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IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

Research Article

Motor-generator pair: a novel solution to ISSN 1751-8687


Received on 30th November 2016
Revised 12th January 2017
provide inertia and damping for power system Accepted on 24th January 2017
E-First on 29th March 2017
with high penetration of renewable energy doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1894
www.ietdl.org

Siming Wei1 , Yingkun Zhou1, Guorui Xu1, Yongzhang Huang1


1State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing,

102206, People's Republic of China


E-mail: siming_wei@ncepu.edu.cn

Abstract: Increasing penetration rate of renewable energy sources makes it a trend for power system to be dominated by
power electronics, which brings challenges for reliability and stability: first, unlike synchronous generator, converters do not have
inherent inertia which is important for frequency response. Second, more complex interaction induced by renewable energies
causes problems of power system dynamics, for example damping oscillation. In addition, converters cannot support high fault
current, leading to limitation of some existing control schemes during transient events. However, compared with converters,
synchronous generator has some advantages to solve aforementioned problems. Therefore, this study proposes a synchronous
motor-generator pair (MGP) system as a possible grid-connection way for high penetration of renewable energies to improve
stability. State equations for analysis of small signal stability are established based on proposed equivalent rotor angle, which is
verified by experiment. Results of mode shape analysis and transient simulation show that MGP can effectively enhance
frequency response, damp oscillation and isolate and weaken the negative effects brought by wind farm. Effects on damping
ratio with different proportions of MGP are also investigated in different penetration rates.

 Nomenclature provide enough inertia. For example, doubly fed induction


generator (DFIG) only has limited inertia response [8], the rotor
E'M, E'G internal voltages speed of permanent magnet synchronous generator is completely
UM, UG terminal voltages decoupled with grid frequency and its inertia response does not
UBM, UBG bus voltages in both sides of MGP even exist, as well as solar PV [9, 10]. In most cases, they operate
X∑1, X∑2 equivalent reactance with maximum power point tracking mode hence the active power
δM, δG rotor angles interaction with grid depends on fluctuation, leading to lack of
δM0, δG0 initial operating conditions of rotor angles enough inertia energy when necessary.
δMG equivalent rotor angle of MGP A second major challenge is complexity of power system
dynamics [11–13]. With more and more renewable energy sources
ωr rotor speed of MGP being connected to the grid, the complexity is also increasing
ω0 the base rotor electrical speed because of non-linearity and many other factors including
H', H inertia constant of single machine fluctuation, different wind turbines, control strategies and
TeM, TeG, Tm electromagnetic and mechanical torque parameters, penetration rate and operating region. This will cause
KDM, KDG damping coefficients uncertainty of dynamic interaction between renewable energy and
pmloss mechanical loss in per unit power flow. One of the most concerns is damping control. In recent
KsM, KsG synchronising torque coefficients years, some power oscillation events have been observed in wind
K′D, K′s equivalent damping and synchronising torque farms consisting of DFIG [14–16]. Hence it is necessary to
coefficients of MGP improve damping capability for power grid with high penetration
KD damping coefficient of single traditional generation of renewable energy.
unit Lots of inertia and damping control methods achieved by
k1 proportionality factors of inertia constant converter have been proposed to solve abovementioned problems
[17–21]. A control method called virtual inertia or virtual
k2, k3 proportionality factors of damping coefficient
synchronous generator is proposed to make renewable energies
ζ, ζ′ damping ratio have similar ways like synchronous generator to enhance stability
λ eigenvalue [17, 18]. For wind power, kinetic energy of rotor can be released to
support grid frequency and damp oscillation. For PV, an auxiliary
1 Introduction energy storage system is used to achieve enough power interaction
with grid. Some auxiliary damping controllers are also designed for
Statistics show that wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) had record
wind turbines to enhance damping [19–21]. However, it is always
additions for the second consecutive year, accounting for about
not easy for them to perform well in reality. Converter has no
77% of new installations. Penetration rate of more than 50% or
ability to support high short circuit current when large disturbance
even higher has appeared in some countries and districts [1].
events happen, hence its overload and transient voltage supporting
However, high penetration rate of renewable energies also brings
abilities are not as good as synchronous generator. Fluctuation and
challenging reliability and security issues to power grid [2–4].
some specific operation modes, as well as cost concerns also make
One major challenge is frequency instability induced by
it difficult for renewable energy sources to provide enough power
replacement of synchronous generator [5–7]. Rotor speed of
for dynamic process.
synchronous generator is tightly coupled with grid frequency hence
It can be seen obviously from above discussion that
its moment of inertia can be extracted to support frequency
synchronous generator being gradually replaced by renewable
deviation. However, renewable energy sources generally cannot
energy sources makes future grid a configuration dominated by

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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 1  Proposed MGP system
(a) Schematic overview of MGP system, (b) Power grid with high penetration of renewable energies using MGP

converters, which may lose some good characteristics of traditional The proposed MGP system is shown in Fig. 1a. It consists of two
power source [22]. However, is it possible for synchronous synchronous machines, one operates as a motor and the other as a
generator not to be replaced with increasing renewable energy but generator. Shafts of two machines are coupled so they can rotate at
to make contribution to grid stability? According to Boroojeni et the same speed. Power generated by renewable energies (here are
al. [23], a bilevel control scheme is proposed to take advantage of wind turbines) are converged to drive the motor. The motor
traditional generation units to achieve a highly-reliable power replaces steam turbine or hydroturbine as a primary mover of the
network with large scale penetration of distributed renewable generator, which is a main difference from traditional power
resources. Moreover, some research has also tried to reuse retired generation unit. Moment of inertia is inherently provided by two
generator as synchronous condenser to improve grid stability [24, electric machines and stability control can be achieved by two
25], not only for frequency response but short-circuit performance. excitation systems. In addition, short circuit capacity of the whole
Therefore, based on the fact that synchronous machine and system is enhanced by this way.
synchronisation are significant for grid stability, this paper It can be seen that the MGP system is actually a new approach
proposes a possible solution, synchronous motor-generator pair for renewable energy sources to achieve grid-connection.
(MGP) system, to solve stability issues. Power generated by Converters of different kinds of renewable energies remain the
renewable energy is used to drive synchronous motor, which same, which means that there is no need to add a high power
operates as a primary mover of synchronous generator. The converter to drive the MGP.
generator is then connected to grid. For the purpose of grid With the proposed MGP system, Fig. 1b depicts a possible
stability, it is necessary to study this special dual synchronous configuration of future power grid with high penetration of
machine system from power system point of view. Therefore, this renewable energies. One part of renewable energies is still
paper investigates its characteristics related to small signal connected to the grid in traditional way and another part can use
performance. MGP to provide inertia, damping and other related stability control.
The organisation of this paper is as follows. Section 2 Optimisation works of proportion between these two parts are
introduces main structure, operation mode and characteristics of necessary to achieve better performance. In Fig. 1b, some
MGP, as well as efficiency and cost issues. In Section 3, rotor angle traditional power plants will still exist when the penetration rate is
relationship of MGP is analysed and state equations are high. Using MGP system makes the future grid a configuration
established. On this basis, inertia and damping level of MGP are dominated by synchronous machines, which is similar with
investigated by comparing it with traditional thermal power unit. In existing multi-machine power system. Some theories and
Section 4, a 3-machine 9-bus test grid is used to analyse oscillation experiences can be used for operation.
mode in different penetration rates and different proportions of In terms of efficiency and cost, efficiency of a large hydrogen-
MGP. Load experiment of a 3 kW MGP system is done in Section cooled generator (200 MW or higher) is more than 98% at normal
5 to verify the characteristic of the proposed equivalent rotor angle rating [26], hence MGP with two synchronous machines can reach
of MGP. Section 6 are conclusions and key findings of this paper. 96% or even higher. Moreover, MGP can also operate under 50%
of normal rating or even lower to adapt to low output of renewable
2 MGP system energies without worrying about sharp decrease of efficiency. This

1840 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2017, Vol. 11 Iss. 7, pp. 1839-1847
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
is very different from traditional thermal power plant which same changing trend with δM and δG. δMG will first increase and
depends on coal combustion to generate power and the efficiency is then reach stable state when active power increases and vice versa,
seriously limited especially in derated capacity. In addition, high as shown in Fig. 2. Hence δMG can be regarded as an equivalent
power synchronous machine has mature manufacturing technology rotor angle of MGP. This will help establish small signal model of
and the cost will be far less than energy storage system using MGP.
batteries if they have the same capacity. Retired synchronous
generators can be directly used for MGP to avoid the re-
3.2 State equations of small signal stability of MGP
investment.
Abovementioned characteristics of MGP make it a possible δG can still be used to analyse stability because MGP has similar
approach to effectively enhance stability of power grid with high output characteristics with synchronous generator. However, a
penetration of renewable energies. redundant state variable related to rotor angle of motor exists in
state equations. Hence the δMG representing coupling relationship
3 Rotor angle relationship and state equations of of two rotor angles should be considered to better describe small
MGP for small signal stability analysis signal stability. Equivalent circuit of a single-machine infinite bus
system is shown in Fig. 3 for modelling.
3.1 Rotor angle relationship of MGP The motor and the generator in MGP have the same capacity
Rotor angle characteristic is very important for synchronous hence their inertia constant is equal to each other. Equations of
machine to achieve different operation and control modes. In MGP, motion of two synchronous machines are, respectively, expressed
shafts of two synchronous machines are coupled hence their rotors as
rotate at the same time, the same direction and the same speed, as
depicted in Fig. 2. d 1
Δωr = (T − T m − K DMΔωr)
E′M and E′G represent internal voltages of motor and generator, dt 2H′ eM
(2)
UM and UG are their terminal voltages. Obviously, the relationship d
δ = ω0Δωr
of two rotor angles is described as dt M

δM + δG = δMG (1) d 1
Δωr = (T − T eG − K DGΔωr)
dt 2H′ m
(3)
where δMG also equals to phase difference of bus voltages in both d
δ = ω0Δωr
sides of MGP if they are used as references to measure rotor dt G
angles.
For traditional synchronous machine, rotor angle changes with where Δωr is speed deviation; H′ is inertia constant of each
output of active power. It can be seen from (1) that δMG has the machine in MGP.
Linearised state equations represented by Δωr and ΔδG can be
derived by adding (2) and (3)

d 1
Δωr = [ΔT eM − ΔT eG − (K DM + K DG)Δωr]
dt 4H′
(4)
d
Δδ = ω0Δωr
dt G

It can be seen from (4) that the component of damping torque of


MGP consists of two parts, one is provided by synchronous motor
and the other is provided by synchronous generator. As a result, the
sum of two parts make MGP have stronger damping ability than
single machine.
To obtain final equations from (4), a power balance equation of
MGP system is needed (the air-gap torque is equal to the air-gap
power in per unit)

T eM − T eG = pmloss (5)

The electromagnetic torques in (5) are described as

Fig. 2  Rotor angle relationship of MGP

Fig. 3  Equivalent circuit of single-machine infinite bus system

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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
E′MU BM where
T eM = sin δM
X∑1
(6) 1 1 K sMK sG
E′GU BG K′D = (K + K DG), K′s =
T eG = sin δG 2 DM 2 K sM + K sG
X∑2
K sM + K sG
ω′0 = ω0, H′ = k1H
Assuming that the mechanical loss is constant when small K sM
disturbance happens, (1) and (5) can be linearised in initial
operating conditions represented by δM = δM0 and δG = δG0 where H is inertia constant of single traditional generation unit; k1
is the ratio of H′ to H.
ΔδM + ΔδG = ΔδMG The characteristic equation is given by
(7)
K sMΔδM − K sGΔδG = 0
K′D K′sω′0
s2 + s+ =0 (11)
where 2H′ 2H′

E′MU BM Assuming that KD and ζ are damping coefficient and damping ratio
K sM = cosδM0 of single traditional generation unit, hence damping ratio of MGP
X∑1
can be expressed as
E′GU BG
K sG = cosδG0 K′D k + k3
X∑2 1
ζ′ = = 2 ζ (12)
2 2H′K′sω′0 2k1
where ΔδMG is deviation of equivalent rotor angles.
Hence ΔδM and ΔδG can be got from (7) and deviation of where k2 = KDM/KD and k3 = KDG/KD are proportionality factors of
electromagnetic torque of generator is damping coefficient.
In general, k1 is <1 and >0.5 under the same capacity, which
K sMK sG means inertia constant of MGP is lower than traditional thermal
ΔT eG = K sGΔδG = Δδ (8)
K sM + K sG MG power unit however considerable for renewable energy. k2 and k3
can be 1 or higher because every machine in MGP can have similar
By substituting (7) and (8) into (4), state equations of MGP damping effect with traditional generator. Hence in (12), ζ′ will be
represented by Δωr and ΔδMG can be derived higher than ζ.
The single-machine infinite bus system in Fig. 3 is tested.
1 1 K sMK sG Parameters are listed in Table 1. All of generators are represented
− (K + K DG) − by second order model.
d Δωr 4H′ DM 4H′ K sM + K sG Δωr
= k1 can be calculated according to parameters of a thermal power
dt ΔδMG K sM + K sG ΔδMG unit represented by four mass-spring system [27]. Damping
ω0 0
K sM coefficient is set to be equal for every single machine (k2 = k3 = 1).
1 Assuming that MGP and the thermal power unit have the same
capacity, the calculated k1 equals to 0.328. It means that the inertia
+ 4H′ ΔT eM
constant of MGP accounts for 65.6% of the thermal power unit.
0 Hence ζ′ is 2.47 times ζ according to (12).
(9) Testing scenarios are as follows.

3.3 Inertia and damping level of MGP Scenario 1: Small single performance of MGP and thermal power
To investigate inertia and damping level of MGP, (9) can be unit are compared in this scenario following an disturbance of loss
rewritten as (10), which has the same form with the state equation of Line1.
of traditional synchronous generator. Scenario 2: The wind farm is connected to grid with and without
MGP at penetration rate of 50%. A transient event of generation
K′D K′s loss of 100 MW is tested to investigate frequency response.
d Δωr −
2H′

2H′
Δωr
=
dt ΔδMG ΔδMG Eigenvalues and damping ratios are calculated in Table 2. Time
ω′0 0 response of rotor angle deviation and frequency are shown in
(10)
1 Fig. 4.
+ 4H′ ΔT eM It can be seen from Fig. 4a that the rate of change of rotor angle
deviation of MGP is a little bit higher than thermal power unit.
0
However, the ability of MGP to damp oscillation is much better.
This can be explained that the MGP has two synchronous machines
Table 1 Parameters of the single-machine infinite bus providing two components of damping torque which can
system significantly improve damping level. To make further comparison,
we assume that the damping of synchronous motor does not work,
Variable name Value
which means that k2 equals to 0 [KDM = 0 according to (12)]. The
rated active power, MW 300
result of K2 = 0 in Fig. 4a shows that the damping in this case,
rated voltage, kV 20
which approximately equals to 1.23 calculated by (12), is lower
inertia constant, MW·s/MVA 3.5 than the case of K2 = 1. However, it is still a little higher than
damping coefficient, N·m·s/rad 10 thermal power unit because (12) indicates that low inertia constant
transient reactance of machines, p.u. 0.3 (related to k1) helps to improve damping ratio. Frequency response
reactance of transformer, p.u. 0.15 shown in Fig. 4b indicates that the inertia of MGP can effectively
reactance of Line1, p.u. 0.5 limit the rate of change of frequency and the nadir is much
reactance of Line2, p.u. 0.93 improved.
small disturbance of rotor angle, rad 0.0873

1842 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2017, Vol. 11 Iss. 7, pp. 1839-1847
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 4  Time response of rotor angle derivation and frequency
(a) Time response of rotor angle deviation, (b) Time response of frequency

Fig. 5  3-machines 9-bus test system

4 Analysis of small signal stability Scenario 1: This scenario mainly demonstrates effects of different
penetration rates. All of DFIGs in wind farm are connected to the
A standard 3-machine 9-bus system is tested in DIgSLIENT for grid in traditional way and the MGP is not used.
mode shape analysis, as shown in Fig. 5. Standard subtransient
Scenario 2: This scenario is tested to make a comparison with
models are adopted for synchronous generators. The wind farm
every case in Scenario 1 to investigate effects after using MGP.
consisting of DFIG and MGP is connected to the grid at bus 4.
One part of power generated by wind farm is connected to the grid
Different penetration rates, 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 80, 85 and
by MGP and another part is still in traditional way. Three
90% are simulated, respectively. The case of 0% means that the
proportions of power transmitted by MGP, 30, 60 and 90% are
grid only have three synchronous generators (G1, G2 and G3) and
selected here for analysis.
it is tested as a reference. To better investigate effects on oscillation
modes of original three generators, the penetration rate is carried
out by increasing the total load and the number of wind turbines. 4.1 Scenario 1: wind farm connected to the grid in traditional
Small signal stability is analysed under the following two way
scenarios: In this scenario, oscillation modes dominated by rotor speed and
rotor angle are selected and classified into three categories for
analysis.
Table 2 Eigenvalues and damping ratios of MGP and
Category 1: Rotor angle mode in this category is dominated by G1,
thermal power unit
G2 and G3 at penetration rate of 0%. It is an interarea mode which
Variable name Eigenvalue Damping ratio G1 swings against G2 and G3.
MGP −2.176 ± j7.636 0.274 Category 2: Rotor angle mode in this category is dominated by
thermal power unit −0.714 ± j6.347 0.112 shaft state variable of DFIG and participation factors of G1, G2

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Table 3 Rotor angle modes in Scenario 1
Penetration rate, % Category
1 2 3
λ f, Hz ζ λ f, Hz ζ λ f, Hz ζ
0 −2.066 ± j9.958 1.5849 0.2031 — — — — — —
5 −2.064 ± j9.953 1.5840 0.2030 −0.404 ± j0.096 0.0153 0.9729 −2.460 ± j20.837 3.3164 0.1172
10 −2.062 ± j9.946 1.5829 0.2029 −0.406 ± j0.114 0.0230 0.9422 −2.479 ± j20.845 3.3177 0.1181
15 −2.059 ± j9.938 1.5816 0.2029 −0.408 ± j0.185 0.0295 0.9104 −2.501 ± j20.854 3.3190 0.1191
25 −2.053 ± j9.918 1.5785 0.2027 −0.414 ± j0.256 0.0407 0.8512 −2.554 ± j 20.871 3.3217 0.1215
50 −2.022 ± j9.828 1.5642 0.2015 −0.444 ± j0.435 0.0693 0.7141 −2.817 ± j 20.902 3.3267 0.1336
75 −1.868 ± j9.393 1.4949 0.1951 −0.558 ± j0.746 0.1187 0.5987 −4.099 ± j 20.823 3.3141 0.1931
80 −1.445 ± j8.176 1.3013 0.1740 −0.739 ± j1.015 0.1615 0.5886 −5.501 ± j20.158 3.2082 0.2632
85 −1.012 ± j6.755 1.0751 0.1482 −0.912 ± j1.336 0.2126 0.5638 −7.412 ± j20.141 3.2055 0.3455
90 −0.593 ± j5.211 0.8294 0.1131 −1.100 ± j1.623 0.2583 0.5611 −8.876 ± j20.213 3.2170 0.4021

Fig. 6  Comparison of damping ratio and movement of eigenvalues


(a) Comparison of damping ratios in Category 1, (b) Comparison of damping ratios in Category 2, (c) Comparison of damping ratios in Category 3, (d) Movement of eigenvalues in
Category 1 and Category 2 with 60% MGP

and G3 are relatively high. It is an undesirable new interarea mode For Category 2, eigenvalue of this mode moves to left and the
brought by wind farm. damping ratio keeps falling, shown in Figs. 6a and b. It is
Category 3: Rotor angle mode in this category is dominated by important to note that the participation factors of G1, G2 and G3
rotor speed of DFIG. increase with the penetration rate in this category, which means this
mode has a trend to gradually become one dominated by original
All of rotor angle modes calculated in every category are shown in three generators, as shown in Table 4.
Table 3. For Category 3, it can be seen from Table 4 that the eigenvalue
For Category 1, eigenvalue of this mode moves to right of moves to left and damping ratio increases with the penetration rate,
coordinate plane and the damping ratio is gradually decreasing as shown in Fig. 6c. This can be explained that the mode has a
when the penetration rate increases, respectively, shown in Figs. 6a strong correlation with rotor speed of DFIG. As a result, larger
and d. Obviously, wind farm has negative effects on rotor angle numbers of wind turbines will provide higher damping ratio.
mode dominated by original three generators.

1844 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2017, Vol. 11 Iss. 7, pp. 1839-1847
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
4.2 Scenario 2: one part of wind farm connected to the grid higher, all damping ratios are much higher than original ones and
using MGP this happens even in lower proportion of 30%.
It can be seen from aforementioned analysis of Category 1 that
Calculation results are shown in Table 5. All of rotor angle modes in general, MGP can effectively enlarge stability region and
in different categories of Scenario 1 still exist however being increase damping ratio. For low penetration rate, high proportion of
affected by different proportions of MGP in this scenario, as shown MGP (may be more than 90%) is needed to provide enough
in Fig. 6. damping ratio, however for high penetration rate, low proportion of
For Category 1, compared with the case without MGP, MGP is enough and very effective to enhance small signal stability,
eigenvalues move to left and stability regions become larger after hence it is not necessary to use too many MGP systems. Taking
using MGP when the penetration rate is higher than or equal to proportion of 60% for example, in different penetration rates, the
50%, as shown in Fig. 6d. It also happens when proportion of MGP rates of increase of damping ratio are shown in Fig. 7a. It can be
reaches 90% at penetration rate of 25%. seen that at penetration rate of 50%, the damping ratio is increased
As shown in Fig. 6a, not all damping ratios become higher than by only 0.05%, but for 90% it is increased by 75.69%. Hence the
cases without MGP in Scenario 1 at the same penetration rate. For proportion of 60% of MGP is more effective for high penetration
penetration rate under 25%, damping ratios in different proportions rates. This will also help reduce cost of MGP.
are a little lower than those in Scenario 1, however, they gradually For Category 2, compared with the case without MGP, all
increase with proportion of MGP increasing. For penetration rate eigenvalues significantly move to left, as shown Fig. 6d. The
of 50%, damping ratio begins to surpass 0.2015 in Table 3 when damping ratio at penetration rate of 25% surpasses 0.8512 in
proportion of MGP reaches 60%. For penetration rate of 75% or Table 3 in proportion of 90% and this also happens, respectively, in
proportion of 60% at penetration rate of 50% and in proportion of
Table 4 Participation factors of original three generators in 30% when penetration rate is higher, as shown Fig. 6b. This is
Category 2 consistent with the conclusions drawn from Category 1 that low
Penetration rate,% Participation factor proportion of MGP is more effective in high penetration.
From the movement of eigenvalues and damping level, it can be
G1 G2 G3
seen that this undesirable mode brought by DFIG is obviously
5 0.012 0.200 0.202 improved by MGP.
10 0.023 0.231 0.226 In this case, participation factors of original three generators are
15 0.057 0.241 0.288 higher and higher, which have the same trend with Table 4.
25 0.094 0.247 0.372 However, the high participation factor of shaft state variable
50 0.269 0.246 0.383 sharply decreases after using MGP. For example, participation
75 0.562 0.247 0.451 factors at penetration rate of 75% is shown in Fig. 7b and other
penetration rates have similar trends. With the proportion of MGP
80 0.593 0.258 0.499
increasing, the participation factor of DFIG becomes very low and
85 0.604 0.258 0.510 participation factor of MGP increases. It indicates that the wind
90 0.620 0.264 0.510 farm is losing its dominance with proportion of MGP increasing.

Table 5 Rotor angle modes in Scenario 2


Penetration rate, % Proportion of MGP, % Category
1 2 3
λ f, Hz ζ λ f, Hz ζ λ f, Hz ζ
5 30 −2.048 ± j9.971 1.5870 0.2012 −1.049 ± j0.290 0.0462 0.9638 −2.418 ± j20.408 3.2480 0.1177
60 −2.049 ± j9.970 1.5868 0.2013 −1.069 ± j0.282 0.0449 0.9669 −2.420 ± j20.431 3.2517 0.1176
90 −2.050 ± j9.970 1.5867 0.2014 −1.080 ± j0.262 0.0417 0.9718 −2.424 ± j20.492 3.2614 0.1175
10 30 −2.047 ± j9.964 1.5858 0.2012 −1.071 ± j0.428 0.0681 0.9286 −2.425 ± j20.232 3.2200 0.1190
60 −2.050 ± j9.964 1.5858 0.2015 −1.096 ± j0.431 0.0686 0.9306 −2.439 ± j20.400 3.2468 0.1187
90 −2.053 ± j9.966 1.5861 0.2018 −1.121 ± j0.403 0.0641 0.9410 −2.465 ± j20.652 3.2869 0.1185
15 30 −2.047 ± j9.956 1.5845 0.2014 −1.129 ± j0.558 0.0889 0.8965 −2.430 ± j20.103 3.3034 0.1200
60 −2.052 ± j9.959 1.5850 0.2018 −1.130 ± j0.529 0.0842 0.9057 −2.500 ± j20.756 3.3034 0.1196
90 −2.056 ± j9.963 1.5856 0.2021 −1.177 ± j0.543 0.0864 0.9080 −2.505 ± j20.832 3.3155 0.1194
25 30 −2.045 ± j9.938 1.5817 0.2015 −1.090 ± j1.110 0.1767 0.7004 −2.711 ± j21.079 3.3548 0.1276
60 −2.052 ± j9.946 1.5829 0.2021 −1.169 ± j0.889 0.1415 0.7962 −2.563 ± j20.890 3.3247 0.1218
90 −2.055 ± j9.946 1.5830 0.2024 −1.126 ± j0.564 0.0897 0.8942 −2.475 ± j20.843 3.3172 0.1179
50 30 −2.030 ± j9.872 1.5712 0.2014 −1.107 ± j1.175 0.1871 0.6857 −2.888 ± j21.011 3.3440 0.1362
60 −2.044 ± j9.931 1.5761 0.2016 −1.312 ± j1.233 0.1962 0.7287 −2.637 ± j20.922 3.3298 0.1251
90 −2.061 ± j10.008 1.5976 0.2017 −1.582 ± j1.302 0.2072 0.7722 −2.516 ± j20.862 3.3202 0.1197
75 30 −2.053 ± j10.030 1.5964 0.2005 −1.534 ± j1.293 0.2058 0.7646 −3.848 ± j21.204 3.3747 0.1786
60 −2.060 ± j10.043 1.5984 0.2009 −1.852 ± j1.412 0.2247 0.7953 −3.174 ± j21.128 3.3627 0.1485
90 −2.060 ± j10.046 1.5989 0.2009 −1.879 ± j1.229 0.1956 0.8369 −2.667 ± j20.967 3.3370 0.1262
80 30 −2.048 ± j10.012 1.5935 0.2004 −1.723 ± j1.452 0.2311 0.7647 −4.320 ± j21.225 3.3781 0.1994
60 −2.050 ± j10.017 1.5942 0.2005 −1.936 ± j1.287 0.2048 0.8327 −3.662 ± j21.236 3.3799 0.1700
90 −2.053 ± j10.022 1.5951 0.2007 −1.970 ± j1.237 0.1970 0.8468 −2.752 ± j21.020 3.3454 0.1298
85 30 −2.032 ± j9.989 1.5898 0.1993 −1.693 ± j1.083 0.1723 0.8425 −5.834 ± j20.574 3.2744 0.2728
60 −2.035 ± j9.983 1.5889 0.1997 −1.893 ± j1.170 0.1861 0.8507 −4.486 ± j21.115 3.3606 0.2078
90 −2.034 ± j9.976 1.5878 0.1998 −1.901 ± j1.170 0.1862 0.8516 −3.070 ± j21.223 3.3778 0.1431
90 30 −2.001 ± j9.906 1.5765 0.1980 −1.873 ± j1.101 0.1752 0.8621 −6.688 ± j20.060 3.1927 0.3163
60 −2.004 ± j9.879 1.5723 0.1988 −1.882 ± j1.102 0.1754 0.8629 −5.423 ± j21.924 3.4893 0.2401
90 −2.006 ± j9.983 1.5746 0.1987 −1.992 ± j1.135 0.1806 0.8689 −3.466 ± j21.653 3.4462 0.1581

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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 7  Rate of increase of damping ratio and participation factors
(a) Rate of increase of damping ratio in high penetration rates with 60% MGP, (b) Participation factors of DFIG and MGP at penetration rate of 75%

Fig. 8  Experiment system and results


(a) 3 kW experimental system of MGP, (b) Relation of equivalent rotor angle and active power

Table 6 Parameters of experiment system Second, it can be seen from Table 5 and Fig. 6c that the
Variable name Value damping ratio (0.1179) at penetration rate of 25% begins to be
rated active power, kW 3 lower than 0.1215 without MGP when the proportion of MGP
reaches 90%. However, at penetration rate of 50%, the lower
rated voltage, V 400
damping ratio begins to happen from the proportion of 60%
rated current, A 5 (0.1251 is lesser than 0.1336) and at penetration rate of 75% or
rated speed, r/min 1500 greater, the damping ratios has been lower than those in Table 3 at
rated excitation voltage, V 70 penetration rate of 30%. It indicates that in high penetration rate,
low proportion of MGP can better isolate wind farm. This also
support the conclusion drawn from Category 1 in Table 5 that low
As a result, the effects brought by wind farm are isolated and proportion of MGP is more effective in high penetration rates.
weakened by MGP.
For Category 3, after using MGP, some interesting phenomena 5 Experiment
can be observed.
First, the conclusions drawn from Category 3 in Scenario 1 are The experiment is designed to verify the characteristic of
that larger numbers of wind turbines will provide higher damping equivalent rotor angle (δMG) of MGP. A 3 kW MGP system is
ratio. However, as shown in Fig. 6c, with the same numbers of shown in Fig. 8a and parameters are listed in Table 6.
wind turbines in every penetration rate, some damping ratios are A converter supplied by the grid is used to achieve constant
lower than those in Table 3 and keep decreasing when proportion output and the fluctuation of renewable energy is not considered in
of MGP increases. this experiment. The MGP is started with variant frequency by the
This can be explained that the mode is actually affected by the converter. A programmable load is connected to the generator.
number of wind turbines connected to grid in traditional way, not Excitation voltages of two synchronous machines are constant.
by the ones using MGP. In Fig. 6c, damping ratios in low As shown in Fig. 8b, the load is adjusted from 0.5 to 2.5 kW. It
proportion of MGP are still higher than ones in high proportion can be seen that δMG gradually increases with the active power
under the same penetration rate, because low proportion of MGP increasing, which indicates that the equivalent rotor angle of MGP
means that more wind turbines are connected to the grid in has similar characteristic with traditional rotor angle. In addition,
traditional way. the input active power of synchronous motor is a little higher than
From the aforementioned analysis, the effects of wind farm are the output active power of synchronous generator because of loss.
isolated and weakened by MGP is proved once again.

1846 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2017, Vol. 11 Iss. 7, pp. 1839-1847
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
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