moderni da postmoderni – sociologiuri Teoriebi

moderni – Tanamedrove
 moderni _ Tanamedrove

 ,,modernizacia’’ _ cvlilebebis procesi

 modernizmi, Tanamedroveoba, anu modernis epoqa _socialuri sinamdvile,

romelSic moderni damkvidrda modernizaciis Sedegad.

moazrovneTa umetesobis azriT, ,,Tanamedroveoba’’ XIX s-is meore naxevarSi daiwyo.

xolo damTavrda Tu ara modernis epoqa amis Sesaxeb urTierTsapirispiro
mosazrebebi arsebobs.

klasikosebi modernze
 karl marqsi (1818-1883) _ modernis mTavar maxasiaTeblad miaCnia
kapitalisturi ekonomika da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri klasi

 maqs veberi (1864-1920) _ modernis ganmapirobeblad Tvlis materialuri

qonebis dagrovebisken swrafvas, ramac gansazRvra racionalizmis, rogorc
modernis mTavari maxasiaTeblis warmoSoba . rkinis galiis Teoria.

 emil diurkemi (1858-1917) _ aqcents akeTebs organuli solidarobis

warmoSobaze. viwro specializaciis meSveobiT, adamianis damoukidebel
individad Camoyalibebaze da koleqtiuri moralis Sesustebaze, ramac
sabolood anomia gamoiwvia.

 georg zimeli (1858-1918) _ modernisTvis organulad miiCnevs qalaqur

cxovrebas da fulad ekonomikas. aseve aanalizebs fulis gaucxoebas misi
Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobisgan, kulturis tragedias, individualuri
kulturis atrofias da obieqturi kulturis hipertrofias.

modernuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:

 industrializacia
 urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi
 mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi
 Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba
 konstitucionalizmi
 liberaluri demokratia
 individualizmi
 sekularizmi
 racionaluri azrovneba

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modernizacia, rogorc movlena
1. modernizacia, rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis ganviTarebis konkretuli
etapisTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur - kulturul niSanTa erToblioba.

2. modernizacia, rogorc socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba,

romelic Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ritmma sxva, aradasavluri
civilizaciebis maxasiaTebladac aqcia.

modernis da postmodernis epoqa gidensi _ baumani

modernis epoqis maxasiaTeblebi

 efeqturoba
 prognozireba
 aqcenti raodenobaze da ara xarisxze
 kontroli adamianuri teqnologiebis unificirebuli operaciebiT
Canacvlebis gziT.

baumans da gidenss postmodernis epoqa warmoudgeniaT modernTan dapirispirebul

mocemulobad, romelmac sapirispiro logikiT unda Secvalos modernis logika,
Seavsos is sicariele, romelic modernSi ganicada adamianurobam da gadalaxos
adamianTa gaucxoeba cxorebis sazrisisagan. xolo, sanam kacobrioba am saazrovno
sivrceSi Seva, manmade is modernis epoqaSi ganagrZobs arsebobas

postmodernis Teoretikosebi
 ukiduresi postmodernistuli poziciis gamziarebeli Teoretikosebi
miiCneven rom modernis epoqaSi moxda garRveva da modernuli sazogadoeba
postmodernuliT Seicvala. (Jan bodriari, Jil deliozi, feliqs gvatari...)

 TeoretikosTa nawilis azriT, marTalia aseTi garRveva moxda da

modernuli realoba postmodernuliT Seicvala, magram postmoderni
modernis memkvidre da misgan amozrdili mocemulobaa (frederik jeimsoni,
ernesto laklau, Santal muffu, nensi frezeri)

 modernizmi da postmodernizmi erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTobaSi myofi

mocemulobebia da ara calkeuli epoqebi (smarti).

 1972 wels sent-luisSi sacxovrebeli mikroraionis _ ,,priut aigous’’

dangreva
 80-ianebSi prezident reiganis mier socialuri politikis gatarebaze misi
araefeqturobisa da socialuri problematikis gadaWrisadmi skefsisis gamo
uaris Tqma

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fredrik jeimsoni
 postmoderni _ gviandeli kapitalizmis kulturul logika. postmodernul
realobas axasiaTebs:

1. zedapiruloba

2. emociebis da afeqtebis Sesusteba, Zlieri modernuli emociebis

fragmentacia da axali gvaris emociebis, simZafre-varvaris warmoSoba.

3. dakarguli istoriuloba _ istoria warsulis Sesaxeb popuria

4. axali teqnologiebi _ industriuli teqnologiis mniSvnelobis Canacvleba

informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebiT.

edvard munki _ yvirili. 1893 endi uorholi _Shot Marilyns. 1964

Jan bodriari
 Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi batonobs ara industria, aramed masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi, garTobisa da codnis industria
 postmodernSi mizani _ niSnebis mwarmoebeli
 sistemebiT batonobis miRweva
 simulakrebi da simulacia _ niSnebi gaxdnen TviTreferentulni da
aRarafers gamoxataven sakuTari Tavis garda
 realobis zerealobiT Canacvleba _ masobrivi iinformaciis saSualebebi
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  arsebobs Tu ara vaSli empiriaSi, saerTod aRar aqvs azri. vaSli arsebobs
maSin, Tu arsebobs misi cifruli gamosaxuleba...
 ,,Cven vcxovrobT simulaciebis tyveobaSi, romlebic qmnian spiraliseburi,
wriul sistemas, dasawyisisa da dasasrulis gareSe’’.
 bodriaris postmoderni masebis STanmTqavi ,,Savi xvrelia’’.

termin ,,postmodernis’’ genealogia

 gamoTqma ,,postmoderni’’ pirvelad rudolf panvicTan gvxvdeba _ 1917 wels
gamocemul wignSi ,,evropuli kulturis krizisi’’.

 meored _1934 weli _ espaneli literaturaTmcodne federiko de oni.

postmodernsimo _ literaturis gardamavali safexuri modernsimosa da
ultramodernsimos Soris.

 mesamed termini gamoyenebuliiyo ukve britaneli istorikosis da

filosofosis, arnold toinbis mier 1947 wels

toinbi wignSi _ ,,istoriuli wvdoma’’ postmoderns evropuli kulturis

ganviTarebis garkveul fazad miiCnevda.

man pirvelma Semoitana termini ,,postmodernuli’’ anglo-saqsonur sivrceSi

 toinbi postmodernis epoqis sawyis wertilad 1875 wels miiCnevs, roca

dasavleTis erovnuli saxelmwifoebi viwro nacionaluri politikidan
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa globalur aspeqtSi gadavidnen.

umberto eko ,,vardis saxelis’’ prologSi wers, rom Tu ase gagrZelda

postmodernuli kategoriebi homerosTanac moiZebneba.

 Jan fransua liotarma Caatara evropeli klasikosebis mokvleva da mivida

daskvnamde, rom yvelaze axlos postmodernul kategoriasTan aristotele
idga _ adamiani, romelic Tanamedrove postmodernamde da modernamde
aTaswleulebiT adre cxovrobda.

moderni da postmoderni xelovnebasa da azrovnebaSi

 unda aRiniSnos, rom vsaubrobT ara postmodernis arsze, aramed imaze, rac
yvelaze xSirad aris gagebuli rogorc postmoderni

 bodriarma dasavluri civilizaciis mTeli istoria dayo oTx ZiriTad

etapad imis mixedviT, Tu rogor mxatvrul saxeebs awarmoebdnen isini.

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I epoqa _ mxatvruli saxe asaxavs siRrmiseul realobas

 hieronomius bosxis
suraTi _ Tivis gadatana,
romelSic umaRlesi RvTiuri
realobis fonze adamianTa
yofis umniSvneloba aris
naCvenebi.

1500-1515 w.

II epoqa _ mxatvruli saxe asaxiCrebs realobas _ Semoaqvs

alternatiuli realobis SesaZlebloba.
 xelovneba ukve aRar miemarTeba mxolod RmerTs, rogorc erTaderT
mniSvnelovanebas samyaroSi. am etapze xelovnebaSi gamoxatuli WeSmariteba
SeiZleba iyos rogorc RmerTi, ise maRali humanisturi ideebi,
sazogadoebriv-empiriuli realoba an avtoris piradi pozicia, ganwyoba.
realisturi xelovnebis etapi

 literaturaSi am saazrovno sivrcis warmomadgenlia onore de balzaki,

emil zola...…

Jak lui davidi

,,napoleonis gadasvla sent _ bernanis

uReltexilze’’

1802 w.

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III epoqa _mxatvruli saxe niRbavs siRrmiseuli realobis
arsebobas.
mxatvruli saxe ar asaxavs realobas, aramed aris mxolod misi warnomadgeneli,
romlis miRmac unda aRiqmebodes is, risi niSanic aris mxatvruli saxe.

klasikuri avangardi

xelovani orientirebulia Sinagani problema CaxSulia da

Sinagani realobis Ziebaze da xdeba ara misi gadaWris gzebis

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebic am Zebna, aramed cinikuri poziciis

realobis Ziebis Sesabamisad dakaveba misadmi, sakuTari Tavisa da

ixveweba. sakuTari problemis dacinva.

modernuli xelonebis nimuSia magaliTad frida kalos, modilianis ferweruli

tiloebi, edvard munkis yvirili, mark Sagalis, anri matisis da kazimir maleviCis
naxatebi. marsel diuSanis redimeidebi

frida kalo _ ,,ocneba’’

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marsel diuSami _kibeze Camavali qali anri matisi _ arabuli yavaxana

modernul xelovnebas mainc axasiaTebs fonad raRac realobis arseboba,

romelsac ar asaxavs, magram gulisxmobs. SeiZleba es realoba iyos ara
empiriuli, aramed warmosaxviTi. modernizmis metaforaa platoniseuli ideaTa
aCrdilebi, romelsac gamoqvabulis kedelze mijaWvuli adamianebi xedaven.
aaCrdilebs garkveuli mimarTeba mainc aqvT arsTan _ arian misi aCrdilebi
(postmodernSi ki es aCrdilebi ubralod aCrdilebi arian da ara raimes
Crdilebi).

IV epoqa _ postmoderni _ mxatvrul saxes aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs

realobasTan _ is sakuTari Tavis wminda simulaciaa.
 postmodernul xelovnebas 2 mTavari niSani axasiaTebs:

1. kulturis momxmarebelTa ricxvi da produqtis raodenoba maStaburia da amis

gamo, Tavadve ganapirobebs sakuTari Tavis Tvisebrivad Secvlas.

2. elitaruli da masobrivi, anu dabali da maRali kultura faqtobrivad

Tanxvdebian erTmaneTs.

 1969 wels gamoqveynda, lesli fileris cnobili werili _ ,,gadalaxeT

sazRvrebi, amoavseT Txrilebi’’ (niSandoblivia, rom es werili daibeWda ara
romelime literaturul JurnalSi, aramed fleiboiSi). filerma werilSi asaxa
misi Tanamedrove literaturuli viTareba, rogorc sazRvrebis moSla
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 elitarul da masobriv kulturas Soris da maTi Serwyma. man magaliTad
moiyvana avtorebi _ jon barti, Leonard koeni, boris viani da daaskvna, rom
joisis da manis epoqa gaTavda _ modernuli literatura warsuls Cabarda.

postmoderni arqiteqturaSi
 Carl jenski _ ,,postmoderni cdilobs gadailaxos es elitaruloba ara
gamartivebiT, aramed arqiteqturuli enis ganvrcobiT bevri sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT _ adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis, tradiciebis, quCis slengis
aTvisebiT.’’

1965 wels, berlinSi, romis mwarmoebeli sawarmos administraciuli Senobis

proeqti sul iolad gadakeTda Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumis proeqtad.

postmodernSi ar arsebobs sazrisi da sulerTi xdeba yvelaferi. azrs kargavs

arsebuli empiriac ki. asli win uswrebs realobas. asli amkvidrebs realobas,
magram asls aRar gaaCnia originali. amitomac, xSirad axali ambebis reportaJi
aZlevs stimuls socialuri movlenebis ganviTarebas da im faqtebis moxdenasac,
rasac asaxavda reportaJi, magram rac moxda misi moqmedebiT da ara asaxvamde. is,
rac wesiT amsaxveli unda iyos, ganmsazRvreli xdeba. amis kargi magaliTebi
moiZeveba qarTul sivrceSi _ televizia ,,imedis’’ modelirebuli qronika Tu
,,rusTavi2’’-is mier vardebis revoluciis stimulireba. socialuri movlenebi
viTardeba ara RmerTis, bunebis kanonzomierebis mixedviT, aramed adamianis mier
konstruirebuli modelebis mixedviT.

postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura

postmodernizmi iseTi kulturaa, romelsac absoluti ar aqvs. mas Sexedulebebis
pluralizmi axasiaTebs

 esTetikur sferoSi relativizmi anadgurebs avtoris diqtats, avtoris

totalitarizms, nebismier ideologias.avtori, mwerali, xelovani
postmodernul kulturaSi aRar laparakobs yvelas saxeliT, aRar aris
xalxis maswavlebeli, winamZRvari. postmodernuli kultura iziarebs
vitgenSteiniseul mosazrebas, rom ” WeSmariteba ubralod sityvaa, romelic
aRniSnavs, imas rasac aRniSnavs leqsikonis mixedviT.WeSmariteba sityvaa,
romelsac arsi ar aqvs, anu uaryofilia WeSmaritebis istoriuloba da is
sityvaa, romelic teqstis erTerTi elementia,anu istoriis nacvlad teqsti
gvaqvs.istoria ki teqstis wakiTxvis istoriaa”.

INALCO-s seminarma daadgina „masobrivi kulturis“ xuTi

kriteriumi:
1. misi warmateba industriuli xasiaTisaa (da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia misi
usasrulod reproducireba; erTgvarad es aris „aslebis kultura“);

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 2. misi gavrceleba xdeba mas-mediis meSveobiT (mas-mediis yvela saxeoba
SeiZleba monawileobdes da xSirad monawileobs kidec misi warmoebis
procesSi);
3. is advilad xelmisawvdomia da mas srulebiT ar aferxebs arc sazRvrebi,
arc klasebi, arc erebi;
4. misi Sinaarsi da warmodgenis forma metad Wrelia. mas aqvs Tavisi
ritualebi, miTebi, varskvlavebi. anu is srulebiT ar aris erTsaxovani da
martivi, rogorc mas xSirad axasiaTeben;
5. masobrivi kultura mimarTulia keTildReobisken, siamovnebisken,
sixarulisken, raRac azriT. da swored amitom ixarjeba masze uamravi
saxsrebi, is komerciul terminebSi iazreba kidec. erik masem masobrivi
kultura gansazRvra rogorc „kulturul obieqtTa (da masTan

masobrivi kulturia viTardeba ZiriTadad mdidar industriul qveynebSi

masobrivi xelovnebisTvis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel elements warmoadgens

marginaluri jgufebis, marginaluri adamianebis yofa da cxovreba (gansakuTrebiT
literaturisaTvis); amasTan, masobrivi kulturis marginalizmi socialuri
kriticizmis saxes atarebs. „gariyulTa“, socialuri fskeris warmomadgenelTa
samyaro, damnaSaveoba, xelisuflebis korufcia da a. S. didaqtikuri xasiaTisaa,
rac ucxoa modernizmisTvis,

postmodernis kritika
 iurgen habermasi - postmoderni daumTavrebeli modernia.

 daniel beli - postmodernistul epoqas aigivebs postindustriuli

sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan da miiCnevs, rom postindustriuli
sazogadoeba sawarmoo urTierTobebis ganviTarebis iseTi stadiaa, rodesac
qreba yvela istoriuli socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba teqnikis
ganviTarebis Sedegad

 niu eiJdci- is rac, dRes xdeba modernia.amaze postmodernis dasaxelebac

metyvelebs, romelic modernis gviandel fazaze miuTiTebs.

 Jan bodriari _ moderns ”scenis epoqas” uwodebs, romlis dagvirgvinebasac

televizia warmoadgens.

 umberto eko- postmodernistuli xedvis niSnebi yvela epoqas axasiaTebs

sulieri krizisis periodSi. swored am dros xdeba individualuri
subieqtis gamwireba, ris Sedegadac ikargeba tradiciis damcavi pirovnuli
stili.
 gotfrid bemi _ SeiZleba iolad gavideT fons sityva ,,postmodernis’’
gareSec, radgan is axali, rac mis farglebSi iqmneba, ar scdeba modernis
SesaZleblobebs’’.