HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

Under the guidance of ------------------------

2004-2005
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 CERTIFICATE

Register number:

_________________________

This is to certify that the project report titled

“HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT” submitted by the following
students for the award of the degree of bachelor of
engineering is record of bonafide work carried out by
them.
Done by

Mr. /Ms._______________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

degree in

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

During the Year – (2004-2005)

_________________ _______________
Head of Department Guide

Coimbatore –641651.
Date:

Submitted for the university examination held on ___________

_________________ ________________
Internal Examiner External
Examiner
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our
sincere thanks and gratitude to the management
of our college and our beloved chairman
…………………………………………………, who provided all
the facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to
our principal ………………………………………, for
forwarding us to do our project and offering
adequate duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of
Department Prof. …………………………………….., for
her constructive suggestions & encouragement
during our project.
 With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our
earnest & sincere thanks to our guide
…………………………………………………….., Department
of Mechanical for her kind guidance &
encouragement during this project.

We also express our indebt thanks to our

TEACHING and NON TEACHING staffs of
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
……………………….(COLLEGE NAME).
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HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT

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CONTENTS
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CONTENTS

ADKNOWLEDGEMENT
 1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. NEED FOR HYDRAULICS

4. POWER DRIVE MECHANISM

5. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

6. FABRICATION

7. ASSEMBLING PROCEDURE

8. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

10. APPLICATIONS

11. MAINTENANCE

12. LIST OF MATERIALS

13. COST ANALYSIS

14. DRAWINGS

15. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHOTOGRAPHY
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SYNOPSIS
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SYNOPSIS
 This project work titled “FABRICATION OF HYDRUALIC PALLET

TRUCK” has been conceived having studied the difficulty in lifting the any type of

material lick machines, vehicle etc.

Our survey in the regard in several automobile garages, machines, revealed the

facts that mostly some difficult methods were adopted in lifting the vehicles for

reconditioning.

Now the project has mainly concentrated on this difficulty, and hence a suitable

device has been designed. Such that the vehicle can be lifted from the floor land without

application of any impact force.

The fabrication part of it has been considered with almost case for its simplicity

and economy, such that this can be accommodated as one of the essential tools on

automobile garages.

The subsequent chapters indicate all the essential features of its fabrication,

application and its cost analysis.

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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
 This device the HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT for automobile garages has been

developed to later the needs of small and medium automobile garages, who are normally

man powered with very minimum of skilled labours.

In most of the garages the vehicles and machines are lifted by using screw jack or

manually. This needs high man power and skilled labours.

In order to avoid all such disadvantages, This, HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT has

been designed in such a way that it can be used to lift the vehicles or machines very

smoothly without any impact forces. The operation is made be simple that even an

unskilled labour can handled, by just demonstrating the working of the HYDRAULIC

FORK LIFT once.

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NEED FOR HYDRAULICS

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NEED FOR HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:

In the development of the submarine from pre-war classes, many changes and

improvements have occurred. One of the outstanding differences is the large variety of

submarine devices which are now operated by hydraulic power. In early classes, there

was no hydraulic system, and power requirements were met by means of air or electricity.

Along with constantly improving submarine design has gone a constant extension and

diversification of the use of hydraulic power.

Comparative advantages of hydraulic power

Hydraulic systems possess numerous advantages over other systems of power

operation. They are light in weight; they are simple and extremely reliable, requiring a

minimum of attention and maintenance. Hydraulic controls are sensitive, and afford

precise controllability. Because of the low inertia of moving parts, they start and stop in

complete obedience to the desires of the operator, and their operation is positive.
 Hydraulic systems are self-lubricated; consequently there is little wear or

corrosion. Their operation is not apt to be interrupted by salt spray or water. Finally,

hydraulic units are relatively quiet in operation, an important consideration when

detection by the enemy must be prevented.

Therefore, in spite of the presence of the two power sources just described,

hydraulic power makes its appearance on the submarine because of the fact that its

operational advantages, when weighed against the disadvantages enumerated for

electricity and air in the preceding paragraphs, fully justify the addition of this third

source of power to those available in the modern submarine.

FACTOR AIR ELECTRICITY HYDRAULICS

Reliability Poor Good Good
Weight Light Heavy Light
Installation Simple Simple Simple
Control Mechanism Valves Switches and solenoids Valves
Maintenance Constant attention necessary Difficult, requiring Simple
skilled personnel
Vulnerability High pressure bottle Good Safe; broken
dangerous; broken lines lines cause
cause failure and danger to failure
personnel and equipment
Response Slow for both starting and Rapid starting, slow Instant starting
stopping stopping and stopping
Controllability Poor Fair Good
Quietness of Poor Poor Good
Operation

Familiarity of hydraulic principles

For many centuries, man has utilized hydraulic principles to satisfy common,

everyday needs, Opening a faucet to fill a sink with water a practical application of

hydraulics. Water moves through a dam in accordance with well-known principles of

fluid motion. There are hydraulic principles that explain the action of fluids in motion and

others for fluids at rest.

We are chiefly concerned, however; with that branch of hydromechanics which is

called simply Hydraulics and is defined in engineering textbooks as the engineering

application of fluid mechanics. It includes the study of the behavior of enclosed liquids

under pressure, and the harnessing of the forces existing in fluids to do some practical

task such as steering a submarine or opening the outer door of a torpedo tube.

Examples of hydraulically operated equipment are familiar to all. Barber or dentist

chairs are raised and lowered hydraulically; so is an automobile when placed on a

hydraulic rack for a grease job. Stepping on the brake pedal in an automobile creates the

hydraulic power which stops the rotation of the four wheels and brings the car to a halt.

For an understanding of how a hydraulic system works, we must know the basic

principles, or laws, of hydraulics, that is, of confined liquids under pressure.

A thin bottle is filled to the top with a liquid and tightly corked. A lever is pressed

against the cork to apply a downward force. If sufficient pressure is exerted, the bottle

will suddenly shatter into a number of pieces, showing that:

Figure 1 Applied pressure is exerted equally in all

directions

Liquids are practically incompressible.

The applied pressure is transmitted equally in all directions at once.

 Figure 2 illustrates the application of these principles to a closed hydraulic system.

Two cylinders each are having a base whose area is 1 square inch, are connected by a

tube. The cylinders are filled with liquid to the level shown, and a piston with a base of

the same area (1 square inch) is placed on top of each column of liquid. Then a

downward force of 1 pound is applied to one of the pistons. Since this piston has an area

of 1 square inch, the pressure upon it is 1 pound per square inch; and since the other

piston is of equal area, the same pressure, 1 pound per square inch, will be imposed

upward upon it.

Figure 2 Transmission of equal pressures to equal areas

Multiple units

It is not necessary to confine our system to a single line from

the source of hydraulic power. Hydraulic power may be

transmitted in many directions to do multiple jobs.

 Let us connect one cylinder to four others as in Figure 3. Here we apply a force

against the piston in the large cylinder. The pressure from the large cylinder is transmitted

equally to each of the pistons in the other four cylinders.

Figure 3 multiple units from a single source of

power

This is actually the method of operation of an automobile hydraulic-brake system

(see Figure 4). The foot pressure on the brake pedal (1) depresses a piston (2) in the

master cylinder (3).

Fluid is forced through the lines (4) into each of the brake cylinders (5). At the

brake cylinder, two opposed pistons (6) attached to the brake shoes are forced outward,

pressing the brake bands (7) against the inside of the wheels (8) to stop their rotation by

friction. Removal of the foot pressure allows springs (9) at each wheel to restore the

pistons to their original positions and returns the fluid to the master cylinder where it is

stored in preparation for the next braking operation.

 Figure 4 Automobile
hydraulic-brake system

1) Brake pedal; 2)
piston; 3) master
cylinder; 4) hydraulic
line; 5) brake cylinder;
6) brake piston; 7)
brake band; 8) wheel;
9) return spring.

A simple hydraulic system

On the basis of the explanation of basic hydraulic principles just given, it is

possible to construct a simple, workable hydraulic system which will operate some

mechanical device. For example, such a system might open and close a door, and hold it

in either position for any desired interval.

 Basic units of a hydraulic system

Such a system is illustrated in Figure 5. It necessarily includes the following basic

equipment, which, in one form or another, will be found in every hydraulic system:

A reservoir, or supply tank, containing oil which is supplied to the system

as needed and into which the oil from the return line flows.

Figure 5 A simple
hydraulic system

A pump, which supplies the necessary working pressure.

A hydraulic cylinder, or actuating cylinder, which uses the hydraulic

energy developed in the pump to move the door.

A cut-out valve, by means of which the pressure in the actuating cylinder

may be maintained or released as desired.

 A check valve, placed in the return line to permit fluid to move in only one

direction.

"Hydraulic lines," such as piping or hose, to connect the units to each

other.

The supply tank must have a capacity large enough to keep the entire system filled

with oil and furnish additional oil to make good the inevitable losses from leakage. The

tank is vented to the atmosphere; thus atmospheric pressure (14.7 pounds per square inch)

forces the oil into the inlet, or suction, side of the pump, in accordance with the principle

explained in connection with Figure 3. The tank is generally placed at a higher level than

the other units in the system, so that gravity assists in feeding oil into other units.

Single Acting Hydraulic Cylinder:

The Single Acting hydraulic cylinder (see Figure 6), which is the simplest type of

hydraulic motor, contains a spring-loaded piston, with a piston Rod that extends through

one end of the cylinder. In our project, this single acting hydraulic cylinder is used.
 Figure 6 Single acting hydraulic cylinder

This piston rod, when connected to the door, supplies the mechanical motion

which opens and closes the door. The surface of the piston in contact with the hydraulic

fluid has an area of 2 square inches.

The cut-out valve is hand-operated. When closed, it shuts off the line between the

actuating cylinder and the supply tank, preventing the oil under pressure in the cylinder

from escaping into the return line; when opened, it releases this pressure, allowing the

loading spring inside the cylinder to expand, and the oil in the cylinder to escape back

into the supply tank.

A power-driven hydraulic system

The door-operating system illustrated in Figure 5 is far simpler than is usually

found in actual service. It has the obvious disadvantage that instantaneous opening of the

door is not possible because pressure is built up slowly by hand pumping.

 Units of a power-driven hydraulic system

Figure 7 illustrates a system in which a motor-driven pump is substituted for the

hand pump, a double acting actuating cylinder for the spring-loaded single acting

cylinder in Figure 5, and including a control valve, an unloading valve, and an automatic

relief valve, in addition to the supply tank, or reservoir, and the return line check valve,

which are the same as in the first system.

Figure 7. Power-driven
hydraulic system

Automatic pumping will give immediate pressure for use at the actuating cylinder

whenever it is needed.
 Double Acting Hydraulic Cylinder:

In the simplified system, the door was actuated by a single acting cylinder. Oil was

kept in or released from the cylinder by a simple "on-and-off" valve. For more efficient

and positive actuation, this will be replaced by a double acting cylinder (see Figure 8). In

such a cylinder, the piston can move in either direction to open or close the door.

Figure 8 Double acting hydraulic system

The piston is locked in the desired position by

the hydraulic fluid, which enters either side of

the piston as required and remains there until forced out. Since the flow of the

fluid must be directed to either of two sides, a valve, which selects the direction of

flow, is installed in the line. This is called a control valve. Control valves vary with

the specific application, but generally they are equipped with four ports. Two are

connected to the actuating cylinder at either side of the piston. A third port is the

pressure port and receives fluid from the pump. The fourth port returns surplus

fluid either back to the reservoir or elsewhere in the system.

The reciprocating pump

The simplest practical application of this principle is seen in the hand-operated

reciprocating pump, a simplified version of which is illustrated in Figure 1-15. Here the

inlet and outlet ports in the cylinder, or pump body, are both in the same side of the

piston. The piston makes a close sliding fit within the

cylinder, reducing leakage to a minimum, since

excessive leakage destroys the efficiency of a pump.

Both the inlet and outlet ports are equipped with check

valves which permit the liquid to flow in one direction

only, as shown by the arrows.

Figure- Hand-operated reciprocating pump

Assume that the intake side of the pump is connected to a supply of liquid. When we

move the piston to the right, lower pressure is created in the chamber formed by the

piston.
 Higher pressure on the fluid outside the chamber forces fluid in through the inlet

port and fills the chamber. Moving the handle forward in the opposite direction forces the

fluid out. A check valve at the inlet port prevents flow there and, since the fluid must find

an outlet somewhere, it is forced out through the discharge port.

The check valve at the discharge port prevents the entrance of fluid into the pump

on the subsequent suction stroke. The back-and-forth movement of the piston in the pump

is referred to as reciprocating motion and this type of pump is generally known as a

reciprocating-type piston pump. It may have a single piston or be multi-pistoned. It may

be hand-actuated or power-driven. The reciprocating piston principle is conceded to be

the most effective for developing high fluid pressures.

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POWER DRIVE MECHANISM

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POWER DRIVING MECHANISM

The following are the different driving mechanisms for imparting reciprocating

movement to the ram.

1. Crank and connecting rod drive

2. eccentric drive

3. kunckle joint drive

4. Cam drive

5. Toggle lever drive

6. Screw drive

7. Rack and pinion drive

8. Hydraulic drive

Crank and connecting rod drive:

The crank and connecting rod mechanism illustrated in fig. 5A is the simplest and

most common method of driving the ram. For multiple purpose dies, a double crank may

be used.
Eccentric drive:

The eccentric drive mechanism, illustrated in fig.5A has a high mechanical

advantage near the bottom of the stroke. The presses fitted with kunckle joint drive are

used for squeezing or coining operation.

Cam drive:

The cam drive illustrated in fig.6B is used to give a specific type of movement to

the ram. The ram remains idle for some period at the bottom of the stroke.

Toggle drive:

The toggle drive illustrated in fig.7A is mainly used in drawing operations for

holding the blank.

Screw drive:

The screw drive illustrated in fig.7B is operated by a friction disc which imparts a

uniform accelerating movement to the ram in the downward stroke. The screw driven

presses have lingered stroke length and gentler action.

Rank and pinion drive:

The rack and pinion drive illustrated in fig. 8A is used for imparting a very long

stroke length to the ram.

Hydraulic drive:

The hydraulic drive, illustrated in fig. 8B is used for applying a very large pressure

at a slow speed for forming drawing operations, etc. The oil under high pressure is

pumped on one side of the piston and then on the other to impart reciprocating movement

to the ram.
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COMPONENTS AND
DESCRIPTION
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 COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTIONS

 Hydraulic Jack

o Hydraulic Cylinder

o Ram

o Oil Tank

o Plunger Pump

o O-Ring

o Release valve lever

o Handle

 Side Plate or Flat Form

 L-Link Plate

 Wheels

1. HYDRAULIC JACK:

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER:
 It is already briefly explained the above chapter.

RAM:

The ram is the lifting parts of this project. It is fixed to the L-angle

flat form.

OIL TANK:

The oil tank is provided in the hydraulic jack inside. The hydraulic

system requires the oil to work the system. So we have to provide the oil

tank.

Hydraulic fluids

Almost any free-flowing liquid is suitable as a hydraulic fluid, as long as it will

not chemically injure the hydraulic equipment. For example, an acid, although free-

flowing, would obviously be unsuitable because it would corrode the metallic parts of the

system.

Water, except for its universal availability, suffers from a number of serious

defects as a possible hydraulic fluid. One such defect is that it freezes at a relatively high

temperature, and, in freezing, expands with tremendous force, destroying pipes and other
equipment. Also, it rusts steel parts; and it is rather heavy, creating considerable amount

of inertia in a system of any size.

The hydraulic fluid used in submarine hydraulic systems is a light, fast-flowing

lubricating oil, which does not freeze or even lose its fluidity to any marked degree even

at low temperatures, and which possesses the additional advantage of lubricating the

internal moving parts of the hydraulic units through which it circulates.

Since this oil, a petroleum derivative, causes rapid deterioration of natural rubber,

synthetic rubber is specified for use in these systems as packing and oil seals.

PLUNGER PUMP:

This is known as the input component of this project i.e. from the power is

transmitted to the right of the cylinder, the oil is draw from the reservoir through

pumping the handle provide at the right side of the pump plunger.

The pump is welded on the right side of the cylinder. The length of stroke of the

pump handle is depends upon the length of the plunger used. For this a flexible pivoting

arrangement is provided behind the pump. The material used for pump block is mild

steel.
O-RING:

The “O” rings are fitted into the grooves of plunger pump to maintain perfect seal

between the plunger and the outer wall. They are mostly made up of neoprene rubber.

RELEASE VALVE LEVER:

It is made up of mild steel. This is used to release the hydraulic pressure, so that

the ram downwards to its original position.

HANDLE:

This is also made upof mild steel. This handle is used to lifting the ram from

downwards position to upward position. This handle is used to pull the plunger pump.

2. SIDE PLATE OR FLAT FORM:

 The two side plates are welded to the required gap by using two rectangular plates.

The loading/unloading materials are kept in this flat form. This flat form is linked to the

hydraulic jack with the help of L-link plate.

3. L-LINK PLATE:

The L-Link plate is used to joint the flat form and hydraulic jack with the help of

suitable arrangement. This L-Link plate is welded one side to the flat form and another

side is screwed to the hydraulic jack top plate.

4. WHEELS:

Wheels are provided at the bottom of the side plates for moving the pallet truck.
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 FABRICATION
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FABRICATION

The main components of this HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT are,

1. Side plate or Flat Form

2. L-Link Plate

3. Top Plate

FABRICATION:

1. SIDE PLATE OR FLAT FORM:

PROCESS INVOLVED

1. Hacksaw Cutting

2. Grinding

3. Welding

The two plates are made to the required shape as per the drawing by hacksaw

cutting and grinding.

 2. L-LINK PLATE:

PROCESS INVOLVED

1. HACKSAW CUTTING

2. GRINDING

3. DRILLING

4. WELDING

The two arm plates are made to the prescribed shape as shown in the drawing by

hacksaw cutting and grinding. The grinding process is done by using floor stand grinding

machine.

After that processes is carried out in the link plates by using drilling machines, the

10 mm diameters of the drilling are drilled.

3. TOP PLATE:

PROCESS INVOLVED

1. HACKSAW CUTTING

2. GRINDING
 3. DRILLING

4. WELDING

The top plate is made to the prescribed shape as shown in the drawing, by

hacksaw cutting and grinding. The grinding process is done by floor stand grinding

machine. After that processes is carried out in the flat form plates by using drilling

machines. The 10 mm diameters of the drillings are drilled.

4. WHEELS:

PROCESS INVOLVED

1. WELDING

The wheels are welded to the required dimensions by using arc welding.
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ASSEMBLING PROCEDURE
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ASSEMBLING PROCEDURE

The assembling procedure of the HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT is described below.

First the hydraulic jack with handle is mounted on the bottom plate by using

proper sizes of bolts and units.

Then the flat plate is mounted to the hydraulic jack with the help of bolts and nuts.

Then bolt is tightened to the each end. The three wheels are mounted in the wheel rods of

the bottom plate and then the cotter-pins inserted in the wheel rods to stop the sliding of

wheels in wheel rod.

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PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
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PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

PRINCIPLE

PASCAL’S LAW:

“It states that the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is the same in

all direction”

WORKING PRINCIPLE:-

Hydraulic jack consists of piston, piston rod, screw rod and hydraulic oil. The

hydraulic jack reciprocating handle is move upward and downward continuously, so that

the compressed oil goes to the hydraulic jack piston.

 The end of the piston rod the top plate is fixed. The compressed oil pushes the

hydraulic jack piston forward. The L-Link plate is joint the top plate and flat form. The

hydraulic jack is lifting the flat form totally.

OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS OF HYDRAULIC JACK:

1. Before operating the jacks first insert the notched end of the handle into the

release valve, turn the operating handle clock wise until release valve is closed.

Do not oner tighten the valve.

2. Insert operating handle into the socket and the ram is steadily raised by the

load is thus raised; the ram will stop rising when the required height is reached.

3. Lower the ram by turning the release valve. Counter-clockwise with the

notched end slacken it slowly when a load is applied or accidents would occur.

4. Before operating, estimate the weight of the load. Do not overload the jack

beyond its rated load.

5. Select point of action according to the gravitational centre place the jack on the

hardness ground If necessary, place a hard plank under the jacks so as to avoid

tottering or falling during operation.

6. When more than one jack are used at the same time it is important to operate

the different jacks at an equal speed with equal load. Otherwise, there is

danger of falling of the entire fixture.

7. For best results use specifically blended jack oil. If such oil is not readily

obtainable, the equivalent international oil specification is SAE 10.

8. Violent Shocks must be avoided during the operation.

9. Do not overload, Do not adjust the release value.

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

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ADVANTAGES

1. It requires simple maintenance cares

2. The moving parts of this system are cooled by the oil itself used. Thus

this project does not require any cooling arrangements.

3. The loaded light machine or material can be easily.

4. Checking and cleaning are easy, because of the main parts are screwed.

5. Handling is easy

6. Less manual power required

7. Repairing is easy.

8. Replacement of parts are easy

9. Special trolley system is attached, so the trolley is moved any required

place.

10. Maximum height up to 1.5 feet can be reached.

11. Oil wastage for less.

DISADVANTAGES

 Size of the machine is high when compared to ordinary screw jack.

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APPLICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS
1. It is very much useful in auto-garage. This trolley pallet truck is used for lifting

the vehicles.

2. Small scale industries

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MAINTENANCE
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MAINTENANCE
1. The level of oil in the tank should be checked once in a week and if any

decrease in oil level should be leveled.

2. Washers should be checked once in a month and if any damage, the

washers must be changed.

3. The welding Joints should be checked once in a month for any leakage.

4. O-Rings should be changed for yearly once.

5. A special case should be taken on the relief valve and the openings of

the oil lines to close during checking, cleaning and repairing.

6. Before changing the fluid the whole unit should be thoroughly cleared.

7. Grease should be checked every day for the moving parts like wheels

and etc.
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LIST OF MATERIALS
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LIST OF MATERIALS
Sl. No. COMPONENT QUANTITY MATERIAL
1. Bottom Plate 1 M.S.
2. Flat Form 1 M.S.
3. Wheels 3 Nylon
4. L-Link Plate 1 M.S.
5. Top Plate 1 M.S.
6. Pumping Handle 1 M.S.
7. Hydraulic Jack 1 M.S.
8. BOLT & NUT - M.S
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COST ESTIMATIONS
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COST ANALYSIS

1. RAW MATERIAL COST:

 Sl. COMPONENT QUANTITY MATERIAL COST

No. (RS.)
1. Bottom Plate 1 M.S.
2. Flat Form 1 M.S.
3. Wheels 3 Nylon
4. L-Link Plate 1 M.S.
5. Top Plate 1 M.S.
6. Pumping Handle 1 M.S.
7. Hydraulic Jack 1 M.S.
8. BOLT & NUT - M.S
TOTAL COST RS.

2. LABOUR COST

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW, GAS CUTTING:

Cost =

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost

=
=

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

=
 TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges

=
=

Total cost for this project =

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DRAWINGS
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION
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 CONCLUSION

The fabrication of HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT was successfully completed as per

the designed specification.

The trial performance of this device provides to be successful, with case of

operation and safety, hence the results has given a clear indication of its commercial

viability. The cost analysis has shown its economic feasibility and we are under the

impression that it can be further reduced, when produced on a mass scale.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Automobile Engineering - Dr. Kripal Singh

2. Fluid Mechanics and machines.

3. Strength of materials -I.B. PRASAD

Web site:

www.maritime.org
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PHOTOGRAPHY
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PHOTOGRAPHY