CHAPTER 6 Transformer protection

BYB.DAKERS
INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand for power on distribution and Types of Fault and Effects
transmission systems throughout the world has resulted To design a protective scheme it is necessary to have an
in transformers of very large capacity. Whilst this has intimate knowledge of the faults that have to be
certain economic advantages in maintenance as well as detected.
installation and running costs, it creates the very real With regard to transformers fig. 1 shows the types of
danger that a transformer fault will cause a large inter- fault that can be exoerienced.
ruption to power supplies. 1. Earth fault on’ H.V. external connections.
In general, transformer breakdowns are relatively 2. Phase to phase fault on H.V. external connections.
few, but repair and replacement of large transformer 3. Internal earth fault on H.V. windings.
units means considerable expenditure and time, and 4. Internal phase to phase fault on H.V. windings.
further, if faulted units are not cleared quickly and selec- 5. Short circuit between turns H.V. windings.
tively can cause serious damage and power system stabil- 6. Earth fault on L.V. external connections.
ity problems. 7. Phase to phase fault on L.V. external connections.
Protective schemes applied to transformers thus play 8. Internal earth fault on L.V. windings.
a vital role in the economics and operation of a power 9. Internal phase to phase fault on L.V. windings.
system. The percentage cost of protection compared 10. Short circuit between turns L.V. windings.
with the capital cost of the transformer being protected 11. Earth fault on tertiary winding.
is extremely small making it totally uneconomic to apply 12. Short circuit between turns tertiary winding.
anything less than a complete scheme of protection, to 13. Auxiliary transformer internal fault.
large transformer units. 14. Earth or phase to phase fault on L.V. connection of
This of course is not true of smaller transformer units auxiliary transformer.
where their loss may not be so important to system 15. Sustained system earth-fault.
operation. For these units the protection applied must 16. Sustained system phase to phase fault.
be a balance against economic considerations.
The following notes give some guidance on the protec-
Earth Faults
tion schemes manufactured by Reyrolle Protection
Limited for application to transformers. It will be con- The following conditions must exist for earth fault
cluded from these notes and published literature that current to flow:-
Reyrolle Protection Limited manufacture a complete A path exists for current to flow into and out of the
range of relays to protect transformer units. windings i.e. zero-sequence path.

W.V.
WNo\Nb tERnA& wiu01ti LUbllNDW6
________"""'"'"'__""_,

--______-____---___----___
MAIN TRAMSFORMER

- - -
&LIAltf 5UfklES
FIG. 1. TRANSFORMERFAULTS

104
 ?iqf=Ji
FIG.~~.VARIATIONOFFAULTCURRENTONDEL.TAAND
0 01 0,
K.

STARSIDESOFTRANSFORMERFORFAULTONSTAR
WINDING.

i\
\\ ts
\ f
\\ 7
‘__’

FIG. 2c. FAULTCURRENTMAGN~TUDE AND

DISTRIBUTION FOREARTHFAULTON DELTA WINDING.

Star Connection - Resistance Earthing

The fault current in this case is primarily determined
by the earthing resistance. The value of earth fault cur-
rent is directly proportional to the position of the fault in
the winding the curve being as shown in fig. 2b.

Delta Connection - Earthing Transformer

Fault current in this case is determined by the impe-
dance of the earthing transformer windings. The dis-
tribution is as shown in fig. 2c.
0.2 0.6 0.8
u- O'$ The above earth fault currents, particularly in the case
of solid earthing, flow through the transformer coils
FIG. 2a. FAULTCURRENT DISTRIBUTION& MAGNITUDE causing them to try to assume a circular shape and thus
FOREARTHFAULTNEAR STARPOINT OFA produce very high mechanical stresses which are propor-
33KVSOMVATRANSFORMER tional to the square of the current. In resistance earthing
the fault current is much reduced but consideration must
be given to the possibility of flashover particularly if the
That ampere turns balance is maintained between resistor is of the liquid type.
the windings.
Phase Faults
The magnitude of earth fault current is dependent on the
method of earthing, i.e. solid, resistance or transformer, Phase faults have a similar effect to that of an earth
and transformer connection, i.e. star or delta. fault on a solidly earthed transformer since current is
only limited by transformer winding impedance.
Star Connection - Solid Earthing
The distribution of fault current for this configuration Transformer Connections and Fault Current Flow
is shown in fig. 2a. It is only dependent on transformer Under fault conditions, currents are distributed in dif-
winding impedance and thus is not directly proportional ferent ways according to the winding connections. An
to the position of fault. The reactance decreases very understanding of the various fault current distribution is
quickly so that fault current is actually highest for a fault essential for the design of balanced differential protec-
near the neutral point. tion, the performance of directional relays and setting of

105
 FIG. 3a. FLOW OF FAULT CURRENTS IN TRANSFORMER WINDINGS

overcurrent and earth fault relays. Figures 3a and 3b applying the rule that the ampere turns produced by the
show some typical examples. The current values shown fault currents flowing in the transformers secondary
are for transformers with equal phase voltages on prim- windings are balanced by equivalent ampere turns in the
ary and secondary side. The currents are devised by primary windings.

106
 SOURCE

r ------‘-----‘--,

I
I

0 i -I 0
0

qEgrf
I- i I
SOURCL I
I
I
!- I I

L-- ---e---m--- I

f, ~------~~ r -_-_-___

*fq&
ve 11;

mPl
i

+--vTi=’ L-_ --_A L________

FIG. 3b. FLOW OF FAULT CURRENTS IN TRANSFORMER WINDINGS.

Having a knowledge of the various connections and mers are generally based on the current balance prmci-
characteristics of transformers in terms of type of fault ple of magnitude comparison of currents flowing into
and current expected on internal fault to give operation and out of the transformer.
and external faults to define stability limit, we can pro- This principle can be used to protect the transformer
teed to the methods employed to detect faults and the windings separately or as an overall unit. However, in
Reyrolle Protection range of relays for this purpose. the latter case as we shall see later, certain refinements
are necessary.
Current Balance Principle To explain the basic principle consider a single phase
The differential protective schemes applied to transfor- arrangement as shown in fig. 4. It will be seen that under

107
quiescent conditions, magnetizing conditions, normal The main problem experienced in designing a current
load and through fault conditions that current circulates balance scheme is ensuring stability on through faults
between the two current transformers which results in which cause unequal saturation of the C.T.‘s during the
no current flowing in realys Rl and R2. This is a stability first few cycles after the fault initiation. This is overcome
condition. by using a relay of high impedance, as our type 4B3,
If we now consider an earth fault at ‘X’ shown in fig. which has a high value stabilising resistor connected in
4d it is seen that the balance is disturbed and current the relay circuit.
flows in relays Rl and R2. As fault ‘X’ approaches ‘Z This scheme has now been in use for many years, the
the transformer acts as an auto-transformer so that 12 simplicity in application being that the performance of
increases and Ii decreases. The resultant current is suffi- the protection on both fault setting and stability can be
cient to operate the relay for all positions of ‘X’, and calculated with certainty. This is shown in fig. 6.
therefore the whole of the windings can be protected
using this principle. Stability
When the system is resistance earthed (fig. 4e) I2 For a given through fault current (I) the maximum
decreases as ‘x’ approaches ‘Z’. As a result the amount voltage that can occur across the relay circuit is given by:
of winding protected depends upon the relay sensitivity,
i.e. fault setting. VR = +R + X)

Three-phase Where R = Maximum lead resistance

Extending the foregoing principle to three-phase X = CT secondary resistance
transformers the connections will be as shown in fig. 5. This is based on the assumption of a worst condition
Since both of these schemes only protect the transformer when one current transformer completely saturates and
on earth faults within the zone covered by the C.T.‘s; this ceases to transform any part of the primary fault current,
scheme of protection is known as “RESTRICTED whilst the other CT continues to transform accurately.
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION”. The Reyrolle Pro- If the setting voltage of the relay is made equal to or
tection relay designed for this application
__ is the type greater than this voltage the protection will be stable for
‘4B3’. - - currents up to the through fault current level used in the

P2 -
*
RI

b
-*
.

FIG. 4. PRINCIPLESOFSEPARATEWINDINGCURRENTBALANCESCHEMES

108
calculation. The knee point voltage of the C.T.‘s is This may be necessary when the CT excitation cur-
designed to be at least twice this value in order to ensure rents and relay current give a primary setting too low in
high speed operation of the relay. relation to CT steady state errors.

0.

b.

FIG. 5a. RESTRICTEDEARTHFAULTPROTECTION-

STARCONNECTED WINDING.

Fault Setting
This is given by:-
IFS = N (IR + IA + IB)
Where
c.

T
FIG. 6. PRINCIPLEOFMERZ-PRICECIRCULATING-
IR = Relay circuit current at setting voltage CURRENT (ORCURRENT-BALANCE)PROTECTIVE
SYSTEM:- USINGHIGHIMPEDENCERELAYS.
IA, IB = CT excitation currents at relay setting vol-
tage
N = CT ratio.
The primary fault setting can be adjusted to the level Type 4B3 Relay
required by adjustment of the relay circuit current using The circuitry of our type 4B3 relay is shown in fig. 7.
resistors connected across the relay circuit. The operating element is a type B61 d.c. attracted arma-
ture relay energised from a full wave rectifier. The
capacitor, in conjunction with the resistors, forms a low
pass filter circuit. The function of this is to increase the
setting in relation to harmonic frequencies thus retaining
stability under high frequency currents which can be
produced in certain installations during switching. The
variable resistor R2 to R6 enables the voltage setting to
be adjusted and the non-linear resistor Ml limits the

MIN.
FIG. 5b. RESTRICTEDEARTHFAULTPROTECTION-
DELTACONNECTEDWINDING. FIG. 7. 4B3 RELAYCIRCUIT.
---
---

109
peak voltage output from the C.T.‘s during internal fault ever, any mismatch in C.T.‘s will result in unbalance
and so protect the secondary wiring which otherwise current which will flow in the relay circuit. Since most
may flash over and short circuit the relay resulting in transformers are equipped with tap changing the design
failure to trip. of an overall scheme for three phase transformers must
Summarising: separate winding current balance take account of this mismatch under through fault condi-
schemes are:- tions.
(u) Unaffected by load current, external fault or Therefore, the application of an overall differential
magnetizing inrush currents. scheme to three phase transformers requires a biased
(6) Unaffected by the ratio of transformer relay to maintain stability during:-
(c) Complete winding can be protected with solidly (u) Tap Changing
earthed neutral but not when resistance earthed. (b) Magnetizing inrush conditons, when switching
(d) Will not detect phase faults (three-phase protec- transformer on or when subjected to sudden loss
tion) shorted turns or open circuits. of load.
In both of these cases the out of balance current
tending to flow through the relay circuit may be several
Overall Differential Protection times the basic fault setting. The method employed to
The current balance principle can also be applied in an ensure that the relay remains stable under the above
overall unit protection to cover both primary and secon- conditions is by means of bias windings. The application
dary windings. Fig.8 illustrates the principle in terms of of a biased relay is shown in fig. 9, where it will be seen
single phase. This shows that an overall scheme is that the bias is arranged to give an operating setting
effected by magnetizing current and internal fault cur- which is always greater by a suitable margin than the
rent and remains balanced under normal load or through expected maximum spill current. Usual practice is to
fault current providing C.T. ratios are matched. How- arrange the bias characteristic as a slope of at least twice

PI

P2

FIG. 8. PRINCIPLEOFOVERALLCURRENTBALANCESCHEMES.

110
the slope of the spill current characteristic. current, thereby preventing the relay from operating
During internal faults the whole of the available sec- during magnetizing conditions.
ondary current will pass through the relay operating One thing to be considered with “harmonic bias” is
circuit. Usually the secondary current will pass through that harmonics are also present during internal faults
part of the bias winding so that it will produce what is due to CT. saturation. To ensure that the relay will
sometimes referred to as “self bias” and causes an operate under all internal fault conditions the harmonic
increase in setting. If for example the current required to bias unit should preferably be designed to use only sec-
operate will be as indicated by curve 4. Relay operation ond harmonic which predominates in a magnetizing
occurs at the point where curve 3 crosses curve 4. surge.
The points to be considered in setting a biased relay Both of the above factors have been very carefully
are therefore:- optimised in the design of Reyrolle Protection type
(a) The graph of current required to operate under 4C2 1 ‘Duo-bias’ relays.
external fault conditions must be well above the
graph of anticipated spill current. (Fig. 9b) Type ‘4C21’ Overall Biased Protection Relay
(b) The available operating current under internal Figure 10 shows a single phase diagram of the ‘4C2 1’
fault conditions must be well above the graph of relay. Under load or through fault conditions, the C.T.
current required to operate. (Fig. 9d) secondary currents circulate through the primary wind-
ing of the bias transformer. The rectified output of this
Harmonic Restraint
transformer is applied to the bias winding on a transduc-
The second reason, already mentioned, for using a tor via a shunt resistor. Out of balance current flows
biased relay for overall transformer protection is that from the centre tap of the primary winding of the bias
operating current may flow during a magnetizing surge. transformer energising the transductor input winding
This current is known to contain a high percentage of and the harmonic-bias unit.
second and higher harmonics. It has been found conve- The input winding and output winding of the trans-
nient to use these harmonics and connect them into bias ducter are inductively linked, but there is no inductive

FIG. 9. APPLICATION OFRESTRAINT BIASTOPOWER-TRANSFORMER PROTECTION.

111
 FIG. 10. DUO-BIAS RELAY - SINGLE PHASE.

linking between these and the bias-windings. So long as is small and consequently the output to the relay is
the protected transformer is sound the transductor negigible.
bias-winding is energised by full-wave rectified current If the power-transformer develops a fault, the
which is proportional to the load or through-fault cur- operating-m.m.f. produced by the secondary fault-
rent, and this bias-current saturates the transductor. current in the transductor input-winding exceeds the
Out-of-balance currents in the transductor input- bias-m.m.f. resutling in a large change in working flux-
winding, produced by power-transformer tap-changing density. This allows transformer coupling to be effective
or by current-transformer mis-match, superimpose an between the input and output windings and thus opera-
alternating m.m.f. upon the d.c. bias m.m.f., as shown in tion of the relay.
fig. 11, but the resulting change in working flux-density Relay-operation cannot occur unless the operating-

112
 Earth Fault Sensitivity
When a power-transformer is resistance-earthed, the
--r---r---- -p.c.M.W. current available on an internal earth-fault for operation

9
of a differential protection may be relatively low and the
I AL. m-w- percentage of the winding protected against earth-faults
, 6AmctMJJf may be inadequate. This is a fundamental point and
applies to all differential protections. In these circums-
tances it may be necessary to add some separate form of
earth-fault protection.
Consider the delta/star-connected transformer shown
I I in fig. 13 in which the star-connected winding may be
I H.M.F. connected to earth through a resistor. Suppose that a
I- Ok.-ma rl.tl.F. fault occurs at a point F, p% from the neutral end of the
winding, and that the neutral-earthing resistor is rated
to pass the full-load current of the star-connected wind-
FIG. 11. FLUXES DUE TO OPERATING ing with a terminal fault. If the fault is fed from the delta
AND BIASING AMPERE-TURNS. side of the transformer then the current in the primary
winding of the faulty phase is:-
I, = P x T2 X!LX P X
m.m.f. exceeds the bias-m.m.f.; and as the bias-m.m.f. is 100 Tl 100
proportional to the load or through-fault current, the Full-load
required operating-m.m.f. - and hence the required secondary current
operating current - is also proportional to the load or Since
through-fault current. Fig. 12 shows the operating
characteristics of the relay with the 20%, 30% and 40% Full-load TI x 1
percentage-bias slopes corresponding to the 20%, 30% Secondary current = __ ~ x
T2 v/3
and 40% shunt-resistor tappings.
Full-load
The harmonic-bias unit is a tuned-circuit which
primary current ,
responds to the second-harmonic component of the
magnetizing current. When magnetizing inrush-current
Full-load
flows through the relay-operating circuit the rectified
primary current
output of the harmonic-bias unit is injected into the
transductor bias-winding and restrains the relay.
10

FIG. 12. BIAS CHARACTERISTICS OF DUO-BIAS RELAY.

113
 On the other hand a restricted-earth-fault relay on the can be combined with the overall protection as illus-
star-winding would be energised by the fault-current trated in fig. 14. A current transformer is required, of
passing through the earthing resistor via a neutral course, on the neutral-to-earth connection. The advan-
current-transformer, that is by tage of the restricted earth fault relay is that it is ener-
gized from a current transformer which “sees” the whole
P Full-load
of the fault current and not just the primary side equival-
secondary current
-X ent of the fault current. Where the system is solidly
100 earthed an overall transformer protection with a setting
of about 30% would give complete phase-to-earth fault
Using the given expressions, the amount of winding protection of the delta winding and about 80% of the star
protected can be plotted graphically against the fault- winding. In that case additional restricted earth fault
setting, as shown in fig. 13. This demonstrates that a protection is not required for the delta winding, but if it
restricted-earth-fault relay is a much more efficient is fitted to the star winding it may detect faults much
device for the detection of winding earth-faults than a nearer to the neutral end of the winding. On star wind-
differential relay; and, in addition, to cover a reasonable ings at 132kV and above, it is usual practice to fit
percentage of the winding, the latter would need to be restricted earth fault protection.
extremely sensitive. This, however, is impracticable In addition to overall protection it is usual practice to
because of the limitations imposed by out-of-balance protect all but the smallest transformers against inter-
current, due to tap-changing, current-transformer mis- turn faults using a Buchholz relay. Severe faults are
matching, and power-transformer magnetization. detected from the resultant surge in oil and low current
Although tests on Duo-bias protection have shown faults by the measurement of accumulation of gas pro-
that separate high-set overcurrent relays are not duced.
required to ensure tripping under heavy internal fault Back-up protection is normally provided by IDMTL
conditions, some customers still demand them. Care overcurrent relays, although in recent years this has
must be taken in setting high set relays because their taken the form of a two-stage scheme. This comprises
speed of operation may cause them to have significant one IDMTL relay energised from the C.T.‘s on the H.V.
transient overreach. side, the source of infeed. Operation of this relay trips
Some care must also be exercised in choosing the the L.V. breaker and starts a time-delay relay. The set-
current transformer ratios and connections. The current ting of this time-delay relay is such that it does not
transformer ratio must compensate for the difference in operate before the L.V. breaker trips. If the fault persists
primary and secondary currents of the Transformer and the time-delay relay trips the H.V. breaker. Since
their connections must compensate for the phase differ- IDMTL relays have a relatively long reset time an
ence. Fig. 14 has illustrated a typical example. instantaneous overcurrent relay with a fast reset is con-
The restricted earth fault relay can be operated from a nected in series so that the time lag is de-energised as
completely separate set of line current transformers or it soon as the fault is cleared.

FIG. 13. PROTECTION AGAINSTEARTH-FAULTS.

114
 In the case of banked transformers separate overcur- Clearly, therefore, the application of an overall
rent back-up protection is usually preferred. scheme must be considered in relation to the risk of
The most usual questions asked on the application of phase to phase faults.
protection to transformers are:- Considering question 2, this is entirely a matter for the
1. What advantage does an overall scheme have over a user to decide in relation to loss of supply and conse-
scheme of separate over-current and earth fault. quently loss of revenue. In the experience of Reyrolle
2. What is the minimum size of transformer to which Protection overall schemes are usually applied to all
an overall scheme should be applied. transformers of IOMVA and above.
Considering question 1, overall protection gives
instantaneous clearance of phase faults, has a high
through fault stability whilst retaining a low fault setting Auto-Transformer Protection
and is inherently discriminative. Against this the degree Fig. 15a indicates the scheme used to protect auto-
of protection afforded by IDMTL overcurrent relays is transformers. Each phase winding forms a three-ended
very limited since the relay must be set above emergency primary zone and is protected, therefore, by three
loading conditions which often means a setting of 200% C.T.‘s, one at each end, connected to form a circulating
rating. In addition the time setting may have to be high in current system. Three such systems share a common
order to grade with other overcurrent relays on the neutral lead and form a complete phase and earth-fault
system. protection of the transformer. _

fb4ER TihnJsFORMEIz
4QM\# IYISlkv Kv! T1sB t: IS%

FIG. 14. TYPICALARRANGEMENTOFDIFFERENTIALPROTECTIONWITH

SUPPLEMENTARYEARTH-FAULTPROTECTION.

115
 132/2X K$ 120 WA

ALL CT: RATIOS 600/I

-Y

-0

FIG. 15. APPLICATION OF SLMPLE (UNBIASED)

OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
70 2751132 kV. AUTO-TRANStORMERS.

116
 It should be noted that all the C.T.‘s are of the same pivoted floats carrying mercury switches contained in a
ratio and that there is no magnetizing inrush problem chamber. This chamber is connected in the pipe which
since the inrush appears as a through-fault as far as the connects the top of the transformer tank to the oil con-
protection is concerned. Fig. 15b shows the arrangement servator. Under normal conditions the Buchholz relay is
of the auto-transformer protection when, as is com- full of oil, the floats are fully raised and the mercury
monly the case, the transformers are arranged in pairs switches open.
banked on the H.V. side to a single 275kV switch. Five This device relies upon the fact that an electrical fault
sets of C.T.‘s now form the complete circulating current inside the transformer tank will be accompanied by the
system, a single set of three relays (one per phase) being generation of gas and, if the fault current is high enough,
provided for the pair of transformers. The isolator aux- by a surge of oil from the tank to the conservator.
iliary switches shown in the CT. secondary circuits Gas bubbles due to a core fault will be generated
ensure that the isolation of either transformer discon- slowly and collect in the top of the relay. As they collect,
nects its C.T.‘s from the remaining C.T.‘s and relay, so the oil level will drop in the relay and the upper float will
avoiding any possible interference with the latter when turn on its pivot until the mercury switch closes. This is
work is carried out on the isolated transformer. used to give an alarm.
It will be evident that since both transformers are Similarly, incipient winding insulation faults and
protected by the one scheme, discrimination between interturn faults which produce gas by decomposition of
the transformers is impossible. This is sometimes over- insulation material and oil may be detected. Such faults
come for earth-faults within the transformer by the pro- are of very low current magnitude and the Buchholz
vision on each transformer of a simple frame leakage relay is the only satisfactory method of detection.
“tank earth” indication relay, Type ‘Bl’ or “CFl’ Serious electrical faults, such as flashover between
depending on setting required. connections inside the main tank generate gas rapidly
and produce a surge of oil. This causes the lower float to
Directional Overcurrent Protection be forced over about its pivot, causing the lower mercury
Directional overcurrent relays are usually employed to switch to close. This is arranged to trip both the H.V. and
provide discrimination on phase faults for two parallel L.V. circuit-breakers.
transformers where there is no source on the L.V. side. In addition to the above, serious oil leakage will be
An analysis of the various fault conditions has shown detected initially by the upper float which will give an
that a 90” connection 45” maximum torque relay is the alarm and finally by the lower float, with will disconnect
best arrangement. the transformer before dangerous electrical faults result.
The Buchholz relay is thus a versatile protective
Buchholz Relay device and for certain types of faults the only protection
This device is illustrated in Fig. 16. It consists of two available. However, the time of operation of the surge

FIG. 16. USE OF BUCHHOLZ GAS & OIL ACTUATED RELAY.

117
float for a fault well down the winding may be appreci- Several methods of intertripping are available, but we
able (of the order of O-5 second). For severe electrical will only consider those generally used.
faults on large transformers, the Buchholz relay there-
fore serves as a back-up to other faster forms of pro-
Fault Throwing
tection.
If pilot cables are not available or considered too
Intertripping Schemes expensive to be used for intertripping purposes, then
intertripping can be achieved by means of fault throwing
In order to ensure operation of both the H.V. and L.V.
switches. This scheme is restricted to cases where the
circuit-breakers for faults within the transformer and
fault level is below certain limits.
feeder, it is necessary to operate both circuit-breakers
The transformer protective relays first trip the L.V.
from protection normally associated with only one. The
circuit-breaker. This immediately operates a fault
technique for obtaining this facility is known as inter-
throwing switch which is a spring-operated switch (gen-
tripping. The necessity for intertripping arises from cer-
erally single-phase) which applies single-phase to earth
tain types of faults producing insufficient fault current to
fault to the associated H.V. feeder. Feeder protection at
operate the protection associated with one of the
the remote end then operates to trip the associated
circuit-breakers. These faults are:-
circuit-breaker.
Incipient faults in transformer tank, which, as we
have seen, operate the Buchholz relay associated Post Office Pilot Intertripping
with the L.V. breaker but fail to operate the Hired Post Office pilots are normally used to transmit a
protection associated with the H.V. breaker. coded intertripping signal initiated by the transformer
Earth-faults on the L.V. winding of transformers protective relays and arranged to trip the remote
which have resistance earthing. circuit-breaker. A complete Post Office pilot intertrip-

0.98:0.578:0.57$:0. CUT:]
_-_

FIG. 17. TYPICALGRID-TRANSFORMER PROTECTIVE SCHEME USING

OVERALLDlFFERENTlALPROTECTlONSHOWlNGEFFECTOFEARTH FAULT
ON STAR WINDING SIDE.

118
 FIG. 18. TYPICALPROTECTIONARRANGEMENTSFOR
GENERATOR-TRANSFORMERUNlTANDASSOCIATEDUNIl
AUXILIARYTRANSFORMER.

119
ping scheme can provide coded intertripping in both
directions for duplicate feeders, using a single pair of Type of Type of Relay
pilots. Transformer Protection

Other Forms of Protection 1. Distribution IDMTL On TJMlO

Depending upon the transformer connections and cir- Rating ) SMVA o/c each 4B3
cuit configuration other forms of protection such as the REF. Winding
type ‘B37’ neutral displacement relay and type Bl or
CF3 or TJM60 relay for standby earth fault protection 2. Distribution Overall Differential 4C21
may also be required. Rating ( SMVA REF. each Winding 4B3
Each circuit must be considered as a unit and the
protection assessed accordingly. 3. Two-Winding Overall Differential 4C21
Transmission REF. each Winding 4B3
General IDMTL O/C TJMlO
SBEF CF3 or
The degree of protection provided for any particular
TJM60
arrangement depends to a great extent upon the size and
functional importance of the unit. A further important
4. Gen/Transformer Overall Differential 4C21
factor is economics.
REF. each Winding 4B3
The following table gives a guide to the protection
H.V. IDMTL O/C TJMlO
applied to the various forms of transformers usually
L.V. IDMTL O/C TJMlO
associated with power system installations:
SBEF CF3 or
TJM60
Reyrolle Protection have had many years of experience
in the design and application of relay schemes for the 5. Auto Transformer Overall Circulating 4B3
protection of transformers and any advice required for a Current
particular installation will readily be given.

120