Sub-Sea Conductor Study PDF

Shell UK Exploration & Production
Sub-sea Conductor Study
LS-DYNA Three dimensional modelling of conductors under combined

axial, bending and torsion loading
February 1999
Ove Arup & Partners Arup Geotechnics

13 Fitzroy Street London W1 P 6BQ
Telephone +44 (0)171 636 1531 Facsimile +44 (0)171 465 2121
Job number 50169-08

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1t POve Arup & Partners Document Verification
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Job title Sub-sea Conductor Study
Job number 50169-08
Document title LS-DYNA Three dimensional modelling of conductors under combined axial,
Document reference bending and torsion loading
Prepared by Chris Humpheson

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Date L2./ L/ 4C4
Checked by Chris Humpheson

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Date tl Q
Approved by David Clare

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Revision record
Revision Date Description/Filename Prepared Checked Approved
1/97 07/11/97 G:\50169-08\R\0004CH.REP CH CH DGC

1/99 22/2/99 J:\50169-08\WP\R\OOO5CH.REP CH CH DGC
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Rev 1/99 22 February 1999
AJ~ T U T iD Ove Arup & Partners Revisions
Ji Arup Geotechnics Page 1 of ?
Job title Sub-sea Conductor Study Job number
50169-08
Document title LS-DYNA Three dimensional modelling of conductors under combined axial,
Document reference bending and torsion loading
Revision Date of issue Description
1/97 .07/11/97 First draft. Issued for comment.

1/99 22/02/99 Final
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Rev 1/99 22 February 1999
Shell UK Exploration & Production Sub-sea Conductor Study
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PREVIOUS STUDIES BY SHELL
3. STUDY DATA
3.1 Soil Conditions
3.2 Loads
3.2.1 Trawler Net
3.2.2 Thermal Loads
3.3 Conductor Strings
3.4 Connector Properties
3.5 Pipe Properties
4. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
4.1 General Assumptions
4.2 Analysis Procedures
4.3 ALP Analyses
4.4 LS-DYNA Analyses
4.4.1 Description of Program
4.5 LS-DYNA Continuum Model
4.5.1 Geometry
4.5.2 Casings
4.5.3 Conductor
4.5.4 Connectors
4.5.5 Grout
4.5.6 Soil
4.5.7 Boundary Conditions
4.5.8 Material Properties
4.5.9 Soil-grout interface
4.5.10 Loading
4.5.11 Damage Identification
4.6 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model
4.6.1 Conductor Casing
4.6.2 Lateral Load Behaviour p-y Springs
4.6.3 Skin Friction t-z Spring
4.6.4 Loads
4.6.5 Modelling Inaccuracies
5. STUDY RESULTS
5.1 Analysis Strategy
5.2 Lateral and Moment Loading Only
5.2.1 ALP p-y Analyses
5.2.2 ALP Elastic-Plastic Soil Model
5.2.3 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model
5.2.4 ALP and LS-DYNA Comparisons
5.3 Combined Lateral, Moment, Vertical and Torsion Loading
5.3.1 Analyses Carried Out
5.3.2 Design Case HT1A-HB (API)
5.3.3 Results of LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model Analyses
5.3.4 Results for Hard Soil Profile
5.3.5 Results for Medium Soil Profile
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5.3.6 Results for Soft Soil Profile

5.3.7 Axial and Bending Stresses
5.3.8 Comparison of Results for first ST-2RB Connector
5.3.9 Grout to Casing Shear Stresses
5.4 Review of Results
5.4.1 Spalling of Grout
5.4.2 Axial Thermal Loads
6. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
7. CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Conductors in Hard Soil
Conductor String HT1A
7.2 Conductors in Medium Soil
Conductor String HT2B
Conductor Strings HT3B and HT4B
7.3 Conductors in Soft Soil
7.4 Grout to Casing Shear Stresses
7.5 Effects of Heating on Geotechnical Properties
8. REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

8.1 Assessment of Results
8.2 Improvements to Modelling Techniques
8.2.1 Detailed Modelling of Conductor and Grout
8.2.2 Improved Continuum Model
8.2.3 Improved Grout to Soil Interface
9. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK
10. REFERENCES
FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Undrained Shear Strength. Hard Soil Profile

Figure 3.2 Undrained Shear Strength. Medium Soil Profile
Figure 3.3 Undrained Shear Strength. Soft Soil Profile
Figure 4.1 Cut Section Through LS-DYNA Continuum Model
Figure 4.2 Skin Friction Model for LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Analyses
Figure 5.1 ALP p-y Results for Hard Soil Profile
Figure 5.2 ALP p-y Results for Medium Soil Profile
Figure 5.3 ALP p-y Results for Soft Soil Profile
Figure 5.4 Hard Soil Profile. Comparison of Computed Displacements from ALP p-y and Elastic-
Plastic Models
Figure 5.5 Hard Soil Profile. Comparison of Computed Bending Moments from ALP p-y and
Elastic-Plastic Models
Figure 5.6 Medium Soil Profile. Comparison of Computed Displacements from ALP p-y and
Figure 5.7 Medium Soil Profile. Comparison of Computed Bending Moments from ALP p-y and
Figure 5.8 Soft Soil Profile. Comparison of Computed Displacements from ALP p-y and Elastic-
Plastic Models
Figure 5.9 Soft Soil Profile. Comparison of Computed Bending Moments from ALP p-y and
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Figure 5.10 Hard Soil Profile. LS-DYNA Results for Lateral and Moment Loading
Figure 5.11 Medium Soil Profile. LS-DYNA Results for Lateral and Moment Loading
Figure 5.12 Soft Soil Profile. LS-DYNA Results for Lateral and Moment Loading
Figure 5.13 API and Shell t-z Springs
Figure 5.14 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Conductor Force and Moment Profiles
Figure 5.15 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Horizontal Displacement at Top of Conductor
Figure 5.16 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Cutaway indicating Horizontal Displacement
Figure 5.17 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Cutaway Indicating Horizontal Movement Within the Soil
Figure 5.18 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Relative movement between conductor and soil
Figure 5.19 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Maximum shear stress within soil
Figure 5.20 LS-DYNA Continuum Model. Stress in x-direction within soil continuum
Figure 5.21 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT1A-HB(API)
Figure 5.22 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT2A-HC(API)
Figure 5.23 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT1A-HB(Shell)
Figure 5.24 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT2A-HC(Shell)
Figure 5.25 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT2B-MA(API)
Figure 5.26 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT3B-MB(API)
Figure 5.27 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT4B-MC(API)
Figure 5.28 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT2B-MA(Shell)
Figure 5.29 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT3B-MB(Shell)
Figure 5.30 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT4B-MC(Shell)
Figure 5.31 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT3B-SA(API)
Figure 5.32 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT4B-SB(API)
Figure 5.33 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT3B-SA(Shell)
Figure 5.34 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model. Force/Moment for HT4B-SB(Shell)
Figure 5.35 Comparison of Torque at First Standard Connector (API)
Figure 5.36 Comparison of Torque at First Standard Connector (Shell)
Figure 5.37 Torque at First Standard Connector for HT1A-HB Continuum Model
Figure 5.38 Shear Stress at Conductor/Grout interface for HT1A-HB Continuum Model
Figure 5.39 Frictional Resistance of Debonded Grout
DRAWINGS
A210990-2 Rev. A 30" x 1" Conductor String with Resistance to Torque Type HT1A & HT1B
A210990-3 Rev. A 30` x 1" Conductor String with Resistance to Torque Type HT2A & HT2B
A210990-4 Rev. A 30" x 1" Conductor String with Resistance to Torque Type HT3A & HT3B
A210990-5 Rev. A 30" x 1` Conductor String with Resistance to Torque Type HT4A & HT4B
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Shell UK Exploration &Production Sub-sea Conductor Study
SUMMARY
Shell Expro have developed detailed proposals for conductor designs for a range of ground
conditions representative of those in the UK sector of the Central North Sea. The make-up of
the proposed casing strings consists of a 40ft or 60ft length of 35" outer diameter by 2" wall
thickness casing, followed by 50ft lengths of 30" outer diameter 1" wall thickness casing.
There are 4 or 5 lengths of 30" casing, depending on the assumed ground conditions. The 35"
casing is connected to the 30" casing using a high torque connector. The lengths of 30"
casing are connected using either high or standard torque connectors.
The principal objective of the current study was to assess the adequacy of the proposed casing
string make-up for the assumed ground conditions, and in particular whether the proposed
number of high torque connectors in each of the casing strings is justifiable. The study has
been carried out using the program LS-DYNA to assess the behaviour of conductors when
subjected to combined axial, bending and torsion loads.
Shell have prepared casing designs for three idealised soil profiles covering a range of ground
conditions varying from normally consolidated to heavily overconsolidated clay. The three
profiles are identified as 'hard', 'medium' and 'soft'. The hard profile represents very stiff
overconsolidated clay and dense sand sites, comparable to conditions at Nelson. The medium
profile is formed of firm to stiff clay and medium dense sand, similar to those at Kittiwake.
Normally consolidated sites, similar to conditions at Gannet, are represented by the soft
profile.
The axial loads to which the conductor strings are subjected are upward forces due to thermal
expansion of the inner well casing. Three axial loads are specified by Shell to cover a range
of temperatures of the hydrocarbons passing through the inner casing. Lateral, moment and
torsion loading is due to trawler nets snagging on the Christmas tree assembly installed on the
well head.
For hard soil sites the current proposal is to use one high torque connector for the design case
with the lowest hydrocarbon temperature, but two high torque connector for other load cases.
The analyses show that the proposed conductor strings for hard soil conditions are adequate if
t-z springs normally used by Shell are adopted. However, if t-z springs recommended by API
are used then two high torque connectors are required for all conductor strings in hard soil
conditions.
For medium soil sites the current proposal is to use 2, 3 or 4 high torque connectors
depending on the temperature of the hyrocarbon. The LS-DYNA analyses show that three
high torque connectors are required for the lowest temperature load case instead of the two
currently proposed. The other two design proposals are adequate.
The proposed arrangement of high torque connectors for soft soil sites is adequate. The
analyses indicate, however, that combined stresses in the top of the 30" conductor exceed
recommended values and therefore some local yielding may occur if all the design loads act
simultaneously.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Shell Expro want to rationalise the design of well conductors so that all exploration and
appraisal wells with the potential to become producers can be developed as sub-sea
production wells if required. To achieve this aim it is necessary that the conductors used on
these wells are strong enough to withstand all loads which may be applied to the conductor
through the sub-sea wellhead assembly. Attenuation of loads occurs with depth below
mudline, but one aspect of particular concern is that connections within the casing string have
adequate capacity to resist the torque applied to the joint.
Loads that affect the design and performance of the conductors are:
* Axial tensile force due to the conductor restraining the thermal expansion of the
inner well casing;
* Environmental loading transmitted to the conductor from a sub-sea wellhead tree;
* Accidental loads due to snagging of trawler nets or trawl boards on the wellhead
tree.
These loads can act individually, or in any combination, subjecting the conductor to a
combination of axial, bending and torsion loading.
Calculations already carried out by Shell have resulted in detailed proposals for conductor
designs for a range the ground conditions anticipated for the UK Sector of the Central North
Sea where Shell own exploration licences. The methods of analysis used by Shell were not,
however, able to analyse the behaviour of the conductors under the combined effects of axial,
bending and torsion loading and Shell are seeking independent validation of their design
proposals.
Arup Geotechnics were appointed by Shell to undertake a study to investigate the adequacy
of the proposed casing string make-ups for specified ground conditions and load
combinations. The analyses were to be undertaken using the program LS-DYNA to develop
3-D finite element models of casing and grout configurations for three soil types. The Scope
of Work required:
* Model the combined soil resistance to axial, torsion and bending stress;
* Determine axial, bending and torsion stress profiles in casing and joints for given
bending and torsional loads and various axial loads;
* Investigate grout/casing shear stress;
* Investigate soil and grout behaviour at high temperatures (150 to 330 degs F) and
modify soil model as necessary.
Details of the work carried out to complete this study are presented in this report.
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2. PREVIOUS STUDIES BY SHELL

Analytical studies have been carried out by Shell to study the behaviour of subsea conductors
when subjected to lateral and moment loading, and also to investigate stresses within the
conductors due to the application of torque and tensile axial loads. The analyses have been
performed for three soil types, identified as 'hard','medium' and 'soft', which are
representative of soil conditions in the Nelson, Kittiwake and Gannet fields.
The Shell studies were carried out in three phases as follows:
* Early studies, carried out using the SPLICE program, considered lateral and
moment loading only. The results of this study are reported in Shell Engineering
Report Number E93005, dated June 1993.
* Later studies, also using the SPLICE program, looked at the behaviour of
conductors under axial and torsion loading. The purpose of these studies was to
investigate the stress profile down the conductor, particularly the attenuation of
torsion, so that the depth to which high torque connectors are needed could be
assessed. Full details of the analyses carried out are not known but, because of the
limitations of the software available to Shell, it was not possible to analyse the
conductors under combined axial and torsion loading. It is understood that in the
analyses carried out by Shell the skin friction mobilised by the axial load was
calculated first, and it was then assumed that the remaining skin friction between
mobilised and ultimate was available to resist torsion.
* Independent studies were also carried out by Shell to assess the axial loads applied
to the conductor by thermal expansion of the inner casing.
Based upon the results of these studies various conductor string make-ups have been devised
by Shell for each of the reference soil conditions for various axial loads representing thermal
expansion of the inner well casing due to hydrocarbons of differing temperatures.
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3. STUDY DATA
3.1 Soil Conditions

Shell have provided details for three soil profiles which characterise ground conditions in the
UK sector of the Central North Sea where the majority of their exploration licences are
located. The idealised soil profiles are based upon data from three Shell Expro Oil Field
geotechnical boreholes and represent ground conditions varying from normally consolidated
to heavily over consolidated clay. Undrained shear strength profiles for the three soil types,
subsequently referred to as 'hard', 'medium' and 'soft', are shown on Figures 3.1 to 3.3.
Details of the soil profiles are given in Table 1. The 'hard' profile is also representative of
ground conditions in the Northern North Sea sites operated by Shell.
Profile Field Formation Description

Hard (H) Nelson Fisher Very stiff over consolidated silty clays and dense
sands.
Medium(M) Kittiwake Coal Pit Firm to stiff silty clays and medium dense sands.
Soft (S) Gannet Forth Very soft to firm normally consolidated clay.
Table 1. Soil Profiles
3.2 Loads
3.2.1 Trawler Net

Studies have been carried out for Shell to assess loads applied to the conductor due to trawler
nets snagging on the Christmas tree assembly installed on the wellhead. Snagging loads used
by Shell, and adopted as design loads for the current study, are as follows:
* lateral force of 650 kN;
* bending moment of 3575 kNm;
* torque applied about the vertical axis of 1820 kNm.
It is assumed that these loads are applied to the conductor 1m above seabed level.
3.2.2 Thermal Loads

Hot hydrocarbons are transmitted through the inner well casing to the wellhead. Thermal
expansion of the inner well casing is restrained by the outer conductor. For the conditions of
a rigid connection between the inner well casing and the outer conductor, and no upward
movement of the outer conductor, Shell have provided details of the upward loads to be
resisted by the conductor.
Upward loads assumed for the current study are summarised in Table 2.
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Load Temperature Range Net Upward Load

Case
Degs. F Degs. C lbs kN
A <150 <66 500,000 2240
B >>150 <260 >66 <127 1,500,000 6672
C >260 <330 >127 <166 2,700,000 12010
Table 2. Thermal Loads
3.3 Conductor Strings

A typical well consists of a 20" outer diameter by 0.625" wall thickness inner well casing,
with a 240ft to 320ft long outer conductor casing. The conductor string consists of a 40ft or
60ft top length of 35" outer diameter by 2" wall thickness casing, which stands Im proud of
the seabed, followed by 5Oft lengths of 30" outer diameter by 1" wall thickness casing.
Individual lengths of casing are joined by box and pin connectors. The conductor is grouted
into a 36" diameter drillhole. The annulus between the 20" well casing and the conductor is
also grouted.
Details of conductor strings proposed by Shell have been taken from ABB Vetco Gray
drawing numbers A210990-2 to -5, which were supplied by Shell. Copies of these drawing
are contained in Appendix A. The make up of conductor strings used in the current study are
summarised in Table 3 (see tables following references).
3.4 Connector Properties

Details of the box and pin connectors used in the conductor strings have been taken from
ABB Vetco Gray data sheets TDS/1041 and TDS/1017. Yield capacities of connectors
relevant to the current study are summarised in Table 4.
Connector ALT-2HT ( high torque) ST-2RB ( standard torque)

Capacity
Tension 6200 kips 27585 kN 2430 kips 10809 kN

Compression 8650 kips 38475 kN 4549 kips 20234 kN
Bending 4200 kip-ft 5691 kN-m 1810 kip-ft 1810 kN-m
Torsion 1500 kip-ft 2033 kN-m 39 kip-ft 53 kN-m
Table 4. Connector Properties
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3.5 Pipe Properties

The conductor pipes are manufactured of grade X52 (52 ksi) steel. Yield capacities for the
two sizes of pipes used in the conductor strings are summarised in Table 5 for axial tension
and compression, torsion and bending.
Yield Capacity 30" x 1" 35" x 2"

Tension 4738 kips 21070 kN 10780 kips 47950 kN
Compression 4738 kips 21070 kN 10780 kips 47950 kN
Bending 2770 kip-ft 3753 kN-m 7015 kip-ft 9505 kN-m
| Torsion 3197 kip-ft 4332 kN-m 8094 kip-ft 10967 kN-m
Table 5. Pipe Properties
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4. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
4.1 General Assumptions

All of the analyses were carried out with the following general assumptions:
* The 20" casing inside the conductor, and the grout between the casing and the
conductor, has been ignored.
* Local scour around the conductor to a depth of 1.5m below seabed level.
* The top surface of the grout around the outside of the conductor is at a depth of
1.5m below seabed level.
* The conductor is placed centrally within the predrilled hole and the annulus
between the conductor and the predrilled holed is completely filled with grout.
* No restraint is applied to the conductor by the well head and Christmas tree
assembly, ie free head conditions apply
* Young's Modulus Este, = 210 x 106 kPa, Egrout = 5 x 10 kPa
4.2 Analysis Procedures

Analysis of the conductors under the combined effect of axial, bending and torsion loading
was to be carried out using the 3D program LS-DYNA. This program had not been used for
this particular application before and therefore the initial stage of the analyses consisted of
validating LS-DYNA for 2D loading calculations against the results from a conventional 2D
analysis.
The program used to provide 2D results against which LS-DYNA was compared was ALP.
4.3 ALP Analyses

ALP is an OASYS program for the analysis of vertical piles subjected to lateral loads,
bending moments and imposed soil displacements. ALP cannot take account of vertical or
torsion loading. ALP analyses were carried out in order to provide data against which LS-
DYNA results could be compared.
ALP analyses were initially carried out using standard p-y data to represent the load
deflection behaviour of the soil. The p-y curves were generated by ALP using the method
proposed by Matlock (1970) for static loading conditions. Values of e.0 , the axial strain at a
stress level of one-half of the ultimate resistance, used to calculate the p-y curves are given in
Table 6 and follow the recommendations of Sullivan et al. (1980)
Soil Profile Eso

Hard .004
Medium .01
Soft .02
Table 6. E,, values for p-y curves
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The conductor and surrounding grout was modelled as a 36" (0.914m) diameter, 78m long,
pile of variable flexural stiffness (El). No allowance was made for the increased El at the
joints.
In subsequent ALP analyses the soil was modelled as an elastic-plastic material. The soil
stiffness was adjusted until the conductor deflection profile from the elastic-plastic model
matched that obtained previously from the p-y model. The soil stiffness profile obtained in
this manner was subsequently used in the LS-DYNA continuum model.
4.4 LS-DYNA Analyses
4.4.1 Description of Program

LS-DYNA is an explicit finite element program which enables the solution of three
dimensional problems involving a high degree of geometric and material non-linearity.
4.5 LS-DYNA Continuum Model

In this model the soil surrounding the conductor is modelled as an elastic-plastic continuum.
The conductor, grout and pipe connectors are modelled as individual components with
appropriate material properties. Figure 4.1 shows a cut-section through the model. The
model has a total of 100,000 elements.
4.5.1 Geometry
No symmetry has been used in the model representing the subsea conductor pile. This is
because it was deemed that the loading (combination of axial/torque/lateral/bending) would
force the pile to behave eccentrically. Any boundary conditions used to force symmetry
behaviour would also be resisting the movement of the pile and hence would be detrimental
to the analysis.
4.5.2 Casings
The 20" casings and surrounding grout inside the conductor have been ignored for the
purpose of this analysis. These elements are assumed to be non-load bearing, and therefore
have no effect on the result - except to complicate the analysis further.
4.5.3 Conductor
The conductor is represented by 2D shell elements of the correct thickness. In the LS-DYNA
model, the shell element position is located in the centre of the conductor wall, ensuring that
the correct flexural stiffness is calculated.
4.5.4 Connectors
The lengths of conductor are connected together using joints which represent the high torque
and standard torque connectors. These joints form a box and pin arrangement and are
modelled as non-deformable materials. The pin and box are connected via non-linear springs
which allow the yield criterion/capacity to be specified according to the data supplied and
tabulated in Section 3.4 of this report.
4.5.5 Grout
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The grout is modelled using eight node solid elements. The external diameter of the grout is
36" (0.9144 m). The grout is meshed to the conductor shell elements, so that the internal
diameter of the grout is on the centre-line of the conductor wall, hence the grout is marginally
thicker than specified in the drawings. Due to the weakness of the grout, this extra thickness
will have very little effect on the overall stiffness of the steel-grout composite. No facility
has been included to allow the grout to become detached from the steel conductor.
4.5.6 Soil
The soil is modelled using eight node solid elements. The top layers of soil (down to 5.0 m
below the surface) are modelled using 'fully integrated solids'. These elements are
computationally expensive, but do allow greater accuracy in calculations where large
deformations are expected. The soil extends out to a radius of five diameters beyond the grout
at the top of the model (eleven diameters across in total), where the deformation is expected
to be the largest. This tapers to just two diameters beyond the grout (five diameters across) at
a level below the bottom of the conductor. In order to model the local failure of the soil
around the conductor, small elements (1" in size) are used adjacent to the conductor with
increasing element size away from the conductor. A region of scour is modelled down a to
depth of 1.5 m below the surface level, at a gradient of 45 degrees. The grout starts below this
level.
4.5.7 Boundary Conditions

The free field boundaries of the soil elements are fully fixed against translation. While there
is likely to be some interaction between the pile and the outside boundary, it is not considered
to be enough to affect the failure mechanisms of the pile against the soil.
4.5.8 Material Properties

Steel
The steel material has an elasto-plastic behaviour allowing the maximum stress to be limited.
The pipe work is made of grade X52 steel having a yield stress of 52 ksi (361 N/mnr). When
this stress level is exceeded, the material deforms plastically, maintaining the yield stress with
no plastic hardening. The ability for the steel to deform plastically will allow the steel tube to
buckle under extreme load conditions.
Connectors
As mentioned above, the connectors are modelled as non-deformable materials. The
non-linear springs connecting the pin and box allow elastic-perfectly-plastic behaviour. A
displacement criterion has been used to define the yield of the joints. In axial compression
and tension the joint can deform by 0.1 mm elastically, beyond which the plastic deformation
occurs. The elastic stiffness is calculated assuming that the full yield capacity is developed at
0.1mm displacement. Similarly in bending and torque the maximum elastic rotation allowed
is 2.5 x 10O' radians.
Grout
The grout material behaves elastically at a fraction of the stiffness of concrete -
approximately 5 MPa. This is an approximation, because grout can resist limited tensile
forces. While it is possible to model the grout such that it behaves as in reality, this would
require the correct confining stresses to be present in the soil surrounding the pile. Since the
strength of the grout is small in comparison with the steel, it is considered sufficient to ignore
the tensile failure.
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Soil
The soil material uses a Modified Drucker Prager failure criterion (similar to Mohr-Coulomb
but applicable to three dimensional analysis). This allows the soil to yield once a given
deviatoric stress or shear stress is achieved within the soil. In this case, for all three soil
profiles (hard, medium and soft) a simple undrained shear strength is used to define the yield,
varying with depth. The elastic Young's Modulus of the soil is assumed to be directly
proportional to the undrained shear strength, ie. for the 'hard' profile E = 150C to 4.5m,
E = 250cu below 4.5m. To model undrained (incompressible) behaviour it is assumed that
Poisson's Ratio = 0.49.
In this study the failure criteria of the soil is dependent only on the undrained shear strength,
cu. The initial state of stress in the soil prior to installation of the conductor is therefore not
critical in this study. The current model does not consider the following:-
* the pre-analysis stress history,
* the effect of the drilling of the pile bore,
* the effect of thermal cycling on the soil.
The soil is assumed to be homogenous across the horizontal plane (not varying with
temperature gradients), and varying strength with depth.
4.5.9 Soil-grout interface

In the continuum model the soil is not meshed directly to the grout. A 'contact surface' is
used between the grout and the soil which prevents the grout from penetrating into the soil
when the conductor pushes into the soil, but allows the grout to pull away from the soil so
that tension cannot be transferred from the grout to the soil. The drawback of this
arrangement is that shear can only be transferred across a contact surface by friction. (ie. the
shear transfer depends on the normal stress and the angle of friction between the two
surfaces.) There is currently no facility within LS-DYNA for adhesion contact surfaces on
which the shear transfer depends on the contact area and some proportion of the undrained
shear strength of the soil.
Although shear due to torque or axial loading of the conductor could be modelled using the
frictional characteristics of the grout-soil interface (which would require the correct confining
pressures to be known in the soil), for piles in clay the limiting 'skin friction' is usually
assumed to be a function of the undrained shear strength. In offshore pile design it is
common practice to use t-z curves to define the relationship between pile movement and
mobilised skin friction.
To overcome the uncertainty associated with using a friction model for the grout-pile
interface, and to be compatible with conventional offshore pile design methods, a series of
non-linear t-z springs are used to model the skin friction on the grout-soil interface (assuming
that the 'contact surface' is frictionless). These springs connect the outer surface of the grout
to the soil continuum and are oriented so that they work in the plane tangential to the surface
of the grout. The springs are linear elastic/plastic and it is assumed that full friction is
mobilised at a relative displacement between grout and soil of 1% of the diameter of the pile.
Ultimate skin friction values are calculated as acd using a values recommended API RP 2A
(1993), Section 6.4.2. This failure mechanism was tested by analysing the conductor being
pulled directly out of the ground until the full shear force was mobilised. The force to cause
failure compares well with the force calculated by integrating acd over the entire length of the
pile.
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4.5.10 Loading
Thermal
A constant vertical force is applied to the top of the conductor where it is attached to the well-
head tree. The magnitude of this force varies with hydrocarbon temperature according to the
data shown in Table 2 of this report.
The vertical force is applied prior to the other loads so that the model is in equilibrium under
the thermal loading condition.
Trawler net
The loading from the trawler net is applied to a non-deformable collar at the top of the steel
tube. The collar distributes the load over the entire circumference of the tube, although only
one point load is defined for each loading type. The loads applied to the top of the pipe are:
* a lateral force in the x-direction of the model, magnitude 650 kN,
* a bending moment applied about the y-axis of the model, magnitude 3575 kNm,
* a torque applied about the (vertical) z-axis of the model, magnitude 1820 kNm.
These loads are applied to the model, allowing the pipe to deform and load the soil until an
equilibrium state is achieved where the trawler net forces are resisted by the soil stress.
4.5.11 Damage Identification

It is assumed that the pile/conductor is considered to fail the test if either the steel tube
becomes plastic, or any of the non-linear springs in the connectors have an excursion into the
plastic range. Localised soil failure is not considered to be sufficient to warrant the failure of
the pile/conductor combination.
4.6 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model

Difficulties were experienced when using the continuum model in obtaining solutions to the
analysis. The contact surface allows load to be transferred from the conductor onto adjacent
soil elements. At the top of the conductor these elements fail due to localised yielding of the
soil and became numerically unstable due to the large plastic deformations associated with
squeezing of the soil. In soft and medium soil conditions, where the lateral displacements of
the conductor are greater, these instability problems were amplified. To progress the study an
alternative model was developed to overcome the computational difficulties associated with
the continuum model
Two major changes were made to the modelling technique:
The lateral load is resisted by a series of p-y springs instead of the solid element
mesh using the modified Drucker-Prager soil model
The conductor and grout have been reduced to beam elements of the correct
equivalent stiffness and cross section
4.6.1 Conductor Casing

The conductor casings are subdivided into beam elements. 50 elements are used in the first
40' section of casing (or 75 elements for the 60' casing). The second casing (50' length) is
split into 30 elements, with all further sections of casing using 15 elements.
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The conductor casings are connected to each other using non-linear springs using an identical
method to the previous model. The capacity of these 'connector' springs is as defined in Table
4. These non-linear springs will enable the force/moment to be monitored in the joints.
4.6.2 Lateral Load Behaviour p-y Springs

The lateral load is resisted at each node below 1.Sm depth (where the top level of grout
begins) by non-linear springs which behave as p-y springs. The method used to define the
properties of these springs is identical to the OASYS ALP geotechnical program described in
Section 4.2 of this report.
4.6.3 Skin Friction t-z Spring

The skin friction on the outer surface of the grout is modelled in a similar way to the
previous LS-DYNA model using non-linear t-z springs. One set of springs is used to resist
combinations of torsional moment and axial forces. As for the continuum model, the springs
work in the plane tangential to the surface of the grout. Skin friction at any point is mobilised
in the direction of the resultant force, but is limited to the maximum available skin friction.
The procedures adopted to implement the skin friction springs is described below, and
illustrated in Figure 4.2.
Two non-deformable rings are defined at each node level below the top of the grout. These
rings are of the same diameter as the external diameter of the grout. Twenty non-linear t-z
springs, equally spaced around the rings, are used to join the two rings together. One of the
rings represents the surface of the grout, and the other the surface of the soil. Both rings are
constrained to move translationally with the central node on the conductor beam, but the
plane through the rings and the conductor beam node remains normal to the axis of the beam
at the node location. The ring representing the soil is restrained so that it cannot rotate about
the axis of the pile, and the plane through the conductor beam node cannot move vertically in
the axial direction at the node position. With this arrangement the p-y curve springs only
resist horizontal movement, and the skin friction springs only resist axial movement and/or
rotation of the conductor.
The model is best illustrated by reference to Figure 4.2. For the case of pure bending lateral
forces are resisted by the p-y springs and the two non-deformable rings move with the pile.
No forces are generated in the skin friction springs (see 'Bending' sketch on Figure 4.2).
Under axial loading the t-z springs stretch/compress by the relative movement at the node
position, thereby generating skin friction forces. Similarly a rotation a causes a relative
movement aD/2 at the grout/soil interface and generates skin friction.
Under combined axial and torsion loading the skin friction acts in the direction of the
resultant force at the node and the combined skin friction is limited to the maximum
permissible skin friction compatible with the total resultant relative movement.
4.6.4 Loads
The loading applied to the top of the conductor casing is sequenced. The axial (thermal) load
is applied first, and the model is allowed to reach an equilibrium state. Once the thermal load
is in equilibrium, the trawler net loading is applied, and equilibrium state found again for the
combined load. This loading mechanism is identical to that used in the continuum model.
With this loading sequence skin friction is first mobilised in the vertical direction to oppose
the axial thermal loads. When torque is applied the orientation of the skin friction vector
changes. If full skin friction is mobilised by the axial thermal load, then as torque is applied
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the vertical component of skin friction reduces as the component opposing the torque
increases. In this manner skin friction is mobilised to greater depths to maintain overall
equilibrium.
4.6.5 Modelling Inaccuracies

The modifications to the LS-DYNA model have introduced some inaccuracies into the results
due to the simplifications.
When applying load to the pile axially, or torsionally, the soil surrounding the pile will
deform to some extent. This is not the case with the simplified model described here. The
non-deformable ring representing the soil is prevented from ANY rotation about the axis of
the pile and is also prevented from any axial movement relative to a plane normal to the pile.
If movement of the soil is allowed, there will be a small reduction in the relative displacement
between the grout and the soil with a consequent reduction is mobilised skin friction. This
implies that the simplified model is over working the interface, and would give a conservative
answer. The converse is the case for bending. With the simplified model no skin friction is
developed by bending under lateral loading. In practice bending will cause some movement
of the pile relative to the soil and so generate skin friction.
The lack of movement in the soil does not compromise the position where the failure surface
occurs. The pile will always fail on the interface, not in the soil. This is because even if the
interface strength was not less than the soil strength, the force will be concentrated (higher
stress) the closer to the centre of the pile that the failure surface occurs.
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5. STUDY RESULTS
5.1 Analysis Strategy

Various methods of analysis and modelling techniques have been used during the course of the
study. The various methods are described in Section 4 of this report.
The strategy adopted for this study is as follows:
* Carry out conventional 2D lateral pile analyses with ALP using standard p-y curves
* Carry out 2D lateral pile analyses using the elastic-plastic soil model in ALP.
Determine elastic soil stiffness parameters to give comparable results to the previous
p-y analyses
* Carry out equivalent 2D analysis using LS-DYNA using a continuum soil model
with elastic soil stiffness parameters derived from ALP elastic-plastic analyses
* Carry out 3D analysis using LS-DYNA continuum model
* Develop LS-DYNA beam and spring model for 3D loading and compare against LS-
DYNA continuum results
* Analyse all load design cases using LS-DYNA beam and spring model
5.2 Lateral and Moment Loading Only
5.2.1 ALP p-y Analyses

The results of conventional laterally loaded pile analyses, using standard Matlock p-y data, are
shown on Figures 5.1 to 5.3 for hard, medium and soft soil profiles respectively. The figures
show profiles of displacement, bending moment, shear force and soil pressures when the lateral
load and moment components of the trawler snagging loads are applied to the top of the
conductor (ie. no axial load or torque).
Maximum displacements vary from 60mm for the hard soil profile to 703mm for the soft soil
profile.
5.2.2 ALP Elastic-Plastic Soil Model

ALP analyses using an elastic-plastic soil model were carried out to determine the stiffness
profile for an elastic/plastic material which gives conductor displacement and bending moment
profiles comparable to those obtained using the p-y approach. The stiffness profile derived frcm
these ALP analyses were subsequently used in the LS-DYNA continuum model analyses. This
procedure was adopted so that LS-DYNA results could be compared directly against previous
analyses carried out using p-y analyses.
The ultimate soil resistance was calculated using the method proposed by Brirch Hansen(1961),
and it was assumed that Young's Modulus of the soil was proportional to the undrained shear
strength c,. Starting from the initial assumption E'=250q,, the stiffness profiles were modified
by trial and error until an acceptable match was achieved with the p-y predictions of
displacement and bending moment.
Figures 5.4 to 5.9 show the final comparisons achieved between the p-y and elastic-plastic soil
models, and gives details of the soil stiffness profile derived for the elastic-plastic model.
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5.2.3 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model

For lateral load analyses the LS-DYNA beam and spring model is in principle the same as used
by ALP, but the method of solution is different. The modelling of the conductor pipes and
connectors is more detailed in the LS-DYNA model, and consequently the analysiswill be more
precise than corresponding ALP analyses. In the ALP analyses, for example, the conductor and
surrounding soil is represented by 39 beam elements and 39 p-y springs. The corresponding
number for the LS-DYNA model is 125 beam elements and 120 p-y springs. Pipe connectors
are modelled in LS-DYNA and therefore force and moment components within the joint can be
determined directly. Joints cannot be modelled in ALP, and forces and moments can only be
determined by interpolation.
Results from the LS-DYNA beam and spring model for hard, medium and soft soil profiles are
shown on Figures 5.10 to 5.12. (These results are directly comparable to the ALP results shown
on Figure 5.1 to 5.3.)
5.2.4 ALP and LS-DYNA Comparisons

Displacements and bending moments calculated using ALP and LS-DYNA are summarised in
Table 7. Maximum bending moments are given for the top section of 35" x 2" pipe, the first high
torque connector, and the first length of 30" x 1" pipe. For all of the analyses bending moments
on the second connector are relatively small and are therefore not reported in Table 7.
Soil Method of Maximum Report Maximum Bending Moment (kNm)

Profile Analysis Displacement Fig. No. RCm@U-
(mm) 35"9 X2"' Joint 1 30" x1" Rac
Pipe Pipe Fax N6.
Hard ALP 60 5.1 5525 0 150 ;, 1
LS-DYNA 60 5.10 5601 99 125.3 T, lD
Medium ALP 200 5.2 6685 429 160

LS-DYNA 212 5.11 6891 212 136 b.11
Soft ALP 703 5.3 8373 4738 4492 6.3

LS-DYNA 718 5.12 8470 4821 4827 5 1
Yield Capacity Moment (kNm) 9505 5691 3753
Table 7. Comparison of ALP and LS-DYNA Results for Lateral Loading Only Case
There is good correlation between the two sets of results. The maximum difference in lateral
displacement at the top of the conductor is 6% (medium soil profile) and bending moments
are generally with 7% of each other. Higher differences in bending moment occur when the
bending moment are small in comparison to the yield moment, but these differences are of no
significance to the overall results.
For analyses using the soft soil profile both sets of results calculate bending moment in the
30" x 1" pipe greater than the yield moment capacity of this element. Maximum bending
moment in the 35" x 2" pipe and the top connector are also high in comparison to their
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ultimate moments. Maximum moments in the 35" x 2" pipe are 88% to 89% of yield
capacity, whilst moments in the top high torque connector are 83% to 85% of yield capacity.
5.3 Combined Lateral, Moment, Vertical and Torsion Loading
5.3.1 Analyses Carried Out

All the analyses for combined lateral, moment, vertical and torsion loading have been carried
out using LS-DYNA. Analyses have been carried out for seven design cases as detailed in
Table 8.
Design Case Conductor String Soil Profile Thermal Load Case

HTIA-HB HTIA Hard B (1,500.000 Ibs)
HT2A-HC HT2A 4 t'Hard C (2,700,000 Ibs)
HT2B-MA HT2B 6o' Medium A (500,000 Ibs)
HT3B-MB HT3B (0' Medium B (1,500,000 Ibs)
HT4B-MC HT4B 6g' Medium C (2,700,000 Ibs)
HT3B-SA HT3B 66' Soft A (500,000 Ibs)
HT4B-SB HT4B 6O'
Soft B (1,500,000 Ibs)
Table 8. LS-DYNA Design Cases
As described in Sections 4.4.9, t-z springs have been used to model the transfer of shear
across the soil-grout interface. Two forms of t-z springs have been used. The two types of t-
z springs, referred to as API and Shell, are defined on Figure 5.13. The API t-z springs
assume linear elastic/plastic behaviour with the maximum skin friction, t mobilised at a
relative movement between grout and soil of 1% of the grout diameter, i.e. 9.14mm. It is
assumed that tmax = acu and that a values are as defined in Section 6.4.2 of API RP 2A (1993).
The Shell t-z spring is the same as currently by Shell Expro for piles installed in clay. The
shape of the t-z curve is as proposed by Vijayvergiya (1977) and tmax values are calculated
using a values defined in API RP 2A (1993), Section C6.4. Figure 5.13 shows that for the
hard soil profile the Shell t.nax values are greater than the API tmax values. Figure 5.13 also
shows that smaller movements are required to mobilise skin friction with the Shell t-z springs.
The suffix 'Shell' or 'API' is appended to the design case reference to define which type of t-
z spring has been used for a particular analysis, ie HTIA-HA (Shell).
The continuum model has been used for only one design case ( HTIA-HB (API) ), and the
beam and spring model has been used for 14 design cases (7 design cases x 2 types of t-z
springs).
5.3.2 Design Case HT1A-HB (API)
5.3.2.1 Continuum Model Results
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Results obtained using the LS-DYNA continuum model are shown on Figures 5.14 to 5.20.
Figure 5.14 shows profiles of forces and moments within the conductor when all the specified
design loads are acting. Figures 5.15 to 5.20 show contours of horizontal displacement, shear
stress and horizontal stress.
5.3.2.2 Beam and Spring Model

Profiles of forces and moments within the conductor calculated using the beam and spring
model are shown on Figure 5.21.
5.3.2.3 Comparison of Continuum and Beam and Spring Models

For comparative purposes maximum values of axial force, shear force, bending moment and
torque derived from the continuum and beam and spring models, are summarised in Table 9.
The beam and spring model calculates a horizontal displacement at the top of the conductor
of 53.6mm. The average horizontal displacement at the top of the conductor calculated by the
continuum model is 52.5mm. The difference between the two horizontal displacement is only
2%, confirming compatibility between the p-y springs used in the beam and spring model and
the elastic-plastic soil model used in the continuum analysis.
5.3.3 Results of LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model Analyses

Results of LS-DYNA beam and spring analyses are shown on Figure 5.21 to 5.36 and
summarised in Tables 1 1 to 15. Figures 5.2 Ia to 5.36a each show plots of axial force, shear
force, bending moments and torsion moment versus depth below seabed level. Figures 5.21b
to 5.36b show plots of maximum available and mobilised skin friction, rotation, axial
displacement and lateral displacement versus depth below seabed level.
Table 10 shows results for hard soil profile design cases, Table 11 shows results for medium
soil profile design cases, and Table 12 shows results for soft soil profile design cases. Each
of these tables gives the maximum calculated value of axial force, shear force, bending
moment and torque in the 35" x 2" pipe, the top ALT-2HT high torque connector, the 30" x
1" pipe, and the top ST-2RB standard connector.
Table 13 summarises the calculated maximum axial loads in the conductor elements due to
thermal axial loading only, and under the combined effects of axial, bending and torsion
loading.
For each design case, Table 14 summarises the calculated lateral movement, upward
movement and rotation of the conductor, at a depth of 1.5m below seabed level (ie base of
scour depth), under the combined effects of axial, bending and torsion loading.
From the results summarised in Tables 10 to 14 a number of general observations can be
made:
when torque is applied the axial loads in the elements below the top length of 35"
x 2" pipe increase (see Table 13);
as the axial thermal load increases, but the applied moment and torque remains
constant(see Tables 10,11 and 12):
(i) bending moments in the 35" x 2" pipe reduce
(ii) torque in the first high torque connector and the 30" x 1" pipe increase
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(iii) rotation of the conductor head, and upward movement of the conductor,
increase, but the lateral displacement reduces (see Table 14).
Bending moments reduce as the axial load increases because higher axial tensile loads results
in lower horizontal movement and so reduced curvature of the conductor. The increase in
upward movement and rotation is attributed to the redistribution of shear stress (skin friction)
on the grout/soil interface as either the torque or the axial load is applied or increased.
5.3.4 Results for Hard Soil Profile

Results of LS-DYNA beam and spring analyses for the hard soils profile are summarised on
Figures 5.21 to 5.24 and in Table 10. Figures 5.21 and 5.22 shown results obtained using API
t-z springs while Figures 5.23 and 5.24 show corresponding results if Shell t-z springs are
used.
Table 10 shows that the torque capacity of the first standard torque connector is exceeded for
design case HTIA-HB if API t-z springs are used, but not if Shell t-z springs are used. For
design case HT2A-HC the capacity of the standard torque connector is adequate for both API
ans Shell t-z springs. Ultimate values of axial force, shear force and bending moment are not
exceeded in any of the conductor elements for the two load cases considered.
The higher torque applied to the ST-2RB connector when API springs are used are due to the
lower a values, and softer initial stiffness, which result in lower values of skin friction being
mobilised to a greater depth. This can be seen by comparing the plots of mobilised skin
friction on Figures 5.21 b and 5.23b. The reduction of axial load and torque within the
conductor with depth below seabed is therefore less for the API t-z springs than for the Shell
springs. This can be seen by comparing axial force components on Figures 5.21 and 5.23.
With the API t-z springs the axial force becomes zero at a depth of about 65m below mudline,
but when using Shell t-z springs the axial force becomes zero at a depth of about 45m below
mudline. When the thermal axial load is increased, higher values of skin friction are
mobilised but the depth at which the axial force in the conductor becomes zero does not
change significantly. The distribution of torque is different for the higher axial load case,
particularly for the API t-z spring case.
5.3.5 Results for Medium Soil Profile

Results of analyses for the medium soil profile are shown on Figures 5.25 to 5.30 and
summarised in Table 11. For this soil profile there is little difference between the results
obtained using API and Shell t-z springs. All of the design cases show the axial force
reducing to zero at the base of the conductor, indicating that skin friction is mobilised over
the full length if the conductor. Upward movement of the base of the conductor is of the
order of 0.5mm.
The plots of mobilised skin friction show that using API t-z springs full skin friction is
mobilised to a depth of 20m below seabed level for design case HT2B-MA (ref Fig 5.25b).
The depth of full mobilisation of skin friction increases to about 30m for HT2B-MB (Fig
5.26b) and 47m for HT2B-MC (Fig 5.27b). The use of Shell t-z springs allows higher values
of skin friction at shallow depths with the consequence that for design case HT2B-MA full
skin friction is only mobilised to a depth of about 6m (Fig 5.28b). For higher axial loads,
however, skin friction is fully mobilised to depths comparable to those obtained using API
springs.
Both the API and Shell t-z spring models show the first standard ST-2RB connector failing in
torque for design case HT2B-MA. For design cases HT3B-MB and HT4B-MC the torque in
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the first ST-2RB connector is less than the joint capacity for both the API and Shell t-z spring
models.
5.3.6 Results for Soft Soil Profile

Results of analyses carried out for the soft soil profile are shown on Figures 5.31 to 5.34 and
in Table 12. There are no significant differences between results obtained using API and
Shell t-z spring.
Skin friction is fully mobilised to slightly greater depths when API t-z springs are used, but
for all the soft soil profile design cases full skin friction is not mobilised below a depth
greater than about 40m.
For all of the soft soil profile analyses non of the standard ST-2RB connectors fail in torque.
Without any axial load Table 7 shows a maximum bending moment in the 30" x 1" pipe of
4827 kNm. Table 12 shows that this bending moment reduces to 2799 kNm, a reduction of
42%, when the axial load is 1.5 x 106 lbs and API t-z springs are used. Table 12 also shows
that when Shell t-z springs are used the bending moment in the 30` x 1" pipe is greater than
the yield moment when the axial thermal load is less than 5 x 1( lbs.
5.3.7 Axial and Bending Stresses

Tables 15 and 16 show calculated values of axial and bending tensile stresses in the 35" x 2"
and 30" x 1" conductors for each of the design cases considered.
Axial stresses in the 35" x 2" pipes, shown in Table 15, are a maximum of 41% of the
allowable tensile stress of 0.6FY defined in API RP2A, while the tensile bending stresses
exceed the allowable of 0.75FY for design case HT3A-SA. Table 16 also shows the combined
axial tension and bending stress. API RP2A requires for cylindrical structural member that
A-f +_fb_ < 1.0

0.6F1, 0.75F,
where fa = axial tensile stress
fb = tensile bending stress
FY = yield stress
Table 16 shows that none of the design cases except HTIA-HB(Shell and API) and
HT2B-MA(API) meet this requirement.
API RP2A permits allowable stresses to be increased by one third when the stresses are due
in part to lateral and vertical forces imposed by design environmental conditions. The trawler
snagging loads represent an accidental limit state, and although the imposed conductor loads
are not environmental loads it is considered appropriate to allow a 33% overstress when
assessing combined stress effects. The combined stress check inequality therefore becomes
-f,_ +_fb_ < 1.33
0.6FY 0.75FY
Table 15 shows that this relationship is satisfied in the 35" x 2" pipe for all design cases.
Also shown in Table 15 are bending stresses resulting from analyses in which lateral load and
moment components of the snagging loads were considered, but torque and axial thermal
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loads were ignored. The results show that for the soft soil profile this load combination
results in higher stresses within the conductor than the full load analyses.
Axial and bending stresses in the 30" x 1" pipe are shown in Table 16. This table shows that,
after allowing a 33% overstress, the stresses exceed allowable stresses for all soft soil design
cases. For the soft soil design cases the stresses due to lateral and moment loading only are
significantly higher than those resulting for combined loading.
5.3.8 Comparison of Results for first ST-2RB Connector

Figures 5.35 and 5.36 summarise calculated values of torque at the first standard connector.
Figure 5.35 shows results obtained using API t-z springs, and Figure 5.36 shows results
obtained using Shell t-z springs.
These two figures show torque plotted against time. 'Time' in this instance is a consequence
of the LS-DYNA iterative procedure and has no direct relevance to the problem. The
increase of torque with time shown on these figures merely illustrates convergence to an
equilibrium solution.
The only significant difference between the two sets of results is for design case HTIA-HB.
When API t-z springs are used the analyses shows the torque capacity of the connector (53
kNm) has been reached, while the corresponding analysis using Shell t-z springs shows that
the maximum torque at the first connector is 18 kNm. Figure 5.37 is a similar plot of results
obtained using the LS-DYNA continuum model with API t-z springs. This Figure shows the
same result as the beam and spring model, ie failure of the first standard connector in torque.
Both sets of results show that the torque at the first standard connector exceed the joint torque
capacity for design case HT2B-MA.
All other analyses show that the proposed conductor strings are adequate.
5.3.9 Grout to Casing Shear Stresses

The 35" and 30" conductor casings are grouted into a 36" diameter drillhole. In principle the
35" conductor casing is therefore surrounded by a l/2" thick annulus of grout, and the 30"
conductor casing is surrounded by a 3" thick annulus of grout.
Grout to casing shear stresses can only be determined from the continuum model results since
this is the only analysis in which the casing and grout are modelled separately. Shear stresses
determined from the hard profile continuum model analysis are shown on Figure 5.38.
Maximum values of grout to casing shear stress for the top section of 35" x 2" pipe range
from 0 to 3.35 MPa. Corresponding values for the top section of 30" x 1" pipe are about 0.25
to 1.5 MPa.
Shear stresses due to the axial load and torque components of applied load will be limited by
the grout/soil skin friction. Within lOim of mudline Figure 5.13 shows that for API t-z springs
the maximum skin friction is in the range 0.05 to 0.1 MPa. The results shown on Figure 5.38
therefore indicate that most of the grout to casing shear stress is due to bending of the
conductor.
No analyses have been carried out for medium and soft soil profiles from which the grout to
conductor shear stresses can be determined. It is evident, however, that the larger
displacements and higher bending moments associated with these weaker soils will result in
higher grout to conductor shear stresses.
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5.4 Review of Results

The results of the LS-DYNA analyses indicate that some of the model features result in non-
conservative estimates of forces and stresses in the conductor casings and connectors. Two
major factors which could affect the solutions are discussed in the following sections.
5.4.1 Spalling of Grout

In the LS-DYNA model the grout is modelled as an elastic material, fully bonded to the
conductor. This is an oversimplification since bending of the conductor will cause cracking
of the grout, and the magnitude of the calculated shear stresses indicates that local debonding
of the grout from the conductor may occur. If debonding does occur, it is possible there
could be reduced transfer of load from the conductor into the soil over the depth of the
debonding, resulting in increased loads in the conductors and connectors below the depth of
spalling. The current calculations could therefore underestimate the forces to be resisted by
the connectors.
Debonding will occur if the local shear stresses between grout and steel exceed the ultimate
bond stress. API RP2A recommends an allowable axial load transfer shear stress of 0.185
MPa for grouted annulus connections between plain steel pipe piles and jacket legs, but does
not give any recommendations for grouted connections subject to shear, bending or torque,
other than to state these effects should be considered by appropriate analytical or testing
procedures. The API recommended allowable bond stress value is significantly lower than
the calculated shear stresses, but data contained in the Commentary of API RP2A shows that
ultimate values of grout to steel bond stresses can be much higher. The grout around the
conductor casing is reported to have a 24 hour compressive strength in excess of 17 MPa.
Based upon published data, the equivalent 28 day compressive strength is expected to be in
excess of 80 MPa. Data in the API RP2A Commentary shows ultimate grout to steel bond
strengths in the range 0.5 to 5 MPa for a grout of this strength. Neville (1981 ) reports an
ultimate axial bond stress, determined by pull-out tests, of about 3.5 MPa for plain bars in
concrete with a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa. BS 8110 (1997) states thet the
ultimate bond stress for reinforcement bars in concrete can be determined using the equation:
fb. D V flu
where fbU is the ultimate bond stress, 3is a coefficient dependent on the bar type and f. is the
compressive strength of the concrete. Taking fu = 80 MPa the resulting values of ultimate
bond stress are 2.5 MPa for plain bars in tension and 3.1 MPa for plain bars in compression.
It is evident from the foregoing that although ultimate bond strengths are considerably greater
than the allowable shear stresses recommended by API RP2A, the grout to steel shear stresses
calculated by LS-DYNA are comparable to published values of ultimate bond strengths .
Neville (1981) also reports that a rise in temperature reduces the bond strength of concrete. At
temperatures of 200 to 300C he reports that there may be a loss of one-half of the bond
strength at room temperature. It is therefore very likely that grout to steel shear stresses will
locally exceed the ultimate bond strength and that some spalling of the grout will occur.
The grout to steel shear stresses shown on Figure 5.38 suggest that for the hard soil profile
local spalling may occur on one side of the conductor to a depth of about 5m to 6m below
mudline. Intuitively it is expected that spalling would occur to a greater depth for medium
and soft soil profiles.
If cracking and debonding of grout does occur the transfer of shear from the conductor into
the surrounding soil will be governed by friction between the de-bonded grout and the steel
JASO
169-OS\XS'P\R\OOO5CH.REP Page 21 Ove Arup & Partners
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conductor casing. Laboratory tests reported by Rabbat and Russell (1984) show an interface
friction angle between de-bonded grout and steel of 350 at a normal stress of 140 kPa,
reducing to 33° at a normal stress of 690 kPa. Assuming an interface friction angle of 330,
Figure 5.39 shows the shear that could be transferred through a debonded grout interface for
various values of K (lateral earth pressure coefficient). Also shown on Figure 5.39 is the
maximum skin friction on the grout-soil interface based upon Shell t-z springs. This figure
suggests that shear on the grout/steel interface is likely to be governing for hard soil
conditions, but is not likely to be the governing criteria for medium and soft soil profiles.
5.4.2 Axial Thermal Loads

In the current analyses the axial load due to thermal expansion of the inner casing is modelled
as a constant vertical load. The analyses show bending moments, and associated bending
stresses, in the conductor casing casings reduce as the vertical load increases. In practice it is
probable that the axial load applied to the conductor will reduce as the inner casing expands.
Assuming the load remains constant as the casing expands will result in lower bending
moments and bending stresses in the conductors. It is therefore possible that combined
stresses could be higher if the axial load reduces as expansion takes place.
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6. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
The hot hydrocarbons flowing through the well casing will cause a rise in temperature in the
conductor casing, the grout around the conductor casing, and the surrounding soil. The
effects of temperature on the geotechnical properties of the soil has been investigated by a
number of researchers but published data relevant to the design of conductors in heated soil is
scarce and inconclusive.
Results of field and laboratory testing by the Swedish Geotechnical Institute into the effects
of heating on the properties of clay are reported by Moritz (1995) and Gabrielsson, Lehtmets,
Moritz and Bergdahl (1997). Results of triaxial testing reported by Moritz (1995) show that
the undrained shear strength of samples taken from 6m depth reduce by about 30%, from
about 27 kPa to 18 kPa, as the temperature of the specimens increases from Soc to 70WC.
Tests on samples taken from 9m depth, however, show no consistent relationship between
temperature and undrained shear strength. In situ measurements of undrained shear strength
taken within a field heat store, reported by Gabrielsson et al (1997), show that the undrained
shear strength temporarily reduces by about 30% on first heating, but subsequently increases
to about the initial values as the excess porewater pressures associated with the initial heating
dissipate. The triaxial tests reported by Moritz were consolidated undrained tests in which
consolidation of the heated sample was allowed prior to undrained testing. No explanation is
offered by SGI as to why fully consolidated heated samples show a reduction in undrained
shear strength, but fully consolidated field tests do not.
Based upon the results of the laboratory and field tests, over the temperature range 8 0C to
70WC, SGI conclude that the undrained shear strength will temporarily decrease by about 0.5
% per 'C at first heating, but will return to its original strength with time.
Similar laboratory triaxial testing reported by Towhata and Kuntiwattanakul (1994) appear to
show the opposite trend. Their test results show that as the consolidation temperature
increases from 21 'C to 90WC the undrained shear strength increases from about 37 kPa to 48
kPa, an increase of 30% due to a 69WC temperature rise.
Both sets of triaxial tests were consolidated undrained tests in which consolidation of the
heated sample was allowed prior to undrained shearing. The differences are that the SGI tests
were carried out on undisturbed samples of natural clay which were anisotropically
consolidated to ar, = 48 kPa, ah' = 33.6 kPa or cr' = 70 kPa, ah' = 42 kPa, whilst Towhata et al
tested specimens of 'MC Clay' prepared from a slurry and isotropically consolidated to q' =
196 kPa. No analyses have been carried out to assess whether these differences in the
consolidation stages could account for the difference in response to heating.
No data has been identified for samples heated to temperatures higher than 90°C.
Constant rate of settlement (CRS tests) consolidation tests carried out by SGI indicate that
both the preconsolidation pressure and the compressibility modulus reduce as the temperature
increases. There is no data to indicate whether or not this is a temporary phenomenon.
Considering the uncertainty of the effects of heating on the geotechnical properties of clay it
is considered that further analyses to study the effects of soil heating on the performance of
the conductors is not justified at this stage. An indication of the potential effects of
reductions of undrained strength and compressibility modulus can be obtained from the
existing results. Assuming as an extreme case that the SGI findings can be extrapolated to a
temperature rise of 160°C, their recommendation of a temporary decrease of undrained shear
strength of 0.5 % per 'C corresponds to an 80% reduction of undrained shear strength. With
this degree of strength reduction the hard soil shear strength profile approximates to the
medium soil shear strength profile, and within about lOm of mudline the medium soil profile
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1/99 22 February 1999
approximates the soft soil strength profile. The medium soil results could therefore be
considered as representative of the extreme worst case for the hard soil condition, and the soft
soil results could be taken as the extreme worst case for medium soil conditions.
If more detailed analyses are required the first stage would be a conduction analysis to
determine the maximum temperature rise of the soil.
As previously reported in Section 5.4.1 the grout to steel bond strength is also affected by
temperature.
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7. CONCLUSIONS
Theoretical analyses have been carried out to investigate the adequacy of proposed conductor
string make-ups for specified ground conditions and load combinations. The principal
findings of this study are as follows.
7.1 Conductors in Hard Soil

The analyses show that the proposed string make-up is adequate if the t-z springs normally
used by Shell are used to represent mobilisation of skin friction on the grout/soil interface, but
that the torque capacity of the first ST-2RB connector is exceeded if t-z springs based upon
API recommendations are adopted. Using two ALT-2HT high torque connectors in place of
the one currently proposed would result in an acceptable design for both types of t-z springs
The proposed torque connectors are adequate, but combined stresses in the top length of 35"
x 2" conductor pipe exceed the API recommendations for allowable combined axial tension
and bending stresses. Stresses are acceptable if a 33% overstress is permissible.
7.2 Conductors in Medium Soil

Conductor String HT2B
The torque capacity of the first ST-2RB connector is exceeded and therefore three ALT-2HT
high torque connectors are required on this conductor string. Other components of the string
are adequate.
The proposed arrangement of torque connectors is adequate. Combined axial and bending
stresses in the top length of 35" x 2" conductor pipe exceed the API recommendations, but are
acceptable if a 33% overstress is permitted.
7.3 Conductors in Soft Soil

The proposed arrangement of torque connectors is adequate. Combined axial and bending
stresses in the top length of 35" x 2" conductor pipe exceed the API recommendations, but are
acceptable if a 33% overstress is permitted.
Combined axial and bending stresses in the top length of 30" x 1" conductor pipe are more
than 33% greater than the API recommended stresses in the section of pipe directly beneath
the top connector. The bending moment reduces rapidly with depth, but immediately beneath
the top connector the combined stresses are slightly greater than the yield strength of the pipe
material. Some local yielding of the conductor pipe could therefore occur within this zone.
7.4 Grout to Casing Shear Stresses

The analyses predict high shear stresses between the 35" x 2" conductor pipe and the
surrounding grout. Shear stresses up to 3.3 MPa are calculated for hard soil conditions. The
maximum shear stresses occur within a depth of about 5m below seabed level in the zone of
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1/99 22 February 1999
maximum bending moment. It therefore appears that these shear stresses are predominantly
due to bending of the pipe. Shear stresses have not been calculated for the medium and soft
soil conditions, but high shear stresses are anticipated for these design cases.
The maximum shear stresses are comparable in magnitude to reported values of ultimate
bond strength between grout and plain steel. Bending will cause cracking of the grout, and in
the zones of maximum shear stress it is possible that local debonding of the grout may occur.
If debonding does occur it will still be possible for skin friction to be mobilised by friction
between the debonded grout and the conductor.
For hard soil conditions the skin friction between debonded grout and steel is likely to be less
than the skin friction between soil and grout over the debonded depth. This could lead to
higher loads on the conductor pipes and connectors than predicted by the current analyses. It
is anticipated that this redistribution of skin friction would not result in overstress of the
conductor pipe or the ALT-2HT connector, but could result in the torque capacity of the top
ST-2RB connector being reached for design cases other than HT1 A-HB (see section 7.1
above).
For medium and soft soil conditions the friction between debonded grout and steel is likely to
be comparable to the skin friction between soil and grout. The effect of grout debonding on
the overall performance of the conductor string is likely to be marginal.
7.5 Effects of Heating on Geotechnical Properties

Published data on the effect of heating on the strength and stiffness of clay soil is
inconsistent. Data from large scale field trials reported by the Swedish Geotechnical Institute
indicates a temporary reduction in undrained shear strength on first heating, followed by a
return to pre-heating strengths as excess porewater pressures generated by initial heating
dissipate.
Extrapolation of the SGI data indicates heating to 160CC could result in a temporary reduction
in undrained shear strength to 20% of the original value.
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8. REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

At the start of this study the intention was to use a detailed three dimensional finite element
continuum model to analyse the behaviour of conductors under combined axial, bending and
torsion loading. Detailed numerical modelling of this complex soil structure interaction
problem proved to be more difficult than originally anticipated and it was necessary to
modify the numerical model in order to complete the full scope of work required. The
modifications concerned the way in which the skin between the grout around the outside of
the conductor and the soil was modelled. LS-DYNA is able to model frictional contact
surfaces, but does not have a facility for modelling adhesive contact surfaces in which the
shear stress between two surfaces is assumed to be a function of the undrained shear strength
of the contacting materials. To overcome this deficiency a continuum model was developed
which had a frictionless contact surface between the. grout and the soil, but included t-z
springs connecting the grout to the soil to model the mobilisation of skin friction due to
relative movement between the surface of the gout and the surrounding soil. This model was
generally satisfactory for the hard soil profile but some numerical instability occurred at the
top of the conductor due to large plastic strains associated with local yielding and squeezing
of the soil around the conductor. The numerical instability became more pronounced for the
medium and soft soil analyses. Work continued throughout the contract period.on
developing the continuum model, but at the same time an alternative model, more able to
cope with large deformations, was developed in parallel with the continuum model in order to
provide solutions for all of the specified design cases.
The alternative model developed was a simpler beam and spring model which uses
conventional p-y springs to represent lateral load displacement behaviour and t-z springs to
model development of skin friction. One set of t-z springs is used to account for combined
axial and torsional loading, with skin friction mobilised in the direction of the resultant force
at any point and limited to specified ultimate skin friction values. The results from the beam
and spring model were validated by comparing them against those obtained using the
continuum model for the hard soil profile.
The results presented in this report are predominantly those obtained using the beam and
spring model, although limited results from a continuum model are presented for comparative
purposes.
8.1 Assessment of Results

It is believed that the methods and models developed to carry out the analyses provide an
acceptable means of assessing the behaviour of the conductor under three dimensional
loading. The procedures consider the development of skin friction under both axial and
torsion loading, and successfully limit skin friction to pre-defined ultimate values taking
account of the sequence of loading and directionality of resultant forces. The modelling
techniques used in this study employed a number of simplifying assumptions. Some of the
assumptions lead to conservatism in the results, others are not conservative.
The principal conservative assumptions are:
* the stiffness of the inner 20" casing and the grout between the inner casing and the
conductors has been ignored
* local scour has been assumed to depth of 1.5m, and the grout on the outside of the
conductor to I .5m depth has been ignored
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the steel forming the conductor has been modelled as an elastic/plastic material
with a yield stress of 361 N/mm 2 . No allowance has been made for post yield
strain hardening.
The first of these assumptions is likely to be the most significant. Allowing for the 20" casing
and the grout between the inner casing and the conductor will give a higher bending, axial
and torsional stiffness with a consequent reduction in displacements and stresses within the
conductor and connectors.
The principal non conservative assumptions are:
* the axial load due to thermal expansion remains constant
* in the beam and spring model the soil movement at the grout/soil interface due to
continuum movement is not allowed for
* in all the models the grout is assumed to be an integral part of the conductor
The analyses show that a constant axial tensile load is beneficial as the upward pull reduces
the curvature of the conductor with a consequent reduction in bending moment. The bending
moments could therefore increase if the axial thermal load reduces as the conductor moves
upwards. Neglecting continuum movement is likely to result in an underestimate of the
movement required to mobilise sufficient skin friction to oppose axial and torsional loads.
This could result in an underestimate of the torque applied to the connectors. Assuming that
the grout is integral with the conductor does not allow for the effects of grout debonding.
This could also result in an underestimate of the torque applied to the connectors, particularly
for the hard soil profiles.
8.2 Improvements to Modelling Techniques

The experience gained to date, together with an improved understanding of the factors
affecting the design analyses, leads us to believe that there are modifications which could be
made to the existing LS-DYNA models to improve the analysis procedures and provide
greater confidence in the design of the conductors. In order of increasing complexity, and
increasing risk of successful implementation, modifications which could be made to the LS-
DYNA models are detailed below.
8.2.1 Detailed Modelling of Conductor and Grout

In the existing beam and spring model the conductor and surrounding grout are modelled as
composite elastic beam elements. The soil is represented by p-y and t-z springs. The beam.
elements could be replaced by a detailed finite element model where the conductor,
connectors and grout are modelled using shell and solid elements, as done previously for the
continuum model. The p-y and t-z springs representing the soil would be retained.
This approach would provide more detailed information on the stress conditions within the
conductor, connectors and grout and would identify whether or not local yielding occurs in
the conductor pipes. The grout could be modelled as a non-linear material which cracks, and
it may be possible to specify limiting grout to steel shear stresses to model debonding.
8.2.2 Improved Continuum Model

Initial analyses using the continuum model experienced numerical instability and
convergence problems. Most of these problems were eventually overcome by modifying the
analytical procedures used by LS-DYNA to model the contact surface between the grout and
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the soil. Continuum model analyses for medium and soft soil profiles have not been run since
this modification was implemented. It may now be possible to obtain continuum model
solutions for medium and soft soil profiles, but in view of the number of elements and the
magnitude of the displacements expected considerable run time will be required to reach a
converged solution.
Run times could be reduced by using an option to re-generate new meshes as the material
deforms, or by using a hybrid between a continuum and a spring model. With this latter
option a continuum model would be used for say the top 15m of soil, but p-y and t-z springs
would be used below this depth.
8.2.3 Improved Grout to Soil Interface

Skin friction at the grout to soil contact surface in the continuum model is currently modelled
using t-z springs. Although the contact surface allows peel away for lateral load behaviour,
the t-z springs ensure that peel away does not result in a reduction in the contact area over
which skin friction is mobilised.
The t-z springs could be eliminated by introducing a friction/adhesion contact surface. The
simplest procedure would be a friction contact surface, but this would require that skin
friction is calculated in effective stress terms rather than total stress as at present. The results
would depend upon stress history and it very likely that the results would be different from
those obtained previously using t-z springs.
It may be possible to adapt one of the hysteretic model within LS-DYNA, or develop an
interface element, to replace the t-z springs. If this could be done it may be possible to
increase the size of the elements and reduce run times.
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1199 22 February 1999
9. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

To progress design of the well conductors it is recommended that the following work is
carried out.
* . Modify the LS-DYNA beam and spring model to replace the composite beam
elements by a detailed finite element model of the conductor and grout in order to
investigate cracking and spalling of the grout and the implications of this on the
loads transferred to the connectors and the stresses within the pipe elements.
* Undertake a thermal conduction analysis to determine temperature rises within the
ground, thermal expansion of the well casing and the outer conductor, and axial
loads generated by thermal expansion.
* Stress analysis of the conductor string and surrounding ground to determine how
the axial load applied to the conductor casing varies with thermal expansion of the
well and conductor casings.
* Carry out preliminary tests of LS-DYNA continuum model using the soft soil
profile.
* Investigate methods and carry out preliminary analyses to assess feasibility of
developing friction/adhesion contact surface between grout and soil.
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10. REFERENCES
API RP 2A (1993). Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed
Offshore Platforms - Working Stress Design, Twentieth Edition.
Brinch-Hansen J (1961). The Ultimate Resistance of Rigid Piles against Transversal Forces.
Danish Geotechnical Institute, Bulletin No. 12, Copenhagen, pp. 5-9.
British Standards Institution BS 8110: Part 1: (1997). Structural use of concrete. Part 1.
Code of practice for design and construction.
Gabrielsson A, Lehtmets M, Moritz L and Bergdahl U (1997). Heat Storage in Soft Clay.
Field Tests with Heating (70 0 C) and Freezing of the Soil. Swedish Geotechnical Institute,
Report No. 53, Linktiping.
Matlock H (1970). Correlations for Design of Laterally Loaded Piles in Soft Clay. OTC
1204, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston.
Moritz L (1995). Geotechnical Properties of Clay at Elevated Temperatures. Swedish
Geotechnical Institute, Report No. 47, Linkdping.
Neville A M (1981). Properties of Concrete, 3rd Edition, Pitman.
Rabbat B G and Russell H G (1985). Friction Coefficient of Steel on Concrete or Grout.
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 111, No. 3, pp 505-515.
Shell Expro (1993). Geotechnical Report. Sub-Sea Wellhead Study Central North Sea Soil
Profiles. Engineering Report No. E93005.
Sullivan W R, Reese L C and Fenske C W (1980). Unified Method for Analysis of
Laterally Loaded Piles in Clay. Conference on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, ICE,
London pp. 135-146.
Towhata I and Kuntiwattanakul P (1994). Behaviour of Clays Undergoing Elevated
Temperatures. X111 ICSMFE, Vol 1 pp. 85-88, New Delhi, India.
Vijayvergiya V N (1977). Load Movement Characteristics of Piles. Proceedings of Ports
'77 Conference, ASCE, Vol. II pp. 269-284.
:\50169-08\1VP\R\OOO5CH.
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1/99 22 February 1999
Pipe Combination HT1A HT2A HT2B HT3B HT4B
Section 1 35" x 2" 35" x 2" 35" x 2" 35" x 2" 35" x 2"1
Length 40 ft 40 ft 60 ft 60 ft 60 ft
Joint ALT-2HT ALT-2HT ALT-2HT ALT-2HT .ALT-2HT
Section 2 30" x 1" 30" x 1" 30" x1" 30" x 1" 30" x1"
Joint ST-2RB ALT-2HT ALT-2HT ALT-2HT ALT-2HT
Section 3 30" x 1" 30" x I " 30" x I1" 30" x Iv" 30" x I"
Joint ST-2RB ST-2RB ST-2RB ALT-2HT ALT-2HT
Section 4 30" xI" 30" xI" 30" xI" x0" xI" 30" xI"
Joint ST-2RB ST-2RB ST-2RB ST-2RB ALT-2HT
Section 5 30" x 1" 30" x 0" x1" 30" x1" 30" x1"
Joint Shoe Shoe Shoe Shoe ST-2RB
Section 6 n/a n/a n/a n/a 30" x 1"

Length 50 ft
Joint Shoe
Table 3. Conductor Strings
C') et
b~JAl t&
CI w eLL4
tt)5~xfTse 6 gt ) StIf
S-)1 Xc
XI.S @e A-,-
et-P W^< s
STER 3K hiyrc~j), LO A)t1MG MAY
Xso X (Xf)
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Conductor Force /Moment Continuum Beam and Yield

Element Model Spring Capacity
Model
35" x 2" Pipe Axial Force (kN) 6675 6680 47950

Shear Force (kN) 1038 1073
Bending Moment (kNm) 5084 5200 9505
Torque (kNm) 1830 1820 109678
ALT-2HT Axial Force (kN) 5230 5021 27585

Connector Shear Force (kN) 66.1 32.8
Bending Moment (kNm) 86.8 104.5 5691

Torque (kNm) 935 1026 2033
30"xl" Pipe Axial Force (kN) 4828 5021 21070

Shear Force (kN) 34.8 42.0
Bending Moment (kNm) 96.2 120.7 3753
Torque (kNm) 815 1026 4332
ST-2RB Connector Axial Force (kN) 2753 2145 10890

Shear Force (kN) Z °
Bending Moment (kNm) Z0 ZO 1810%
Torque (kNm) 52.9 52.9 53
Table 9. Comparison of LS-DYNA Continuum and Beam and Spring Models
1V610 IS$ COAf~CKTY 1
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Shell UK Exploration & Production
Sub-sea Conductor Study
Conductor Element Force /Moment Yield Capacity API t-z Springs Shell t-z Springs
Axial Thermal Load (Ibs) Axial Thermal Load (Ibs)
1,500,000 2,700,000 1,500,000 2,700,000
HTI-A-I-IB(API) HT2A-HC(API) HTIA-HB(Shell) HT2A-HC(Shell)
(Ref. Fig. 5.21) (Ref. Fig. 5.22) (Ref. Fig. 5.23) (Ref. Fig. 5.41)
35"x2" Pipe Axial Force (kN) 47950 6680 12020 6680 12020
Shear Force (kN) 1073 1034 1079 1028
Bending Moment (kNm) 9505 5200 5018 5230 4986
Torque (kNm) 10967 1820 1819 1820 1820
ALT-2HT Connector Axial Force (kN) 27585 5021 10393 4162 8484
@-2 Shear Force (kN) 32.8 30.2 36.1 26.7
Bending Moment (kNm) 5691 104.5 101.0 102.5 103.0
Torque (kNm) 2033 1026 1276 735 902
30"xI" Pipe Axial Force (kN) 21070 5021 10390 4162 8484
Shear Force (kN) 42.0 40.1 41.7 40.5
Bending Moment (kNm) 3753 120.7 115.5 120.4 116.2
Torque (kNm) 4332 1026 1276 735 902
ST-2RB Connector Axial Force (kN) 10890 2145 1938 767 276
2.2tkn't (HT IA) Shear Force (kN) 0 =0 Z0 Z0
i)-41. p~rm) ("TBending Moment (kNm) 1810 O0 =0 Zo0
_ _Torque (kNmT 53 52.9 33.1 18.1 =0
RFF -Nce hFic-Nc .2I
21_.2 [_ __
12 '523_
Table 10 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model Results for Hard Soil Profile
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Shell UK l xploration & Production Sub-sea Conductor Study
Conductor Force /Moment Yield API t-z Springs Shell t-z Springs
Element Capacity Axial Thermal Load (Ibs) Axial Thermal Load (Ibs)
500,000 1,500,000 2,700,000 500,000 1,500,000 2,700,000
HT2B-MA HT3B-MB HT4B-MC HT2B-MA HT3B-MB HT4B-MC
(Ref. Fig. 5.25) (Ref. Fig. 5.26) (Ref. Fig. 5.27) (Ref. Fig. 5.28) (Ref. Fig. 5.29) (Ref. Fig. 5.30)
35"x2` Pipe Axial Force (kN) 47950 2241 6686 12020 2241 6686 12020
Shear Force (kN) 829 767 712 830 768 771
Bending Moment (kNm) 9505 6286 5817 5443 6287 5819 5427
Torque (kNm) 10967 1819 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820
ALT-2HT Axial Force (kN) 27585 1781 5666 -10742 1744 5495 10358
Connector Shear Force (kN) 120.0 106.4 87.8 120.8 106.5 102.5
0 ( Bending Moment (kNm) 5691 48.4 35.1 13.2 48.4 35.3 41.3
Torque (kNm) 2033 1141 1283 1400 1068 1193 1307
30"xI" Pipe Axial Force (kN) 21070 1759 5660 10850 1744 5498 10360
Shear Force (kN) 22.3 126.6 117.2 118.7 102.8 96.3
Bending Moment (kNm) 3753 120.8 108.9 96.6 120.9 109.1 97.7
Torque (kNm) 4332 1137 1300 1434 1068 1193 1307
ST-2RB Axial Force (kN) 10890 1938 606 987 933 1125 2096
Connector ) Shear Force (kN) =0 =0 =0 =° =0 =0
.e@-butom Mrz Bending Moment (kNm) 1810 =0 Z0 =0 =0 =0 =0

)-+.2e(HT41 bTorque (kNm) 53 35524 52.9 44.6 41.6
|REFF~CE Hi. No0| g.2.9 | S.k t~2+ | T.
25 | C . 29 | 301
Table 11 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model Results for Medium Soil Profile
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Conductor Element Force /Moment Yield Capacity API t-z Springs Shell t-z Springs
Axial Thermal Load (Ibs) Axial Thermal Load (Ibs)
500,000 1,500,000 500,000 1,500,000

HT3B-SA(API) HT4B-SB(API) HT3B-SA(Shell) HT4B-SB (Shell)
(Ref. Fig. 5.31) (Ref. Fig. 5.32) (Ref. Fig. 5.33) (Ref. Fig. 5.34)
35"x2' Pipe Axial Force (kN) 47950 2253 6695 2255 6696
Shear Force (kN) 856 711 784 646
Torque (kNm) 10967 1819 1819 1819 1819
ALT-2HT Connector Axial Force (kN) 27585 2074 6212 2102 6199
Shear Force (kN) 838 669 766 608
Torque (kNm) 2033 1466 1526 1458 1506
30"xl" Pipe Axial Force (kN) 21070 2079 6245 2096 5072
Shear Force (kN) 836 710 784 646
Bending Moment (kNm) 3753 3405 2799 3854 -K 2997
Torque (kNm) 4332 1481 1547 1458 1506
ST-2RB Connector Axial Force (kN) 10890 319.4 481 308 605
e-63.Of (WF3a) Shear Force (kN) =0 Z0 =0 |
-XR .2 (Hk4/3) Bending Moment (kNm) 1810 =O =O0 |0
Torque (kNm) 53 14.8 8.1 30.1 12.1
| QF2E*CS FIC- N6:[ 5,31 |______ _________I________
Table 12 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model Results for Soft Soil Profile
J:50169-08\WlI\R\0005CI-I.REP Ove Arup & Partners

Plage 36 1/99 22 February 1999
Design 35" x 2" Pipe ALT-2HT 30" x 1" Pipe First ST-2RB
Case Connector Connector
Axial Combined Axial Combined Axial Combined Axial Combined
Only Loading Only Loading Only Loading Only Loading
HTIA-HB 6711 6680 3740 4102 3733 4162 637 767
HT2A-HC 12010 12020 7968 . 8484 8009 8484 232 276
HT2B-MA 2224 2224 1154 1744 1165 1744 234 533
HT31B-MB 6672 6686 4937 5498 4915 5498 662 1125
HT4B-MC 12010 12020 9974 10358 10010 10360 1611 2096
HT3B-SA 2224 2255 1660 2102 1669 2096 1320 3079
HT4B-SB 6674 6696 5817 6199 5832 5072 365 605
Table 13 Axial Loads in Conductor Elements Due to Thermal Axial Loading Only, and Due to
Combined Loading (Results for Shell t-z Springs)
Design Case API t-z Springs Shell t-z Springs

Upward Lateral Rotation Upward Lateral Rotation
Movement Movement (degs) Movement Movement (degs)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
HTIA-HB 8.5 8.0 1.06 5.0 24 0.67
HT2A-HC 19.2 22.0 1.41 11.3 22 0.82
HT2B-MA 4.2 104 1.81 2.9 56 1.70
HT3B-MB 14.3 95 2.09 15.3 96 2.18
HT4B-MC 32.7 90 2.70 37.3 90 2.88
HT3B-SA 5.0 380 2.42 5.3 460 2.56
HT4B-SB 13.5 310 2.64 12.7 360 2.78
Table 14 Displacements at Conductor Head
J:\50169-08\IP',\ROOOSCH.REP Page 37 Ove Arup & Partners

1/99 22 February 1999
Design Axial Tension Bending Combined Stress Check

Case
Allowable Tensile Allowable Bending
Stress Stress
Ft = 0.6 FY = 217MPa Fb = 0.75 FY = 271MPa
Force Stress Moment Stress Axial and ja- +fb

Fa (MN) fa (MPa) Mb fb (MPa) Bending 0.6F. 0.75F,
(MNm) fa+fb (MPa) : 1.33
Shell t-z Spring Results
HTIA-HB 6.68 49.9 5.23 196.5 246.4 0.96

HT2A-HC 12.02 89.8 4.99 187.5 277.3 1.11
HT2B-MA 2.24 16.7 6.29 236.3 253.0 1.01

HT3B-MB 6.68 49.9 5.82 218.6 268.5 1.04
HT4B-MC 12.02 89.8 5.43 204.0 293.6 1.17
HT3A-SA 2.25 16.8 7.35 276.1 292.9 1.10

HT4B-SB 6.70 50.1 6.13 230.3 280.4 1.08
API t-z Spring Results
HT1A-HB 6.68 49.9 5.20 . 195.4 245.3 0.95

HT2A-HC 12.02 89.8 5.02 188.6 278.4 1.11
HT2B-MA 2.24 16.7 6.29 236.3 253.0 0.95

HT3B-MB 6.69 49.9 5.82 218.6 268.5 1.04
HT4B-MC 12.02 89.8 5.44 204.4 294.2 1.17
HT3B-SA 2.25 16.8 7.39 277.6 294.4 1.10

HT4B-SB 6.70 50.1 6.23 234.1 284.2 1.09
a). Combined Axial, Moment, Shear and Torque Loading
Soil Profile Allowable Bending Stress

27
Fb = 0.75 FY = 1 MPa fb-
Moment Mb (M) Stress fb (MPa) 0.75FY

(kI~m)
Hard 5601 210.4 0.78

Medium 6891 258.9 0.96
Soft 8470 318.2 1.17
b). Moment and Shear Loading Only
Table 15 Axial and Bending Stresses in 35" x 2" Pipe
J:\50169-08\WS'P\R\OOOSCH.REP Page 38 Ove Arup &Partners

1/99 22 February 1999
Design Axial Tension Bending Combined Stress Check

Case
Allowable Tensile Allowable Bending
Stress Stress
F, = 0.6 FY 217MPa Fb =0.75 FY = 271MPa
Force Stress Moment Stress Axial and -fa + fb_

Fa (MN) fa (MPa) Mb fb (MPa) Bending 0.6FY 0.75FY
(MNm) fa+fb (MPa) <1.33
Shell t-z Spring Results
HTIA-HB 4.16 70.8 0.12 11.5 82.3 0.37
HT2A-HC 8.48 144.2 0.12 11.5 155.7 0.71
HT2B-MA 1.74 29.6 0.12 11.5 41.1 0.18
HT3B-MB 5.50 93.6 0.11 10.5 104.1 0.47
HT4B-MC 10.36 176.2 0.1 9.5 185.7 0.85
HT3A-SA 2.10 35.7 3.86 368.6 404.3 1.53 4
HT4B-SB 5.07 86.2 3.0 286.5 372.7 1.46 3
API t-z Spring Results
HTIA-HB 5.02 85.4 0.13 12.4 97.8 0.44
HT2A-HC 10.39 176.7 0.12 11.5 188.2 0.86
HT2B-MA 1.76 29.9 0.12 11.5 41.4 0.18
HT3B-MB 5.66 96.3 0.11 10.5 106.8 0.48
HT4B-MC 10.85 184.6 0.10 9.5 194.1 0.8
HT3B-SA 2.08 35.4 3.45 329.4 364.8 1.38 (
HT4B-SB 6.25 106.3 2.80 267.4 373.7 1.48 s

a). Combined Axial, Moment, Shear and Torque Loading
Soil Profile Allowable Bending Stress

Fb =0. 7 5 FY 271 MPa fb_
Moment Mb (kNm) Stress fb (MPa) 0.75FY
Hard 125 11.9 0.04

Medium 136 13.0 0.05
Soft 4827 460.9 1.70
b). Moment and Shear Loading Only 5&F P PE
Table 16 Axial and Bending Stresses in 30" x 1" Pipe (fggLaw .5t
s f-, Fe tY AtiPLg
JA\50169-08\5\'P\R\0005CHREP Page 39 Ove Arup &Partners
1/99 22 February 1999
FIGURES
J \50169-OS\WP\R\OOOSCH.REP Page 40 Ove Arup &Partners

1/99 22 February 1999
SHEAR STRENGTH (kN/m 2)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0
-10
CL
W
12
* 0
14
16 DESIGN
PROFILE
18 @
20 .
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

HARD SOIL PROFILE
50169/08 n F
Oct.'97 50169108 FIGURE J.
SHEAR STRENGTH (kN/m2 )
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
W~~~~
14 0 0
10 *
12
16 * * * ~~~~DESIGN.
20 _
Note:
Design profile follows the normally consolidated
soft soil design profile below 30m depth

MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE
50169/08.
Oct. '97 50169/08 FIGURE1{-
SHEAR STRENGTH (kPa)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
1 00
15 X ___
20~~~
20
10 M *
30~~~~
25
40~~~~
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~DSG
50

SOFT SOIL PROFILE
50169/08
Oct. '97 50169/08 FIGURE 3.
- surface
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Soil
00=
0
-I1 Rigid collar
-I
_____Scour to -1.5m
0
Top of grout
UI) .
z
o boundary
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Far-field
C Lx
CD
Pipe connector
CD
CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. X
D
t - z Springs l p - y Springs
D= diameter of
grout / soil interface
Schematic Model Bending
Fv T
Axial Loading Torsion Loading
to l
3 tsa Skin friction opposing
LA .0~~~~~~~~~ axial loads
FI fst Skin friction opposing

fst torsion loads
/ atmax
=Maximum available skin
fsa~~~axfriction
Axial
SKIN FRICTION MODEL FOR

LS-DYNA BEAM AND SPRING
Axial and Torsion ANALYSES
50169/08 Loading 0 F
JAN. 99 50169/08 FIGURE'
Results for Increment IShear force (kN)
-1000.0 Pressure (kN/m2) 1000.0
1000.0 0 1000.0
l l I
-3575.0 kNm
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10
3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~32
-10
-20
-30
CD
CD-4o
50 --
-60
-70
-78.00
-80
Shear F.___Disp.
-----
. P eff . -~.
B. Mom.
-50.0 0 50.0
-5000.0 Displacement (mm) 5000.0
Bending moment (kNm)
SUBSEA CONDUCTOR STUDY

ALP P-Y RESULTS FOR
HARD SOIL PROFILE
50169-08 FIGURE 5.1

Results for Increment 1Shear force (kN)
-1000.0 Pressure (kN/m2) 1000.0
1000.0 0 1000.0
I I I I I I
-3575.0 k0m
0 _ =V V._
° 650 .0 kd 1.00
2 2
3 3
-10
-20
-30
> -40-
CD
CD
a5-50
-60
-70
-78.00
-80
Shear F.____Disp.
P~wp.--- P eff. - -B Mom.
-250.0 0 250.0

ALP P-Y RESULTS FOR
MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE
50169-08 FIGURE 5.2

Results for Increment lShear force (kN)
-1000.0 Pressure (kN/m2) 1000.0
1000.0 0 1000.0
I I
-3575.0 kNm
0 V0 5 0k _ _ _10
2 2
-10 I
Isr Scir __________.__
-20
LocAL
-30
>-40_
w-50
-J~~_ .
-60
-70
-78.00
-80
Shear F. Disp.
P.w.p.-
....... -----_ P eff. - - - B. Mom.
-1000.0 0 1000.0.

ALP P-Y RESULTS FOR
SOFT SOIL PROFILE
50169-08 FIGURE 5.3

Subsea Conductor Study
HARD SOIL
5
-10
~-15
-20l
-80 -40 0 40 80
Displacement (mm)
P-Y curve --- 250cu --------- E= 150 to 250 cu
HARD SOIL PROFILE

COMPARISON OF COMPUTED
DISPLACEMENTS FROM ALP P-Y
AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC MODELS
50169-08 FIGURE 5.4
J:\501 69-08\WP\Z\QPROFILE.WB2 Printed on 02/02199 13:29
5 ________ HARD SOIL
-5
-10
-15 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-20 L
1 L ~ L ~
-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
- P-Y curve -- E= 250cu E= 150 to 250cu

---------
HARD SOIL PROFILE

BENDING MOMENTS FROM ALP
P-Y AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC MODELS
50169-08 FIGURE 5.5
J:X50169-08\WPRZ\QPROFILEWB2 Printed on 02/02199 13:30
MEDIUM SOIL
-5 _ _ _ _
-10
-15 -1
-20
-5 l___ ll
0
-30
-35
-40 __
-45 L L
-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
Displacement (mm)
P-Y curve --------- E'= 75 to 100 cu
MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE

50169-08 FIGURE 5.6
J:\501 69-08\WP\Z\QPROFILE.WB2 Printed on 02/02/99 13:31
5 _______ ________ MEDIUM SOIL
0)
:S-0
-15
-4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000

P-Y curve E' = 75 to 100 cu
MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE

BENDING MOMENTS FROM ALP P-Y
50169-08 FIGURE 5.7
J\501 69-08\WP\Z\QPROFl LI B2 Printed on 02/02/99 13:31
SOFT SOIL
5
-5 _
-10
-15__
: 20,
0,
CL -20
30
~-35
-40
J:501 69-08\WVPZ\QPROF IL1 .WB2

50169-08 OIL 5.8
Printed on 02/02/99 13:32
5 ________ SOFT SOIL
-5
-10__ _ _ _ _ _
~-15
-20 0
0
.5 -25
-30
-35
-40
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

P-Y curve ---- = 250cu
SOFT SOIL PROFILE

BENDING MOMENTS FROM ALP P-Y
50169-08 FIGURE 5ig

J:\50169-08\WvrZ\OPROFIL1.WB2 Printed on 02/02/99 13:33
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1.25 __ ___ ___ __ _
1.00__>*
X
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_ 0.75 en
0.50___ :_
0.25 XB
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
* SHELL z, MOVEMENT OF THE PIPE RELATIVE TO THE SOIL (mm)

-- A-- API
tmax (kPa) tmax (kPa)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 40 80 120 160 200
0 0
10 __.i_ ___ ____10 -1_ .
20 --- ~--20-4---
o 30 E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
___ E30
W 40 __ .>_ -4 _ ___40
50 __ _ __-; 50 _ _ _
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60 _ __ _- u 60 _
0 70 -_-_ _ -_ _--Y------V---70
180 _.80 -____ ___. ____-|

CL W
090- --- 90 [
100 - -- 100 -_ _ _ _ __ _ _
110 110
'V-- SHELL - HARD SOIL PROFILE - - -- API - MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE
API-HARD -- A-- -*--~~~~- SHELL - MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE
- ----
API --HARD ----- API - SOFT SOIL PROFILE
*A- SHELL - SOFT SOIL PROFILE

API AND SHELL t-z SPRINGS
50169-08 FIGURE 5.13

Pipe force / moment - htl a_ha continuum model Pipe force moment htl a-ha continuum model
O10
° r( 7. I I 800 _ I _
0o
L
6I-- - - - - - ,
- - - - - - -- - - - - - 6 00 -- -~ - - - - --
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0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-0 - -- -oc Pip
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(D D depth (m) Osy.TIHIS Vern7.0 25S-p.97 depth (m) 0.y.TIHIS Ve. 7.0 25Sp.97
Axial force (z) QOasys T/HIS Shear force (x) Oasys T/HIS
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Version 7.0
25-Sep-97
OASYS D3PLOT: MAXSHEARSTRESS
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0.000
0.258
0.516
0.774
1.032
1.290
1.548
1.806
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2.323
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2.839
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x Y
0.076839
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0.258
0.516
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for HT1A-HB Continuum Model figure 5J.3 U
501 69-08
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0.25 l'-- -- ~~~~~~-- -
0000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
- SHELL z, MOVEMENT OF THE PIPE RELATIVE TO THE SOIL (mm)

-- -- API
tmax (kPa) tmax (kPa)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 40 80 120 160 200
10 10
20 - . X - - _. _ 20
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E
30 - - . \ \ 030-
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0 ~~~~~~..~-J
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110 110
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IF- AP-HARD
SH- L SOL ROIL-I SHE LL -MEDIUM SOIL PROFILE
----- API -SOFT SOIL PROFILE
-A-- SHELL - SOFT SOIL PROFILE
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF DEBONDED
GROUT ASSUMING d =330
(k = lateral earth pressure coefficient) FRICTION CAPACITY OF
DEBONDED GROUT
50169-08 FIGURE 5.39

DRAWINGS
JASO169-08S\kP\R\OOOSCH.
1/99 22 February 1999
____________ CADRELEASE
CHECK _REVISIONS
. ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ 3 APPRDVAL

2 -' pp,APPOAM
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U
N~lA
. A 1 w'cill ij85gt+ M
EAD°DcED 17-,
HT H
30' MS-700
WELLHEAOHOUSING
HnTA HT1B
/UPPER
\ JOINT 5 UPPER JOINT S
HOUSING JOINT HOUSING JOINT
G 035` 2' BWP x 30 x 1` ALT-2 HT BOX 035" 2' BWP- A 30" 1` ALT-2 HT Box
WITH X-52 PIPE 4OFT LONG 00TH X-52 PIPE 60OFTLONG
PART No. A30931-2 PART No. A30931-3
/ .. ... i MESC No. 04.02.15.320.9 MESC No 04.02.15.360.9
30" X 1` WEIGHT290421bs (EST) WEIGHT431261bs (EST)
ALT-2 HT PIN
t~~ ~~~~~~~
!_____________ [I
F F
30` X 1"
ALT-2 HT BOX
SEE DETAIL B O
.1 l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JOINT
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030" 1" ALT'-2 NT PIN X ST-2 RB3PIN
026.65 WITH X-52 PIPE SOFT LONG
028.00 - PART No. A30072-5
MESC No. 04.02.10.602.9
E _ o30,00 . ! WEIGHT 168261bs (EST)
034.38
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JOINT
3
JOINT
030" x 1" ST-2 RB BOX X PIN
WITH X-52 PIPE SOFT LONG
PART No. 48644-5
MESC No. 04.02.10.352.9
WEIGHT163181bs (EST)
D D
SEE DETAIL A
JOINT 2
30" X
_ _ 91'
30` X 1`
= 4 <
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~INTERMEDIATE
JOINT
030 x 1` ST-2 RB BOX X PIN
ST-2 RB PIN WITH X-52 PIPE SOFT LONG
PART No. 48644-5
MESC No. 04.02.10.352.9
30" X 1` WEIGHT163181bs (EST)
ST-2 RB BOX
C07.00 i JOINT 1
026.00 SHOE JOINT

030" x 1` ST-2 RB BOX X FLOAT SHOE
030,00 OATHX-52 PIPE 5OFT LONG
PART No. A30073-15
032.00 MESC No. 04.02.05.302.9
B OQ1DETAiLA B
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lii
A &E9
5s ABB Vetco Gray
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~~~~~~PART
NO A30073-16
(NO PIPE) rR PWITH
RESITANCE 10 OO
TP TA&HI
MESC No. 04.02.05.602.9 SHELL
WEIGHT.15621bs (EST) 0 A 0
o
70997 <3' ASSI
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00-
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CADRELEASE REVMSIONS
I BATE ~~~~~~~~~~ I 10 1 ADOROPER ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.71

015. P
H H
30" MS-700
WELLHEAD HOUSING
H T2A H T2B
UPPER JOINT 5 UPPER JOINT S
HOUSING JOINT HOUSING JOINT
G 035. 2' BWP x 30 X I` ALT-2 HT BOX 035" 2" BWP X 30` X1 ALT-2 HT BOX G
WITH X-52 PIPE 4OFT LONG WITH X-52 PIPE 6OFT LONG
30 x 1 I PART No. A30931-2 PART No. A30931-3
ALT-2 NT PIN MESC No. 04.02.15.320.9 MESC No. 04.02.15.360.9
I ALT-2 HT PIN j WEIGHT290421bs (EST) WEIGHT431261bs (EST)
F SEE DETAIL B F
30' Ax1
ALT-2 HT BOX
JOINT 4
026.65 INTERMEDIATE JOINT
030' X ALT-2 HT PIN X BOX.
PART NO. 29790-16
030,00 MESC No. 04.02.10.302.9
_ 034.38 j I WEIGHT173701bs (EST)
E 3 E
DETAIL B
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00-
;; W:S ;S0SE
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~ ~~~~~~CROSSOVER
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PART No. A30072-S
MESC No. 04.02.10.602.9
WEIGHT168261bS (EST)
SEE DETAIL A
D iD
ST-2 RB PIN JOINT

INTERMEDIATE
030 X 1 ST-2 RB BOX X PIN
PART No. 48644-5
MESC No. 04.02.10.352.9
30, X 1' I WEIGHT163181bs (EST)
ST-2 RB BOX
c c
027.00 I JOINT 1 A
_ I; 028.00 1 . I SHOEJOINT
030 X 1" ST-2 RB BOX X FLOAT SHOE
030.00O WITH X-52 PIPE SOFT LONG
PART NO. A30073-15
032.00 MESC No. 04.02.05.302.9
B Q~~~~~~~ETAILA
|B2PlCS )B
I- AJ;X |^ ABB Vetco Gray

LAYOUT
30" X 1" CONDUCTOR STRING
I sooso WITH RESISTANCE TO TOROUE.
NOTES: L CONTINGENCY SHOE JOINT (NO PIPE) TYPE HT2A & HT2B
IA I PART No. A30073-16 A
A I MESC No. 04.02.05.602.9 SHELL
WEIGHT15621bs (EST) I I I
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| 4 I 3 12 1 ACAD
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K. 4 4~~~~~~~
1 - -3 2
CADRELEASE
CHECK REVISIONS
RELEASE
26_ GRFIGENIER-
OATE I APPROVAL SC S0
APPROVAL ANNCCiI u TA I
H STMRCMMENTS 234A.97 -1Il.j5
30" MS-T700
WELLHEAD HOUSING
H TJA H T3B
c 035" 2" BWP
UPPERJOIN T 5UPPER
HO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dUStING
V 30'
ONT
X 1---ALT-2 HT BOX
JOINT 5
HOUSINJON
035"
WITH X-52 PIPE 4OFT LONG
2" 8WPx 30` V 1 ALT-2 NT DOS G
30` X I WITH X-52 PIPE 6OFT LONG
ALT-2 HT PIN MESC No. 04.02.15.320.9
WEIGHT29042IbS (EST) MESC No 04.02.15.3609
WEIGHT43126Ibs (ESI)
F 30` X 1` SEE DETAIL B i F

ALT-2 HT BOX
026.65 JOINT 4
INTERMEIATE JOINT_
_
0e28.00 =$54= 030x 1` ALT-2 HT PIN X BOX.
PART No. 29790-16
MESC No. 04.02.10.302.9
E
034.38 | i 7
WEIGHT1 3701bs (EST)
DE TAILBi
3-PLC S
.. .:. 1-_ ..... i JOINT

b 4
;:| :!;E
it T f '-'R A t i: 'v: i t: : ::~~~~INTERMEDIATE
JOINT
030" x 1` ALT-2 HT PIN X BOX.
PART No. 29790-16
MESC No. 04.02.10.302.9
WEIGHT17370Dbs (EST)
30" xLO i
_ RB PIN
CROSSOVER JOINT
_030 1" ALT-2 HT PIN X ST-2 RB PIN
PART No. A30072-S
MESC No. 04.02.10.602.9
30` X 1' SE EALWEIGHT
168261bs (EST)
C _ 1C
S-
RB BO SE DEAI I
027.00
IL 028.00
030.00
i |SHOE
030
0
JOINT
xWITH
1 ST-2
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PIPEBOX X FLOAT SHOE
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030.00
.032.00
IPART No. A30073-15
- l ' |MESC No. 04.02.05.302.9
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0 Vetco Gray
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|,Y1CX£D
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NOTES: Q CONTINGENCY SHOEJOINT (NO PIPE)
A PART No. A30073-16
W R
TYPE HT3A & HT3B
MESC No. 04.02.05.602.9
WEIGHT1562Ibs (EST) j
A
S
4 .... 3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~w~~~~~~j
~~~~~ NTR AI
rDRAIN
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NON~SIANOARO STANDARDm PM5 rROUP S
4~~~~~~~
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CHECK
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RELEASE ~~CAD.
21
ENGINEER I
REV1SIONS_
I
BATE'~'~3'A~
'IAPPROVAL 1.4 iAPPROVAL -l UE E
30` MS-700
WELLHEAD HOUSING I
H T4A H T4B
UPPER JOINT 6 UPPER JOINT 6i
} q3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
JOINT ~ ~ ~~HOUSING
UPRJOINT6
035" K 2" BWP x 30D x 1` ALT-2 HT BOX
035 x 2" BWP X 30" X 1` ALT-2 HT BOX G
WITH X-52 PIPE
A OFT LONG
MESC No. 04.02.15.320.9 MESC No. 04.02.15.360.9
30/ 5 1" i WEIGHT431261bs (EST) WEIGHT 290421bs (EST)
/ L . ., 30' X `l"
ALT-2 HT PIN
F I F
30` X1"
ALT-2 HT BOX SEE DElAIL B
Lr / , I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JON
T5
INTERMEDIATE JOINT
030" . 1` ALT-2 HT PIN X BOX
WITH X-52 PIPE 50FT LONG
026.65 PART No. 29790- 15
.i e26.65 | l MESC No. 04.02.10.302.9
026.00 i W
WEIGHT 173701bs (EST)
E _ ~~~~~ ~ ~~030.00 '.E
034.38
4-PLC'S
1s
V-PLC' i ... . ,,>:
.; :: - Z.JOINT
:>w.-. 4
INTERMEDIATE JOINT
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PART No. 29790-16
MESC No. 04.02.10.302.9
WEIGHT 173701bs (EST)
D i
30' X l' JOINT3

ST-2 RB PIN I INTERMEDIATE JOINT
030' t f ALT-2 HT PIN X BOX
PART No. 29790-16
MESC No. 04.02.10.302.9
30" X 1- WEIGHT173701bs (EST)
ST-2 RB BOX
CL i
027.00
_ ~~~~~~~~~~028.00.,
026.00
CRSOEJOINT2N
030` x 1" ALT-2 HT PIN X ST-2 RB PIN
030.00 WITH X-52 PIPE 5OFT LONG
032.00 ;MESC
I | ~~~~~~~~PART
No. A30072-5
No. 04.02.10.602.9
IB DETAIL A I
j
SHOE JOINT
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Shell UK Exploration & Production

Sub-sea Conductor Study

LS-DYNA Three dimensional modelling of conductors under combined

Ove Arup & Partners Arup Geotechnics

Job number 50169-08

Job title Sub-sea Conductor Study

Job number 50169-08

Prepared by Chris Humpheson

Checked by Chris Humpheson

Approved by David Clare

Revision Date Description/Filename Prepared Checked Approved

1/97 07/11/97 G:\50169-08\R\0004CH.REP CH CH DGC

J:\50169-O8\WP\R\OOO5CH.REP Ove Arup Partnership F8.5

Job title Sub-sea Conductor Study Job number

1/97 .07/11/97 First draft. Issued for comment.

J:\50169-OS\WP\R\OOOSCH.REP Ove Armp & Partners

2. PREVIOUS STUDIES BY SHELL

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5.3.6 Results for Soft Soil Profile

8. REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

9. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

Figure 3.1 Undrained Shear Strength. Hard Soil Profile

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J \50169-08\WP\R\OOOSCH.REP Ove Arup & Partners

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2. PREVIOUS STUDIES BY SHELL

3.1 Soil Conditions

Profile Field Formation Description

Table 1. Soil Profiles

3.2.1 Trawler Net

3.2.2 Thermal Loads

Load Temperature Range Net Upward Load

Table 2. Thermal Loads

3.3 Conductor Strings

3.4 Connector Properties

Connector ALT-2HT ( high torque) ST-2RB ( standard torque)

Tension 6200 kips 27585 kN 2430 kips 10809 kN

Table 4. Connector Properties

3.5 Pipe Properties

Yield Capacity 30" x 1" 35" x 2"

Table 5. Pipe Properties

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4.1 General Assumptions

4.2 Analysis Procedures

4.3 ALP Analyses

Soil Profile Eso

Table 6. E,, values for p-y curves

4.4 LS-DYNA Analyses

4.4.1 Description of Program

4.5 LS-DYNA Continuum Model

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4.5.7 Boundary Conditions

4.5.8 Material Properties

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4.5.9 Soil-grout interface

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4.5.11 Damage Identification

4.6 LS-DYNA Beam and Spring Model

4.6.1 Conductor Casing

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4.6.2 Lateral Load Behaviour p-y Springs

4.6.3 Skin Friction t-z Spring