___How often do you prefer the excitement of the Internet to intimacy with your partner?

4. ___How often do you form new relationships with fellow online users?

5. ___How often do others in your life complain to you about the amount of time you spend

online?

59
6. ___How often do your grades or school work suffer because of the amount of time you

spend online?

7. ___How often do you check your e-mail before something else that you need to do?

8. ___How often does your job performance or productivity suffer because of the Internet?

9. ___How often do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what you

do online?

10. ___How often do you block out disturbing thoughts about your life with soothing

thoughts of the Internet?

11. ___How often do you find yourself anticipating when you will go online again?

12. ___How often do you fear that life without the Internet would be boring, empty, and

joyless?

13. ___How often do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you while you are

online?

14. ___How often do you lose sleep due to late-night log-ins?

15. ___How often do you feel preoccupied with the Internet when off-line, or fantasize

about being online?

16. ___How often do you find yourself saying “just a few more minutes” when online?

17. ___How often do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend online and fail?

18. ___How often do you try to hide how long you’ve been online?

19. ___How often do you choose to spend more time online over going out with others?

60
20. ___How often do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line, which

goes away once you are back online?

After all the questions have been answered, add the numbers for each response to

obtain a final score. The higher the score, the greater the level of addiction and creation of

problems resultant from such Internet usage. The severity impairment index is as follows:

NONE 0 – 30 points

MILD 31- 49 points: You are an average online user. You may surf the Web a bit too long

at times, but you have control over your usage.

MODERATE 50 -79 points: You are experiencing occasional or frequent problems

because of the Internet. You should consider their full impact on your life.

SEVERE 80 – 100 points: Your Internet usage is causing significant problems in your life.

You should evaluate the impact of the Internet on your life and address the problems

directly caused by your Internet usage.

61
Reference:

Akua Adoasi Otu (2015).Long Essay: Social Media Addiction among

Students of the University of Ghana Retrieved from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh

Alabi, O.F. (2013). A Survey of Facebook Addiction Level among Selected

Nigerian University Undergraduates. New Media and Mass Communication.

Vol. 10 pp. 70 – 80

Al-Menayes. J.J. (2015). Dimensions of Social Media Addiction among

University Students in Kuwait. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 4,

No. 1, 2015, pp. 23-28. Doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150401.14

Appeanti, W.O. & Danso, E. D. (2013). Students’ Use of Social Media in

Higher Education in Ghana. Retrieved from

www.academia.edu/8545466/Students_Use_Of_Social_Media_In_Higher_E

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http://www.netaddiction.com/internetaddiction-test/

64