Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
DECLARATION
1980 M .Sc.
Ahmadu B ello U n iv e rsity , Z a r ia , N ig e ria .
D isse rta tio n : P o lit ic a l P a rtie s and E le cto ra l
Competitions (A Case Study o f the 1979 E lection s
in Kaduna State of N ig e r ia ).
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
ABBREVIATIONS xi
ABSTRACT xii
CONCLUSION 275
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
BIBLIOGRAPHY 316
A
vii
Page
MAP
CHARTS
TABLES
Page
TABLES (continued)
PLATES
D: Ukwogbo Market
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
which covered my minimum liv in g co sts. Indeed, I had to liv e from hand to
mouth as the allowance was not enough to meet my basic needs. The expenses
incurred during my f i e ld work in N igeria were paid from my meagre savin gs.
I t was larg ely due to h is advice and guidance that I eventually se ttle d
Much o f the em pirical data for the study was co lle cte d from
X
Anthony Ochefu, Mr. B. 0 . A ttah , Mr. Andu Ogbe and R td. C o l. Chris Odeh.
th e sis.
C. A. Ujo
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
F .E .D .E .C .O . Federal E le c to ra l Commission
ABSTRACT
I t shows how the S ta te came into being and d iscusses it s ethn ic composition
Benue S ta te . The fou rth chapter sta rts the d iscu ssion on e le c tio n s in
N .P.N . and shows how i t led to the decline of the p arty . The c r is is
ended in Mr. Aku's favour; those who opposed Aku l e f t the N .P .N . The
was dominated by the 'o ld brigade' who did not want to share power with
the 'new breed '. When, eventu ally, the 'new breed' took f u l l control
to cooperate with them. This in te r-p a rty stru ggle enabled the opposition
INTRODUCTION
the in s titu tio n s crumbled. The m ilita ry took over the adm inistration of
the country and c a rrie d out sweeping reform s.osten sib ly with a view to
lasted for only fo u r years and three months since the m ilita ry intervened
fa ilu re are exp lain ed elsewhere and i t is not necessary to repeat them
in stitu tio n s - e le c tio n s and a com petitive party system - are se le cted for
2
discussion because they are the in s titu tio n s through which the le v e l of
e le c tio n . I f e le c tio n s are not free and f a i r and p o lit ic a l p a rtie s are
and th is thesis is not an exce p tio n . The frame o f a n a ly sis used in this
the S o cia l Science Research Council and the Centre fo r Advanced Study in
s a t is fie d with the p re v a ilin g academic tra d itio n and suggested the need
along a determined continuum. Thus, tra d itio n a l s o c ie tie s can only become
p o lit ic a l economy.
p o lit ic a l process of the Third World, when n a tio n a lis ts pressed for
-
\
4
them, irre sp e ctiv e o f whether they were organized as m u lti-p arty or one-
party s ta te s , were taken over by the m ilita r y . There were many d iffe r e n t
con tracts.
election s in the Third World shows that only a few e le c tio n s can be said
1959 and 1964. Ken Post found the 1959 e le c tio n to b e / •£«€» dftd
but the study of the 1964 general e le c tio n undertaken by Michael Vickers
therefore, used by the Aku adm inistration to le g itim ise i t s own p o sitio n and
process. U n fortun ately, i t has not received the atten tion that i t
be traced back to the mediaeval p eriod. Two very important in s titu tio n s
mediaeval Magnum Concilium and the Curia Regis re sp e ctiv e ly . The Cromwell
int-rgnum ap art, B r ita in since the Norman Conquest in 1066 has never had
any d rastic upheaval in it s c o n stitu tio n a l system. "The con tin u ity o f
the fa c t that the in h e rite d in s titu tio n s were not given s u ffic ie n t time to
N igeria lasted for only s ix y e a rs; the second one fo r about four years and
th e ir m istakes. Between 1953 and 1966, N ig e ria had many p o lit ic a l p a rtie s
which were not only suspended when the m ilita ry intervened, but were not
was concerned, a fresh s ta r t was made in the Second Republic and new
p o lit ic s in the Second Republic did so for the f i r s t time. About 98 per
cent of the members o f the House o f Assenfcly had not been in p o lit ic s in
6
the F ir s t R epublic. Mr. Aku and most o f the members of h is Cabinet had
per cent o f those holding party posts in the s ix re g iste re d p arties in the
quently, most of those who took over the leadership o f the Sta te from the
experience requires tim e, and the m ilita ry did not allow such time.
The B r itis h ruled N igeria for s ix t y - s ix years and i t was n ot u n til the
19508 that they started to tra n sfe r democratic in s titu tio n s to the cou n try.
Nigerian p o lit ic ia n s had less than ten years under B r itis h ap p ren ticesh ip ,
author that one of the reasons why democracy did not survive in N igeria
Benue State was the p o lit ic a l cu ltu re o f the people. The view that
A fter studying the p o lit ic s of Northern N ig e ria , Whitaker argued that the
tra d itio n a l c u ltu r a l values c o -e xisted and in many ways each re -in fo rce d
14
the other. On the other hand, Melson and Wolpe argued th at modernization
o f communalism.^
making an ethnic a p p e a l.^ The 'Chongo' and 'Ipusu' issu e was a major
was banned during the e le c tio n s , Mr. Kpamor J . T . Orkar carried out a
18
series of newspaper advertisements between 22 August and 1 September 1983.
During the 1983 e le c tio n , the issue o f carving more States out of
Benue S ta te was a dominant one. None o f the leading ethn ic groups wanted
concerned with the way power is exercised in the S t a te . Those who exercise
p o litic s .
regard for p u b lic p ro b ity . P o lit ic s was seen as the most lu c ra tiv e
the Governor and the other leaders o f the N .P.N . were accused of fin a n c ia l
the Governor.^
the death of Tarka created a leadership vacuum in Tiv land which Aku wanted
charisma nor had a personal support base. His continued stay in power
depended on his performance; only in this way could he convince the people
that he could 'd eliver the goods'. His f i r s t term in o ffic e was a dismal
than two years from the inception o f his administration. At the same time,
Lagos. This appointment gave him two advantages! he was not only able to
10
accumulate money which he could use against Aku, but he was also able to
. . . 25
win the support of the Benue State le g is la to r s in the N ational Assembly.
On the other hand, Aku evolved two s t r a te g ie s . The f i r s t one was to make
way through. He was su cce ssfu l on both cou n ts. Shaahu was removed from
26
o ffic e in 1982. In order to appropriate government money, government
contracts were in fla te d and agreed percentages of the contract money were
bribing the electo rate in the 1983 e le c tio n . The second reason which made
the leadership stru ctu re was dominated by people who were e ith e r contrac
tors out to make money out of p o lit ic s or who had corrupt backgrounds -
impropriety.
tate democratic p o lit ic s . The distribution system did not promote the
integration of society, but tended instead to widen the gap between the
rich and the poor. Those at the top of the economic scale were the
assessed correctly because most of them had ille g a l income on top o f their
servants was relatively high v ie -b -v ie the average income per head in the
State. At the bottom of the ladder were the peasants who constituted more
than 70 per cent of the population. They were mainly subsistence farmers
whose annual income, in most cases, was not s u ffic ie n t to feed their
11
the rainy season and to drought during the dry season. By and la rg e , the
votes in return fo r quick cash. On the other hand, the peasants did not
time as the only opportunity they had to get th e ir share o f the n ational
cake.
State attached more importance to the H5.00 that was given to him before
an e le c tio n than to democracy which had no m aterial meaning fo r him and his
fam ily .
Conclusion
of W hitaker, Melson and Wolpe, the author is o f the opinion th a t the pre
occupation with models which are based on the one hand on modernity and
on the other hand on tra d itio n w ill not fu ll y exp lain the p o l i t i c a l process
of the p o lit ic a l evolution o f the Third World is R iggs' theory o f prism atic
fra cte d , the normative values were fu sed . P o lit ic a l p a rtie s and ele ctio n s
12
were m anifestations o f modern p o lit ic a l stru ctu re s, but th ese in s titu tio n s
were not only interpreted in tra d itio n a l terms, they also became
in s titu tio n s subject to prim ordial c o n f lic t . There was considerable over
lapping between modem and tra d itio n a l in s titu tio n s ; tr a d itio n a l myths
did not perform an in te g ra tiv e role and ele ctio n s did not serve as
existence o f these stru ctu res did not mean that they were performing th e ir
to the overlapping between modern and tra d itio n a l p o lit ic a l cu ltu res.
However, some endogenous changes were taking place which were not harmful
to modernization. Nothing was wrong with most o f the songs o f the p a r tie s ;
Modem stru ctu res and in s titu tio n s would be accepted in Benue State but
they would be modified in the course o f time by tra d itio n a l in s titu tio n s
and values.
13
Footnotes
3. Ib id .
7. Ken Post and Michael V ick e rs, Structure and Conflict in Nigeria
(London: Heinemann, 1973), passim.
9. S .P . Huntington, op. a i t ..
12. G .A. Almond and S . V erb a, The Civic Culture (Boston: L i t t l e , Brown &
Company, 1965), passim.
14
20. Facts about the request fo r a Binda State are to be found in the
Appendix.
21. Facts about the New Benue State are to be found in the Appendix.
23. This rev elation was not w ell defended by Mr. Aper Aku. In fa c t , i t
marked the beginning o f other exposures of corrupt p ra ctice s during
h is ad m in istration .
24. The s itu a tio n was so seriou s that the salary o f c i v i l servants could
not be paid fo r several months.
26. Shaahu was removed by A lh aji Shehu Shagari, the then Head of State.
te*tv*£i/e explanation i< Tkat be rtsjtreA to take A. A JI m. Benu«^ pe titles
27. Alan R. B a ll, Modem P o litio s and Government (London: Macmillan,
1971), p . 52.
CHAPTER TWO
Benue State is one' out of nineteen sta te s which make up the Federal
1976, through stru ctu ra l changes carried out by the la te General M urtala
2
Mohammed. Between 1960 and 1967, N igeria was made up o f four Regions;
in 1967 General Yakubu Gowon abolished the Regions and created twelve
3
S ta te s . When General Murtala took over from Gowon, he increased the
southland Bendel in the w est. The geographical feature from which the
State derives it s name is the River Benue. The clim ate o f the State is
the wet season which s ta rts from la te A p ril to September and the dry
season which runs through the remaining period o f the y e a r. The average
maximum and minimum temperatures are: 35°c (95°f) and 21°c (70°f)
re sp e ctiv e ly .
as there are three major ethnic groups and many minor eth n ic groups. The
major groups are T iv , Ig a la and Idoma; and the minor groups include
lo an s. The major a g ric u ltu ra l crops o f the State are yams, soya bean s,
The g e o -p o litic a l area which was carved out as Benue State was
which were: Adamawa, Banchi, Benue, Borno, Kabba, P lateau , N iger, Kano,
C h ristia n s, detested the s itu a tio n and viewed the p o lit ic a l arrangement
s itu a tio n by o rgan izatio n al means. They formed the Northern N igerian
puts i t :
were mostly from Benue, P la te a u and Kabba Provinces. Mr. (D r.) Joseph
Sarwuan Tarka, a Tiv from Benue Province, was eventually elected the
Middle B elt State - from the Northern Region. The p o lit ic a l leaders
block every co n stitu tio n a l means by which the dreams of the leaders of
The m ilita ry came to power in 1966. In the follow ing y ear, they
arrangement, Benue and P lateau Provinces were put together to form one
did not withstand the test of tim e. There was a se ries of c rise s through
than Plateau. What happened in the State f i t s into what Melson and Wolpe
Howard Wolpei
The e lit e s of both provinces worked side by side without any problem
the S ta te , Mr. J .D . Gomwalk, was from the Plateau Province; the State
also gave top jobs in the C iv il Service to a few Plateau indigenes who did
g
not have the relevant q u a lific a tio n s . Despite these moves, Plateau
Service and were supported in th e ir com plaint by General Gowon and Mr. J .
9
D. Gomwalk. T h ereafter, they asked for a separate Plateau S t a t e . The
charge, and
( ii) they said that they had a pure cu ltu re which they would
was divided in Benue S ta te . The Tiv p eo p le, who were the la rg e st group,
the T iv , Mr. James O rsh i, openly spoke a g a in st any move to divide the
inconsequential and the people must learn to liv e together. N everth eless,
State fo r Benue, p a rtic u la rly when they were being assaulted a fte r the
"Obeya A f f a i r " .^ The Idomas are a very proud people and the P lateau
separate S ta te .
In th eir search for a new S t a t e , the Idomas came face to face w ith
the p o lit ic a l r e a lity of the time. I f the Benue Province was carved out
During the days of the Northern Region, the Ig a la s were in the Kabba
Province. The twelve Sta te stru ctu re merged the Kabba and Ilo r in
Igalas met with a favourable response because the Ig a la s were not happy in
the Kwara S ta te . They were nicknamed ’ Kwara overseas' because they liv e d
on the eastern side o f the River N ig e r , whereas the other groups liv e d
the relatio n sh ip between the Ig a la s and the Yorubas, who were the dominant
not good serv an ts, and have a dominating a ttitu d e . This is related to
which favoured the merger o f Ig a la w ith Benue, was the fa c t that there
were many prominent Idoma people with Ig a la parentage. They included Mr.
\
•*v
21
Omaba Ogbo, the former Deputy Speaker of the Benue S ta te House o f Assembly,
C hief Jomo Adapoyi, former Federal D irecto r of P riso n s, Mr. A tta i Ikpe,
On 31st August 1974, Mr. Appolos Aper Aku, a Tiv from Benue, swore
(2) the Governor had improper asso cia tio n with V oten isk i Company
N ig. L t d .;
company;
delib erate over the co n tra cts before approving them and
experts;
(5) Mrs. Helen Gomwalk, the w ife o f the Governor's eld er brother,
salary o f N8.000.00;
22
(6) payments made to V oten isk i were made out o f 'Below the Line
a salary o f «5,000.00;
and
«26,000.00;
(12) the Governor and h is brothers own more than s ix houses in Jos
14
valued at more than «300,000.00.
between Benue and Plateau indigenes. In fa c t , the situ a tio n was so tense
Plateau State between 1979 and 1983) and Jacob Lot from the Plateau
23
Province did not support Mr. Gomwalk on the grounds that h is government
only ben efited members o f h is immediate fam ily , the Plateau masses were
no doubt with the Governor. Even among Benue e l i t e s , Mr. Paul Unongo and
Gomwalk. Mr. Paul Unongo was said to have taken over the e d ito r ia l o f the
S ta te 's newspaper, the Nigerian Standard, and came out with a series o f
Yakubu Gowon, absolved the Governor and declared the matter closed . Mr.
Aper Aku, who was detained a fte r he had sworn to the a f f id a v it , was
ethnic anim osity u n til the Gowon adm inistration was overthrown in Ju ly ,
1975.^ The new adm inistration under General Murtala Mohammed increased
the number o f States to nineteen and Benue State was one of the new S t a te s .
What was eventually carved out as the Benue State was, by and la r g e ,
d iffe re n t from the old province - which was made up of fiv e d iv isio n s -
two d ivisio n s from the Benue Province - L a fia and Keffi/Nassarawa - were
merged with the Plateau Province; while one d iv isio n - Wukari - was added
in Benue - Idoma and Tiv - Ig a la d iv isio n was taken away from Kwara State
and added to the Benue Province to form the present Benue S ta te . Thus,
over 1,2 m illio n people which make them the seventh la rg e st ethnic group
in N igeria. They occupy a land area of 23,638.6 sq. kms. There are also
Tiv settlem ents in L a fia and Awe d iv isio n s o f the Plateau State
and Takum and Wukari d iv isio n s o f the Gongola S t a te . The oral tra d itio n s
o f the T iv assert that they belong to one fam ily which descended from a
three hundred years ago. I t is sa id that they migrated from Swem which
trib a l c o u n c il, otherwise known as ' J i r Tamen', was supreme. In the 1940s,
paramount c h ie f for a l l T i v .^
o f over h a lf a m illio n people, they occupy Ankpa, Dekina, Idah, Omalla and
a n tiq u ity . At the head o f the Kingdom is the A ttah (King) who enjoys
absolute power in tra d itio n a l m a tters. Below the Attah are t it le d holders
and Kingmakers who are known as Igala mela. Thus, unlike the T iv , the
in 1963 was 684,880 and th eir land area is 13,015 sq . kms. They are found
and Ig a la , the Idomas are not a homogeneous group. There are va ria tio n s
in so cial organization among the people from one d i s t r i c t to the oth er.
The Idoma have a strong c h ie fta in c y t r a d itio n which antedates the advent
Other minor ethnic groups to be found in Benue State are the Igedde
who settled in the south-eastern p a rt, the Etulo who are in K atsina-A la
25
and Gboko lo ca l government areas, and the Bassa-Nge and Bassa-Como who
Between 1976 and 1979, Benue State was under m ilita r y adm inistrators.
The two Governors who ruled the State in that period were Colonel
a b ilit y to consume many b o ttle s o f Guilder Lager beer and Group Captain
Bayo Lawal. The m ilita ry period is now referred to as the worst period in
the h isto ry o f the Benue S ta te . The m ilita ry ru lers were only interested
handed over to a dem ocratically elected government led by Mr. Aper Aku on
1st October 1979. However, before discussing the p o lit ic a l process o f the
Each of the dominant groups which c o n stitu te the Benue State was a
A fter the creatio n o f new Sta te s in 1967, there were adm in istrative
reforms in both Benue-Plateau State and Kwara which led to the p r o life
Table 1.
Explaining the reasons for cre a tin g the new d iv is io n s , the Governor,
The s p lit of the Tiv D ivisio n in to three new D ivision s met with
20
strong opposition from some sections o f the T iv community. This
included Mr. Isaac Shaahu, Mr, Aper Aku, Isaac Kpum and most o f those who
exercise was carried out without the consent o f the people, i t would re s u lt
in revolt and bloodshed. The second argument was that the creation of
l
27
28
D ivisio n s. Also the issue o f boundary disputes might lead to disturban ces.
F in a lly , th is group argued that new D ivisio n s would mean the end o f Tor
Tiv (Chief o f Tiv) who was then acting as a unifying in s t itu t io n . The
and this would lead to deep cleavages among the T iv . Apart from these
h is supporters.
separatism from the Northern Region. The protest tra d itio n in Benue
p o lit ic s which was started by Tarka made him a hero among the T iv who
On the other hand, Tiv so ciety had changed considerably from the days
o f the F irst Republic. There were many educated people who f e l t that Tiv
was not having i t s fa ir share o f the n ation al cake from the State govern
ment. This group supported and fought for the creation o f more D ivisio n s
out o f Tiv D iv is io n . They were led by Mr. Paul Iorpuu Unongoj other
members of th is group included Mr. Chia Surma and Mr. Paul Loko. I t must
T iv , who, in turn , gave b irth to 'Ipusu' and 'Chongo'. The 'Ipusu' and
'Chongo'. The 'Ip u su ' se ttle d in the southern part of Tiv land; they were
the most c iv ilis e d , most educated and most e n te rp risin g . Gboko, the Tiv
Tiv native a u th o rity . On the other hand, the 'Chongo' lived in the
deal from th eir kin brothers and alleged that the 'Ipusu' dominated them
th is time was not in terested in cre a tin g more d iv isio n s and the issue was
la id to r e s t .
In March 1969, Mr. Chia Surma, a Tiv le ctu re r at the Local Government
year. The content of these memoranda was about a request for the creation
go from h ere?". In i t he sp elt out h is reasons for a g ita tin g for new
The main reasons given by the various Tiv leaders for the demand for more
30
D ivision s in Tiv land are as fo llo w s. Econom ically, Tiv land is said to
be behind many areas. The area was too large for the t r ic k le o f resources
which were obtained from the State Government. Secondly, T iv land was
being cheated in the d istrib u tio n o f am en ities. The leaders argued that
the population of Tiv was h a lf o f the whole S ta te . Yet Tiv D ivisio n was
being treated on an equal basis w ith other D iv isio n s. For example, Tiv
D ivision had only one general h o sp ita l for a population o f over one
Besides these overt reasons, there were other personal reasons which
more D ivision s would erode the power base o f Mr. Joseph Tarka and h is 'old
and the issue came to an end. We s h a ll now turn to Ig a la land where there
period. The disagreement is between the Idah group and Ankpa group; the
la tte r accused the Idah group of ch eatin g them. Among the commonest
(iv ) in the Ig a la Native A u th o rity , Mr. Omale Akagu was the only
. . . 24
Ankpa c it iz e n heading a department.
Ahmed P a te g i. The committee was given the follow ing terms o f referen ce:
A fter s it tin g for two weeks, the Committee submitted a report which
32
came from the tra d itio n a l ru ler of Ig a la land, the Attah o f Ig a la , who saw
the ex e rcise.
(a) Gboko
(b) Makurdi
(c) Katsina-Ala
(d) Idah
(e) Ankpa
(f) Dekina
(g) Otukpo
a unified lo cal government system for the whole country, but also sp ecified
guidelines for the functions and stru ctu res o f lo c a l government areas.
The Edict also made provision for two structures o f government which are
the Local Government Council and the T rad itio n al C ou n cil. The Local
\
33
Government C o u n c i l .,.,;
(1) Ankpa
(2) Bassa
(3) Dekina
(4) Gboko
(5) Gwer
( 6) Idah
34
(8) Kwande
(9) Makurdi
(10) Oju
( ID Okpokwu
(12) Otukpo
(13) Vandeikya
Kwara State where there was a larger group o f Bassas. The compromise
by the C on stitu tion o f N igeria for the purposes o f revenue a llo ca tio n and
e le c to r a l arrangements.
1 Ado Igumale
2 Ambighir Buruku
3 Ankpa Ankpa
4 Apa Ugbokpo
3 Bassa Oguma
6 Dekina Dekina
7 Gboko Gboko
8 Gwer Aliede
35
9 Idah Idah
10 K atsina-A la K a tsin a -A la
12 Kwande Adikpo
13 Makurdi Makurdi
14 Nagi Naka
15 Ofu Ogwolawo
16 Oju Oju
17 Okpokwu Okpoga
18 Omalla Abejukolo
19 Otukpo Otukpo
21 Ushongo Lessel
22 Ukum Shankara
23 Vandeikya Vandeikya
When the m ilita r y took over in December 1983, they reverted to the
Benue State has gone through a series of changes w ithin the short
the C on stitu tion of the Second Republic introduced the American type of
P resid en tial system; the aim, of course, was a strong government at both
Commissioners and High Court Judges. The Commissioners were the p o lit ic a l
The State High Court could declare the acts o f the Governor unconsti
the powers of the two other branches would be merely form al. For example,
when serious a lle g a tio n s o f corruption were made against Mr. Aper Aku, the
hand, the Ju d ic ia l branch supported Mr. Aku in every case brought against
him. This was not unexpected in view o f the fa c t that most of the Judges
elected from the fifty -s e v e n con stitu en cies o f the S t a te . Between October
1979 and September 1983, the Tiv had 30 members, the Ig a la had 15, and the
Idoma 12. The Speaker and the C h ie f Whip were from the Tiv area, the
Deputy Speaker from the Idoma area and the m ajority leader from the Ig a la
area. The seventeen committees o f the House were: Business and Rules
P riv ileges and Protocol Committee; Public Service Committee; P u b lic ity
Committee.
which was responsible for making government p o lic ie s and the day-to-day
Commissioner fo r P a ra sta ta ls
KEYS:
A Speaker
B Deputy Speaker
C M ajority Leader
D M inority Leader
F Library O ffic e r
G A dm inistrative O ffic e r
H Executive O ffic e r s
I C h ief Whip
J Committee Chairman
Commissioner fo r Finance
Commissioner fo r A griculture
Commissioner fo r Education
Commissioner fo r Health
Adviser on S ta te Security
D irector o f Information
. 30
Director of Budget
linked to the Governor through the Secretary to the Government and these
The Ju d ic ia l Branch
which was headed by the Commissioner and the Ju d ica tu re which was headed
v
THE ORGANIZATIONAL C H ART OF THE GOVERNOR'S OFFICE
c
]p 1! 1[ ! J
KEYS:
D Executive O ffic e rs
E C le r ic a l O ffic e rs
J D irecto r of Budget
ORGANIZATION CHART OF A MINISTRY
G I
I I
1
H J
K
I
1
L
KEYS:
A Governor
C Commissioner
D Head of C iv il Service
E C iv il Service Conmission
F Permanent Secretary
K Executive O ffic e rs
L C le r ic a l O ffic e rs
42
KEYS:
A Governor
E P rofession al O ffic e rs
F Technical O ffic e rs
43
KEYS:
A Governor
D Permanent Secretary
F Legal Draftsman
G A dm inistrative O ffic e rs
H Executive O ffic e r s
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE JUDICATURE
KEYS:
A Ju d ic ia l Service Commissii
B C hief Ju s tic e
M inistry o f Education
M inistry o f Finance
M inistry of Ju s tic e
M inistry o f Information
Public Corporations
Radio Benue
income per head which was about N30.00. The salary grade le v e ls of c i v i l
1 1,500.00
2 1,530.00
3 1,572.00
4 1,752,00
5 1,986.00
6 2,418.00
7 3,174.00
8 3,924.00
9 5,112.00
10 6,282.00
11 7,320.00
12 8,034.00
13 8,712.00
14 9,858.00
15 11,046.00
16 12,354.00
17 13,813.00
Governor 21,000.00
Governor - Allowance 16,000.00
Deputy Governor 17,000.00
Commissioners 14,500.00
47
S p e c ia l Advisers/Directors 14,500.00
Speaker of the Sta te House o f
Assembly 17,000.00
Deputy Speaker 15,500.00
M ajority Leader 15,000.00
M in ority Leader 14,000.00
C h ie f Whip 14,000.00
Members 13,500.00
C lerk o f the House 14.500.0032
■
48
Footnotes
5. Ib id .
9. General Gowon was the Federal Head o f State and Mr. J^D. Gomwalk was
the Governor o f the S t a t e . Both o f them came from Partehin in the
Plateau P rovince. *
10. Mr. James Orshi is now the Tor Tiv (tr a d itio n a l ru ler of the Tiv
people).
11. Mr. Andrew Obeya was the Secretary to the Government, which made him
the second person to the Governor in the hierarchy of power. He was
arrested on the s tre e ts o f Jos and charged with having sexual in te r
course with a married woman - Mrs. Anatu Abashe. In one o f his
pleadings in the Court, he asserted that adultery was not a crim inal
offence in Idoma s o c ie ty . This issue was exploited by the Plateau
group who said that Idomas had no good c u ltu r e .
12. The Ig a la e lit e s who were at the fo refro n t o f the movement for the
merger with Benue were: Mr. Isa Odoma, former Deputy Governor in
Benue S ta te ; Mr. Simeon Onekutu, former Secretary to the Benue
Government; Ju s t ic e Alhassan Idoko; B a rriste r Ibrahim Abdullahi and
Joseph Ataguba.
13. This a ffid a v it brought Mr. Aper Aku to p o lit ic a l lim eligh t - a factor
which he was to e x p lo it to become Governor of the Benue S ta te .
49
17. This was one of the e a r lie s t Kingdoms to e x ist in the area. The
ethn ic groups which made up the Apa Kingdom were: Idoma, I g a la ,
Igb ira and Jukun.
20. The three new Divisions in Tiv land were: Gboko, Makurdi and
K atsin a-A la.
22. A fte r the C iv il War, General Yakubu Gowon told N igerian s that the
m ilitary was going to hand over in 1976. He, however, changed h is
mind in 1975 when he said that the 1976 dateline was not r e a l i s t i c .
24. P .0 . Okolo, The Case o f the S p lit o f Igala Land in 1968, unpublished
D isse rta tio n , Department o f Government, A .B .U ., Z a r ia , 1978.
25. Ib id .
26. Ib id .
28. Ib id .
29. Ib id .
CHAPTER THREE
POLITICAL PARTIES
com petitive party systems. S u ffic e i t to say that p o lit ic a l p a rtie s are
a p re -req u isite for modern e le c tio n s . The ancient Greek C ity States did
perform th is fu n ctio n .
which sta te s that in d ivid u als must have the rig h t of free a sso c ia tio n .
Cymru and the S co ttish N ational P a rty . These p a rtie s compete fo r the
democracy - is co n stitu tio n a lism . As used in th is con text, c o n stitu tio n a lism
A
53
e le cto ra te.
government.
H. Beer put i t :
wrote that p o lit ic a l party " i s the la s t degradation of the free and moral
there at a l l ." ^ Yet under the nose of these leaders of the United States
p o lit ic a l p a rtie s were emerging. And not long afterw ards, com petitive
questioned as new advances are made in p o lit ic a l stu d ie s. The h ith e rto
held view that p o lit ic a l p a rtie s are democratic in s titu tio n s no longer
■ M i
55
holds water. Em pirical research done by Robert M ichels and others has
estab lish some co n tin u ity with those of the Second R epublic. This is
to mention that these in s titu tio n s were expected to function lik e those
discussed here. F i r s t l y , the ru lin g p a rtie s did not want the existen ce
p arties e s s e n tia l, Nigerian leaders did not lik e opposition because they
them,was a zero sum game and those who were out of power should remain
there fo r ever. On the other hand, the co n stitu tio n was not in any way
steps were taken e ith e r to elim inate them or render them in e ffe c tiv e .
the fa c t th at they were not only communally based but that they a lso
of p o lit ic a l p arties and thus regu late the way in which things should operate
C on stitu tion o f the Second R epu b lic. The C .D .C ., which had C hief
were p o lit ic a l r e a lis ts and they knew that no modern p o lit ic a l system
13 . . .
could e x is t without p o lit ic a l p a r tie s . They made i t clear in th eir
system for N ig e r ia . This provision was embodied in the Con stitu tion of
C on stitu tion sp e cifie d that no asso cia tio n could function as a p o lit ic a l
with FEDECO;
(A) i t s name, emblem or motto must not have any eth n ic or re lig io u s
o f N ig e ria ;
(5) the headquarters must be situ ated in the Federal c a p ita l; and
y iu v , w X / C
the s tip u la tio n of the m ilita r y that p o lit ic a l p a rtie s must be nation al
p arties had to meet some c o n stitu tio n a l requirement^ b efo re being allowed
democracy being p ra c tise d . I t is true that the C o n stitu tio n had good
k _ *
y
■napihr
60
which denies free a sso c ia tio n in whatever form negates lib e r a l democratic
are democratic in s t it u t io n s .
this was the issue o f the re g is tra tio n o f p o lit ic a l p a r tie s . One of the
righ t in that too many parties would have given ris e to organizational
said:
The decision of FEDECO not to re g iste r some of the a sso cia tio n s was
not challengeable in court and the most Tunji could do was to make a
the State was more of a one-party system since the N .P .N . had dominated
the State Assembly and the E xecutive arm of government. The N .P .P . and
despite the fa c t that they enjoyed the goodwill and support of a section
A
62
movement were:
s ta tu s , c la s s , re lig io u s or p o lit ic a l a f f il i a t io n :
According to Okadigbo:
Mr. Isaac Kpum, Mr. Isaac Shaahu, Mr. M.U. Ogbole, Mr. Isa Odoma,
Chief J . C . Obande. Tarka was the most in flu e n t ia l person among these
( i i ) he was of the view that the Tiv people should never be in the
opposition p a rty .
view that the Hausas were only going to use him to achieve th e ir p o lit ic a l
26
objective (to win in Benue S ta te ).
Tyu-Abeghe said:
The e le ctio n was held on 9th December 1978 when over 2,000 delegates
presented themselves for the p re sid e n tia l nom inations. The regulation
the f i r s t candidate, A lh a ji Shehu Sh agari, had scored 140 votes less than the
at this stage that both Maitama Sule and Adamu Ciroma stepped down in favour of
A lh a ji Shehu Sh agari.
vowed that the Tiv people would never again be in opposition to the
ruling p arty . When Tarka was asked why had he decided to go with the
t
Hausas when he had, during the F ir s t R ep u b lic, preached a g a in st them, he
replied: "A t that time our in te re sts were at p a r, but th is is not the
Regional government. They were of the view that the Federal government
was going to be formed by the National P arty and by being with the ru lin g
the N .P.N . important Tiv men lik e Isaac Shaahu, Ugba Uye, Isa a c Kpum,
AS well as old CaA-res c f. +bt U M B C clan. o*-d d iitV ic t " l* v « Js .
Ugor Iwoo, Shirsha and Tyungu^ Tarka a ls o encouraged some new breed to
Benue State was estab lish ed at th is stage. The Tiv people con stitu ted
about h a lf o f the population of the State and any p o lit ic a l party which
From the Idoma Se ctio n , Chief J . C . Obande and Mr. Morgan Ogbole were
informed Idomas were not interested in the N .P .N . The party only got the
Republic. Those who formed the club included: Paul Odeh, C h ristia n Onu,
Omada Ogbo, Eigege E jig a and S.O . Adigba. The word 'Arewa' meant Northern
N ig e ria . The Arewa So cia l Club was an organization with the express
be an Ibo party and preferred the N .P.N . which they believed belonged to
the N ortherners. When the Arewa Club merged with the N .P .N . i t gave the
leaders who took the N .P.N . there. The fa c t that these two men came
the N .P .N . as Idah based. This caused the Ankpa people to vote for the
One thing unique to the N .P .N . was the idea of zoning. The quota
Niger and Kwara). This zone was to produce the p re sid e n tia l
candidate in 1979.
Zone B :- Comprised the Old Western Region and was to produce the
Zone C :- Comprised the Ibo Eastern s ta te s and was given the post of
V ice-p re sid en t.
Zone D :- M inority sta te s who were given the postç of- fNl«.tSon\«4
Zone A :- Tiv-speaking area, which was given the posts of Governor and
Secretary.
Zone B:- Idoma-speaking area, which was given the post of Chairman of the
p arty.
Ankpa, was zoned to the T iv and Mr. Tor Ngibo from Katsina-Aha d iv isio n
In 1979 when the o f fic e s were f i l l e d for the f i r s t time the idea
of zoning did not create any problem. Tarka was then a liv e and his
Mr. Aku won h is nomination through him. Mr. Shaahu was appointed a
system did not create problems in 1979 was the fa c t that those who were elected
They had not been tested in these jo b s. Most of them were seen as new
example, Mr. Aper Aku, the candidate fo r Governor, was making h is debut
in p artisan p o lit ic s .
In 1983 the whole s itu a tio n had changed as almost every person who
for o f fic e eventually led to the fa c tio n a liz a tio n of the p a rty . Mr. Tarka
died in 1980 and l e f t a leadership vacuum in Tiv land. Aku, who was the
Governor in the S ta te , was o f the view that the crown should descend on
The other three were E zekiel A k iga, head of the State C i v i l Service,
70
the fa c t that most people were not happy with the performance o f some of
the incumbents and requested that they be changed. In areas where there
were many ethnic groups the concept of zoning was re-defined to stave
The committee d elib erated fo r two weeks and prepared a rep ort. But
when the report was about to be submitted, Mr. S .O . Adigba, who was then
71
Mr. Nelson Eka Onojo, the Secu rity adviser to the Governor; and
one con stitu en cy. According to the rule of zoning, one constituency
cannot have two le g is la to r s . Mr. Eigege E jig a , who was elected to the
realised because o f the challenge by Mr. Adejo O g iri who was from the
same con stitu en cy. Mr. O g ir i was in terested in being returned to the
Senate and, under normal circum stances, would not have threatened
Mr. E jig a 's se a t. But the zoning ru le says that two candidates cannot
come from the same constituency: e ith e r Mr. E jig a or Mr. O g iri could be
chosen, but not both . Eventually Mr. O g iri was nominated fo r two
Mr. Adejo O g iri was the fa c t that some of the elders defined the concept
of zoning in tr a d itio n a l terms. They argued that Mr. E jig a had already
had his share of the national cake and that he should allow h is 'broth er'
to make sure that h is opponent did not have everything h is own way by
E le ctio n .
zoned the le g is la tiv e seat among the three sub-clans of Aono, Aodo and
Olachakpaha. Mr. Audu Ogbe, the le g is la t o r who was elected in the 1979
that the seat should ro tate to Olachakpaha. Mr. Christopher Ajunwa was
Mr. Abutu Obekpa, was from Aodo; the second le g is la to r , Mr. Audu Ogbe,
was from Aono. I t was therefore considered reasonable to give the th ird
Aodo who argued that they were the la rg e s t in population among the three
women. Ukwogbo market occupies a cen tral place in Otukpa p o lit ic s and
from the sm allest sub-clan defeated Mr. A ttah Ojechema from Aodo, which
The song brought the e n tire Aodo women in to p o lit ic s ; th eir reaction
was a combination of anger and re so lve . They wept openly in the market
and as they went home they vowed that any person born from th e ir womb
development many Aodo men and women l e f t the N .P.N . fo r the N .P .P . They
73
In Ig a la land sim ilar things were happening. Mr. John Ekweme, who
Benue S ta te Assembly, was 'zoned o u t' when he trie d to seek re-nom ination.
r iv e r lin e area, where Ekweme comes from . In 1983 the leaders of the
candidate from the h in terlan d , Mr. Danjo Egwuche. Mr. Ekweme l e f t the
won by a 80-70 margin and was even to ld p o lit e ly but firm ly that i f the
. . 37
ele ctio n was to be repeated 20 times he (John Ekweme) would never win.
The foregoing discussion of the zoning system shows that from the
on a s c rip tio n . Also the le v e l of com petition in the party was low.
took to business and proved very su cce ssfu l; w ithin a few y ears, he
The aim of the Club was to defend and protect the in te re sts of
m inority groups in N igeria against the gian t trib e s - the Hausa, Ibo
and Yoruba. The f i r s t test of the Club came when the Moslem group in
39
the Assembly introduced the "Sharia is s u e " . Members of the Club fought
co n s titu tio n , on 5th December, 1977, Mr. Paul Unongo had th is to say:
in clu sio n of the Sharia Court system in the C o n stitu tio n - the
C o n stitu tio n .
N .P .P .
leader.
p resid en tial candidate but th is was opposed by some members o f the party.
which he reconmended that both posts should not be held by one person.
rrç^ r
76
As he was reading the amendment some d elegates booed at him and to ld him
in h is speech, that the national o ffic e s should be shared among the three
clubs that make up the N .P .P . He said the p re sid e n tia l candidate should
Ibrahim, the V ice-p resid en t form Club 19 and the Chairman o f the party
from the Lagos P rogressives. The suggestion was turned down by the
m ajority of members.
I t was at th is stage that C h ief Kola Balogun from Oyo State stood up
the C o n stitu tio n should read that a person who had been elected as the
The idea was supported by a m ajority of the menfeers who danced and
shouted: "Power to the people". The shouting did not stop when C h ie f
decided to walk out h is clothes were held by a member who also slapped him.
There was a b ig row and the convention became in co n clu siv e . The members
from Agege and Shagamu who arrived at the venue o f the convention - Kings
77
service of the n atio n ". Candido saw i t as 'a p o lit ic a l shark game,
where cunning men with the k i l l e r in s tin c t die and are buried by one
46
another in t h e ir jaw s."
In his celebrated speech at Hotel P re sid e n tia l, Enugu, Zik gave the
47
reasons for h is re-entry in to what he described as the orb it o f p o l it ic s .
According to him:
These were:
h is p o lit ic a l credo;
(3) the members of the N .P .P . were birds of the same feather with
him; and
49
(4) there was no condition attached to h is membership o f the p arty.
e ffo r ts were made to e sta b lish branches a o f the party throughout the
country. The party retained it s motto which was: U n ity , se rv ice and
The leader of the N .P .P . in Benue Sta te was Mr. Paul Unongo who,
T iv land to the great annoyance of Tarka. The D ivisio n issu e marks the
point of divergence between the two men. Although each represented the
Tiv people in the Con stitu en t Assembly, they joined d iffe r e n t p o lit ic a l
Islam ;
( ii) c u ltu r a lly more negroid A frica n than Arabic and consequently
■
79
methods;
to p o lit ic a l issu e s;
(v) openly claim to have been held down and denied minimum
electo rate (in view of the facto rs mentioned above) would favour any
dominated the N .P .N .
Gongola and Plateau delegates said that the people of Middle Belt would
52
find i t d i f f i c u l t to go i t alone without the Tarka f a c t o r ." During
the second meeting which was held at the Law House, Makurdi, the "Idoma
N .P.P . They could not see the p o s s ib ility of any party th at did not
80
his stand clear to the members of Club 19. Tarka to ld the audience that
party which was alread y in the pipe lin e . He blamed young Tiv
p o litic ia n s for p r a c tis in g the p b lit ic s of blackm ail on him and d e cla re d ,"I
Naira from the A frican C on tin en tal Bank and used the money to develop
through this company, e sta b lish e d a chain of businesses throughout Tiv land.
Somehow the message which Mr. Unongo hoped to convey did not get to the
both Mr. Ogaba Ede and Mr. Ogo Ukpabi, who represented the area in the
The Apa So cial Club was formed by some educated e l it e s in Idoma land
\
81
based leg al p ra c titio n e r ; Mr. Vincent Garuba Ookwu, a re tire d lectu rer
from Ahmadu B e llo U n iv e rsity , Zaria; Dr. Edwin Ogbu, a former N igerian
ambassador at the United Nations; Dr. Edwin Obe, an Otukpo based medical
p ra ctitio n e r; Mr. Ameh Odoh, Mr. Abu Edo, C o l. G .O .C . Agada, Mr. Ogaba
Ede, Mr. Obaike Odeh and Mr. Innocent Ogbe. When the Apa Club was
p a r tie s .
in the National Movement and there was no one to carry the message of
Mr. Jo e l Abu and Captain Ocheja from Dekina d iv isio n ; and Mr. Moses Ogu
from Idah.
Committee of Frien ds. When the m ilita ry announced i t plan to hand over
position and strateg y papers. In th is way they not only came to think
on the same wave length but also enrolled as members of the Committee of
The U .P .N . was brought to Benue State by Mr. Chia Surma and E lla
' \
82
Mr. Surma i s of the view that the U .P .N . cannot adopt orthodox m arxist
p o lit ic a l power through the b a llo t box. Mr. Surma warned that n ig e r ia
However, in 1983 the support of the party was boosted when many
In the T iv area, Mr. Ayua Num and Mr. Isaac Shaahu declared fo r the
party. In Aukpa area, the in flu e n t ia l Rtd Colonel Alhasan Yakubu, who
On the eve o f the 1983 e le c tio n , the U .P .N . was apparently the b est
stru ctu res, in the Second Republic party strength lay in the formal
for power was w ithin the party s tr u c tu r e s . This makes the control o f
grounded upon a democratic b a se . For example the N .P.N . was con trolled
by Mr. Aper Aku, Mr. Obande Obeya, Mr. Vincent U ji and Tor Ngibo; the
U .P .N . was con trolled by Mr. Chia Surma, Mr. E lla Abogonye and Alhasan
Yakubu; and the N .P .P . was co n tro lle d by Mr. Paul Unongo and Mr. Joe
( iii) one (1) delegate per each Senate seat won (the Senator to be
the o f f i c i a l d e le g a te );
(v) ten (10) delegates fo r 25Z votes cast (to be elected two per
Level
-> 3
->2
KEY:
Level 4
A N ational Convention
Level 3
D State Congress
Level 2
Level 1
H D is tr ic t branch
I D is tr ic t Executive Comnittee
K Ward/Village b r a n c h .^
HHHH
85
( v iii) the President and V ice-P resid en t where they are members of the
N .P .N .; and
37
(ix) the National Chairman and a l l other N ational O ffic e r s .
of the p arty .
( ii) the President and V ice-P resid en t where they are members of the
party;
party;
party;
(vi) one woman and one youth from each State elected by the State
Congress;
( v iii) the party leader in the Senate and the party leader in the
Executive Committee.
State Congress
N .P .N . gubernatorial candidate;
of the p arty ;
party;
government branch;
personal m e rit;
(x) a l l Federal M in isters from the State who are members o f the
party; and
(xi) Chairmen of Boards and Corporations from the State who are
of the State concerned, the same powers and functions which the
*
88
The functions o f the State Working Committee are sim ila r to those
63
(vi) Chairman and Secretary of the Women Sub-Com m ittee's.
and
The main v a ria tio n in the organizational stru ctu res o f the three
example, the U .P .N . was the only party in Benue State with functioning
nineteen co n stitu e n cie s for the Federal House o f R epresen tatives.65 The
U.P.N . is a h ighly c e n tra lise d p arty. This was due to the influence of
Chief Obafemi Awolowo who was both the Chairman of the party and i t s
membership cards but who rarely paid th e ir annual subscription fees and
local
hardly ever attended^/party meetings. The C o n stitu tio n of the Second
Level A
-> Level 3
-> Level 2
■ > Level 1
A National Convention
Level 3
D State Convention
Level 2
Level 1
J W ard/District Meeting
. 67
K W ard/District Executive Meeting.
those of the N .P .N .
91
A
Level 3
B
D Level 2
F
I Level 1
KEY:
Level 3
A National Congress
Level 2
C State Conferences
Level 1
F Ward Meetings.^®
e x ^ i n .h o n . Ar fCnt ItU l .
\
MM t'.*®
92
except that prospective members had to pay a re g is tra tio n fee of one
naira and had to agree to abide by the p a rty 's C o n s titu tio n . Although
p rice might vary depending on the fortunes o f the p a r tie s . A fter the
they can derive from being a member of a p arty. This makes the question
exodus from the p a rtie s which lo s t to the party which won. This process
give rise to 'decam ping'. The f i r s t is the search for greener pastures.
winning p arty ". The second reason fo r 'decamping' is over the issue of
that the decampee should con test the seat which h is former party denied
him. Between 1979 and 1983 not less than three thousand prominent
overleaf:
’ Decampees' in search o f Greener Pastures
Chief Agada It II
a few.
also in the C o n stitu tio n . Here again we come across another problem.
operationalized? As the C o n stitu tio n did not provide any answer to these
fit. A survey of the views of a l l the p arties on major issu es does not
N .P .P . and the U .P .N .
a g ric u ltu re ;
96
farmers; and
expensive to implement.
and q u a lity , the goods and se rv ice s which the people needed, without
(iv) f u l l employment.^
97
and progress w ithin which the party intended to carry out i t s programme.
The programne o f the party was designed by Dr. Azikiwe who brought
Republic Dr. Azikiwe had been very concerned with the question of u n ity
and with plans to make sure that the country's various ethnic group
meant bringing the armed and se cu rity forces in to the p o lit ic a l system.
Thus instead of having the tra d itio n a l three arms of government there
98
Party Finance
The finance of a l l the p a rtie s was derived from the follow ing
sources:
The Con stitu tion prohibited the p arties from having foreign
accounts:
price was normally one n a ira per card. Interviews conducted in the fie ld
showed that branch o ffic e s did not even keep any record of s a le s.
were bank loans and donations from patrons; however, most p arties were
p o lit ic a l p arties both at the centre and in the States manipulated contract
82
went in to the c o ffe rs o f the party.
2.5 m illio n n aira (in 1979) to p a r tie s . This grant was ca lcu la te d by
(i) f i f t y per cent of the block grant to be shared equ ally among
( ii) the remaining f i f t y per cent o f the grant to be shared among the
Party Leadership
a ffilia tio n . I t depicted a leadership stru ctu re which had evolved out
h is to r y . The economic boom o f the period was due to the exp lo ita tio n
revenues were swollen and both the economy and the c la s s structure were
b lo c k s.
was dram atic. Many N ig e ria n s,fo r the f i r s t time, started construction
being tranformed other changes were taking place in N igeria which were
January 1970. The e ffe c t o f the war was to make the Federal Government
co n tracto rs. These people were engaged in the supply of foodstuffs and
other e sse n tia l m aterials for the so ld iers at the war fr o n t. At the end
introduce le g is la tio n which would tran sfer to them the lio n 's share of
the control of the commercial secto r of the economy. B efore, the la tte r
was dominated by fo re ig n firm s from Europe and the Middle E a st. The
take over most businesses in the commercial se cto r o f the economy from
fo reign ers.
was a group made up o f a few N igerians who had the b e n e fit of Western
p o sitio n s, but few re ta in them today. Communal heroes and tra d itio n a l
trad itio n are fig h tin g a losin g b a ttle in N ig e r ia . The in s titu tio n a l
the change in the economic stru ctu re. As K a rl Marx has put i t , the
among th e ir number were those who had been in the four leadership groups
Republic emerged from a d iffe r e n t situ atio n and joined the contractors in
the leadership stru ctu re . This second group was made up of retired
the c o lle c tiv e measures carried out by General Murtala Mohammed in 1975.
undertook a system atic purge of the public se rv ice s of both the Federal
and State governments. The exercise started in August 1975 and ended in
( i) Contractors - 603!
imprint of th e ir v alu es. What then are the values o f these leaders?
The three leadership groups mentioned above emerged in d iffe r e n t s itu a tio n s.
The contractor group, which is about 60 per cent of the entire leadership,
the war. Corruption was p ractised openly: those who awarded contracts
merged with the contractors to form the bulk of the leadership group
106
i
Footnotes
6. I b id •
11. Keith P an ter-B rick ( e d .) , Sold iers and O il: The p o lit ic a l
transformation o f Nigeria (London: Cass 1978).
12. Ib id .
13. The Sub-Committee on p o lit ic a l p a rtie s was made up of the follow ing
people: the la te A lh a ji Aminu Kano; Chairman; Dr. David-West, the
la te P r o f. B .J . Dudley, D r. Chris Abashiya, Mr. Mr. Tukma, Dr.
S. A leyid ero and Mr. D. Dimka.
15. The Con stitu tion o f Nigeria 1979 (Lagos: Government P rin ter 1979),
107
Chap. 8.
19. The National Movement was formed on 26 August 1978 in Lagos. The
foundation members were: Anambra State - Mr. C .C . Onoh, John Nwodo,
Chuba Okadigbo, B .C . Nwankwo; Bauchi State - A lh a ji Sule Katagum and
A lh a ji T a ta li A l i; Benue State - Mr. J . S . Tarka and C o l. Ahmadu A li;
Bendel S ta te - Mr. Anthony Enahoro and Mr. Siaka Momodu; Cross-River
State - Dr. Joseph Wayas, C hief Donald E tie b e t, C h ief I t a Bassey
Etuk and C hief J .H . Bassey; Borno State - A lh a ji Kam Selem, A lh a ji
A li Mongonu and A lh a ji Adamu Ciroma; Gongola State - Professor Iya
Abubakar; Kaduna S ta te - A lh a ji Nuhu Bamali and A lh a ji Garba Ja
Abdulkadir; Kano S ta te - A lh a ji Inuwa Wada and A lh a ji Aminu Kano;
Kwara S ta te - Dr. Sola Saraki; Plateau State - A lh a ji Yahaya Sabo;
Imo State - Dr. Mbadiweand Dr. J . O . J . Okezie; Ogun State - Mr. E .B .
Sorunke and Mr. Onigbade; Ondo State - Mr. Ogungbade and Mr. C .B .
Akinfade Awojoun; Oyo State - C hief Richard A k in jid e , C h ie f Adisa
Akinloye and C hief Fani Kayode; Lagos State - Mr. S. Dada; Sokoto
State - A lh a ji Shehu Shagari; Rivers State - C hief M.O. O k illo .
21. Ib id .
22. Ib id .
23. Ib id .
24. Ib id .
26. Ib id .
27. Ib id .
28. Ib id .
30. Ib id .
37. Ib id .
39. Ib id .
40. Ib id .
42. Ib id .
43. Ib id .
45. Ib id .
46. Ib id .
48. Ib id .
49. Ib id .
51. Tyu-Abeghe,op. a it .
52. I b id ..
53. I b i d ..
54. I b i d ..
58. Ib id .
59. Ib id .
109 i
60. Ibid .
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid .
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
68. Ibid .
70. The money re alised from the sa le o f the membership cards was not
accounted fo r - i t was diverted into p riv ate pockets.
72. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
77. Ibid .
80. Ib id .
83. Ibid .
86. Ib id .
no
in
CHAPTER FOUR
were:
Apart from these four conditions there is also a need for a free press.
The Second Republic was inaugurated in 1979 and ended when the m ilita ry
existence (1979-1983), two ele ctio n s were held - in 1979 and 1983.
had carried out some stru ctu ra l and in s titu tio n a l reforms which were
said , "of cou rse, spoke only for sp e cia l in te r e s ts , often ethnic
'f r e e ', which can by and large be applied to the one which has been
The study by Post had one major weakness: he was too rig id in
his ap plication of Mackenzie's model. His aim was to see how the
explore the p o s s ib ilit y that the new states had to define democracy
113
challenges from the environment. Democratic values are con textu ally
And because the stru ggle was prolonged democratic values were
in stitu tio n s and values were deeply rooted, in N igeria they were
merely imposed from above. I t could not be expected that the mere
B ritish overnight.
During the F ir s t Republic the method used to control these groups was
tra d itio n a l v alu es. The dominant p o lit ic a l party in the North (the
of the F ir s t Republic.
Electoral Reforms
Communal ism was one o f the reasons which led the leaders o f the
Commissioners.
government bodies;
decree; and
had been widely believed that the person to be appointed was another
117
David Oke - was dismissed by the Court in May 1981 and Ju s t ic e Ovie-
R egistration o f Voters
throughout the fed eration from the 14th January to 28th February,
much debate, the 1982 exe rcise provoked a great deal of controversy.
The reaction to the e xercise can be seen from the headlines o f some
U .P .N. want r e g is tra tio n halted in Benue"; "12,500 re g istra tio n cards
o f f i c i a l s " ,17 e tc .
vote provided they were not le g a lly incapacitated - the North had only
the country. Women were given the franchise and the age lim it was
between 18 and 45 years con stitu ted about 66 per cent o f a l l voters
in 1979 and about the same percentage in 1983. More women were
purpose of the revision exercise was to ensure that those who had
Before the fin a l fig u re s were released , the Commission allowed each
120
TABLE 4.1: REGISTERED VOTERS FOR THE 1979 AND 1983 ELECTIONS
F .C .T . - 20,947 - -
95 Se n a to ria l D is tr ic ts
Senatorial D is t r ic t s :
Representatives.
(4) a statement by the candidate givin g the name of the p o lit ic a l party
26
which sponsored his/her candidature.
that:
nominator;
of candidates were:
123
President EC 4A N1,000.00
Governor EC 4B 500.00
Senator EC 4C 200.00
Representatives EC 4D 200.00
Assemblymen EC 4E 100.00
conditions:
(c) any person who has been removed from public o f fic e on any ground
for being alle g e d ly c o rru p t. There were two cases against him:
A fter a few days of d e lib e r a tio n s , the Federal E lecto ral Commission
that he had neither been prosecuted nor found g u ilty by any committee
Campaigns
September, 1978 was unexpected. Most people thought that the ban
campaigning.
electo rate. This long period was necessary because e le cto ra l p o lit ic s
escort the nation al leaders usually include top members of the party
from a ll over the country; thugs who s i t on top of the moving vehicles
126
the N .P.N . launched i t s "Gboko 83", which was the formal commencement
place in the la s t week of January, 1983. The idea of sta rtin g the
was not only booed and jeered a t , when h is entourage drove through
the town, but the r a lly was poorly attended. Mr. Innocent Audu
Ogbe tried to conceal the r e a lity o f the situ a tio n when he said that
the poor attendance was due to the fa c t that Benue had ju st had it s
fir s t rains and most of the party's supporters had gone to th eir
farms. The problem the party had was in fa c t due to the p re v a ilin g
and others had not been paid for many months. In fa c t , a leading
SECRET
TELEGRAM
MORGAN OGBOLE
8 IGUMALE STREET
OTUKPO
The second p resid en tial tour of the N .P.N . was successful except
that there was a minor in cid en t at Ugbokolo, the home town of Senator
128
by the N.P.N. The P re sid e n tia l Campaign team, which was led by
the Chairman o f the p arty , Mr. Adisa A kinloye, and the Vice President,
5. 1, pm
o
o
Lunch
employment.
were the Tarka myth, the Ibo fa cto r and the Green Revolution.
Mr. J . S . Tarka b u ilt a myth around him self in Tivland during the
used his name frequently portraying him as the lo ca l David fig h tin g
for the righ ts of Tiv against the G o lia th of Sokoto as Ozhemen Vase
(our leader) - the leader, that is not of the Tiv people, but of the
36
Middle Belt movement." This myth was reactivated and developed to
a very high degree during the 1979 e le c tio n . Secondly, the members
the N .P .P . was an Ibo party. They alleged that Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe
37
was an Ibo t r ib a l leader. T h ir d ly , the N .P.N . maintained that
its central campaign issue was the'Green R evolution '. The party was
of the opinion that the greatest problem confronting N igeria was that
Although the cen tral issue for th e N.P.N. was the Green Revolution,
the party also exploited the private l i f e of Mr. Paul Unongo, leader
131
and misappropriation of government money by the Governor and his aid es.
Yours f a i t h f u l l y ,
. AO
Ejembi Eko
S h itir e , Kpar Kum and Tongo - are more advanced s o c ia lly and
Masev, Ityu l and Iwan. The Tiv believe in the p rin c ip le of mutual
sharing (Ya na angbian - eat and give your brother) between the two
groups. Both Mr. J . S . Tarka and Mr. Aper Aku were from the 'Ipusu'
136
By J .A . Anemba^
r V
HMHMfcp
137
Party Songs
educated the people; most of them a lso contained some element of propa
p o licie s were the best and o c c a s io n a lly , the weaknesses of the other
parties were exposed. Each had it s anthem which was played on a cassette
in a moving v e h icle to t e l l the people what the party stood for and what
i t was doing. F in a lly , songs a lso to ld the e le cto ra te about the
q u a litie s of party can did ates, as w ell as about party programmes and
N .P .P . Power!
N .P .P . C h a n ji! [change]
N .P .P . Power!
N .P .P . C h an ji!
N .P .P . Power to the people
N .P .P . N ig e ria 's Peoples' Party
N .P .P . We belong to the masses
N .P .P . We lead and others follow
N .P .P . We are the peoples' c h o i c e ....
So we say
Power hmm! Power hmm! Power to the people
Chanji la la ! Chanji la la ! Chanji fo r the
b e tte r! Power! Power!! Power!!! to the
grassroot way to the N .P .P . the party fo r
the people.
N .P .P . lead N igeria to success
N .P .P . we are the p eo ple's choice
N .P .P . Power!
N .P .P . C han ji!
N .P .P . Power!45
standards. Such was the case with "One N ation", a song by N.P.N.
supporters which contained abusive language. During the early stages of the
campaign one section of the N .P.N . came out with a song in praise of Mr. Paul
Unongo. The cen tral theme of the song expressed sympathy with the
su fferin g workers o f the s t a te , and the song went further to say that
Chorus
Queen of Mbapepe, my mother
I pray to God to give us v ic to r y
At v o te , Oh I pray.
Aku my fath er
Never lose hope
An N .P .P . man has no governor
And before he win a governor
seat unless a camel w ill pass through
the eye o f a needle.
The police did not ban 'One N a tio n ', despite repeated appeals
N.P.N. song c a lle d 'Take him away'. Though th is song was banned,
46
supporters of the party continued to use i t .
though these were not provocative. They tried to exp loit the
the F ir s t Republic when Tarka's U.M .B.C. was in a llia n c e with Chief
U .P .N . Song
Myths and oaths played a considerable role in the 1983 e lecto ral
Benue society had been greatly influenced by Islam and C h r is tia n ity .
C h ristia n ity was introduced into the area in 1923 when B ritish
preachers and tra d e rs. Due to the a c tiv itie s of these m issionaries
Many C hristian s did not see any contradiction between being a regular
tra d itio n a l b e lie f systems permeated the modern p o lit ic a l in stitu tio n s
The Tiv oath was ewem ( lit e r a lly a pot containing a sh , wood, two
up the pot (in the case o f women, touching it might s u ffic e ) and
145
fa lse ly swem w ill ca tch me". The pot was then made to touch the
fe e t, the stomach, the head and the knees. Any person who swore
own cla n . I f the oath turned out to be fa l s e , the v ictim would die
. . . . 52
of an unknown sickness within one year of taking the oath .
The Akpam was the dreaded oath of the Igedde people o f Southern
instant death. Mr. Sunday Oko E je l i said that a box of Akpam was
He asserted that every Igedde man who voted was given money by
53
Mr. Aku's agent, made to swear Akpam and to vote for Mr. Aku.
father of Dr. Edwin Ogbu, a dispute arose over some tra d itio n a l
Dr. Edwin Ogbu refused to hand over these instruments to the new
for a l l 'f i g h t at Ukwonyo (market). The N .P.N . exploited the situ a tio n
for the Utonkon people and th e ir tr a d itio n s . I t has been alleged that
146
The ethnic groups which occupied Western Idoma (Otukpa, Okwoga and
Orokam) are the most m ythical people in Benue S ta te . They explain every
the brother of Mr. Samuel Adoyi f e l l from a palm tree and was k ille d ;
When the author of th is th esis was interviewing Mr. Abutu Obekpa at Orido
Market, he (Abutu Obekpa) started to pour palm wine on the ground. Mr.
Abutu said that he smelt an odour which was a sign of a s p ir itu a l attack
on him. He poured palm wine to drive away the s p ir it s which had been
mainly urban, a re a s.) They reach the remotest rural areas where
campaign teams might not be able to go. Distance and time are no longer
ele cto ra l com petition. These concepts are p o lit ic a l education and
The lo c a l radio sta tio n was the oniy media av ailab le in Benue
changed in 1983.
which, lik e Radio Benue, was owned by the state government; and the
the e le c tio n s.
148
FOOTNOTES
3. Ib id .
4. Ibid .
11. Ib id .
12. Ibid .
16. Ib id .
17. Ib id .
19. Ib id .
20. F .E .D .E .C .O ., Makurdi.
21. Amadu K u r fi, The Nigerian General Elections o f 1959 and 1979
(Lagos: Macmillan, 1983), p . 81.
22. Ib id .
149
24. Ib id .
25. Ib id .
26. Ib id .
27. Ib id .
28. Ib id .
29. Ib id .
31. Ib id .
37. This was one of the reasons why the N .P .P . was heavily
defeated in the 1979 e le c tio n s .
39. This was a major campaign issue used against Mr. Paul Unongo.
41. The 'Chongo' group voted s o lid ly for Mr. Paul Unongo in the 1983
e le c tio n .
52. Ibid .
55. Mr. D.O . Urrah was in the N .P .P . in 1979 but decamped to the
N.P.N. in 1981. Both Dr. E. Ogbu and Mr. D.O. Urrah were
interviewed on 15 J u ly , 1983.
56. Mr. Samuel Adoyi was elected to the Federal House of Representatives
in 1979 under the platform of the N .P .N . He did not support
Mr. Aper Aku during the gubernatorial primary e le c tio n . He fa ile d
to secure re-nomination under the N .P.N . banner and declared for
the N .P .P .
CHAPTER FIVE
When George Orwell (E ric Arthur B la ir) published h is book Animal Farm
his four years in o f f ic e , he him self became corrupt and did almost exactly
w ealth, good education and control over most organ ization s. Once in power,
JOHN RYLANDS
UNIVERSITY
library OF
MANCHES! E.R
153
Mr. Aper Aku won the governorship electio n in 1979 on the platform of the
few years he, along with a handful of his supporters, took control of the
the c r i s i s , Mr. Aper Aku, the Governor of the S ta te , almost resigned. The
like Mr. Ayua Num, the Speaker of the State House o f Assembly; Mr. Thomas
evolution o f the S ta te .
big surprise to many people who thought that Mr. Isaac Shaahu should have
been the nominee. The N .P .N . had e a r lie r zoned the p ost to the T iv-
speaking area, where the unquestioned leader and kingmaker was Mr. J . S .
Tarka. For reasons not immediately apparent, Tarka decided to endorse the
into the p o lit ic a l lim e lig h t when he supported Mr. Tarka in opposing the
Mr. J .D . Gomwalk, th e man who had created three d ivision s in Tiv land
to show that he (Aku) was used by Tarka to d isc re d it Gomwalk and that he
was subsequently rewarded for being a 'good b o y '. However, one thing was
clear: Mr. Aku was not the person who had drafted the a ff id a v it to which
he had sworn. The inform ation contained in the a ffid a v it was so complete
and detailed that Aku, who was at that time unemployed, could not
Commissioner in the Benue-Plateau S ta te , said that Mr. Aku was given the
want to be id e n t ifie d .^ In any case, Mr. Aku swore to the a ffid a v it and
nothing was heard £>f him again u n til 1976 when he contested the lo c a l
won the 1977 annual award as the best Chairman of the year in Benue S t a te .
On the other hand h is r i v a l , Mr. Isaac Shaahu, the favou rite for the
Middle B elt Congress in the 1950s and had been arrested and detained along
with Tarka during the T iv rio ts in the 1960s. His p o lit ic a l experience
the Tiv Native A u th o rity , the Benue* Plateau. and the Federal
Government. When Tarka did not show any personal in te re st in the governor-
ship post in Benue S t a te in 1979, Shaahu thought that the post would be
to his great disappointm ent, that Tarka had given the post to Aku, he
155
Although a M inister and working in Lagos, which was more than two
had come to reap where he had not sown. While in Lagos he therefore
competition fo r the Tiv leadership was thrown wide open, the leading
contenders being him self and Aper Aku. In the ensuing stru g g le , Aku, as
S ta te .
One such meeting was held in Tse Agbaragba in Konshisha area in A p r il,
1981. The meeting was convened by Shaahu for h is own faction of the N .P .N .,
Shaahu.^ Aku's supporters were outnumbered and chased out of the town.
When they reached the Konshisha b ridge, they regrouped and confronted the
they wanted to prevent the r iv a l group from crossing the bridge because i t
reply, the Shaahu group maintained that the money used for the construction
of the bridge belonged to the public and not to Aku p erson ally . 7
in the same area and spread to others parts of Tiv land. This disturbance,
which was known as 'Kor Chan', continued for nearly three months before
i t was brought under co n tro l. The word 'Kor' meant rope and 'Chan' meant
hunger. Thus Kor Chan was used to re fe r to hunger which was brought about
by a rope. The Tivs are a people who indulge in myth-making and they
believed that in d ivid u als who possessed magical powers used these powers
against oth ers. In the case of the 'Kor Chan', these magicians destroyed
people's farms by throwing m aterial tied with rope into such farm s. The
moment this was done, the whole farm would go bad. I f i t was a yam farm,
the leaves would turn red and the seedlings would be ro tten . The 'Kor
Chan' gangs were people who said they had acquired supernatural powers
which made i t p ossib le for them to detect any 'Kor Chan' m agician. They
would go out in gangs from v illa g e to v illa g e 'sm elling out' magicians
with 'Kor Chan'. Anybody smelt out would be tied to a tree and beaten
to death. Where the victim was r ic h , the 'Kor Chan'gang would impose instead
The 'Kor Chan' was a b ra in ch ild o f Mr. Aper Aku who used i t to
Aku made use o f the Kor Chan because he believed that Tarka had become
9
popular by using the same technique. Konshisha had more than i t s fa ir
At the same time as the 'Kor Chan' was going on, Aku took step s to
make sure that h is riv a l did not have an easy l i f e in Lagos. He mobilised
the lo ca l media - both radio and the press - against Mr. Shaahu. The
local newspaper, the Nigerian Voice, revealed how Shaahu had used his
to bear on the President to dismiss Shaahu from h is Cabinet, and not long
By the time that Shaahu resigned and returned to Benue, the contest
who joined in the race were: Mr. Ezekial A kiga, who u n til 1982 was
not only Mr. Aku's right-hand man but also the head of the State C iv il
Service, and Mr. S .P .S . Gusah, the commercial co n tro lle r of Benue Cement
Company, Yandev. When Mr. Gusah expressed his wish to run for the
Yandev.^
The second cause of the c r is is was the a lien atio n o f the Idoma-
speaking people. The Idomas are the third largest group in the S ta te . On
the basis of the zoning p o lic y o f the p a rty , an Idoma was expected to
was from the Tiv-speaking area and his Deputy from the Igala-speaking
of the House. The Idomas were op tim istic that one o f th e ir sons would
occupy i t and a loyal 's o n ', Mr. Innocent Andu Ogbe from Otukpa
fo rm ality. This was not to b e . The Tiv members of the House presented
th e ir own candidate and then used their m ajority in the House to get him
13
e le cte d . The Idomas were fu r io u s . When Mr. Andu Ogbe was offered the
accepted i t a fte r due con su ltatio n with the Idoma e ld e rs. The drama which
unfolded in the House of Assembly afte r the electio n o f Mr. Ayua Num, the
A fter due consultation with the Idoma leaders, Hon. Andu Ogbe
accepted the post o f Deputy Speaker o f the House. However, the issue
Idomas f e l t that the Tivs were bent on dominating them. They saw Mr. Aku
and the other Tiv N .P.N . leaders as e th n ic leaders who were using the
In Ig a la land, the tra d itio n a l p o la riz a tio n between the Idah and
State was taken by those from the Idah group. C o l. (Senator) Ahmadu A l i ,
The Ankpa group was not only suspicious o f the Kogi State Movement but
Movement. This movement was led by Mr. Simeon Onekutu (former Secretary
to the Government of the State) and the Deputy Governor, Mr. Isa Odoma.
The involvement of Mr. Odoma in the Okura State Movement brought him into
c o n flic t with the Governor, who supported the Kogi State Movement. Until
this issue arose, the relationship between the Governor and h is Deputy
had been e x c e lle n t. In an interview w ith the New Times in August 1982,
A fte r due con su ltatio n with the Idoma leaders, Hon. Andu Ogbe
accepted the post o f Deputy Speaker of the House. However, the issue
Idomas f e l t that the Tivs were bent on dominating them. They saw Mr. Aku
and the other T iv N .P.N . leaders as ethn ic leaders who were using the
State was taken by those from the Idah group. C o l. (Senator) Ahmadu A l i ,
The Ankpa group was not only suspicious o f the Kogi State Movement but
Movement. This movement was led by Mr. Simeon Onekutu (former Secretary
to the Government o f the State) and the Deputy Governor, Mr. Isa Odoma.
The involvement o f Mr. Odoma in the Okura State Movement brought him into
c o n flic t with the Governor, who supported the Kogi Sta te Movement. Until
this issu e arose, the re lation sh ip between the Governor and h is Deputy
had been e x c e lle n t. In an interview with the New Tim a in August 1982,
The differences in p rin cip le between Mr. Odoma and Mr. Aper Aku emerged
ea rlie r than expected. Even as Odoma was saying how good his relation s
with the Governor were, events which would sour the relation sh ip were
local government c o u n c illo rs. A new Chairman, Mr. Emmanuel Atawodi, was
Emmanuel Atawodi, who was appointed the caretaker Chairman, was h is enemy
a le tte r w ritten by Mr. Isa Odoma (the Deputy Governor) to the Governor:
The disagreement between Mr. Is a Odoma and the Governor led to the
N.P.N. in Igala land s p littin g into two main factio n s: the Kogi State
and the Okura S ta te Movement faction led by Messrs. S. Onekutu and Isa
Odoma. The disagreement also led to the dism issal from o ffic e o f Mr. John
le tte r to the Commissioner dated 2 November 1982, the Governor accused him
committee for D ekina. "In the circum stances", the Governor concluded, " I
have no choice but to re lie ve you o f your appointment with e ffe c t from 2
November 1982." Mr. Shuaibu reacted by saying that he was leaving the
Governor.^
Apart from th e crises mentioned above, other minor issues arose which
not only made the p o lit ic a l situ a tio n tense but also showed that the
Governor was lo sin g h is grip on both the Government and Party. The issues
which provoked these crises were related to Mr. Aper Aku's new education
sa la rie s.
of le a rn in g ;
/
( ii) the in trodu ction o f a fee o f *190.00 for students in boarding
secondary sch ools;
grounds. The Government pointed out that during the 1981/82 se ssio n , the
schools would have to be estab lish ed. The to ta l amount required to provide
fu rn itu re, as well as to meet the cost of teachers' sa la rie s and feeding
for the same period was N187 m illio n . The government therefore maintained
The new p o licy came under serious c ritic is m from both the members of
the N.P.N, and the general p u b lic. Most members o f the State House of
of fin a n cia l c o n stra in ts, but at the same time was esta b lish in g three new
Advanced Teacher Training C o lle g e s, the cost o f which was almost the same
The second unpopular d ecisio n of the Governor arose over the issue
project for housing his Commissioners, This plan involved the construction
each. The Members o f the House of Assembly f e l t that the a c tio n o f the
Governor was extravagant in view of the fa ct that the State was poor, and
to get h is own way led to a prolonged confrontation between the two arms
of Government.
The third issue which a ffe c te d the Governor adversely was the
power to the elected Government in 1979, the economy of the S ta te was said
which c itiz e n s were confronted with greedy and s e lfis h ru le rs. The
average income per head of the population was about H40.00, the elected
Governor -
Governor's house
also to be b u i l t .
Deputy Governor -
The second set o f p o lic ie s aimed at making money a v a ila b le for the
for the sharing o f the 50 per cen t above the normal contract cost was as
follow s:
the m ilita ry adm inistration was soon depleted and i t became d i f f i c u l t for
s t r ik e . During the 1981/82 se ssio n , primary schools were closed for over
would not lis t e n to them because i t was not th e ir votes which had made him
23
the Governor.
The Storm
From the foregoing, i t can be seen that the years between 1979 and
1983 were trying times fo r Mr. Aper Aku. His adm inistration was faced
not on ly made Mr. Isaac Shaahu hopeful of beating Mr. Aku in the race for
the gubernatorial race. Thus, the ntmber o f aspirants for the post of
date for the f i r s t primary ele ctio n s which were to be held in the five
for presentation to the State Congress; the la t te r would then ele ct the
would be dropped. On the other hand, Mr, Aku did not merely wring his
hands and wait for the delegates to vote him ou t. He decided to use a
which he could use to influence the composition o f the State Congress and
the choice o f delegates to the primary e le c tio n s . The Congress, which was
(5) 1 delegate for every 10,000 votes cast in each LGA for
This arrangement meant that the bulk of the delegates to the Congress
would come from the Local Government Council areas. It was c le a r from
the outset that whoever controlled the Local Governments controlled the
them. He could also make use of the huge sums of money which the Party
had accumulated through the in fla tio n o f contracts and could bribe people
a ll the Local Government Councils in the State and replaced them with
bribe a l l the delegates to the Congress and the primary e le c tio n s . Many
Speaker o f the House but la te r retrieved when the Speaker decided not to
25
support Mr. Aku. The car given to Mr. Abutu Obekpa was also retrieved
26
from him when he refused to support Mr. Aku.
to a c t. It was a fact that the Governor was not popular with the electo
rate, b u t, with Aku's men dominating the State Congress, they would not
be able to defeat him. The only option open to them was to use a legal
technique to d isq u a lify Aku. In the third week of September, 1982, the
legal proceedings were in stitu te d against him with the aim o f stopping his
a llegatio n s:
with the Union Hank of N ig e ria , 131 Broad S tre e t, Lagos, where
never done but payment was made to M r.A tetanon Voucher No.
amount of N500,000.
BN 4773 MA, BN 4774 MA, BN 4775 MA, BN 4776 MA, BN 4777 MA,
BN 4778 MA, BN 4779 MA, BN 4780 MA, BN 4781 MA, BN 4782 MA,
BN 4783 MA, BN 4784 MA, BN 4785 MA, BN 4786 MA, BN 4787 MA,
BN 4788 MA, BN 4789 MA, BN 4790 MA, BN 4791 MA, BN 4792 MA,
BN 4793 MA, BN 4794 MA, BN 4795 MA, BN 4796 MA, BN 4797 MA,
(4) The Governor as the Chairman o f the A gricu ltu ral Development
Corporation had dealings with Mr. Obande Obeya and Rons Company
\
171
Gaadi and Sons In d u stries (N ig.) L td .; Hem Construction Co. L t d .; and Isa
Obaje E n terp rises, Idah. In h is su it before the Makurdi High Court, Mr.
S . J . I . Akure said that Governor Aku was corrupt and that his renomination
Benue State would adversely a ffe c t his rights and in te re sts as a tax-payer,
therefore asked fo r an in jun ction to restrain Mr. Aku from contesting the
28
e le ctio n for the o f f ic e of Governor of Benue S ta te .
A fter a few days' hearing, the Benue State High Court, presided
over by the A cting C hief Judge, Mr. Ju stic e S .U . Onu, dismissed the case
on the grounds that i t was 's p e c u la tiv e ', 'fr iv o lo u s ', v e x a tio u s',
'm a lic io u s ', 'l i b e l l o u s ', 'scandalous' and an abuse of Court process.
The Judge gave the follow ing legal grounds for dism issing the case:
v io la te d .
h im self.
The Judge concluded h is judgement by saying! " I w ill say no more except
as a dism issal for the various reasons I have given above. On the point
31
of looue etandi alone i t stands dism issed".
Two lessons can be learned from the decision of the High Court.
the facts which were genuine and tendered in evidence. Secondly, i t showed
continue in power.
The second su it which was file d against the renomination of Mr. Aper
Governor Aku from seeking renomination. Mr. Godwin Daboh alleged that Mr.
Aper Aku had "re ck le ssly , frau du len tly and dishonestly managed the
contrary to his (the Governor's) e a rlie r pledge that he would not spend
any money on such wasteful p r o je c ts . Daboh also alleged that Aku, who
of M18 m illio n , had now e ffe c te d a Volte face and had re-awarded the same
33
contract at a sun of over H29 m illio n .
a ffid a v it which forced Tarka to resign from the Gowon Government. The
Tarka-Daboh a ffa ir s started in the early 1970s when the then Head of
a ssist him to wipe out corruption from the country. Following this appeal,
I
174
The a ffid a v it provoked a storm o f protest from a l l over the country and
The a ffid a v it provoked a storm of protest from a l l over the country and
I
176
J . S . Tarka3S
Following Tarka's re sig n a tio n , nothing was heard o f Mr. Godwin Daboh
u n til 1982 when he brought before the Makurdi High Court a su it which
sought to prevent Governor Aku from con testin g the gubernatorial e le ctio n
the grounds that the P e titio n e r had not s a t is fie d certain legal req u ire-
► 36
raents.
A few months before the 1983 e le c tio n , Mr. Daboh decided to jo in the
the Party. Mr. Obande Obeya, the State Chairman of the P arty, pointed out
that the an ti-corru p tion crusader had taken the Party to Court only some
six months p revio u sly , and added that the case was s t i l l pending before
37
the Appeal Court. Mr. Emmanuel Atawodi, the Party Secretary, said that
Mr. Daboh's d eclaratio n for the Party was eq uivalent to the N .P.N .
catching a big f i s h , and added: " . . . . i f we accept the big fis h without
looking for h elp , i t might drag us into the r iv e r and s t i l l escape while
38
we drown". Mr. Daboh, in a sharp retort s ta te d :
i
177
When the su its brought against him fa ile d , Governor Aper Aku decided
to purge the Party. His e ffo r ts were directed towards elim in atin g from
The fir s t v ictim was the Speaker of the State House of Assembly, Mr. Ayua
Num. The relatio n sh ip between the Governor and the Speaker had deterio
rated because the la tte r had refused to carry out some of the Governor's
in stru ctio n s. The Governor was in Lagos when Mr. S. Akure swore an
and notice o f the Assembly meeting was broadcast on the lo c a l rad io. How
ever, the Speaker cancelled the meeting, thereby incurring the wrath of
the Governor who did his utmost to remove him from o f f i c e . I t was at
this juncture that the Governor decided to re trie v e the car which he
was a Mercedes Benz 280 autom atic, re g is tra tio n number HN 2 R. The
Governor sent Mr. Obande Obeya to c o lle c t the car and in angry reaction
him his job sin ce it enabled Mr. Aku to m obilise other members o f the
The second victim on Mr. Aku's l i s t was Mr. Thomas Degarr - the
come home and a s s is t him. During the 1979 e le c tio n , he served as N .P.N .
campaign d irecto r in Benue State and was made the Secretary o f the Party
Sani, and Degarr. The members of the panel were: Mr. Adejo O g iri -
Chairman; A lh a ji Garba Jap an , Mr. J .O . Adikpe, Mr. John Ekwemi; and Mr.
Mbachialim Mange, with Mr. Augustine Lawani as the Secretary. The panel
The panel also found Rtd. Major Salisu Sani g u ilty of holding on to
#61,290.00, being money belonging to the N .P.N . in Benue State and intended
for paying Party agents who took part in the voters' re g is tra tio n
dismissed was accepted by the Governor and the other members o f the State
Executive Committee.
The third victim o f the Governor was the outspoken Commissioner for
Health, Mr. Mvendega Jib o . Mr. Jib o was o f the view that the Governor
should resign in view o f the serious a lle g a tio n s made against him. Within
179
was fixed for 16 October 1982. The e le ctio n was not held that day,
Utonkon, Gboko and K atsin a-A la, These election s were expected to produce
three candidates who would appear before the State Congress on 30 October
5. 1.
firmed the electio n of Mr. Aku. I t was, indeed, an easy victo ry for Aku,
T A B L E 5 . 1 : T H E R E S U L T O F T H E N . P . N . G U B E R N A T O R IA L P R IM A R Y E L E C T IO N S I N 1 9 8 2
Source: N .P .N . S e c r e t a r ia t , Makurdi.
181
into Local Government Councils as caretaker c o u n c illo rs. These were the
people who came to the Congress and voted for Aku. The National Secretariat
confirmed the decision of the State Congress and Mr. Aku was recognised as
this d ecisio n , the v icto ry of Mr. Aku in Benue State was complete and
henceforth the d ire c tio n of the p o lit ic a l process in the State was firm ly
who had stood by him during the c r is is and punishing those who had not
the electio n of a new State Chairman of the Party. Throughout the period of the
Government branch of the p arty , who had marshalled h is campaign in Idoma land.
Following h is re-nomination, the Governor decided to make Mr. Obande Obeya the
State Chairman.
The p ost, which was zoned to the Idomas, was occupied by C hief J .C .
m erits. The C hief was a very experienced Idoma p o lit ic ia n . He had entered
party p o lit ic s in the early 1950s and had been made a Federal M inister in
time contractor when the m ilita ry took power in 1966, he quickly returned
the State Executive Conmittee of the Party was dissolved in 1983 and
nominations for o ffic e s were advertised, Chief Obande applied for re
candidates were seeking the post; these were Mr. Nelson Eka Onojo, who was
the the Sp ecial Adviser to the Governor on secu rity matters; Mr. Baba
Odangla - the Chairman of Benue Sports Council; and Mr. Obande Obeya.
182
candidates, but had become unpopular with the Idomas who saw him as an old
cited against him was the Speakership of the State House of Assembly; it
was alleged that th is post had not been given to the Idoma group because
constituency had been won by the N .P .P . in 1979. When the Chief saw that
the odds were very much against him, he decided to step down. A lso , Mr.
"pressure from highly placed le a d e r s " .^ The stage was, therefore, set
for a contest between the only two remaining candidates, Mr. N.F.. Onojo
Mr. Onojo was the popular choice o f the Idomas. He entered p o lit ic s
party p o lit ic s . Mr. Onojo said that he decided to contest the post o f
State Chairman because he was d is s a tis fie d with the performance o f the
incumbent who was not only old but had also run out o f steam. C hief
needed a strong and dynamic man who could push th e ir in te re sts through in
unpopular but was considered the i l l i t e r a t e . The Idomas are the most
educated ethnic group in Benue State and they viewed the p o s s ib ility o f
the N .P .P , in 1978 but resigned and joined the N .P.N . in the follow ing
and i t was no surprise when, in 1983, the Governor backed him for the post
183
of State Chairman.
Although th is post was zoned to the Idomas, Mr. N .E. Onojo, the
the Party Congress which elected the Chairman, and the Igalas and the
Idomas together provided the other h a lf. A ll the delegates from the
Idoma zone voted for Mr. Onojo but the Ig a la votes were divided between
the two candidates. The Governor's influence ensured that the T iv dele
gates delivered th eir bloc vote to Mr. Obande Obeya who, in consequence,
With the new Chairman on h is sid e , Mr. Aku continued his purge of
the Party. His next strategy was to make sure that those who were
N.P.N. t ic k e t were his supporters. Those who had openly supported his
After the re-nomination o f Mr. Aper Aku, his opponents were not only
relieved o f th e ir o ffic e s but were also flushed out o f the N .P.N . They,
in turn, came together and formed what they ca lle d the "Tarka N .P .N ." ,
184
(6 ) Senator Abogede
(8 ) Rtd. C o l. Ocheja
The moving force behind the 'Tarka N .P .N .' was Mr. Thomas Degarr who
maintained that the mainstream of the N .P.N . in the State had deviated
from the philosophy of the la te J . S . Tarka; Mr. Degarr said that th is was
to work for the minority groups in N igeria. "The Aku fa ctio n of the N.P.
argued that the N .P.N . was organised in such a way that the control o f the
Party was in the hands o f those people who had no support in th eir
who was made a key M inister when his State - Borno - was controlled by
that i t was A lh a ji Shehu Shagari and these two M inisters who a c tu a lly
ruled the Party. He also maintained that Benue State had not been given
its fa ir share of the national cake even though the Party had scored over
70£ in the P resid en tial e le c tio n in the State in 1979. The p o lic ie s o f
the situ atio n in Benue S ta te , Mr. DeRarr said that Mr, Aku lacked the
185
Members of the 'Tarka N .P .N ,' held several meetings during the short
span of it s existence (October 1982 - March 1983) hut were not able to
by Mr. Ayua Num, had the sin g le aim o f preventing Mr. Aku from winning the
N.P.N . 1 lacked. E ventually, they joined the Unity Party of N igeria which
made the money av ailab le to them. The second group (the ideologues) led
by Mr. Thomas Degarr and Senator Ameh Ebute was o f the view that the State
required a p o sitive change and the p o lit ic a l party which could provide
such a change was the Nigerian Peoples Party. Consequently, Mr. Degarr
c r is is in the N .P.N . had come to an end. The p o l i t i c a l stage was set for
in August 1983.
possible for Mr. Aper Aku to succeed despite the fa c t that he had no wide
spread support?
Governor Aku succeeded for two main reasons: the use o f money as a
corrupt Governor who was put to death for h is crime. Mr. Aku rode to
meant that he had to e sta b lish h is own base of support i f he was to continue
to rule the S ta te . Time was against him; moreover, a t every stage he was
confronted by people who wanted to unseat him. His answer to the situ a tio n
forward. Thus, a fte r staging a 'rev olu tion ' against corruption, Aku
primary e le c tio n . In Utonkon, for example, each delegate was given M O .00
52
and made to swear an oath. Apart from the cars distributed to most
The second reason for Aku's success was h is a b ilit y to control the
party o rgan isatio n . The s itu a tio n confirmed M ichels' Iron Law of O li
manipulating the State stru ctu re . The breakthrough came when he replaced
major riv al - Mr. Isaac Shaahu. Above a l l , when his candidate won the
I
187
Footnotes
4. Ib id .
7. The v illa g e r s did not know that such money belonged to the Government
most of them thought that i t was Aku’ s own money.
9. Ib id .
10. Ib id .
19. ib id .
21. Ib id .
23. The broadcast was the beginning o f the confrontation between the
Governor and the c i v i l servants and was to continue throughout the
Aku adm inistration.
28. Ib id .
30. Ib id .
31. Ib id .
33. Ib id .
38. Ib id .
41. Ib id .
44. Ib id .
47. Ib id .
\
189
50. Ib id .
53. Ibid .
\
CHAPTER SIX
P o litic a l Violence
F irst R epublic. In describ in g the situ a tio n in the Tiv area in the
Both the p o lice and the Federal E lecto ral Commission were aware of th is
legacy of violen ce and took steps to ensure that peace would prevail
throughout the e le c tio n s . One such step was to deploy sold iers and
the election was orderly was the presence of the m ilita r y , and it s
election s has not been given the a tten tion that i t deserves. The
C o n stitu tio n ; but the threat of action by the m ilita ry kept them at
bay.
reasonable to assume that the 1983 election s would not degenerate into
they had to obey the ru les of the game. Whether in or out of power,
p o lit ic a l party lead ers, senior p olice o ffic e r s and members of the
These arrangements yielded good dividends - there was no 'c o lle c tiv e
nation, one d e stin y ' (the N .P .N . slogan) and ch ildren in the v ic in ity
and started to beat the ch ild re n . Some o f the children ran away and
the N .P.N . supporters threw stones at them. Some of the stones h it the
This was the sign al fo r in te r-p a rty fig h tin g between the N .P .N . and the
N .P.P . The N .P.N . supporters were over-powered and ran to th e ir se cre ta ria t
from duty, and passed near Mr. Unongo's house. The N .P .P . supporters thought
The policemen were released and the r i f l e s were re trie v e d , and Mr. Unongo
These arrangements yielded good dividends - there was no 'c o lle c tiv e
nation , one destin y' (the N .P.N . slogan) and children in the v ic in it y
and started to beat the ch ild ren . Some of the children ran away and
the N .P.N . supporters threw stones at them. Some o f the stones h it the
This was the sign al fo r in ter-p arty fig h tin g between the N .P .N . and the
to report the m atter. At the se cre ta ria t they met members of the
from duty, and passed near Mr. Unongo's house. The N .P .P . supporters thought
that they were coming to assassinate their leader and seized both
The policemen were released and the r i f l e s were re trie v e d , and Mr. Unongo
4
was detained for a few hours.
_____ I I
193
on that day and sought permission for the route of h is convoy from
proceeded d ire ct to Otukpo from Mr. Unongo's house. The lead ers of
show th eir fla g around Makurdi town before proceeding to Otukpo. The
changed in 1980 when the people of the area expressed open d is s a tis fa c tio n
with the Aku ad m in istration . The electo rate in the area s h ifte d their
to the NRP and from January 1983 p e rsiste n tly refused to attend N.P.N.
r a llie s .
1983. The r a lly started at about 1400 hours. At about 1715 hours,
an NPP.van, which h is driver parked near the r a lly ground. The 1J.P.P.
from the r a lly ground went to the driver of the vehicle and instructed
ground carrying the Corpse of one Mr. Hengen A la c h ir, a Tiv aged 50 y ears,
194
who had come a l l the way from Gboko West to attend the r a lly at
Agasha. An eye-w itness said that the deceased had been stabbed to
death by some NPP. supporters when he went to the t o ile t in the bush
nearby. On seeing the dead man's body the NPN. supporters at the r a lly
went on the rampage. The bus which had e a r lie r been parked near the
ra lly ground by the NPP. Chairman was burnt, many supporters of the
N.r.Ewere injured and th eir houses were also burnt. The r io t continued
throughout the day and was brought to an end when a n ti-r io t p o lice
£
arrived from Makurdi.
NPN.and NPP. An eye-w itness said that the MRP. had e a r lie r got a
from Zaki-Biam. When the MRM leaders were informed of th is r a lly they
N.P.P. The police refused and instead gave them permission to hold
with their vehicles sin gin g 'one n a tio n ', 'one n a tio n '. They attacked
they intercepted a bus load of NPP. supporters and beat them up. They
mi N.i'.p, v e n i c i e Damaged b y t h e
N .P .N . at Z a k i- B ia m ( J u l y , 1983) D: A House of an N P n c
I): A H ou.e of an N .P .P . Supporter Burnt
, y N .P .N . Supporter at Agasha
( J u l y 1983)
An N . P . P , Vehicle Burnt by N .P .N .
U'ugs at Agasha (July, 1983)
196
HPi). women, sprayed them with petrol and set them ab la ze.
turn-outs were in the Sen ato rial and House of Assembly ele ctio n s
o verleaf.
Polling Day
2. The Presiding O ffic e r w ill then proceed and ask him the follow ing
Polling Station?
3* The Presiding O ffic e r a fte r s a tis fy in g him self that the name of
197
Ankpa 124617
Bassa 69866
Dekina 98343
Gboko 164066
Gwer 99906
Idah 160025
Katsuna-Ala 154667
Kwande 149428
Makurdi 129968
Okpokwu 128087
OJu 96985
Otukpo 129992
Vandeikya 143622
Benue 1636371
Senate 470,359
Governor 536,367
President 538,979
Stamp.
Election Results
Mr. Aper Aku did not have any problem in winning i t fo r the KEN. This
is shown in Table 6 .3 .
Benue State was expected. Indeed, i t would have been more surprising
if the resu lts had been otherw ise. The two main reasons for the success
of the MEN. were the Tarka fa c to r and the propaganda that the N .P .P .
and for many years there had been border clashes between them and
the Ibos. The clashes were due to the fa c t that Iboland was
Ibomas and the Ig alas that the Ibos were determined to seize their
would take over Benue land as soon as the NP.P. was voted into
power.
200
In the third e le c tio n , which was for the State House o f Assembly,
Mr. Aper Aku did not have any problem in winning i t for the MEN. This
is shown in Table 6 .3 .
presidential electio n
Benue State was expected. Indeed, i t would have been more su rp risin g
i f the resu lts had been otherwise. The two main reasons for the success
of the MEM. were the Tarka fa cto r and the propaganda that the N .P .P .
and for many years there had been border clashes between them and
the Ibos. The clashes were due to the fa c t that Iboland was
Ibomas and the Igalas that the Ibos were determined to seize th e ir
land. N .P.M politician s played upon these fe a r s , a lle g in g that the Ibos
would take over Benue land as soon as the NP.P. was voted into
power.
201
1 Ankpa 48.062
2 Bassa 80.602
3 Dekina 57.412
4 Gwer 78.912
5 Katsina-A la 56.542
6 Kwande 50.412
7 Gboko 94.092
8 Makurdi 72.542
9 Idah 81.602
10 Oju 50.562
11 Okpokwu 57.162
12 Otukpo 57.412
13 Vandeikya 86.412
4l
1 Ankpa 48.065!
2 Bassa 80.60*
3 Dekina 57.41%
4 Gwer 78.91%
5 Katsina-Ala 56.54%
6 Kwande 50.41%
7 Gboko 94.09%
8 Makurd i 72.54%
9 Idah 81.60%
10 Oju 50.56%
11 Okpokwu 57.16%
12 Otukpo 57.41%
13 Vandeikya 86.41%
A lh . I . Waziri G .N .P .P . 42,993
A lh . A. Kano P .R .P . 7,277
men from Benue had d ied . An N .P.N . t a c t ic was therefore tob rin g war widows to
and Okpokwu Local Government a re a s!' In Ankpa the NP.N was considered
the Ankpa people looked a t a modern in s titu tio n through a tra d itio n a l
telescope. The resu lt of the e le c tio n s , which are given in the table
of the party).
Ankpa Town A lh a ji J i b r in , A. G .N .P .P .
his orders. Mr. Ochapa told the author how the la te Chief Ochoga
used to treat hunters who did not bring a l l the animals they k ille d
to the royal p alace. Such hunters were sent into e x ile and had
.
their farms taken away from them.
12
the commoners decided that they would take over the leadership of
The second issue was that of Ibo s e ttle rs in Ulayi and Ijigbam.
The se ttle r population in these areas made up more than 80% of the
who was then the State Chairman of the N .P .N ., and who was considered
the area during the F ir s t Republic and unwisely picked his son to
into the area. These three issues combined to a ffe c t the e lecto ral
A lso, the two State Assembly seats in the d ivisio n were won by the
For a number of reasons, the ele ctio n s in 1983 were su b sta n tia lly
tense atmosphere.
with the idea of pushing the Ibos in a "new d ire ctio n " in Nigerian
the N.P.N. in 1979, had died in 1980. The N .P.N . was rent by internal
The stage was therefore set for a tough struggle between the two
at the p o llin g station arose because of the problems which had been
encountered in the 1979 e le c tio n s , when b a llo t boxes had been collected
unknown destin ation s b a llo t boxes from areas where they had l i t t l e
was as follow s:
When the dates fo r the e le ctio n s were fixed Mr. Aper Aku was in a
hopeless situ a tio n . He re a lise d that the mood of the electorate was
very much against him and i f the e le cto rs were to go to the p olls
anti-Aku group had eviden tly triumphed and the golden fr u it of Benue
However, Mr. Aku was not the type of person to give in e a s ily ,
to win. He had two d ecisive weapons which his opponents did not have:
party in Benue from the cen tral account in Lagos. Information about
18
the actual amount of money on hand was kept a se cre t, but a conservative
. .1 9
estimate put i t in the region of H20 m illio n .
Mr. Aku also invoked the help of permanent secretaries and the
The strategy adopted by Mr. Aku was to bribe both the electorate
to every community a day before the e le c tio n s . Usually the male members
were given cash (the amount varied from individual to in d ivid u a l),
before each of the fiv e e le c tio n s . For example, during the gubernatorial
A fte r receiving the money and food ite m s, the e le cto rs were made
to swear th eir lo ca l oath that they would vote fo r Mr. Aper Aku.21
ii. members of the N .P.N . had access to the b a llo t boxes and papers
support; and
Other p o lit ic a l p a rtie s were also engaged in b rib ery, but the N .P.N .
to be bribed and e le ctio n s were welcomed as the only time when they
it did not mar the conduct of the ele ctio n s themselves since sold iers
were brought in to take over from the p o lic e at roadblocks and FEDECO
o ffic e s .
many problems arose. Many people could not find th eir names on the
0 nap
^ P N
* - 0
PAP
A SAMPLE OF BALLOT PAPERS USED
IN THE 1983 ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA
■■ NAP
^ ^ ^ M P P
TT' 0
PAP
^ ^ U P N
211
who could not vote because his name was not found and Mr. Benjamin
muddle in the r e g is te r .
pollin g station with a votin g population of about 500 was issued with
FEDECO o f f ic i a ls who had been bribed closed the p o llin g stations to the
public well before the o f f i c i a l clo sin g time, on the ground that
print b a llo t papers fo r the party which had bribed them - usually
the N .P.N . Luck was not on the side of one female FEDECO presiding
o ffice r who used th is method of riggin g and was arrested by the p o lic e .
and the p ollin g agent went to a nearby public house to have some drinks,
ballot papers for the N .P.N . When the re su lt was taken to the counting
of b allo t papers in the box was greater than those registered to vote
in the p o llin g s ta tio n . The lady in charge of the p ollin g sta tio n
26
confessed and was arrested by the p o lice .
upto 20 voting cards. They then moved from one p ollin g station to
the ground that they were f a l s i f i e d . The r e s u lts , which were accepted
figures released were very fa r from the actual votes c a st. The 1979
214
A lh a ji Y u su f P .R .P . 6.381-0.98Z 2,400,525 652,795
*
215
the N .P .P . won the gubernatorial e le ctio n in Benue State but Mr. Aku
him elected .
The six re su lts declared showed that the N .P.P . candidate was
winning. I t was at th is point that Mr. Aku and his supporters intervened,
actu ally happened does not e x is t , but the process took the Returning
O ffice rs and FEDECO se cre ta ria t about one week to complete. When
the fu ll re s u lts were f in a lly announced, they showed that the returns
from the seven remaining Local Goverment Areas were highly inflated
217
Total
G .N .P .P . - 12,623 1.552
P .R .P . ■ 4,692 0.652
N .A .P . m 7,894 0.952
to co u rt. The court had not given it s v erd ict before the m ilita ry
elected .
escape to Europe but was arrested wearing a female wig in the Cameroun
Footnotes
4. Ib id .
10. Mr. David Attah won in Okpoku East because o f h is personal q u a litie s
and the decision by the State Chairman to allow his son to contest
the e le ctio n on the platform of the N .P.N .
11. Mr. Bath Oche won this constituency for the N .P .N . but was
d isq u a lifie d by the Makurdi High Court and the N .P .P . candidate was
declared the winner.
14. This was the only federal seat won by the N .P .P . in the e le c tio n s .
15. Mr. Charles Ochima was d isq u a lified by the High Court. A b y-election
was held: Mr. Oche Udeh (G .N .P .P .) won the s e a t , defeatin g his N .P.N .
opponent, Mr. Ogah Agbara.
17. Every e ffo r t was made to c o lle c t information about this money, but
without any success - p o lit ic a l leaders were w illin g to discuss
everything except their fin ances.
18. This is larg ely a matter of guesswork. Mr. Aper Aku bought many
v ehicles for h is campaign and his campaign o f f ic e was w ell s ta ffe d .
An American was employed to handle most of the campaign a c t i v i t ie s ,
in addition to four other highly paid graduates.
21. Ibid .
24. Ibid .
26. This was a clear in d ica tio n that FEDECO o f f i c i a l s were supportine
the N .P .N . 6
l
CHAPTER SEVEN
the electo ral process o f the F ir s t Republic and was responsible for
some of the major cleavages which led to the decline of great p o lit ic a l
Local Government Area o f Benue State where i t led to the decline in the
2
strength of the N ational Party of N ig e ria .
Given the fa ct that in d ivid u als perceive th e ir needs d iffe r e n tly and
every community.
re la tiv e ly stable and not subject to any major c o n flic ts before the
223
"As the r e lig io u s head, the ch ief acted as the head of the Aje (earth
a ll secret s o c ie tie s ." '* Laws were made by the O jila , but i t was
tra d itio n a l hierarchy of power. His power emanated from the fa c t that
taxes from traders and in turn ensured the safety of goods in the
market.
various kindreds who made sure that law and order were maintained in
th eir kindreds. F in a lly ,th e Aiekuu (secret so cie tie s) were made up
224
Otukpo in the late 1950s, while traders from other parts of the
guinea com being the main crops grown. The advent of money economy
modern in s titu tio n s and values at the expense of tra d itio n a l ones.
In the towns, new associatio n s with new values came into being. For
for tra d itio n a l in s titu tio n s and va lu e s. I t was this e lit e who
g
dominated p o lit ic s in Idomaland between 1940 and 1966.
Republic Idoma p o lit ic s was centred in Otukpo, with the rest of the
e lite s in Otukpo sneezed, other Idoma e lit e s caught cold , and any small
not blessed with a sin gle leader with the stature of the la te
the Idomas have neither unity nor a leader is not far to seek. The
Idomas are not a homogeneous group lik e the Tiv or the Ig a la ; each of
without a sin gle p o lit ic a l lead er. However, the need for leadership
was growing among various Idoma groups, esp ecially in the la te 1970s
meeting, a decision was taken to select two persons from each of the
cu ltu ral matters there and then. The people at the meeting
227
this new group was not taken k in d ly by those who had met in Oah
the leadership of Idoma from those who had been elected e a r lie r at
that the Idomas do not speak w ith one v oice. This state of a ffa ir s
of N igeria.
I
The p rin cip le of ro tation is observed in succession to the throne of
old kindreds and put up th e ir candidate (Mr E lla Okudo) fo r the post
economy. Seymour Martin Lipset has rig h tly drawn atten tion to the
farmers have ste a d ily declined over the years. Furthermore, there
leavers. The re su lt was that the Otukpo people were not only liv in g
below the average poverty lin e , but had the greatest number of
of party thugs.
the Ibo ethnic group. The Ibos se ttled in the southern part of Idoma,
fir s t came to Otukpo in the early 1960s to work on the railways which
enterprising than the Otukpos, the Ibo quickly took over the commercial
sector from them. The p rice of goods, which was fixed by the Ibo
time, the average Otukpo man came to view the Ibo trader as an
exp lo iter; th is fe e lin g was exacerbated when some Ibo immigrants took
over the farmlands of the Idoma clans of Igedde and A g ila . Further
was constantly bombed by the Ibos during the war. Moreover, many
parties associated with the Ibos. This is the reason why most Otukpo
P o lit ic s in Otukpo between 1979 and 1983 exem plifies the normal
included the 'b ig four' in Otukpo p o lit ic s - Messrs Ogw iji Ikongbe,
Adakole Adama, Omabo Ogbo and Morgan O gbole. Ogwiji Ikongbe and
Adakole had been active members of the A ctio n Group during the F irst
Republic and had f i r s t come into the p o lit ic a l lim elight in 1951 when
they were arrested and detained for a few months in Gboko prison for
Mr Ogwiji Ikongbe had become the local leader of the Action Group in
1951, a post which he had held u n til the m ilita ry coup d 'e ta t in 1966.
With the intervention of the m iliary in 1966 both Ogw iji Ikongbe
and Adakole Adama started a beer trade which proved very su cce ssfu l.
Apart from being wholesale distrib u tors o f various types of beer and
soft drinks, they operated through licen sed hotels (Ikongbe owned
I
231
Ija Hotel and Adama the Green Garden H o tel). Messrs Omaba Ogbo and
Morgan Ogbole had not p articipated in party p o lit ic s during the F irst
into the beer trade (Mr Ogbo owned the Hotel Terminus). Mr Ogbole
had a good education and was ca lle d to the Bar at the Middle Temple in
the Northern Region (1961-69) and the Benue Plateau (1970-76). And,
of Plateau sta te .
The booming beer trade made the 'b ig four' very r ic h . They used
and g i f t s they won over the elders and took over the leadership of
most of the tra d itio n a l in s titu tio n s , lik e the Aiekuu. A ll of them
mask) fo r the Ai Agboko kindred group and Mr Omaba Ogbo became the
contest in favour of that party in the 1979 ele ctio n s - the N .P.N . had
the 'b ig four' were generously rewarded by the N .P.N . Mr Omaba Ogbo,
Steel R ollin g M i ll, Mr Ogw iji Ikongbe was made Chairman of the Benue
u n til 1981 when new men emerged to challenge them. Prominent among
p o lic e , and C o l. Christopher Ode, who had retired from the Nigerian
Mr Onojo was regarded as a s t r ic t o f fic e r who took his job se rio u sly .
was the beer trad e. He did not operate a hotel but concentrated on
p o lit ic a l arena when both Messrs Onojo and Ode decided to jo in the
He was appointed the secu rity adviser to Mr Aper Aku in 1979, and
Thank you.
C o l. C. I . Ode, LL. B. , P .S .O ., F .S .S .
The A lh a ji Jib r in Omale Onaje A ffa ir s and the
Beginning of the C r is is
Onaje who was then the Chairman of the Level 2 organization of the
party. However, a few months a fte r the e le c tio n , some leaders of the
them were Mr O gw iji Ikongbe, Madam Isu I t e j i and Hajiya Hawa Zak ari.
The State S e c re ta ria t of the party intervened and the issue was
rejoined his old group and consequently, the b a ttle lin e s were drawn
between the 'old brigade' (the 'b ig fo u r' and th eir supporters) and
a c tiv itie s of the party should be channelled through them. The new
men, according to them, should be seen but not heard. Mr Omaba Ogbo
p o litic s had been achieved a fte r a long period of su fferin g and that
On the other hand, the grievances of the 'new breed' were many. They
alleged that Otukpo p o lit ic a l leadership was dominated by i l l it e r a t e s
was so strong that young aspirants were v ir t u a lly denied entry into
who, though not an Otukpo man, had been elected to represent Otukpo
They proceeded to carry out what they described as 'a revolution from
Akpa, Oglewu and Otukpo. The aim of the OketB was to win the
the 'o ld brigade' did not know much about i t . It was even rumoured
236
Between the end of 1982 and March 1983, a series of meetings was held
by members of the Okete during which decisions were taken about the
for the p restigiou s post of State Chairman, Colonel Ode was nominated
to contest i t .
the party was scheduled fo r 26 March 1983. Two o ffic e r s from the
of the party had the vote which could only be exercised i f he was
fir s t ele ctio n on 26 March 1983 was between Colonel Ode - the candidate
sooner had the counting started than confusion broke out and the
the dancing and sin gin g of supporters of the 'new b reed '. The la t te r
each lin e and had reported that th e ir candidate (Colonel Ode) would
237
o ffic e r s had c e r t ifie d the r e s u lt . In the con fu sion , and faced with
atmosphere, to count p eacefu lly some 2000 people when each side had
control the situ a tio n and Dr Nwato, who was relaxin g in h is hotel
There was no doubt in the minds of everybody that the 'new breed' had
There was no doubt that the dancing and singing had disrupted the
electio n and the presiding o ffic e r s had two options before them -
e le c tio n . However, they did not take eith er action because of what
they saw at the voting cen tre. They found that most of the people
queuing in the 'o ld brigade' lin e were not from Otukpo at a l l but
were doing and disappeared from the voting venue as soon as the
accepted the d eclaratio n that Colonel Ode had won and ordered his
taken in the in te re st of the 'new b reed '. I f a new date had been
fix e d , the 'old brigade' would have had the opportunity to m obilise
immediately, the support-base o f the 'o ld brigade' was eroded and they
follow ing:
(i) rigging o f the ele ctio n :they asserted that the e le ctio n
had been rigged in favour of Colonel Ode by the 'new
breed' a ctin g in concert with the presiding o f fic e r s ;
The p etitio n was unsuccessful and the State Se creta ria t of the
Patrons:
Having won the two e le c tio n s to Levels 1 and 2, the 'new breed'
the 'old b rig a d e '; Ookwu won e a s ily . Mr Nicholas O c h o jila , the
'new breed' can did ate, defeated Mr Omaba Ogbo, the o f f i c i a l candidate
Oglewu con stitu en cy. However, the 'new breed' did not have everything
I
240
removing the 'o ld brigad e' from th eir leadership p osition s in Otukpo
the 'old b rig a d e ', who only became aware of the danger when i t was too
cause, as indeed they were doing at the time of the crises in respect
decisive s h if t which swept the 'o ld brigade ' from Otukpo p o lit ic s .
'new breed'; one such clash nearly resu lted in the a ssa ssin a tio n
. 24
of Mr N. E. Onojo. As the struggle between the two fa c tio n s
Some of th eir leaders had held key posts in the party fo r many years
tie s. Their task was made easier because the 'b ig fo u r' were members
and in th is were su cce ssfu l. Both the S ta te Governor and the State
the 'old b rigad e' when he learned that Mr Onojo intended to contest
support the 'o ld brigade' because he wanted to punish the 'new breed'
funds and oth er party b e n e fits which normally emanated from the State
such that the Tiv people had 50 per cent of the v o te s, and the Idomas
and the Igalas had 25 per cent each. The two candidates fo r the
who had the support of the Governor and the 'o ld b rig a d e '. Since the
post was zoned to the Idomas, one would have expected that the popular
choice of the Idoma people would have been elected at the State
Tiv people had 50 per cent of the votes so that whoever had the support
of the Tivs was lik e ly to win. I t was at th is point that the a ction
In terestin g points to note are that the Idomas voted almost to a man
that the bribing o f the delegates alone cost Mr Obeya not less than
Idoma members of the p arty , who vowed not to vote for the Governor
in August 1983. Some Idomas saw the e le ctio n as a su b tle attempt by
marked the beginning of the decline in the p arty 's strength in the
area.
With the s ta rt of the campaign for the 1983 e le c tio n s , some party
for unity was Colonel Ode who wrote a le tte r to the 'o ld b rigade' in
"Dear Members,
16 May, 1983"
This le tte r did not improve the s itu a tio n since the 'o ld brigade' were
due to the fa c t that the p re v a ilin g situ a tio n was advantageous to them.
Being denied finance and patronage, the 'new breed' were lik e a bunch
elections but not to vote fo r the p a rty 's candidates in the other
enemies were the 'o ld b rigad e' and the Governor, whom they sought to
245
but the amount realised was n e g lig ib le when compared to the enormous
supporters to accept the bribes given to them by the 'o ld b rig a d e ',
election.
Shagari was successful because the two fa ctio n s had no grudge against
Otukpo f e l l from 57.41 per cent in 1979 to 34.29 per cent in 1983.
Table 7.1 shows the d istrib u tio n of votes in the two gubernatorial
election s.
246
TABLE 7.1
The defeat of the Governor in Otukpo was not only a shock to the 'o ld
brigade', who a l l along were convinced that they s t i l l had the area
under th eir g r ip , but was a lso viewed by the State Se creta ria t as a
to the huge amount of money which was pumped in to the area, extensive
26
propaganda a c t iv it ie s were organized in Otukpo. A sp ecial edition
that:
that they would not have a f a i r d eal i f they did not vote for the
Senatorial D i s t r ic t , stated th a t:
root cause of the problem facin g the N .P.N . - the in ternal s p lit in
not make much impact and the c o n flic t continued as b efo re. With the
the seat was won by Mr Garuba Ookwu, the candidate of the 'new b reed '.
Otukpo Federal Constituency - which comprised the three follow ing State
l
Mr Ookwu. The 'new b reed ', however, were not su ccessfu l in the State
of the 'o ld brigad e') in the primary e le c tio n . He was looked upon as
this end, they m obilised every possible resource against him. They
indigene) - a t e llin g point since the Otukpo people had always wanted
this same sentiment had been used during the early stages of the
cris is again st Mr Omaba Ogbo, who was an A ilko (an indigene of Ajobe).
Mr Isaac Ugbabe. The message from the 'o ld brigade' to the Otukpo
people was simple - " In the S ta te Assembly e le c tio n vote O nje." Not
only was Mr Nicholas O ch o jila from the Oglewu d i s t r i c t , but two issues
issue was the minor c o n flic t between the Oglewu and Ochobo people.
250
and, p red ictab ly , the Ochobo people refused to vote fo r him. They
d istric t.
Conclusion
long time th e ir in tention was not realised sin ce a new group - the
l
251
described as the power e lit e because they con trolled the economy and
elite system from which other groups were excluded. This decision
'new b r e e d '.
252
FOOTNOTES
7. Ib id .
14- Martin L ip s e t, The P o litic a l Man (Garden C ity , 1960), pp. 48-50.
18. The 'old b rigad e' had a good grip on Otukpo p o lit ic s before the
e le c tio n . However, the four-year period which members of both
Executive Committees served had expired almost a year before new
e le ctio n s were h eld .
I
255
25. Ib id .
26. This was a panic measure taken by the N .P.N . members when they
realised that p o lit ic a l power was slip p in g away from them. The
money was used fo r b ribing the e le c to r a te .
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
he made sure that there was enough food for h is fa m ily . Wealth was
Western education in the 1920s and by the la te 1930s there were schools
in every part o f the cou n try. These schools enrolled children who in
former times would have helped on the fam ily farm and subsequently
would have become farmers themselves. Instead, they took up jobs which
Also in the 1960s, due to the exigency of the c i v i l war, the army
was increased from a mere 10,000 men to over 2 00,000 men. Most of the
of the army.
the election campaign had been based on the Green Revolution programme,
programme.
follows:
in d u strie s; and
. 2
( iii) to improve the lo t of the rural population.
the Green Revolution Council and the Green Revolution Committee - were
set up. The Green Revolution Council was responsible fo r laying down
state. The aim was to cle a r 57,000 hectares o f land (1,000 h e cta re j
Land clearin g did not help most of the fan n ers. In fa c t i t was
government money. Between 1979 and 1982 a t o t a l of N33.03 was said to have
cropped.
There were many reasons why the farmers d is lik e d cropping the
land. The con tractors responsible for stumping and c le a rin g knew
nothing about fanning seasons and by the time that they had fin ish e d
clearing a s ite the p lan tin g season might well be over. Secondly, the
the distance which they had to tra v e l saying that by the time they got
to the farms, they were too tire d to work. A ls o , they did not
most of those who had trie d cropping in cleared land had poor y ie ld s .
agricu ltu ral cooperative unions to take over from individual farmers.
below.
T A B L E 6 . 1 : L A N D D E V E L O P M E N T S C H E M E IN B E N U E S T A T E A S A T D E C E M B E R , 1 9 8 2
T o ta l H e cta re s
T o ta l H e cta re s T o ta l Ready fo r T o ta l H ectares
Zone C o m m itte d t o
Cropping Remarks
P r o p o se d
C o n tra cto rs
Cropped
Zone 1 W e s te r n zo n e (A y a n g b a )
Zo ne 2 W e s t-C e n tr a l (O tu k p o )
Zone 4 E a ste rn (A d ik p o )
So u rce: F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , M a k u r d i.
260
A g ro -S e rv ic e Centres
the Green Revolution Committee bought 250 tra cto rs which were
the farmers with a 50% subsidy. This system did not b e n e fit most of
the farmers who could not a ffo rd the cost o f h irin g ; only the few
The agro -service centres were also responsible for d is trib u tin g
There were two main problems associated with the d istrib u tio n o f
N5.00.10
Gboko, Adikpo, Otukpo and Idah and four crop protection lab orato ries
About 2,000 hectares o f land was acquired for goat and sheep
Committee were not only ambitious but also laudable. However, most
of them did not go beyond the drawing board stage and by the sunnier
which, because of b rib ery , benefited both the o f f i c i a l s and the p a rty .
projects were corru pt. Chemicals purchased for crop p rotection , as well
money received.*^
Both the fed eral and Benue s ta te governments were co n tro lle d by
Federal in s titu tio n s were esta b lish e d in Benue State to h elp promote the
for a l l the fed eral in s titu tio n s connected with the Green Revolution
these federal in s titu tio n s and the state government. The main complaint
made by the Coordinator was that the Secretariat was not f u l l y operational
the Federal Government to boost irrig a te d a g ric u ltu re , liv e sto c k and
1979 and 1983, the Authority p a rticip a te d in the follow ing aspects of
(1) A gricu ltu ral In p uts. T ra cto rs, equipment and other m aterial
farmers.
tonnes.
maize was only stored a t Enugu; the Board purchased 41,812 bags
at both Enugu and Makurdi and 713.90 tonnes was purchased in 1982.
Federal and State Governments, The p roject area covered 13,150 aq. km.,
Ayangba. ^
such as yams, cassava and grains lik e m aize, rice and m ille t. The
while poultry production between January 1981 and June 1982 stood at
62,939 b ird s. ^
problems. Between January and June 1982 funds for the project
continued to d eclin e - the subventions due from both the Federal and
the A g ricu ltu ral C redit Guarantee Scheme Fund. The purpose of the
banks for a g r ic u ltu r a l purposes. The management of the fund was under
20
the A g ricu ltu ral C redit Guarantee Scheme Board and the Central Bank.
crops;
PROJ E C T , 1982
F u n d in g A g e n cy E x p e c te d R e c e iv e d
T o ta l N 6 . 3442m N2.819m
Source: G r e e n R e v o l u t i o n O f f i c e , Maku r d i .
T A B L E 9.2: T H E D E C L I N E IN T H E R E V E N U E OF A Y A N G B A A G R I C U L T U R A L DEVELOPMENT
P R O J E C T , 1982
I
F u n d in g A g e n cy E x p e c te d R e c e iv e d
T o ta l N 6 . 3442m N 2 .8 1 9m
farming.
The guarantee covered 80* of the loan and the farmer had to
secu rity ;
which had the rig h t to give d ire c tiv e s to the commercial banks on the
ways in which they were to give the loans to the farmers. The Central
for a g ric u ltu ra l loans and that the in te re st rate should be 6 per ce n t,
the loan fund o f the N igerian A g ricu ltu ra l and Cooperative Bank. Any
interest charged was too low fo r the risk involved. They would prefer
267
than risk g iv in g loans to fanners who would not repay them. Most
farm ers could not provide the 20X guarantee required of them. Sm all
on the lands which they farmed. The managers maintained the view that
.
the Central Bank should provide a 100% guarantee.
22
Benue State was on the lowest rung of the ladder, as the table below
shows.
The Union Bank and the A frican Continental Bank, with three and four
a ll. The National Bank of N igeria and the United Bank for A fr ic a
38 2,877.5 2.7
13 Ondo
72 6,491.8 5.8
16 Rivers
67 10,696.0 9.6
19 Lagos
22 61 N1,113,062.25 100Z
between four farm ers. Only 0.262 of the to ta l loan went to animal
of the scheme, had repaid the loans in 1983; the to ta l amount repaid
of the loan was repaid. Some farmers used the loan for other
Nigerian press changed the name of the programme to "Brown R evolution ".
271
N 1,113,062.25 100%
271
H I ,113,062.25 100Z
272
Number of
SPNO Local Government Area Amount
B e n e ficia rie s
1 Otukpo 6 N370.351.00
2 Makurdi 8 N233.950.00
3 Gboko 22 N211,987.25
4 Dekina 14 N147.050.00
6 Bassa 2 N33.500.00
7 Ankpa 3 N28.000.00
8 Idah 1 N4.000.00
9 Vandeikya 1 N5.000.00
10 Kvande - -
11 Gwer - -
12 Oju - -
13 Okpokwu - -
61 N1,113,062.25
Total N84,000.00
FOOTNOTES
3. Ib id .
4. Ib id .
12. Ib id .
15. Ib id .
16. Ibid .
17. Ibid .
18. Ib id .
19. Ibid .
21. Ib id .
23. Ibid .
25. Ibid .
CONCLUSION
to o p e r a t e a d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m o f g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e S e c o n d R e p u b l i c was t e s t e d
so c ia liz a tio n , p o lit ic a l c u ltu r e , p o lit ic a l values and the p o lit ic a l economy.
By these te s ts the State was found wanting and many of the problems which
re a lisa tio n o f these problems that led the m ilita r y to carry out extensive
in stitu tio n a l and stru ctu ra l reforms before they handed over power to the
c iv ilia n s in 1979.
was that informal in s titu tio n s such as c h ie fs , local government courts and
introduced by the m ilita ry aimed at detaching these informal stru ctu res
Republic showed that the overt involvement of these structures was reduced,
did not p a rtic ip a te in p o lit ic s openly or d ir e c tly , but used interm ediaries
groups and p arties to operate in Benue Sta te became a big problem in the
Mr. Isaac Shaahu ended in h is favour and was the signal for the 'purge'
was due to h is powers as an executive governor which were derived from the
was the Westminster model of parliam entary democracy. In each region the
Premier who was the head of government., The C on stitu tion of the Second
Republic gave considerable execu tive powers to the State governors (State
governors combined both executive and ceremonial functions) who could use
them for good or bad purposes. U n fo rtun ately, Mr. Aku abused his o f f i c e .
the con struction . Again, when he fixed new school fees fo r primary schools
in 1982, the State House of Assembly rejected them, but the Governor
by denying them contracts and patronage. Public servants who were suspected
of th is was the Governor's removal of Mr. Agbara Ogah from the chairmanship
was s u s p e c t .^
A fter the 1979 e le c tio n , le g is la to r s from the State House of Assembly were
sent to the United States of America to understudy the p resid en tial system
proceedings of the State Congress. The duration of th e ir stay was two weeks.
system of government.
277
The (re s id e n tia l system of government was not only new in N ig e ria ,
but most of those who entered p o lit ic s in the Second Republic did so for
made in Benue State which derived from the lack of experience in government.
revenue. In Benue S ta te th is was not done and in the summer of 1981 the
State government was no longer able to pay the sa la r ie s and wages of State
government decided to e sta b lish three new Advanced Teacher Training C o lle g e s,
. . (2 )
six new Teacher T raining Colleges and nine new secondary sch ools.
and schools received more than h a lf of the money due to them but then
(31
abandoned work on these p ro je c ts . Again, take the case of overseas
scholarships: these were awarded, but money was not made a v a ila b le to the
students studying abroad. Between 1981 and 1983 over one hundred students
their allowances and many of them had to abandon th e ir studies and return
to N igeria. The issue o f the b u ria l expenses of Joseph Tarka was yet
another situ a tio n which revealed the incompetence o f the Aku government.
that there was no p rovision for such expenses in government regu latio n s,
Next we take the p o lit ic a l cu lture v ariab le* The adverse e ffe c t
by those who drafted the C o n stitu tio n of the Second Republic. To this
end, they took steps to include c o n stitu tio n a l provisions which would prevent
• (4)
ethnic p o lit ic s . U n fo rtu n a te ly .th is attempt fa ile d and ethnic p o lit ic s
major ethnic groups in the State were the T iv , the Idoma and the Ig a la ;
there were also minor groups such as E tu lo , Igedde and the Bassa-Nge.
Ethnic tension was la te n t among these groups from the inception of the
1978. The f i r s t seriou s crack in the e d ific e appeared in 1980 when the
Benue S ta te , Mr. Aku promptly warned those a g ita tin g for the establishment
Within a few months, a s p lin te r group emerged within the Kogi State movement
(81
and demanded the cre a tio n o f Okura S ta te . I t was at this stage, too,
that the Tiv - the la rg e st ethn ic group in the State - pressed for the
The State creatio n issue was an interm ittent nightmare which hunted
produced what they considered the solu tion to the perennial problem. The
Gowon regime had created twelve States out o f the four Regions of the F ir s t
far from being s a t is f i e d , the demand for more States increased a fte r each
necessitated the creation of more States before 1979 had changed. The two
279
v irtu a lly resolved the State cre a tio n question . With the redrawing of the
The subsequent economic argument fo r cre a tin g new States was a cover for
structural developments could be c a rrie d out under the e x is tin g State stru ctu re .
was lik e ly to swallow up the lio n 's share o f whatever subvention was received
The demand for the creation o f more States led to serious ethnic
support the N .P .P . because the party was at the fo refron t of the demand
for a New Benue S ta te . A lso , the disagreement between Mr. Aku and h is
deputy was due to the fa c t that w hile the former supported the Kogi State
in eth n ic p o lit ic s . Mention has been made of the tension that b u ilt up
in 1979 between the Tiv and the Idoma over the e le c tio n of the Speaker
individual ambition and obscured the real motive of the e lit e s which was
a leader set asid e the eth n ic cause which he had championed and became
in stitu tio n s and quite another to ensure that people behave in accordance
with the requirements of such in s t itu t io n s . This was the dilemma facin g
in the Second Republic (1979-1983), were both stru ctu ra l and in s t itu t io n a l.
Among the stru ctu ra l changes was the creation of more States which we
discussed above. Whereas the stru ctu ra l changes were expected to have an
in direct e ffe c t on the p o lit ic a l process, the in s titu tio n a l changes were
aimed d ire c tly a t a ffe c tin g p o lit ic a l behaviour. The main in s titu tio n a l
executive Governor. The separate powers of the Governor and the Premier
checks and balances among the three arms of government, they were rendered
Benue State the Governor was able to dominate both the le g is la tiv e and
1979 and 1983 the Governor not only exceeded his co n stitu tio n a l powers but
head of a government whose main aim was to plunder the fin a n cia l resources
individual ambition and obscured the real motive o f the e lit e s which was
a leader set aside the ethnic cause which he had championed and became
in stitu tion s and q u ite another to ensure that people behave in accordance
in the Second Republic (1979-1983), were both stru c tu ra l and in s titu tio n a l.
Among the stru ctu ral changes was the creation of more States which we
executive Governor. The separate powers of the Governor and the Premier
the Second R epublic. Although there was c o n stitu tio n a l provision for
checks and balances among the three arms o f government, they were rendered
Benue State the Governor was ab le to dominate both the le g is la tiv e and
1979 and 1983 the Governor not on ly exceeded h is c o n stitu tio n a l powers but
his actions were a lso a negation o f democratic p ra c tic e and values. Aku
head of a government whose main aim was to plunder the fin a n c ia l resources
the shortest p ossib le tim e. Related to t h is was the fa c t that the behaviour
with the g i f t o f a car and gave a car to each o f the chairmen o f the lo ca l
. , (13)
government co u n cils in the S ta te . Corruption also flourished because of
the b e lie f o f the p o litic ia n s that they could not be punished. Since the
N.P.N. was in power and they were in the 'good books' of the p a rty , they
were confident that the Governor would always protect them. There was also
sworn again st Mr. Aku, no contractor was w illin g to t e s t ify against him.
were more su sceptible to bribery. The b rib in g process was h igh ly organized
including community leaders who were sworn on oath to support the N.P.N.
S. M. L ip set when he sa id :
and the p o lit ic a l process in Benue State has brought to lig h t some common
of the object of study - the behaviour o f so cia l in stitu tio n s and human
b ein gs. The data upon which so cial science is based cannot be reduced to
S u b jectiv ity, no doubt, also has an adverse e ffe c t on the so cial sciences
p o litic a l process. The d iscussion of Benue State has shown how personal
N.P.N. and the other p o lit ic a l p a r tie s . Furthermore, c u ltu r a l issu es,
modernization school predicted that the tra n sfe r of democratic in stitu tio n s
Great B rita in was ipao facto expected to create the image of her own
this was the idea of comparing the working of the newly transferred
the government from the B r itis h . This stage ended abruptly with the
third stage began in 1979 with the formal handing over of power to a
dem ocratically e le cte d government. And with the return of the m ilita ry to
power on 30th December 1983 we are now firm ly in the fourth sta g e . During
p o litic a l p ra c tic e became out of step with the democratic in stitu tio n s
prolonged in s t a b ilit y which was brought to an end by the m ilita ry in terven tion .
When the m ilita r y intervened, the f i r s t task to which they addressed them
selves was the co rre ctio n of the anomalies in the coun try. This was done
with a view to removing the stru ctu ral imbalance among the component parts
and also to e lim in a tin g the regional in terests which had dominated party
to the c iv ilia n s to operate these in stitu tio n s and stru ctu re s. The acid
evidence bu ttresses the view that lib e r a l democratic values and p ractices
the government from the B r it is h . This stage ended abruptly with the
m ilitary in terven tion in 1966; 13 years o f m ilita ry rule follow ed. The
third stage began in 1979 with the formal handing over of power to a
power on 30th December 1983 we are now firm ly in the fourth stage. During
p o litic a l p ra ctice became out of step with the democratic in s titu tio n s
When the m ilita r y in terven ed , the f i r s t task to which they addressed them
selves was the c o rr e c tio n of the anomalies in the country. This was done
with a view to removing the stru ctu ra l imbalance among the component parts
and also to e lim in a tin g the regional in te re sts which had dominated party
to the c iv ilia n s to operate these in s titu tio n s and stru ctu res. The acid
evidence bu ttresses the view that lib e r a l democratic values and practices
showed that democratic p ra ctices lagged well behind democratic exp ectatio n s.
environment in which they work and d ie so cia lise d into the value system of that
the concepts that we use. For example, because we have been s o c ia lis e d into
authority. This leads us into the error of considering any tra d itio n a l
modern p o lit ic a l in s titu tio n s can c o -e x ist with tra d itio n a l in s titu tio n s
Footn otes
8. This movement was very popular with the Ankpa group. I t s leaders were
Mr. Isa Odoma and Simeon Onekutu.
10. Facts on the New Benue State are to be found in the appendix.
11. The contest was between the su ccessfu l Tiv candidate, Mr. Ayua Num,
and the Idoma can did ate, Mr. Audu Ogbe.
16. Ib id .
17. j . p. Mackintosh et a l . , Nigerian Government and P o litic s (London:
A llen and Unwin, 1966), p.625.
287
APPENDIX A
Your boy,
J.S. TA R K A .
\
288
■
■
■
■
APPENDIX B
■
TARKA'S LETTER TO THOMAS DEGARR
Sa to s, 1980).
Source: Tyu-Abeghe, Senator Tarka io Dead (Makurdi:
\
289
APPENDIX C
for the a ssim ila tio n of the general p u b lic the fa c ts and figures p ertaining
to our demand fo r a BINDA STATE to be created out of Benue State as you know
it now.
MOVEMENT. This movement has membership and support in and from twelve lo c a l
movement represent only a cross section o f the people who are in d iv id u a lly
others:
PATRONS
and a c tiv e members and supporters o f the movement. Binda State Movement has
291
be submitted to the N ation al Assembly and the Benue Sta te House of Assembly
present th eir case to the appropriate b od ies. The proposed sta te con sists
These put together are greater both in land area and population than for
S ta te , to mention ju s t a few.
The people of the proposed Binda S ta te are known throughout the world
us to rise up and jo in forces with us. We are always ready to co -e xist with
fellow N igerian s. Our demand for Binda State is not borne out of m alice,
honestly considered, and of course the Supreme Law o f the land, that is the
C o n stitu tio n .
Ladies and gentlemen, I crave your indulgence to elaborate minimally
that the request fo r Binda State ia legitim ate and c o n s titu tio n a l. Every
We believe that we are not exempted from e xercisin g that co n stitu tio n a l r ig h t.
292
Binda State is the c o lle c t iv e choice of the people geared towards the
known. The a g ita tio n fo r a Middle Belt State during the years of the
First Republic is s t i l l fresh in our minds. That stru ggle which was for
the betterment of the m inority peoples of the then Northern N igeria was
championed by our most loved Senator C hief Dr. J . S . Tarka (may h is soul
rest in p erfect peace) one of N ig e ria 's most illu s t r io u s sons ever borne.
January 1966.
With the coming into power by the armed forces the need to create more
among others was created in 1967, comprising Benue and Plateau Provinces
as they were before January 1966. Again these very ungrateful neighbours
i f that was not enough they went ahead with d e lib e ra te ly calcu lated and
are fu lly aware of the various attempts by both in d ivid u als and groups
people. We are aware too that th is was done for purely s e lfis h in terests
answer.
When again the m ilita r y declared th eir in te n tio n to create more sta te s
by 1976 these neighbours were at i t again. This time some opted to remain
'Kith and Kin' to jo in them to fig h t the imaginary domination. Our people
'Kith and K in '. We have no 'K ith and K in ', and we would lik e to remain as
others by the same o ld fo rce s. We have never been in a position to oth ers.
are in th is country.
stand of our people on that issue was very clear and convincing. Yet that
the government nearer to the people and hasten the pace of even development
create two n early equal states out of Benue State rather than taking less
s ta te . In other words we advocate that the 'K ith and Kin* whatever that
The r iv e r s Benue and Katsina Ala with their trib u ta rie s not only
The proposed State has one of the greatest human resources in N igeria.
The people o f th is area were the p illa r s of the Nigerian army in a l l its
Plateau S t a te and sim ila rly we are contributing to the development o f Benue
S tate. We are also proud that we have also no less contributed to the
private s e c to rs of the then Benue Plateau State and the present Benue S ta te .
Federal w ish to respect the said in s titu tio n and the appreciation o f its
In view of our b e lie f in the unity and oneness of the Federal Republic
fears of domination over others which can only be enhanced by the creation
295
with our people at a l l le v e ls and have hereby ascertained the true wishes
Sgd.
Sgd.
Engr. M. B is ib i A ti
Dr. Aker G a jir
Secretary
Chairman
Binda State Movement
Binda S ta te Movement
296
APPENDIX D
PRESS RELEASE
The demand fo r the cre a tio n of a BINDA State comprising the twelve
has added a new dimension to the a g ita tio n fo r the creation of new sta te s
in the country. H itherto only the movements for the creation of KOGI and
of Kogi and Okura States cover s ix Local Government Areas o f IGALA and BASSA
parts o f Benue S ta te .
presently co n stitu ted are the fiv e Local Government Areas o f Ado, Apa, O ju,
Okpokwu and Otukpo. These fiv e Local Government Areas comprising the I DOMA
and the IGEDE have resolved to be constituted into a NEW BENUE STATE with
headquarters at OTUKPO.
continue to be demands fo r the recon stitu tion of these adm in istrative u n its.
We from the fiv e Local Government Areas have h ith e rto contributed a l l
our e ffo r t s towards making Benue State a success. This we have done with
a s p ir it of great s a c r ific e and toleran ce. But i t would now appear that a l l
our e ffo r t s have been in v a in . Since the two other component ethnic groups
in Benue State have not decided to go th eir own separate ways, we have no
We have abundant and in con trovertib le evidence that the TIV, the
297
largest ethnic group, accounting for some 512 of the population have been
holding the rest of the people in the state to ransom. In the circumstances,
therefore, we cannot but agree with both the Tiv and the Ig a la that Benue
threats, the in cred ib ly rid ic u lo u s assertion s and the delib erate provocations
contained in the statem ents launching the demands for the creation of
KOGI, OKURA and p a r tic u la r ly BINDA Sta te s make the demand fo r the creation
of this great country, we fiom the fiv e Local Government Areas are fu lly
en titled to the p ro te ctio n of our persons, our p rop erties, our lands, our
indiscrim inately lumped with any other group in the event of the creation
With a population o f over one m illio n and endowed with vast human
and natural resources, we believe firm ly that we in the proposed NEW BENUE
of a NEW BENUE STATE are at an advanced stage. The e sse n tia l documents
for presentation to the National Assembly are being prepared. An itin erary
the proposed NEW BENUE STATE with the la te s t developments w ill be published
sh o rtly .
297
largest ethnic group, accounting for some 512 o f the population have been
holding the r e s t o f the people in the state to ransom. In the circum stances,
therefore, we cannot but agree with both the Tiv and the Ig a la that Benue
The amount o f venom, the susp icion , the disenchantment, the veiled
threats, the in cre d ib ly rid ic u lo u s assertion s and the d elib erate provocations
KOGI, OKURA and p a r tic u la r ly BINDA States make the demand for the creation
of th is great coun try, we from the fiv e Local Government Areas are fu lly
e n title d to the p ro tectio n o f our persons, our p ro p erties, our lands, our
in d iscrim in ately lumped w ith any other group in the event of the creation
With a population o f over one m illio n and endowed with vast human
and natural resources, we b eliev e firm ly that we in the proposed NEW BENUE
of a NEW BENUE STATE are at an advanced sta g e . The e sse n tia l documents
the proposed NEW BENUE STATE with the la te s t developments w ill be published
sh o rtly .
297
largest ethnic group, accounting for some 51% of the population have been
therefore, we cannot but agree with both the Tiv and the Ig a la that Benue
threats, the in cred ib ly rid icu lo u s a sse rtio n s and the deliberate provocations
KOGI, OKURA and p a r tic u la r ly BINDA Sta te s make the demand for the c re a tio n
en titled to the protection o f our persons, our p rop erties, our lands, our
indiscrim inately lumped with any other group in the event of the c re a tio n
With a population of over one m illio n and endowed with vast human
and natural resources, we b eliev e firm ly that we in the proposed NEW BENUE
the proposed NEW BENUE STATE with the la t e s t developments w ill be published
shortly.
Long Live THE NEW BENUE STATE, Long Live THE FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA.
Parliament Buildings,
Lagos.
Sir,
headquarters at OTUKPO.
The request is presented on behalf of the people of the geographical area comprising
Five of the 23 Local Government Areas of the present Benue State of Nigeria. The five
Local Government Areas are:* Ado. Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and Otukpo Local
Government Areas.
The five Local Government Areas are represented by:-
(i) 2 members in the Senate;
(>>) 4 members in the House of Representatives;
(>ii) 12 members in the Benue State House of Assembly;
(■v) There are no democratically elected Councillors
These five Local Government Areas are blessed with abundant valuable but
largely untapped mineral and other natural resources. Located in the zone of transition
between tropical forest and guinea savana lands the population produces a large variety
of agricultural products ranging from the root and tree crops characteristic of tropical
forest regions to the grain crops and livestock associated with tropical grasslands. We
can boast of more than adequate availability of administrative, technical and professional
manpower. We have the requisite potential and the c r e a t i o n of a
NEW BENUE STATE
will certainly quicken the pace of economic development in this part o f Nigeria.
The position of these five Local Government Areas in the present Benue State is
utterly hopeless and the future looks most d i s m a l and bleak. Their case is a peculiar
and pathetic one. It is our hope that everyone concerned with this all-im portant exercise
of the creation o f States w ill appreciate their position.
The composition o f the Benue State House o f Assembly gives the T iv an absolute
majority: 30 seats out o f 57 seats. This means that even the democratic process can
be used, and has been used, to hold all the other ethnic groups in Benue State to ransom.
This was the case during the election of the Speaker of the Benue State House of
Assembly in October, 1979. In a S t a t e comprising three clearly identifiable,
relatively large but unequal ethnic groups, if the Governor came from one o f the groups
and the Deputy Governor from another the Speaker o f the House should have come
from the third ethnic group in the spirit o f the “ Federal Character" enshrined in the
Constitution of the Federal Republic o f Nigeria, 1979. But using their absolute majority
in the Benue State House o f Assembly, the Tiv who produced the Governor voted
democratically” to elect one o f themselves as the Speaker.
302
Given (he relatively low political sophistication and the powerful influences of
ethnicity in Nigerian politics, this situation could be perpetuated for ever. Therefore to
leave the five Local Government Areas and for that matter, the other ethnic groups as an
appendage to. and entirely at Ihe mercy of the Tiv, in the present Benue State would be
tantamount to consigning them to constitutional bondage. The indigenes of the five Local
Since the A rm y handed power over to civilians in October 1979, the number of
Local Government Areas in Benue State has been progressively increased from thirteen to
thirty four.
TIV 6 47 12 52 18 53
IGA LA 4 30 6 26 9 26
IDOMA 3 23 5 22 7 21
(The latest eleven to be created are yet to be assented to and constituted by the Governor.)«
It is evident from the above table that since the inception of civilian administration
in Benue State, the T iv , combining their powerful positions in both the Executive and the
Legislative Arms of Government, have been able to alter dramatically the ratio of Local
Since there is no end to this process in sight, the day might not be very far o ff when
a Tiv Gubrnatorial candidate could depend entirely on T iv votes not only to win the
nomination but also to satisfy the costitutional “ safeguards" for becoming Governor of
Benue State.
303
All the other demands for the creation o f new St le- < ut o f the present Benue State
i.e. the demands for the creation o f Xogi.O kura and Cinda States, explicitly cxlude these
five Local Government Areas o f Ado. Apa. Oju. Okpokwu and Otukpo. The demand for
a Binda State, in particular, serves emphatic notice on the other ethnic groups and
particularly those from the five Local Government Areas o f Ado. A p a . Oju.Okpokwu and
Otukpo. that the Tiv no longer desire continued association w ith these other people in
We do accept that the Tiv are a "peace-lov ing" people. But we arc also aware from
the facts of recent history that when political passions arc aroused matters could be very
different.
particularly in the area o f the present Benue State and in Nigeria as a whole. Our case is
based on the convincing desire for self-determination and for enhancing the welfare and
pi ogress o f our people. The institutions o f State and even the letter o f the constitution,
have been manipulated in too many ways to be enumerated here, to place the people
from these five Local Government Areas o f Ado, Apa, Oju.Okpokvvu and Otukpo, in a
promotions and the disposition of Staff. It is in these circumstances and in the light of
the bleak prospects ahead that we now make the demand and formally request the
The creation of a New Benue State will give the people of these five Local Government
Areas, Ado, Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and Otukpo, a sense of belonging and guarantee our
greater participation in Nigeria's politics and economy. It will undoubtedly bring the
Government nearer to our people.
In the New Benue State, we envisage that political and administrative posts, educational
institutions and other social and economic projects will be fairly and evenly distributed to
the component Local Government Areas to ensure that everyone's welfare and progress
«re catered for.
304
The are» of the proposed Nrw Penue State it about 15,000 sq. km. Its population
of about one million comi ares favourab y with several States in the Federation and is,
<nfact. bigger than some African nations like The Gambia, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and
Botswana; some European countries like Luxumburg and Malta; and bigger than States
like New Hamphshire, Idaho and Wyoming in the United States o f America.
These five Local Government Areas are historically affiliated, culturally compatablc
and economically similarly oriented. From time immemorial they have co-existed in peace
and harmony to the extent that the boundaries between the ethnic groups are purely
imaginary and exist only on administrative maps.
THEREFORE, we the elected representatisesand accredited leaders of the geograghical
area comprising the following Local Government Areas: Ado, Apa, Oju Okpokwu and
Otukpo, who have been mandated by our people to demand the creation of
which shall compose the geographical area of the five L.tcal Government Areas enumerated
above, hereby request the National Assembly to initiate action and to pass AN ACT o f the
National Assembly for the purpose of creating the aforesaid State. The land area or
territory of the proposed State is aptly described in the Map attached as aonexture “ A " .
Yours faithfully,
for and on behalf o f the
NEW
,
BENUE STATE
7
MOVEMENT
‘ t
S ir,
R E Q U E S T E O R f H E ( R f A T IO N O f
NEW Bl N U I S IA M
1. W hereas by section 8 su b -se ctio n ( 11 ( a ) (1) o f the C o n s titu tio n o f the fe d era l
namely:-
( i) “ The Senate and the House of Representatives."
2. And whereas the area demanding the creation of New Benue State includes Ado,
Apa.Oju.Okpokwu and Otukpo Local Government Areas within Benue Stule; und
the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives are respectively
at follows:-
Senate: 1. Ameh Ebute (Benue South East District)
>0
3. Now therefore by section 8 sub-section (1) (a) ( i) of the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979, we the undersigned members of the Senate and
request the National Assembly through the President of the Senate and Speaker
Assembly creating a new State out of the present Benue State and the new State
i
shall be known and called
which said State shall comprise Ado, Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and Otukpo Local
Name Constituency S ig n r - i a r c s 1 / \
■7 7 »’ ' 7 1
I. B enue S o u th E ast
“ “*
Se n a to r A m e h E b u te
3. H o n . D a v id A tiafa O k p o k w u E east
3. H o n . A . E y ig e g e E jig a O tu k p o
H o n . D a v id A g i O ja
308
December I, 1981.
namely:-
(I) The House of Assembly in respect of the area.
2. And Whereas the area demanding the creation of New Benue State includes Ado,
Apa, Oju.Okpokwu and Otukpo Local Government Areas within the Benue State;
and the members of the Benue State House of Assembly representing the area
demanding the creation of New Benue Sate are respectively as follows:-
1. H o n . A u d u I. O g b e b O tu k p a C o n s titu e n c y
2. „ Elias 1. Ekpirt Ig u m a le / U to n k o n C o n s titu e n c y
3. „ S. O . Ude A g ila / U la y i / Ijig b a m C o n stitu e n cy
4. m J . 0 . Obeya O k p o g a / O r o k a m C o n s titu e n c y
3. h T tu d d e u s O k o O rub i O w u u k p a / Icb a m a C o n s titu e n c y
6. m O . S . O fik w u E d u m o g a C o n s titu e n c y
7. h A . O m in g b e O d e h Iged c C o n s titu e n c y
» Peter. O . E ru U w o k w u C o n s titu e n c y
9. „ O han de O deh Ito C o n s titu e n c y
10. „ Paul A . O deh U g b o ju /A d o k a / O n y an ged c C o n stitu e n c y
IL „ Abu Edo A g a tu / O c h e k w u C o n s titu e n c y
12. „ Jo s e p h O m a h a O g b o A k p a / O tu k p o /Oglew u C o n s titu e n c y
Now therefore, by section 8 sub-section (1) (a) ( ii) of the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979, we the undersigned members of the Benue State
the National Assembly to pass or cause to pass, through the President of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, an Act of the National
Assembly creating a new State out of the present Benue State to be known and
called
which said State shall comprise Ado, Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and Otukpo Local
Name Constituency
» T h ad d eu t O k o O rub i O w u u k p a / Icb a m a
Name
Hon. 0 . S . O fik w u
„ A . O m m g b e O d eb
,, Peter O . E ru
» Obande O deh
m P au l A . O d e
h Abu E d o
» Jo se p h O m a h a O g b o
310
13
S ir ,
2. And whereas the area demanding the creation of New Benue State includes Ado,
Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and Olukpo Local Government Areas within Benue Slate:
3. And whereas the Local Government Councils for Ado, Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and
Otukpo Local Governments have been dissolved by order of the Governor of
Benue State made pursuant to section 102 o f the Benue State Local Government
Law No. 14 o f 1976 and
i. There are no democratically constituted Local Government Councils for
these areas; and
ii. There are no Councillors democratically elected in the area of the proposed
New Benue State.
*
311
14
SWORN A F FID A V IT :
I, Senator Ameh Ebute, male, Christian, Member of the National Assembly of the
1. I am mandated by the Representatives of Ado, Apa, Oju, Okpokwu and Otukpo Local
Government Areas of Benue State of Nigeria to swear to this affidavit on their behalf.3
4
2. I have seen part I to the First Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria 1979 wherein the Benue State is describs as contain ng the following 13 Local
Government Areas>
1. Ankpa 1. Kw ande
2. Bassa 9. M ak urdi
3. D e k in a 10. O ju
5. Gw er 12. O tu k p o
6. Id a h 13. V a n d e k iy a
7. K a t s in a A l a
O k p o k w u L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t A re a s by Law .
L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t A r e a s by L aw .
State n a m e ly :-
I. Ado
ii. Apa
iii. O ju
iv. Okpokwu
v. O tu k p o .
New B e n u e S ta te .
L egislativ e H o u s e N u m b e r o f M em b ers S ig n a to r ie s
Senate 2
F ederal H o u s e o f R ep s. 4 3
Benue H o u s e o f A sse m b ly 12 12
Aineh E B u te
( D e c la r a n t ) .
SW O R N t o a t the H ig h C o u r t
of Feb. 1982.
BEFORE M E:
C O M M IS S IO N E R FOR 0
313
i APPENDIX F
I DOMA AREA
Mr. O j i j i Alegwu II
IGALA AREA
TIV AREA
t A F R IC A N C O N T IN E N T A L B A N K L T D
T O E X P A N D H B JV L A A A C O C
r effectively a I
PoBndoa a Irehmrtinu with a large Shahs-Nationa l Cocnpanv with I t . fro m the above » is our conclusions that P A U L U N O M G O is
gm rten M Eaglaad ia wMch owe MMe A M aow of Ow crri played politica 'y and financially an unstable character
W and u anonymous lin e r to P w d g ia l S M EM U
■ r - i v f <me h irer waa Iwvaadgaiad by Me (N g O I and B u m a a a m a t he
■ A M P A U L U N O N G O w a a “ transferred" from steel m inm ry. D Reject M m :— P A U L U N O N G O .
rafter P A U L i m dM M e A M M m m , M < h < M of the , * P A U L . pMme tell me b o r a t e h o . r L imend to gmKrmc fund, to
1 * Zrmt' Lamtom. The facts are on one repay the A C R loans owned by M M a t s C n i_ | of C w a a r i a which yoa
m t the founder, chairman snd G U A R A N T O R ?
316
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"The Con stitu tion o f the G .N .P .P ." (Lagos: Academy Press, 1978).
SECONDARY SOURCES
BOOKS
Post, K .W .J. and V ick ers, M ., Structure and C o n flic t in Nigeria 1960-65
(London, 1973).
ARTICLES/CHAPTERS
NEWSPAPERS
JO H N RYLA N D
U N IV E R S I T Y
L I B R A R Y 01
M A N C H E S ! EM