HEAT EXCHANGER

Sheet (1.A)

1-What is the heat transfer mechanisms involved during heat transfer from the hot to the cold fluid?
2-Classify heat exchangers according to flow type and explain the characteristics of each type.
3-Classify heat exchangers according to construction type and explain the characteristics of each
type.
4-When is a heat exchanger classified as being compact?
5-Do you think a double-pipe heat exchanger can be classified as a compact heat exchanger?
6-How does a cross-flow heat exchanger differ from a counter-flow one? What is the difference
between mixed and unmixed fluids in cross-flow?
7-What is the role of the baffles in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger? How does the presence of baffles
affect the heat transfer and the pumping power requirements?
8-Draw a 1-shell-pass and 6-tube-passes shell-and-tube heat exchanger. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of using 6 tube passes instead of just 2 of the same diameter?
9-Draw a 2-shell-passes and 8-tube-passes shell-and tube heat exchanger. What is the primary
reason for using so many tube passes?
10- What are the common causes of fouling in a heat exchanger? How does fouling affect heat
transfer and pressure drop?
11- How is the thermal resistance due to fouling in a heat exchanger accounted for? How do the fluid
velocity and temperature affect fouling?
12- Under what conditions is the thermal resistance of the tube in a heat exchanger negligible?
13-Under what conditions can the overall heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger be determined
from U = (1/hi +1/ho)-1
14- What are the restrictions on the relation UA s = Ui Ai = UoAo for a heat exchanger? Here As is the
heat transfer surface area and U is the overall heat transfer coefficient.
15- In a thin-walled double-pipe heat exchanger, when is the approximation U = hi a reasonable one?
Here U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and hi is the convection heat transfer coefficient inside
the tube.
16- In the heat transfer relation Q= UA.∆Tlm for a heat exchanger, what is ∆Tlm called? How is it
calculated for parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchanger?
17- Choose the correct
1- The outlet temperature of cooling water in a heat exchanger is generally not allowed to exceed
above 50oC in industrial practice mainly to avoid
a) Its evaporation loss
b) Excessive corrosion
c) Uneconomic LMTD
d) Decrease in heat exchanger efficiency
2- In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the minimum and maximum baffle spacing is
respectively (where, D = inside diameter of the shell)
a) D/2 and 2 D
b) D/4 and 2 D
c) D and 2 D
d) D/5 and D
3- Correction factor is applied to LMTD for __________ flow.
a) Parallel
b) Counter
c) Cross
d) None of these
4- The automobile radiator is a heat exchanger of
a) Parallel flow type
b) Counter flow type
c) Cross flow type
d) Regenerator type
5- In a heat exchanger, the rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid to the cold fluid
a) Varies directly as the area and the LMTD.
b) Varies as square of the area.
c) Directly proportional to LMTD and inversely proportional to the area.
d) None of these.
6- A concentric double pipe heat exchanger as compared to the shell and tube heat exchanger for the
same heat load requires
a) Less heating surface.
b) More space.
c) Lower maintenance cost
d) None of these.
7- In a co-current double pipe heat exchanger used for condensing saturated steam over the inner
tube, if the entrance and exit conditions of the coolant are interchanged, then the rate of
condensation will
a) decrease
b) increase
c) remain unchanged
d) either increase or decrease; depends on the coolant flow rate
8 - The counter-current flow heat exchanger can transfer __________ heat than parallel flow heat
exchanger.
a) Less b) more c) equal
9- For evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions, the logarithmic mean temperature
difference for parallel flow is __________ that for counter flow.
a) equal to
b) less than
c) greater than
10- Fouling factor is used
a) in heat exchanger design as a safety factor
b) in case of Newtonian fluids
c) when a liquid exchanges heat with a gas
d) none of the above
11- A heat exchanger with heat transfer surface area A and overall heat transfer coefficient U handles
two fluids of heat capacities Cmax and Cmin. The number of transfer units (NTU) used in the analysis of
heat exchanger is specified as
a) A.Cmin/U
b) U/(A.Cmin)
c) A.U. Cmin
d) A.U/Cmin
12-In a heat exchanger with one fluid evaporating or condensing, the surface area required is least in
a) parallel flow
b) counter flow
c) cross flow
d) all of these
13- In counter-current flow heat exchanger, the logarithmic temperature difference between the
fluids is __________ as compared to parallel flow heat exchanger.
a) Same b) less C) greater
14- A designer chooses the values of fluid flow rates and specific heats in such a manner that the heat
capacities of the two fluids are equal. A hot fluid enters the counter flow heat exchanger at 100° C and
leaves at 60° C. A cold fluid enters the heat exchanger at 40° C. The mean temperature difference
between the two fluids is
a) 20 b) 40°C c) 60°C d) 66.7°C
15- The ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer is known as heat
exchanger effectiveness.
a) Agree b) Disagree
16- For the same inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids, the Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD) is
a) Greater for parallel flow heat exchanger than for counter flow heat exchanger.
b) Greater for counter flow heat exchanger than for parallel flow heat exchanger.
c) Same for both parallel and counter flow heat exchangers.
d) Depends on the properties of fluid.
17- In a shell and tube heat exchanger, baffles are provided on the shell side to
a. improve heat transfer
b. provide support for tubes
c. prevent stagnation of shell side fluid
d. all of these
18- In counter-current flow heat exchangers
a. both the fluids at inlet are in their hottest state
b. both the fluids at inlet are in their coldest state
c. both the fluids at exit are in their hottest state
d. one fluid is coldest and the other is hottest at inlet
19- When Tci and Tco are the temperatures of cold fluid at entry and exit respectively and T hi and Tho
are the temperatures of hot fluid at entry and exit point, and cold fluid has lower heat capacity rate as
compared to hot fluid, then effectiveness of the heat exchanger is given by
a. Tc I -Tco /Thi -Tci
b. Tho-Thi/Tco-Thi
c. Tho-Thi/Thi-Tci
d. Tco-Tci/Thi -Tci
20- LMTD in case of counter flow heat exchanger as compared to parallel flow heat exchanger is
a) Higher b) Lower c) Same d) Depends on the area of heat exchanger
21- The use of heat exchangers is made in
a. Radiators in automobile
b. Condensers and boilers in steam plants
c. Condensers and evaporators in refrigeration and air conditioning units
d. All of the above
22- In a parallel flow heat exchanger, the rate of flow of heat and the rate of decrease of temperature
are maximum.
a. Yes b) No
23- Baffles in the shell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger
a) increase the cross-section of the shell side liquid
b) Force the liquid to flow parallel to the bank
c) Increase the shell side heat transfer co-efficient
d) Decrease the shell side heat transfer co-efficient
24-For the same rate of heat transfer, which is correct?
a.Counter flow heat exchanger needs a smaller heat surface compared to parallel heat flow
heat exchanger
b. Parallel flow heat exchanger needs a smaller heat surface compared to counter heat flow
heat exchanger
c. Counter flow heat exchanger and parallel heat flow heat exchanger both needs equal heating
surface
25- Finned tube heat exchangers
a) Give larger area per tube
b) Use metal fins of low thermal conductivity
c) Facilitate very large temperature drop through tube wall
d) Are used for smaller heat load
26- Multi-pass heat exchangers are used
a) Because of simplicity of fabrication
b) For low heat load
c) to obtain higher heat transfer co-efficient and shorter tube
d) To reduce the pressure drop
27- Double pipe heat exchangers are used
a) When heat transfer area required in very high
b) When heat transfer area required is very low
c) Because it occupies less floor area
d) Because it is less costly
28- Baffle spacing
a) Is the centerline-to-centerline distance between adjacent baffles
b) Minimum Spacing: one fifth of the diameter of the shell
c) Maximum Spacing: Equal to Shell Inside Diameter
d) All of the Above
29- In counter flow compared to parallel flow,
a) LMTD is greater
b) Less surface area is required for a given heat transfer rate
c) Both (a) & (b)
d) More surface area is required for a given heat transfer rate
30- In a shell and tube heat exchanger
a) The temperature drops in the two fluids and the wall are proportional to individual resistances
b) The temperature drops in inversely proportional to the resistance across which the drop occurs
c) There is no relationship between temperature drop and resistance
31- LMTD is counterflow and parellel flow heat exchanger will be the same, when the
a) Cold fluid is heated to a certain temperature by condensing steam
b) Outlet temperature of both the hot and cold fluid are same
c) Outlet temperature of hot fluid is less than the outlet temperature of the cold fluid
32- A 2-4 heat exchanger involves
a) Only counter-flow of fluids
b) Only parellel-flow of fluids
c) Both counter and parellel-flow of fluids
d) Smaller pressure drop compared to 1-2 exchanger
33- In a liquid-liquid heat exchanger, for the same process temperature, the ratio of the LMTD in
parallel flow to the LMTD in counter flow is always
a) < 1 b)>1 c)1
34- Fouling factor
a) Is a dimensionless quantity
b) Does not provide a safety factor for design
c) Accounts for additional resistances to heat flow
d) None of these
35.......... heat exchanger is the most suitable, when the temperature of shell side fluid is much higher
than that of tube side.
a) Single pass, fixed tube sheet
b) U-tube
c) Three pass, fixed tube sheet
d) None of these
36- In case of parallel flow heat exchanger, the lowest temperature theoretically attainable by the hot
fluid is ............. the outlet temperature of the cold fluid
a) Equal to
b) More than
c) Less than
d) Either more or less than (depending upon the fluid)
37- In case of multi-pass shell and tube heat exchanger, providing a baffle on the shell side ........ the
heat transfer rate
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not affect
d) May increase or decrease, depends on the type of baffle
38- Tube expansion allowances exist in ...... …heat exchanger
a) Multi-pass fixed tube sheet
b) U-tube
c) Single pass fixed tube sheet
d) None of these
39- For the same heat load and mass flow rate in the tube side as shell and tube heat ex-changer, one
mays use multipass on the tube side, because it
a) Decrease the pressure drop
b) Decrease the outlet temperature of cooling medium.
c) Increase the overall heat transfer coefficient
d) None of these.
40- Which type of heat exchanger is preferred for heavy heat loads?
a) Double pipe
b) Plate fine
c) Series and parallel set of shell and tube
41- Air is best heated with steam in a heat exchanger of
a) Plate type
b) Double pipe with fins on steam side
c) Double pipe with fins on air side
d) Shell and tube type.
42- Multipass heat exchangers are used
a) Because of simplicity of fabrication
b) For low heat load
c) to obtain higher heat transfer co-efficient and shorter tube
d) To reduce the pressure drop
43- In a shell and tube heat exchanger, putting a longitudinal baffle across the shell side fluid to pass
....... through the heat exchanger
a) Once b)Twice c)Thrice d)Four times
44- In case of parallel flow heat exchanger, the lowest temperature theoretically attainable by the hot
fluid is ............. the outlet temperature of the cold fluid
a) Equal to
b) More than
c) Less than
d) Either more or less than (depending upon the fluid)
45- Heat transfer forms through tube-shell heat exchanger
a) Conduction – convection-conduction
b) Convection – conduction-convection
c) Convection-convection-conduction
46- Overall heat transfer coefficient of a tube U1 . If the same tube with some dirt deposited on either
side has coefficient U2.Then
a) U1 > U2
b) U1=U2
c) U1 <U2
d) U1=dirt factor-U2
47- LMTD can't be used as such without a correction factor for the
a) Multi-pass heat exchanger.
b) Baffled heat exchanger.
c) Condensation of mixed vapour in a condenser.
d) al l (a) (b) and (c)
48- double-pipe heat exchanger can be classified as a compact heat exchanger.
a) Yes b) No
 HEAT EXCHANGER
Sheet (1.B)

1- A double-pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a copper (k =380 W/m2oC ) inner tube of internal
diameter, Di =1.2cm and external diameter, Do=1.6 cm and an outer tube of diameter, Ds=3cm. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is reported to be ,hi=700W/m2oC on the inner surface of the tube
and ho=1400W/m2oC on its outer surface. For a fouling factor Rfi =0.0005m2oC/W on the tube side
and Rfo=0.0002m2oC/W on the shell side. Determine
(a)The thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length
(b)The overall heat transfer coefficients Ui and Uo based on the inner and outer surface areas of the
tube, respectively.

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Cold fluid
2-Double- pipe heat exchanger as shown

Hot fluid

Tube
Di=15mm, Do=19mm
Ds=32mm k =15.1W/m.deg.

Convection heat transfer coefficient inside tube, hi=800 W/m2.deg and Convection heat transfer
coefficient outside tube ho=1200W/m2.deg.Fouling in the inside, Rfi =0.0004 m2K/W, and Fouling in the
outside, Rfo=0.0001 m2K/W. Determine the overall thermal Resistance and over heat transfer
coefficients,Ui and Uofor inner and outer surface of the tube, respectively.
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3-In a shell-and-tube feed water heater, cold water at 15 oC flowing at the rate of 180 kg/h is preheated
to 90oC by flue gases from 150oC flowing at the rate of 900 kg/h. The water flows inside the copper tubes
(Di= 25 mm, Do= 32 mm) having thermal conductivity k =381W/m.K. The heat transfer coefficients on
gas and water sides are 120 and 1200 W/m2K, respectively. The fouling factor on the water side is
0.002m2K/W. Determine the flue gas outlet temperature, the overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the outside tube diameter and the true mean temperature difference for heat transfer. Consider specific
heats cp for flue gases and water as 1.05 and 4.19 J/g.K respectively, and the total tube outside surface
area as 5m2. There are no fins inside or outside the tubes, and there is no fouling on the gas side.

4-Lubricating oil from a building standby generator at initial temperature of 115°C and flow rate of
2kg/s is to be cooled to 70°C in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Cold water at a flow rate of 2 kg/s and
initial temperature of 20°C is used as the cooling fluid in the heat exchanger. Calculate the heat
exchanger area required by employing first a counter-flow and then a parallel-flow heat-exchanger
arrangement. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is U = 900 W/m2K, the specific heat of the oil is cph=
2.5 kJ/kg K and the specific heat of water is cpc = 4.182 kJ/kgK.
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5- Water at 225 kg/h is to be heated from 35 to 95 oC by means of a concentric tube heat exchanger. Oil
at 225kg/h and 210oC, with a specific heat of 2095 J/kg.K, is to be used as the hot fluid. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the outer diameter of the inner tube is 550W/m 2K, determine the
length of the exchanger if the outer diameter is 100mm. (The specific heat of water at 65 oC is 4188
J/kg.K)
6- A heat exchanger is required to cool 0.25m3/h of a hot working fluid with density of 1100 kg/m3 and
a heat capacity of 3046 j/kg.dgr.The inlet temperature of the fluid is 120°C.Water at temperature of
10°C and rate 1.0 m3/h is used to cool the hot fluid withheat capacity of 4180 j/kg.dgr.The known
overall heat-transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 35w/m2.deg.and heating surface area
8m2.Determine the outlet temperatures of the two working fluids and the amount of heat transferred
with Parallel and Counter flow arrangement.
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7- In an oil-to-water heat exchanger, the oil enters the exchanger at 100 oC with a heat capacity rate of
3700 W/K. Water is available at 15oC and 0.6 kg/s. Determine the exit temperatures in (a) counter-flow,
and (b) parallel-flow arrangements for U = 500W/m2K and surface area of 10 m2. Consider cp= 1.88 and
4.19 J/goK for oil and water, respectively. If the ratio of convection thermal resistances of oil to water
(Rh/Rc) is 1.2, calculate the wall temperature at each end of the counter-flow and parallel-flow
exchangers.
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8- Consider the problem of rating a counter -flow heat exchanger with surface area, A= 40m2, and for
which the overall heat-transfer coefficient U
= 100 W/ (m2K).Mass flow rates ,mh= 1.6 kg/s and mc=1.0 kg/s. Inlet temperatures, Thi= 250oC and
Tci=50oC. Specific heats, cph= 1000 j/kgK and cpc=4000 j/kgK. Determine the outlet temperatures of the
two working fluids.
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9- Cold water enters a counter-flow heat exchanger at 10oC at a rate of 8 kg/s, where it is heated by a
hot-water stream that enters the heat exchanger at 70 oC at a rate of 2 kg/s. assuming the specific heat
of water to remain constant at cp =4.18 kJ/kgoC, determine the maximum heat transfer rate and the
outlet temperatures of the cold and the hotwater streams for this limiting case.
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10-Calculate for the following cases, the surface area required for a heat exchanger which is required to
cool 3200 kg/h of benzene (cp=1.74 kJ/kgoC) from 71 oC to 42oC. The cooling water (cp =4.18 kJ/kg oC) at
15oC has a flow rate of 2200 kg/h.The overall heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 0.28 kW/m2oC.
A) Single pass-counter-flow
B) 1-4 exchanger (one-shell pass and four-tube passes)
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11-Water with a flow rate of 0.05kg/s enters an automobile radiator at 400K and leaves at 330 K. The
water is cooled by air in cross flow which enters at 0.75kg/s and 300K. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 200W/m2.K, what is the required heat transfer surface area? (Consider specific heats cp for
air and water as 1007 and 4209 J/kg.K respectively, and LMTD correction factor F=0.95)
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12-Saturated steam leaves a steam turbine at a flow rate of 1.5kg/s and a pressure of 0.51 bars. The
vapor is to be completely condensed to saturated liquid in a shell-and –tube heat exchanger which uses
water as the coolant. The water enters the thin-walled tubes at 17oC and leaves at 57oC. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient of 2000W/m2K, determine the required heat exchanger surface area and the
water flow rate. Afterextended operation, fouling causes the overall heat transfer coefficient to decrease
to 1000W/m2K. For the same water inlet temperature and flow rate, what is the new vapor flow rate
required for complete condensation?
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13-Consider a very long, concentric tube heat exchanger having hot and cold water inlet temperatures
of 85 and 15oC. The flow rate of the hot water is twice that of the cold water. Assuming equivalent hot
and cold water specifies heats; determine the hot water outlet temperature for the following modes of
operation (a) Counter flow, (b) Parallel flow.
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14-A concentric tube heat exchanger uses water, which is available at 15°C, to cool ethylene glycol from
100 to 60°C. The water and glycol flow rates are each 0.5 kg/s. Determine the maximum possible heat
transfer rate and effectiveness of the exchanger. Determine which is preferred, a parallel –flow or
counter flow mode of operation? (Consider specific heats cp for Ethylene glycol and water as 2650 and
4178 J/kg.K respectively)
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15-Two shell-Four tube passes heat exchanger as shown (hi =160 ,ho=25 W/m2.deg.)
Tci = 20oC

Tho= 40oC Thin tube

Tube length=60m
Tube diameter=20mm

Thi=80oC

Tco= 50oC

-Determine heat transfer without any fouling

- Determine heat transfer with fouling of the outer stream R fo=0.0006 m2k/W
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16- Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heatexchanger. The tubes are
thin-walled and are made of copper with an internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length of each tube pass in
the heat exchanger is 5 m,and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310 W/m2C. Water flows
throughthe tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s.The water and
the oil enter at temperatures of 20oC and 150oC, respectively.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet temperaturesof the water and
the oil, (specific heats cp for oil and water are 2.13 and 4.18 kJ/kg respectively)