SUMMARY OF ABSTRACT MATERIAL

This task was made to fulfill the assignment of English health

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DISUSUN OLEH :
Kelompok 4
C7

Ayu Faiz Jamilah (NPM.183112540120458)

Desvi Dwi Permata (NPM.183112540120443)

Melda Nur A (NPM.183112540120455)

Rina Rosmiati (NPM.183112540120447)

Rusnawati (NPM.183112540120440)

PROGRAM STUDI D IV KEBIDANAN

UNIVERSITAS NASIONAL
JAKARTA
201
A. WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT

An abstract is a brief summary of a thesis, review, research article,

conference proceedings, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline.
An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger
work. Components vary according to discipline.

Length : (between 150 and 250 words) usually one single paragraph font size
is different from the main text. Position usually at the beginning of the paper (but it
can appear elsewhere, e.g. in book of abstracts or on-line).

An abstract is an original document, not a collection of quotations taken from

the text it summarizes, i.e. it must be able to stand alone and It does not contain vague
statements which force the reader to refer to the main text.

B. WHO IS WRITING ABSTRACT

1. Usually the author of the paper, because they have a first hand
knowledge their piece of research.
2. Sometimes professional writers, who abstract books and articles for
a wide audience.

C. WHO IS READING ABSTRACT

1. Same-field professionals (e.g. linguists, psychologists, biologists) looking for
further information.
2. Teachers having to evaluate future specialists’ achievements.
3. Students charting research in a given area.

D. WHEN DO PEOPLE WRITE ABSTRACTS

Abstracts are usually required for:
1. When submitting articles to journals, especially online journals
2. When applying for research grants
3. When writing a book proposal
 4. When completing the ph.d. Dissertation or m.a. thesis
5. When writing a proposal for a conference paper
6. When writing a proposal for a book chapter

E. FOR WHAT PURPOSES AN ABSTRACT

1. To persuade the reader to see the full text
2. To convinces the reader to continue or to obtain the article
3. To help readers decide if the article is relevant for their purposes
4. To answer a call of paper in a conference
5. To make it possible for your piece of research to appear in on-line publication
databases (indexing).
6. Selection: Abstracts allow readers who may be interested in the paper to
quickly decide whether it is relevant to their purposes and whether they need
to read the whole paper.
7. Indexing: Most academic journal databases accessed through the library enable
you to search abstracts. This allows for quick retrieval by users. Abstracts
must incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher would use to search.

F. TYPES OF ABSTRACTS

An abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope,

purpose, results, and contents of the work.and An abstract of a humanities work may
contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a
review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted.

Descriptive abstracts describe what the text is about the issues or problems
explored the purpose and methodology of the research. Descriptive abstracts are often
written before a project is completed. Emphasis is placed on the problem and method.

1. Descriptive abstracts
A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the
work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or
conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and
may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the
 descriptive abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some people consider it
an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually
very short—100 words or less. Descriptive abstract the two most common abstract
types descriptive and informative are described and examples of each are
provided.

2. Informative abstracts
Informative abstracts describe what the text is about the issues or
problems explored the purpose and methodology of the research the results the
conclusion and recommendations.
The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not
critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative
abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the writer presents and
explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the
complete article/paper/book. An informative abstract includes the information that
can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, scope) but also includes
the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author.
The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is rarely more
than 10% of the length of the entire work. In the case of a longer work, it may be
much less.

G. WHAT TO INCLUDE IN AN ABSTRACT

all abstracts generally cover the following five sections:

1. Reason for writing

What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the
larger work?
2. Problem
What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project?
What is the main argument thesis or claim ?
 3. Methodology
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in
the larger study. Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the
research. (e.g. qualitative interviews, book reviews, etc.).
4. Results
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results
of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way.
5. Implications
How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic? Are there any
practical or theoretical applications from your findings or implications for future
research?.
To put it simple (What the author did How the author did it What the author found
What the author concluded.

H. PARTS OF AN ABSTRACT
1. Background
This section should be the shortest part of the abstract and should very
briefly outline the following information :
a. What is already known about the subject, related to the paper in question
b. What is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to
examine (or what the paper seeks to present).
c. What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific
situation)?

2. Purpose
a. What problem are you trying to solve?
b. Contains about what the researchers are looking for or resolving in
accordance with the research taken.

3. Methods
The method section is usually the second longest part in the abstract. It
should contain enough information to allow the reader to understand what is being
done, and how do researchers process the data using what research methods?
 4. Results
The results section is the most important part of the abstract and nothing
should compromise its range and quality. This is because readers who peruse an
abstract do so to learn about the findings of the study. The results section should
therefore be the longest part of the abstract and should contain as much detail
about the findings as the journal word count permits.

5. Conclusions
This section should contain the most important take-home message of the
study, expressed in a few precisely worded sentences. Usually, the finding
highlighted here relates to the primary outcome measure; however, other
important or unexpected findings should also be mentioned. It is also customary,
but not essential, for the authors to express an opinion about the theoretical or
practical implications of the findings, or the importance of their findings for the
field. Thus, the conclusions may contain three elements:
a. The primary take-home message
b. The additional findings of importance
c. The perspective

I. GOOD AND CORRECT ABSTRACT CHARACTERISTICS

1. The language used is simple to understand for a reader in general or a reader in
his field.
2. Use structured sentences, using one or several good paragraphs, is a unified,
coherent, concise and stand alone (able to stand alone)
3. Use some concrete parts from the abstract such as the background purpose,
methods, result, conclusions.
4. Depending on the journal’s requireiments, 200 - 250 words is short enough for
readers to scan quickly
5. Language An abstract that is accessible to a wider audience – one that contains
no jargon – will encourage researchers from other disciplines to read the article.
6. Avoid phrases like, "This paper will look at..." Since the abstract is so short, you
should cut straight to the facts and details of your paper instead of spending
effort explaining their connection to your paper.
 7. follow the journalistic principle: 5 W + 1 H Who, What, Why, When, Where,
How + 1H again: How many.
8. Do not comment on findings. Report on findings rather than commenting on
them.

J. HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACTS

1. First, write the paper. While the abstract will be at the beginning of the paper, it
must be the last part written. After completing the final draft of a psychology
paper, use it as a guide for writing abstracts. Extract functions as a summary of all
papers. More than just introducing the topic of the paper, the abstract becomes an
overview (overview) of all the things the author wrote in the paper.
2. Review and understand the things you need to write in the abstract section.
The paper you write might have specific guidelines or requirements, whether
related to publication in a journal, report for a lesson, or part of a work project.
Before you start writing, refer to the initial instructions or guidelines given to find
out important things to remember.
- Are there requirements related to the maximum or minimum length?
- Are there specific writing styles that must be used?
- Are you writing for a teacher or for a publication?

3. Consider your readers. Abstracts are written to help readers understand your
work. For example, in a scientific journal, abstracts allow the reader to decide
whether the research discussion is relevant to their interests / interests. Abstracts
also help readers quickly get an explanation of the points that you provide.
Remember all the needs of the reader as long as you write the abstract.
- Do other academics in the same field participate in reading the abstract?
- Can the abstract be accessed by a lay reader or someone from another field?

4. Determine the type of abstract you must write. Although fundamentally all
kinds of abstracts have a common goal, there are two main types of abstracts:
descriptive and informative. You may be asked to use a certain writing style, but if
not, you must determine the most appropriate type of abstract. Usually,
informative abstracts are used for much longer research and technical research,
while descriptive abstracts are better used for shorter papers.
 - Descriptive abstracts explain the purpose, objectives, and methods of the
study but did not write down the results of the study. Such an abstract,
usually only consists of 100-200 words.
- Informative abstract is a concise version of your paper, which provides an
overview of everything related to your research including the results. This
abstract is much longer than descriptive abstract, and can range from one
paragraph to one page. usually only consists of 200-250 words
- The main information included in the two types of abstracts is the same,
with the fundamental difference being in the results of the study which are
only included in the informative abstract. Informative abstracts are also
much longer than descriptive abstracts.
- Critical abstract is not often used, but may be needed in a number of
conditions. Critical abstracts convey the same purpose as the other two
abstracts, but also want to link the study or research into the discussion of
the author's own research. This abstract might examine the research design
or method.

5. Identify your research goals. For example, you wrote about the relationship
between lack of school lunch and bad grades. Then? Why is this important?
Readers want to know the reasons why your research is important, and what the
purpose of this study is. Begin your descriptive abstract by considering the
following questions:
- Why did you decide to do this study or project?
- How do you do your research?
- What did you find?
- Why is this research and your findings important?
- Why should someone read your entire essay?

6. Explain the problem that occurred. Abstract states the "problem" behind your
research. Think of it as a specific issue that is the purpose of your research or
project. Sometimes you can combine problems with motivation to do research, but
it's best to make clear and separate the two.
- Are the problems that you want to know or solve better through your
research?
 - What is the scope of your study / research - a general problem, or is it
something specific?
- What is your main statement or argument?

7. Describe the method you are using. You have explained 'Motivation' and
'problems'. How about the 'method'? In this section you present a review of how to
complete the study. If you do your own research, enter the description in this
abstract. If you do a review of other people's research, explain briefly.
- Discuss your research including the various variables and approaches you
use.
- Describe the evidence supporting your statement.
- Give an overview of the most important sources.
8. Describe research results (only in informative abstracts). This is where you
begin to make a difference between descriptive and informative abstracts. In an
informative abstract, you will be asked to explain the results of your study /
research. What did you find?
- What answers did you get from your research or study?
- Does your hypothesis or opinion support the research?
- What are the findings in general?

9. Write a conclusion. The conclusion must end the summary and close your
abstract. At conclusions state the meaning of your findings as important as the
entire contents of the paper. The format for writing conclusions can be used in
descriptive abstracts and informative abstracts, but you only need to answer the
following questions in informative abstracts.
- What are the implications of your research?
- Are your results general or very specific?

10. Arrange abstracts neatly. In the abstract you made, there are specific questions
that must be answered, but the answers must also be well arranged. Ideally, the
abstract must be in accordance with all the essay formats that you wrote, in
general including 'introduction', 'contents', and 'conclusions'.
- Many journals have specific writing style guidelines for an abstract. If you
have been given a set of rules or instructions, follow it exactly as written.
11. Provide useful information. Unlike paragraphs of topics that may be
deliberately unclear, an abstract must provide useful explanations about your
paper and research. Write abstracts so that the reader knows exactly what you are
talking about and does not hang up — questions that go unanswered arise — with
phrases or references that are double (ambiguous).
- Avoid using acronyms or abbreviations directly in the abstract, because all
need to be explained so that the reader considers them. Its use makes
valuable writing space wasted, and usually must be avoided.
- If your topic is something that is known to be good enough, you can refer
to the names of people or places that are the focus of your paper.
- Don't enter long tables, pictures, sources, or quotes in your abstract. Apart
from taking up too much space, this is usually not what the reader wants.
12. Write from the scribbled results. Yes, abstract is indeed a summary, but it must
be written separately from the paper. Don't copy quotes directly from your paper,
and avoid rewriting your own sentence from any part of the paper. Write abstracts
using new vocabulary and phrases to make them interesting and free of
pleonasms — the use of words is more than what is needed.

13. Use phrases and key words. If your abstract will be published in a journal, you
certainly want the reader to find it easily. Therefore, readers will look for specific
keywords in the database in the network (online) in the hope that the paper, like
yours, will appear. Try using 5-10 key words or phrases about research in your
abstract.

14. Use the actual information. You need to attract people to read the abstract you
wrote; the abstract is a kind of fishing line that will encourage them to continue
reading your paper. However, don't make readers interested by giving references
to ideas or studies that are not in your paper. Citing material that you don't use in
your writing will make the reader misunderstand and ultimately reduce the
number of your readers.

15. Avoid writing that is too specific. Abstract is a summary, and should not refer to
the important things of the research specifically, except related to the name or
location. You don't need to explain or define any terms in the abstract, all that is
 needed is a reference. Avoid explanations that are too detailed in summary and
write an overview of your research in outline.
- Avoid using jargon - specific vocabulary for certain fields. This particular
vocabulary may not be understood by a general reader in your field and
can cause confusion.

16. Be sure to make basic revisions. Abstract is an article, which like other writings,
must be corrected before completion. Re-check if there are grammatical and
spelling errors and make sure the abstract is arranged properly.

17. Get feedback from someone. The best way to find out if you have summarized
the paper well is to ask someone to read the abstract you wrote. Find someone
who knows nothing about your project. Ask him to read, then tell him what he
understands about the abstract you wrote.
- Consult with a professor (professor), a colleague in your field of work, a
tutor or consultant from a writing center will be very helpful. If you have
these various resources, use them!
- Requesting help can also let you know any conditions in your field. For
example, in the field of science the use of passive sentences (such as 'this
experiment is done') is very common. However, in literature the use of
active sentences is usually preferred.

K. THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING AN ABSTRACT

1. For an abstract of an experimental report:

- Begin by identifying the problem. In many cases, you might begin by stating
the question you sought out to investigate and your hypothesis.
- Describe the participants in the study. State how many participants took part
and how they were selected. For example, you might state that "In this study,
215 undergraduate student participants were randomly assigned to [the
experimental condition] or [the control condition]."
- Briefly describe the study method used. For example, you might identify if
you used a within-subjects, between-subjects, or mixed design.
 - Give the basic findings. This is essentially a very brief preview of the results of
your paper.
- Provide any conclusions or implications of the study. What might your
results indicate and what directions does it point to for future research.

2. For an abstract of a meta-analysis or literature review:

- Describe the problem of interest. In other words, what is it that you set out to
investigate in your analysis or review.
- Explain the criteria that were used to select the studies included in the
paper. Realistically, there may be many different studies devoted to your topic.
Your analysis or review probably only looks at a portion of these studies. For
what reason did you select these specific studies to include in your research?
- Identify the participants in the studies. Just as in an experimental abstract,
you need to inform the reader about who the participants were in the studies.
Were they college students? Older adults? How were they selected and
assigned?
- Provide the main results. Again, this is essentially a quick peek at what
readers will find when they read your results section. Don't try to include
everything. Just quickly provide a very brief summary of your main findings.
- Describe any conclusions or implications. What might these results mean and
what do they reveal about the body of research that exists on this particular
topic?

L. EXAMPLE ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Childbirth with KPD it is dangerou because will have an impact on increasing the
incidence of infection in mothers and infants which can increase perinatal morbidity
and mortality. This study purpose to determine the factors associated with the
incidence of premature rupture of membranes in maternal age, parity, history of
premature rupture of membranes, and abnormalities of fetal location in RSIA Permata
Ibunda in 2018. The research method used descriptive methods, with cross sectional
design. using the Acidental Sampling sample and primary data by questionnaires in
 RSIA Permata Ibunda in 2018. Data analysis using Chi-Square. The results of this
study on univariate analysis obtained from 80 respondents the incidence of KPD was
28.3%, aged 20-30 as many as 75.0%, parity with multiparas 60.0%, history of KPD
41.3%, abnormalities of fetal location 62.5 %, and on bivariate analysis the results of
age p = 0.669, parity p = 0.880, history of KPD p = 0.012, abnormalities of fetal
location p = 0.142. The conclusion there was no significant relationship between age,
parity and abnormalities of fetal location to the incidence of KPD, and there was a
significant relationship between the history of the KPD to the incidence of KPD. for
research sites must improve the quality of midwifery care to avoid complications in
mothers and infants, in general the causal factors are not known for certain, so it needs
to be studied more deeply and strive to provide IEC about KPD so that it can reduce
perinatal morbidity and mortality.

why the abstract is called good and true

1. In the abstract above the language used is simple to be understood by readers in

general or readers in their fields such as midwifery

2. Abstract above uses some concrete parts from abstract such as background, purpose,
method, results, conclusions.

Childbirth with KPD it is dangerou because will have an impact on increasing

Background the incidence of infection in mothers and infants which can increase perinatal
morbidity and mortality. This study purpose to determine the factors associated
with the incidence of premature rupture of membranes in maternal age, parity,
Purpose history of premature rupture of membranes, and abnormalities of fetal location in
RSIA Permata Ibunda in 2018. The research method used descriptive methods,
with cross sectional design. using the Acidental Sampling sample and primary
Method data by questionnaires in RSIA Permata Ibunda in 2018. Data analysis using
Chi-Square. The results of this study on univariate analysis obtained from 80
respondents the incidence of KPD was 28.3%, aged 20-30 as many as 75.0%,
Results parity with multiparas 60.0%, history of KPD 41.3%, abnormalities of fetal
location 62.5 %, and on bivariate analysis the results of age p = 0.669, parity p =
0.880, history of KPD p = 0.012, abnormalities of fetal location p = 0.142. The
conclusion there was no significant relationship between age, parity and
abnormalities of fetal location to the incidence of KPD, and there was a
significant relationship between the history of the KPD to the incidence of KPD.
conclusions for research sites must improve the quality of midwifery care to avoid
complications in mothers and infants, in general the causal factors are not known
for certain, so it needs to be studied more deeply and strive to provide IEC
about KPD so that it can reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality.
3. The abstract above is informative abstract, consisting of 249 words, according to the
theory of 200-250 words.
4. This abstract follows the journalistic principle: 5 W + 1 H (Who, What, Why,
When, Where, How + 1H again: How much).

5. Use structured sentences, using one or several good paragraphs, is a unified,

coherent, concise and stand alone (able to stand alone).

6. Abstract language that is used to be accessed by a wider audience does not contain
jargon - thus encouraging researchers in other disciplines to read articles.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Michaelson, Herbert, How to Write & Publish Engineering Papers and Reports, Oryx Press,
1990. Chapter 6 discusses abstracts.

https://student.unsw.edu.au/sample-abstracts-writing

https://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/471274/Writing_an_Abstract_Update_05
1112.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321724209_Abstrak_-_Suatu_Karya_Ilmiah

https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/abstracts/

https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-write-an-abstract-2794845

https://www.wikihow.com/Write-an-Abstract-in-APA

 www.unc.edu/depts/web/handouts/abstracts.html

(the writing centre page of the University of North Carolina, USA)

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstr
acts.html

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstr
acts.html

https://blog.webshop.elsevier.com/tips-for-writing/bad-vs-good-abstract/