Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Implementation
Radio LTE optimization and LTE SON &
Site Integration process workshop
Milan , 26-27 May 2015
Agenda
• Smart architecture
• Smart Radio Planning & initial settings
– 3MHz LTE900 performance
• Smart TX planning
• Site Acceptance support tools
3
Smart Single RAN
Before Today
Each access technology HW can be shared among
needed a dedicated HW access techs, with different SW
UMTS
2G
900/1800MHz GSM
2G
3G 3G 4G
900/2100MHz
4G 800/900/
1800/2100/
4G 2600MHz
800/1800/2600MHz Single RAN
Benefits
• No need to add new equipment, the best Radio technology can be enabled just via Software
• Technology agnostic: Powerful and scalable in order to support all the Radio technologies
• More energy efficient green network
• Different access technologies can share:
o The power of the same Radio Module in the same band
o The baseband resources
o Common transport
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RF Sharing Configuration
RF Sharing Lte+DCS 1800 MHz
• Today requirement (single
GSM LTE band PA technology) is that
the radio technologies have
RF modules
to work in frequency bands
RF modules close to each other
RF modules
Implementation
• To facilitate implementation, 2 RX
branches implemented as combined
2.1 and 2.6 GHz; no additional antenna
port required wtr to default
implementation,
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4-way RX Diversity
Results from VF-PT LIVE test
• From the mobility tests it can be seen that LTE PS
Sessions can be continued/established at a
longer distance (200m in straight line) from the
base station when 4WRXD is activated.
• 4WRXD provides higher UL Throughput than PS Drop with 4WRXD
2WRXD, especially for medium and poor radio
conditions. PS Drop with 2WRXD
HW Required
AIR21 B3A B1P (L1800)
RSRP 2WRXD Thput 4WRXD Thput The extra 3dB UL gain expected
-113,5 dBm 409,2 kbps 476,6 kbps
from 4WRXD was verified.
RBS6601 + DUS41
CPRI - fiber
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4-way RX Diversity
Results from VF-PT LIVE test
2WRXD Mean Min Max 90%-ile 4WRXD Mean Min Max 90%-ile
RF Conditions @ -60dBm RF Conditions @ -60dBm
Top Cell RSRP (dBm) -63,37 -84,1 -59 -61,8 Top Cell RSRP (dBm) -65,25 -83,4 -58,6 -59,6
PUSCH Phy Throughput (kbps) 22936,82 0 24041,82 23743,12 PUSCH Phy Throughput (kbps) 23134,99 0 23748,46 23686,18
60 60 60
Perce nt
Perce nt
Perce nt
40 40 40
20 20 20
0 0 0
22000 22500 23000 23500 24000 24500 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Throughput Throughput Throughput
From the static tests it was verified that 4WRXD provides more UL Throughput than 2WRXD, mainly for medium and poor
radio conditions.
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Co-Tx
“Single RAN” technology enables to share a single transport interface among two or more technologies
(GSM, 3G e 4G)
Benefits
• Unified O&M systems and transport Operability
• Reduced number of interfaces
• Cost – implementation with a shared fiber
• Common IP: Site appears as one IP host on transport layer
• Flexible IP addressing, QoS and IPsec concepts
RF modules RF modules
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Typical LTE configurations: Nokia /1
• LTE800
3 TX 6 TX
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Typical LTE configurations: Nokia /2
• LTE1800 with RF Sharing with RFM
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Typical LTE configurations: Nokia /2
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Typical LTE configurations: Nokia /3
• LTE2600 with RFM - 4RX
FRHC
1.1.1
1 2
Cell 53 Rx Cell 52 Rx Cell 51 Rx
FRHC
1.2.1
1 2 FSMF
1 2 3
+ 1xFBBC
3
6 Gbps Obsai
3 Gbps Obsai
Nokia eNodeB
Standard Configurations
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Typical LTE configurations: Nokia baseband /3
FSME
• Same capacity with a single FSMF module with no FBBC extension capability
Evolution of FSMF
• Nokia’s high capacity Flexi Multiradio System Module (FSMF) provides multiradio capability and allows capacity to be increased by
adding more modules
• Optical interface capacity provides up to 6 Gbps - more number of cells that can be supported by each radio module interface
• Provides reduction in power consumption compared to previous modules and lowers OPEX
• Multiradio and multiband configurations are achievable by the addition of from four to six RF interfaces and through the FSMF’s RF
Module chaining capability
• The evolution of the FSMF platform to support concurrent mode operation of at least any two technologies is considered critically
important. Nokia supports with SW upgrade capability to achieve this
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Typical LTE configurations: E///
LTE Baseband Board Guidelines LTE HW Configurations
L800 L800 L800
L1800 or
L800 or
RRUS11 or 12
L2600
A B C Dual TX RRH
MIMO ready
CPRI - fiber
RBS6601 + DUS
2 Radio Units
ABC (RUS01 or 02)
DUS41
L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L1800 or
per Sector to
L2600
enable MIMO
RBS6201
L1800
Passive 2100MHz
MIMO & 4WRXD enabled
CPRI - fiber
RBS6601 + DUS41
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Typical LTE configurations: Huawei/1
• LTE800
800 800 800
MHz MHz MHz
SRN1 L site
BBU GL
FAN
UPE
U
LBBPd1 UMPT S1/X2 (IP)
BBU LO
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Typical LTE configurations: Huawei/2
SRN1 GL site
BBU GL
FAN GTMU
A-bis
UPE
U
LBBPD2 UMPT S1/X2 (IP)
BBU GL
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Typical LTE configurations: Huawei/3
GUL site
SRN0
UCIU
BBU GU
Wbbp
FAN GTMU A-bis
Wbbp
UPE Iu-b (IP)
WMPT/ U
Wbbp
UMPT
SRN1
1800 1800 1800
MHz MHz MHz
BBU LO
Lbbp
FAN
UPE
U
Lbbpd2 UMPT BBU GL
S1/X2 (IP)
SRN1 L site
RRU
BBU GL
FAN
UPE
U
LBBPd2 UMPT S1/X2 (IP)
RRU
Referring BB board is LBBPd2
• LBBPd2 is capable to handle 3 2T4R LTE cells
• RRU only
RRU
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Typical LTE configurations: 3G/4G CoTX
SRN0
BBU GU
Wbbp BBU U
FAN
Wbbp
UPE
U
Wbbpd2 UMPT Iu-b (IP) +
S1/X1 (IP)
SRN1
900 1800 900 1800 900 1800
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
UCIU
BBU LO
Lbbp
FAN GTMU
UPE
Lbbp UMPT
U
A-bis (TDM) BBU GL
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Typical LTE configurations: 2G/3G CoTX
GUL site
SRN0
BBU GU
Wbbp
FAN GTMU A-bis
Wbbp
UPE Iu-b (IP)
WMPT/ U
Wbbpd2
UMPT
SRN1
BBU LO
Lbbp
FAN
Lbbpd
UPE
U
Lbbpd2 UMPT BBU GL
S1/X2 (IP)
legacy antenna
(6 connectors)
800/1800/2100 700/900/2x2600
X X X X
X X X X Swap X X X X X X X MIMO 4x4 ready
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X Independent tilt for LBs
X X X X
• The goal is to have at least two antennas per sector for new feature requirements ( es. 4-way diversity , MIMO
4x4, etc…)
• Independent tilt for each system/frequency is crucial for the optimization activities especially for 800 / 900
MHz
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First LTE-A implementation:
23
Carrier Aggregation – Executive Summary
• Launches and Rollout expansions plans are already ongoing in all the
European VF countries where more than one LTE band is available, moving
from the most important cities to the medium cities and touristic places.
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Carrier Aggregation – Capabilities & roadmap
Capabilities Terminal Categories – Rel-10&11 Roadmap for CA evolution
LTE-A
Up to Up to
20 20
MHz MHz
Up to
Up to
Mbps
Mbps
150
150
40
MHz
First combination
LTE-A
FDD1800+TDD2600
2H15 2016+*
(*) not for the smartphone
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LTE Carrier Aggregation allows multiple LTE carriers to be bonded
together to improve the customer experience
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In Urban Areas if we start with 800 deployments on the 900 grid
we should add 1800 or 2600 to these sites and carrier aggregate
LTE1800/2600 added to 100% of LTE800 sites
Deployed
1st
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If we start with 1800 (or 2600) deployments on the 2100 grid we
should add 800 to a subset of these sites and carrier aggregate
LTE800 added to ~60-80% of LTE1800 sites
Deployed
1st
LTE 2x20MHz LTE 2x30MHz Carrier LTE 2x20MHz LTE 2x30MHz Carrier LTE 2x20MHz
Aggregation Aggregation
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A coverage analysis in Dusseldorf shows that Carrier
Aggregation enhances the User Experience across 80% of the
indoor area Relative Indoor Coverage
1) Deploy LTE800 on 50 (of 71) Sites
800 Only
2600 Only (50 sites)
Single User
800+2600 with Carrier Aggregation
Experience
100 Mbps
75 Mbps
0 Mbps
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
75 Mbps
25 Mbps
0 Mbps
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
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Carrier Aggregation brings more Urban capacity and enables
user experience to be maintained at much higher loads
800+2600 Carrier Aggregation 1800+800 Carrier Aggregation
Average LTE
Experience
Indoor
(Mbps)
LTE800 LTE800+2600 CA LTE1800 LTE1800+800 CA
% Sessions
>10Mbps
Indoor
Low Traffic: 33% LTE penetration, LTE High Traffic: 100% LTE penetrations, LTE
Smartphones @1.25GB/month Smartphones @2.5GB/month
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LTE Carrier Aggregation /Nokia Configuration Examples
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LTE Carrier Aggregation /Nokia Configuration Examples
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LTE Carrier Aggregation /Nokia Configuration Examples
FRHC
Cell 53 TxRx Cell 52 TxRx Cell 51 TxRx FXEB
1.1.1 1.2.1.1
1 2
Cell 33 TxRx Cell 32 TxRx Cell 31 TxRx
1 2
Cell 53 Rx Cell 52 Rx Cell 51 Rx FXEB
Cell 53 Rx Cell 52 Rx Cell 51 Rx 1.2.2.1
FRHC 1 2
1.2.1
1 2 FSMF
6 1 2 3
+ 2xFBBC
3 1 2
6 Gbps Obsai
3 Gbps Obsai
TO ESMx 2G
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LTE Carrier Aggregation
Ericsson Configuration Examples
LTE CA 2 Bands – RRH LTE CA 3 Bands – RRH
L800 L800 L800
L800 L800 L800 L1800 L1800 L1800
A B E A B C
C D F
DUS41
XMU03
RBS6601 + DUS41
D E F G H I
L1800 L1800 L1800 L2600 L2600 L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L2600
L800
• L14A SW Release
• Features:
B 6 Cell Support (FAJ 121 1821)
L800 Cascadable Radio Units (FAJ 121 1820) (only required
when using macro eNodeB)
C RBS6201 Carrier Aggregation (FAJ 121 3046)
Dynamic SCell Selection for CA (FAJ 121 3063)
• HWAC’s should be updated accordingly to the desired capacity
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Typical LTE configurations: Huawei CA
LTE CA sites are identical to other LTE sites, provided that RF modules and BB boards
constraints are satisfied.
RF modules to be selected according to site needs.
LTE-CA supported by the combinations of baseband processing units in the
eNodeB:
1 LBBPc + 1 LBBPd1
1 LBBPc + 1 LBBPd2
1 LBBPd1 + 1 LBBPd2
2 LBBPd1 boards
2 LBBPd2 boards
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Typical LTE configurations: Huawei CA
• GSM1800+L1800+L800 CA (example)
800 800 800
MHz MHz MHz
SRN1 GL site
BBU GL
LBBPD1
FAN GTMU
A-bis
UPE
U
LBBPD2 UMPT S1/X2 (IP)
BBU GL
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Typical LTE configurations: Huawei CA
LBBPD1
FAN GTMU A-bis
LBBPD2
UPE
U
LBBPD2 UMPT S1/X2 (IP)
BBU GL
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Carrier aggregation – Live results
LTE-A
2x
2.6 1.8
Ghz Ghz
15 15
MHz MHz
Peak throughput
w/ MIMO 2x2
Cell Mid Site
border range proximity
30
MHz
terminal
LTE-A
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Active Antennas
40
General AA
Executive Summary
For each site, the possibility to adjust antenna tilt independently for each system/frequency it is
fundamental for the optimization activity
In order to be proactive, it is suggest to install antenna 2600MHz capable also in site where
2600MHz is not planned in a short period. The same provision should be implemented for 700MHz .
For each site, the goal is to have at least two antennas per sector in order to have the flexibility to
adjust the antenna system to the new feature requirements ( es. 4-way diversity , MIMO 4x4, etc…)
For sites with single antenna /sector, today multiband antennas with 6 pair connectors (2 low band
pair + 4 high band pair connectors) are available only with 2.6m height, 2m version in roadmap for
2015, lower /shorter m versions is under discussion.
Put 700 and 800 in separate radomes or separate radiators (for example side by side antennas).
Using separate radiators, ie 2 column wide antenna or two antennas, gives acceptable performance
but is not allowed on many sites due to contract with site owners
For sites with FDD&TDD antenna solution must ensure at least 54 dB (see Annex 2: TDD & FDD
interference analysis) of isolation between FDD and TDD
C3 Vodafone Confidential
General AA Guideline
Target AA
• Active Antennas are an agreed part of VF strategy with aggressive plans in our guidance
• All new sites, unless not practically viable
• All 3G/LTE site upgrades when antenna change is needed, unless not practically viable.
• For future spectrum readiness, where viable 2 antenna per sector configuration shall be preferred with at least 1 AA
Practical limitations
• when unfeasible for camouflage/environmental restrictions
• where a complete swap of pole is needed on existing sites - unless necessary for passive antenna also or other reasons
e.g. H&S, site infra modernization. Pole reinforcement is acceptable.
C3 Vodafone Confidential
Active Antenna Concept
Overview
An active antenna (AA) integrates the radio module(s) and
the antenna array(s) in the same box
Key Advantages
Power Savings (reduced feeder loss)
Cleaner sites (No cables, RRUs, DTMAs)
Capacity/Coverage gain (suitable for high capacity
scenarios)
Drawback
Not all AA models support all bands
Weight may be an issue for site
installation
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Huawei AAs Family
Configurati
2A+2P 2A+1P 2A+2P
on
Power 2x60W 2x60W 2x40W
specs 2T4R 2T4R 4T4R
GL 1800 MHz GL 1800 MHz
GL 1800 MHz
Supported U 2100 MHz U 2100 MHz
U 2100 MHz
bands L 2600 MHz LTE 2600 MHz
L 2600MHz
GUL 690-960MHz GUL 790-960MHz
Supported
GUL GUL GUL
RATs
900/1800/2100
2 Antenna Site Passive: X X X X X Wind 2650
800/1800/ X X X Passive:
X X
Passive: Passive:
2600 X X X X X
900/2100 Load N Antennas + 5
1800 900/2100 X X X X X Pairs of
Weig Cables
64Kg
ht
X X X Add
X X X
X
LTE800
X X
/2600 Option 2: Swap to Active Antenna
X X X
Wind 2660 Based on local
X X
Active: 1800/2100 X X
Passive: Load N market rules.
Passive: 800/2600 900
X X Antennas + 3
RF Cables X X Weig
98Kg Pairs of Cables
ht
Fibre + Wind load similar
DC
Weight not critical in pole
dimensioning
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AAs Key Features
AAU3902 AAU3902 AAU3911/AAU3910
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Ericsson AIRs Family
DRIVERS
Model Description NEW sites (Non Urban) RAN Refresh / LTE sites
Dual AA in 1800 MHz with Sites where AIR for U2100 not Sites with U2100 already
AIR21 2T/4R capabilities and possible requiring LTE1800 Refreshed requiring LTE1800
B3A / B1P independent passive antenna with no DCS and RRU with no DCS and RRU
for 2100 MHz installation constrains installation constrains
Smart Architecture
Architecture Evolution
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E2E connectivity
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4G Vodafone Architecture
eNB
MME
IP
Access TX
Backbone
eNB SeGW SAE-GW
~
ToP Master O&M
eNB
Primary Reference
Clock
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Path differentiation
MME
SeGW 2
IP
Access TX
Backbone
eNB SeGW 1 SAE-GW
Timing over Packet
(IEEE 1588)
~
ToP Master O&M
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Security Gateway (SecGW)
• LTE security requires a different system protection as mobile backhaul traffic
becomes more vulnerable to hacker attacks
• IPsec provides a comprehensive set of security features like
– data origin authentication
– Encryption
– integrity protection
CA LTE
– IPsec Tunnel Mode encapsulates and protects the entire source IP packet
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CA LTE: for device eNB and SecGW site
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SCTP Multi-homing concept
SeGW1
SeGW2
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Architecture and Tunnel Mapping
CP
CP
UP
UP
Tunnel 1 O&M MME
O&M
Tunnel 2 O&M2
O&M2 MME
CP2
CP2
Router SeGW1
eNB
CP
UP
O&M
• Target solution for Vodafone O&M2
SeGW2
• Support for two O&M:
• First O&M in tunnel to provide security on KPI and commands
• Second O&M out of tunnel to provide connectivity (SSH, HTTPS) if the tunnel breaks down
• O&M2 is activated only if tunnel 1 is down
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CS Fallback
CSFB (Circuit Switched Fall Back)
• It allows UE camped on the 4G network for PS services to attempt/receive a CS call on CS overlapping GSM/UMTS
networks
• Three methods: PS Handhover, CCO with/without NACC (specific for GSM case), Redirection
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Smart Radio Planning
59
Smart Radio Planning
Main Challenges SON Approach
– Increasing OPEX for the skilled staff for local – Minimum or zero manual configuration
commissioning and configuration activities
– Increasing CAPEX due to overdimensioning – Plug & Play: Functionality that enables to
– High operational impact of periodic replanning
simplify the eNB integration
– Cell Specific Settings on 4G: PCI, RSI, PRACH planning
i.e. PCI reuse to be too high and its impact on the RS – Automatic cell specific settings: PCI conflict
SINR
– Labor intensive neighbour relations handling activity resolution, PRACH optimization
(intra/inter frequency, inter-RAT)
– Automatic neighbour relations and the setup
of X2 interfaces thus reduced HO failure
caused by missing neighbour relations
– Higher reliability of SW installation
– Real-time network auto-tuning
– Quick site configuration i.e. 10-click via NCM
Auto-configuration
process Enhanced Site design 60
HW order
June 9, 2015
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SON – At a Glance
configuration,
management,
optimization and
healing of mobile radio
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PCI Planning 1
manual vs automatic planning
• In Ericsson areas:
– PCI Conflict Management supported (OSS)
– PCI Conflict detection and fix – under test
– PCI planning with external tools - Atoll
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PCI Planning – Real Life Example from Rome
manual vs automatic planning
• After some rounds of manual planning, the PCI re-use in Rome was too high
• A lot of PCIs were used 3/4 times in the same city with ~600 cells On Air
• Very difficult to find areas with RS SINR higher than 22 dB. After the rollout of the New PCI
Plan, re-use was significantly
Re-use 1 Re-use 2 Re-use 3 Re-use 4
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LTE Design Standard on Uplink Physical Random Access Access
Channel RSI planning
• Principle & gain
• PRACH preambles created from Root sequences to get Access to
the eNode B by the UE
• 838 RootSequences are available to generate the PRACH
preambles by combined cyclic shifting =
• If same root sequences used in neighbouring cells overlap, the
transmitted preamble may be detected in multiple cells
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LTE Design Standard on Uplink Physical Random Access Channel
Root Sequence Index (RSI) planning
Software requirements:
Tools based allocation with Atoll and AFP
At least Atoll version 3.2.1 is required: PRACH RSI allocation capabilities
by default
Cell range based allocation will be available with Atoll version 3.3.0
with an additional Makro module
Status in Vodafone:
The default allocation of 10 Root sequences per cell is done across
the VF-OPCOs
Nokia OpCos:
• NetAct Optimiser used.
Huawei/Ericsson OpCo:
• Atoll typically used.
The false RACH alarm probability went from around 90% before to
maximum 5% after implementing the RSI planning in the VF-DE
Ericsson Region
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PCI/RSI Planning – Real Life Example
manual vs automatic planning
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Plug & Play approach
DHCP
MME
IP @ temp
IP
Access
TunnelTX
Tunnel
backbone
New eNB Certificate SAE-GW
SeGW 1-2
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Automatic Neighbour Relation (ANR) /1
What:
Automatic definition of intra-frequency and inter-frequency neighbouring cells.
No more need for neighbouring planning and definition.
• Inter-RAT definition still manual due to lack of terminal support
How it works:
1. Cell-A sends measurements request to UE
2. UE reports strongest PCI=5 (Cell-B) to Cell-A
3. Cell-A finds new PCI=5, so it indicates UE to report Cell-B’s CGI
4.UE reads BCH to measure CGI, TA, PLMN ID, etc.
5.UE reports CGI=19 of Cell-B to Cell-A
6.Cell-A add Cell-B to it’s NRT
7.Cell-A looks up IP address of Cell-B and establishes X2 link
Benefits:
- Save cost of neighbor cell planning during initial deployment and network expansion
- Automated X2 link establishment with neighbor cell
- Reduce HO failure caused by missing neighbor relation (better user experience).
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Specialized Tools
An efficient configuration management process requires easy to use, flexible and process oriented
specialized tools in order to have well designed and stable standard low level configurations
• Nokia Optimizer Tool: Locating the critical “polluter cells” and check design parameters
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Automatic Overshooting Discovery
Problem definition:
• Unoptimised tilt/transmitted power on some sites leading to excessive interference
generation on adjacent area
• Very time-consuming in-field verification (drive tests)
• No immediate evidence from counters due to limited traffic
Idea:
• Reuse automatically generate neighbour relation and optain automatic picture of
“neighbour distance”.
• Locate the critical “polluter” cells and check design parameters.
Solution:
• Based on NSN OSS Optimiser tool
• Periodical usage to find interference and revise tilt.
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Automatic Overshooting Discovery
Sample Report from Milan
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SON – At a Glance
configuration,
management,
optimization and
healing of mobile radio
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3MHz LTE 900
MBB solution for non
3G area
Summary
• Opportunity
– Solution for mobile broadband demand – performance comparable to UMTS 900, better latency
– Interim competitive advantage
– Extremely Fast implementation in 2G modernized area
– Fully compliant with SRAN concept (reuse of 2G RRH)
– Simple migration to LTE 800
– No lost investments – all expenses fully reusable for LTE 800
– Solution for 2G data offload
• Limitations
– 2G capacity, 2G quality (GSM will operate in limited spectrum)
– Spectrum use close to country borders is limited by international agreements about preferential channels
for GSM
– In high traffic areas (plus buffer zones) the whole 900 MHz spectrum is needed long term for GSM 900
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Site configuration
Initial GSM 900 + LTE 900 (3) Final
Modernized GSM 900 GSM 900 + LTE 800 (5-10)
LTE 1800
GSM 900 GSM 900 LTE 900 GSM 900 LTE 800 (capacity)
RRH 900 RRH 900 RRH 900 RRH 800 RRH 1800
NEW
Single RAN Single LTE BB Single RAN BBU
BBU RAN BBU
According to LTE contract, licenses shall be transferable. No dedicated LTE 900 expenses!
All HW and licenses can be reused for LTE 800 – no lost investments when migrated to LTE 800
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Terminal support
• All terminals support 3MHz bandwidth
• About 80% of current LTE terminals support LTE 900, almost all new terminals
come with LTE 900 support
• Good public source of information about terminal support is on:
– http://www.gsmarena.com/results.php3?s4Gs=LTE900
System support
RAN vendor Huawei
• SW Support from release SRAN 8 (GBSS15 + eRAN6)
• BTS/eNodeB HW :
– RRUs: 3928, 3929 and newer
– LBBPd1 and newer
• MSR mode (MSR = GSM+LTE in the same RRU)
– There is no difference between performance of LTE 900 (3MHz) and GSM 900 + LTE 900
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Performance of LTE 3MHz
• On 3MHz carrier theoretical maximum is app. 20 Mbps (similar to HSPA+, SC)
• Practically achieved maximum 17,3 Mbps average speed around 8Mbps
• Better latency than in 3G (3G < 100 ms, LTE < 50 ms)
• In GSM 900 footprint we can achieve on the cell edge
– App. 250 - 700 kbps for LTE 900 (3), which is comparable to performance of UMTS900
• Uplink achieved maximum 6,5 Mbps, average around 3Mbits
• Better maximum number of users handling compared to UMTS
Way forward
LTE with 3 MHz bandwidth is not long term solution for MBB wide coverage
For competitive MBB coverage the 10 MHz channel in spectrum bellow 1 GHz
shall be used. Very fast LTE rollout wherever only EDGE coverage present.
Solution for low traffic areas
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Smart Tx Planning
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Smart TX Planning
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IPSec – MTU Size Adaptation
• Stands for IP Security and defines a set of protocols
• Currently described in RFCs 2401-2412, and 4301
• Provides security services for traffic at the IP layer
• Uses Encapsulation Security Payload (EPS) which provides:
Data origin authentication
Connectionless integrity
Confidentiality
RLC IP
User IP Payload UDP GTP-U User IP Payload
eNB S-GW
Tunnel 1
eNB SeGW S-GW
IP in IP
EPS UDP GTP-U User IP Payload Trailer
Tunnel SeGW
1500Byte
MTU Size Adaptation Size [byte] for X2-User Plane Size [byte] for S1-User Plane
MTU Size to be larger than1600B IP User Packet Max Size 1500 1500
GTP-U Header Max Size 16 12
UDP Header Size 8 8
IP Header 20 20
IPSec Header 64 64
Total 1608 1604
C2 – Vodafone restricted
IPSec ON vs IPSec OFF
Data performance
Bands usage
81
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Shaping
Without
The bucket shapes the flow at a fixed rate (SR) and no burst is
shaping
1G 0 1G
L2/L3 permitted also if the output line rate is bigger, e.g. 1 Gbit/s
switch
If the ingress flow fills the bucket, the new packets will be
buffer
1Gbps
lost.
200Mbps
line rate line rate
In general, the Average Ingress Rate needs to be less than the
With shaping
L2/L3 Shaper Rate, otherwise the Bucket filling and the packet loss
200M switch
will be unavoidable.
buffer
1Gbps 200Mbps
line rate line rate
50
40
B = Bucket Size
30
20
10
0
SR = Shaper Rate 0,00% 0,01% 0,05% 0,10% 0,50% 1,00% 5,00%
Packet loss
82
C2 – Vodafone restricted
QoS
EPS Bearer Concept
• 4G uses the concept of EPS bearer to route IP traffic from the PDN to the UE
• An EPS bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the PDN Gateway and
the UE
• Multiple bearers can be established for a user to provide different QoS streams (one EPS bearer for each
QoS streams)
C2 – Vodafone restricted
QoS
EPS Bearer Concept
• Default bearer: established when UE attaches to the network
- provides IP addresses and always-on IP connectivity to PDN
- for all non-GBR flows that do not require QoS treatment
-QCI assigned by MME based on subscription data received from HSS (typically 8 or 9)
• Packets filtering into bearers is performed by the UE in uplink and by the PDN gateway in downlink and it
is based on TFTs (Traffic Flow Templates)
- A TFT is a set of packet filters associated with an
EPS bearer
- A packet filter can be based on IP addresses, TCP
ports, protocols, etc.
- A default bearer may or may not be associated
with a TFT (based on HSS data) but each
dedicated bearer is always associated with a TFT
C2 – Vodafone restricted
QoS
QCI – DSCP Mapping
• DSCP (Differentiated Services Code point) is a field in IP header that is used for packet classification
purposes in IP networks to provide QoS
• Higher DSCP indicates higher-priority traffic on the Transport network
• DSCP configuration in VF 4G:
- Signaling: DSCP 46
- O&M: DSCP 0
- Data: definition of demo, gold, silver, bronze profile
Resource
QCI Example DSCP mapping User Profile
Type
1 GBR Voice 46 All
2 GBR Live video 46 All
3 GBR Buffered video 46 All
4 GBR Real-time gaming 46 All
5 Non-GBR IMS signaling 34 All
6 Non-GBR TCP-based services 34 Demo only
7 Non-GBR TCP-based services 26 Gold only
8 Non-GBR TCP-based services 18 Silver only
9 Non-GBR TCP-based services 10 Bronze only
C2 – Vodafone restricted Temporary values
Site Acceptance Support Tools
86
Site acceptance phase /1
• After the installation and integration, the new eNodeB should be accepted.
• Dedicated acceptance procedure is defined to verify the site performance:
– 4G: Latency test, DL/UL Throughput test , CSFB Call (MOC/MTC) , VoLTE Call (MOC/MTC) ,
Emergency Call , SMS
– 3G: Latency test, DL/UL Throughput test, Voice Call (MOC/MTC) , Emergency Call, SMS
– 2G: EDGE Activation , DL/UL Throughput test, Voice Call (MOC/MTC), Emergency Call, SMS
– SRAN alarms : check about active alarms on both legacy and 4G systems
– Antenna cable : coherence between HW/SW configuration and radiated Scrambling
Code/Cell ID or PCI
87
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Site acceptance phase /2
88
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UDP Test
• The UDP test consists in 30s UDP stream@100/150/200 or 250Mbps from a server
(using iPerf) on the O&M network towards the eNodeB
• TRS PM counters on the eNodeB allow to compute Packet Loss Ratio
Core
Access TX Network
100 Mbps
Architecture
3. PING EXECUTION between the
eNodeB and the different peer end
2. CENTRAL SERVER logins in NodeB,
enable SSH if necessary
MMEs
1. CENTRALSERVER retrieves the
eNodeB anagraph from a DB
DB1
PGWs
firewall
CPN IT
(O&M) LAN
eNodeB
TX board
DB2 KPI
SGWs Central Intranet
Server Analyzer
4. PING logs stored in
CENTRALSERVER
5. CENTRALSERVER parse the ping log and store the
results in a DB2; results will be visible in a KPI Analyser
C2 – Vodafone restricted tool
Radio Acceptance App /1
• Vodafone Radio Acceptance App performs all the tests
required by the Validation procedure in a very fast and
automated way such as :
• CSFB (both MO and MT calls)
• Emergency calls
• E2E Latency
• DL/UL Throughput
• SMS transmission and reception
• Swapped feeders
• Alarm verification and clearance on both 4G and
legacy systems
• Antenna system validation
91
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Radio Acceptance App /2
92
C2 – Vodafone restricted