Sustainablity

I=PAT

Mass/Volume Concentrations and Conversions

ppmm = (mi/mtotal)  106
For most aqueous systems, ppm = mg/L
ppmv = (Vi/Vtotal)  106
ppmv = molesi/molestotal)  106
For gases use PV=nRT to convert between ppmv to g/m3
ppmv = (Pi/Ptotal)  106
Total N in mg/L = (14/17)  Total NH3 in mg/L
Total C (mass) = Total CH4  (12/44) (mass)
Total solids: TS = TDS + TSS for water and Total TSS = VSS + FSS

Kinetics
n Order Kinetics: dC/dt = -kCn where k is the rate constant

Temperature Effects on k
(kT2/kT1) = (T2-T1)

Half life
Ct1/2 = Co/2 t1/2 = 0.693/k = Co/2k

Mass Balance
dS/dt = influx – outflux + produced internally

m m m

Integration note: If dC/dt = -C where  is a constant, then ln(C/Co) = -t

If dC/dt = -(C-A) where A is a constant, then (C-A)/(Co-A) = exp(-t)

For CMFR
dm/dt = m - m + VdC/dt
m = QinCin m = QoutCout m = V(dC/dt)reaction only
st
If 0 order decay, dC/dt = -k If 1 order decay, dC/dt = -kC

Batch Reactor
PFR: Cout/Cin = exp(-kt) = exp(-kV/Q) for 1st order
CMFR: Cout/Cin = (1+kV/Q)-1

Retention Times, Detention Times, Residence times:  = V/Q

Energy Balance:
Heat internal energy = E = mass  heat capacity c  T
dE
E E
dt

Energy Efficiency in Buildings

E/t = dE/dt = heat into building – heat lost from building
Heat lost = losses through skin + losses through infiltration
Skin heat loss = At/R = BTU/oF-day = BTU/degree-day if t = 24 hours
R value such that [1/R] = BTU/(ft2-hr-oF) = W/(m2-hr-oC)
Infiltration heat loss: Volume  Infiltration Rate  heat capacity of air
Total energy demand = total heat loss  no. of degree days for heating time period

Advection
Mass flux density J = advective flux = mass flux / cross-sectional area
A C A

Dispersion Stokes Law

J D v

Models of Population Growth X (mg/L)

VdX/dt = (QX)in –(QX)out + growth – death

Exponential (unlimited) Growth

dX/dt = maxX - KdX X(t) = Xoe(max - Kd)t

Logistic (space limited) Growth

μ K X X X t K 1 exp μ K t

Resource Limited Growth

μ μ μ K X

Yield Coefficient
Y = dX/dS dS/dt = (-1/Y)(dX/dt) μ 1 X

BOD
L(t) = Loexp(-kLt) y(t) = Lo-L(t)

Risk
Dose = mass of chemical administered per unit time / mass of individual receiving dose
Dose through absorption = f absorption efficiency  dose
Carcinogenic compounds: Risk = SF x dose
Non-carcinogenic compounds
RfD = NOAE/UF

Risk Characterization
Carcinogenic risk = dose x SF x EF x ED /AT
Dose = concentration x IR/BW
Acceptable concentration = acceptable risk x AT x BW/(SF x EF x ED x IR)

Non-carcinogens: Risk is defined in terms of Hazard Quotient HQ

HQ = average daily dose / RfD
Acceptable concentration = (HQ x RfD x BW)/ IR