Indian J Phys (August 2017) 91(8):833–844

DOI 10.1007/s12648-017-0991-5

ORIGINAL PAPER

Atmospheric turbulent structures and their correlative factor leading

to the thunderstorm events at the NE region of India
Y Zahan1*, M Devi1, A K Barbara1, K Pathak1 and K P Ray2
1
Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
2
SAMEER, IIT Campus, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India

Received: 27 July 2016 / Accepted: 17 January 2017 / Published online: 29 March 2017

Abstract: Starting with the seasonal occurrence characteristics of thunderstorm (TS) over North Eastern (NE) part of
India, the paper addresses hydrodynamic factors leading to TS. Further, atmospheric structure constant (Cn2) and Reynolds
number (Re) the two turbulence parameters are analysed in association with TS, on the background that these two
variabilities and TS events are associated with atmospheric temperature and humidity. The analysis result shows that
during the growth and development processes of TS, the correlation coefficient between Cn2 and Re is enhanced by 50%
compared to non-thunderstorm days. These observations are explained in terms of eddies and vortices generated in a
moving fluid system of an atmosphere as represented by Cn2 and Re. The vortices are the turbulent pockets of fluid that
move randomly within the medium and ultimately dissipate their kinetic energy in the form of heat. This process leads to
the transfer of energy between atmospheric layers by changing the buoyancy that may cause dry, wet or storm conditions of
the weather. Such kind of energy transfer processes may be widespread or localized. The active movement of the fluid
during localized condition produces rapid changes in Cn2 and Re which in turn may provide storm conditions. In this
background, the paper examines the role of these parameters in the growth and development of TS over NE region.

Keywords: Turbulence parameter; Structure constant parameter; Reynolds number; Dry season; Wet season

PACS Nos.: 47.27.-i

1. Introduction For attaining these two conditions, the atmosphere should

Thunderstorm (TS) is an atmospheric phenomenon asso-
ciated with strong winds, intense precipitation, hail and
lightning. It is part of a complex atmospheric system which
depends on the season, location and coupling processes
between the ocean, atmosphere and the orography. The
physical and dynamical characteristics of growth and
development of TS are studied widely by the researchers
from different parts of the globe [1–8]. Reports are also
available for identifying the types of stability indices
related to TS and possible prediction of the same at dif-
ferent regions of India [9–15]. These studies and reports
show that the fundamental conditions necessary for the
development of TS are instability in the atmospheric sys-
tem and lifting mechanism which forces air to rise upward.
*Corresponding author, E-mail: yasmin.zahan3@gmail.com
have a good mixing status with an adequate amount of
moisture in the background. Such states of the atmosphere
which trigger TS activities over NE region of India are
examined in this paper. In this context, the seasonal
occurrence features of TS events over Guwahati are first
examined along with the relevant atmospheric parameters
like temperature and humidity. In the second step, the
atmospheric irregularity indices, such as, Cn2 and Re are
analysed along with TS activities because these two
parameters are dependent on the basic primary variabilities
of the atmosphere that are necessary for the development of
TS. The atmospheric structure constant parameter Cn2 [16]
reflects the random fluctuations of the atmospheric refrac-
tive index which is an active component of temperature and
humidity and Reynolds number Re [17], is an index that
provides the wind flow pattern in atmosphere dictated by
temperature and humidity. The subsequent sections present
the detailed description of Cn2 and Re.

Ó 2017 IACS
834
2. Data and methodology
The present study is confined to Guwahati region (26°100 N,
91°450 E), a location of NE India, as shown in Figs. 1(a) and
1(b), where the location of Guwahati is marked by a star
[Fig. 1(b)].
The TS events are first analysed for identifying its sea-
sonal occurrence characteristics features. For this purpose,
nine years of data on TS occurrence events as well as of the
atmospheric parameters for calculation of Cn2 and Re are
utilized from Radiosonde observations operated by the
Regional Meteorological Department, Guwahati. It is well
known that Radiosonde contains radio transmitter with
sensors to measure pressure, temperature, humidity, wind
speed, and direction: therefore, the data obtained through
such system are suitable for calculation of Cn2 and Re. The
analysis is carried out separately for TS and NTS cases.
For calculation of Cn2, Eq. (1), given by Tatarskii
[18, 19] and others [20–27] is utilized.
4=3
Cn2 ¼ a2 a0 l0 M 2 ð1Þ
where ‘a’ is a constant = 2.8 as provided by Monin and
Yaglom in 1971 [28], a0 is a numerical constant taken as
unity, lo is the buoyancy/outer scale length of the turbu-
lence spectrum. The turbulent energy density spectrum
consists of the production region, the inertial subrange and
the dissipation region. Most of the turbulent energy pro-
duction occurs at scale sizes between 6lo and lo/6, where lo
Fig. 1 (a) Map of India, (b) orography of North-East India along with the study area
Y Zahan et al
is characterized as the generic buoyancy/outer scale of
turbulence and lo/6 is defined as the onset of inertial sub-
range. In this study, the turbulent scale length (lo) is con-
sidered to be 10 m for different years and months.
Here, M in the Eq. (1) is the vertical gradient of the
potential refractive-index fluctuations expressed by the
Eq. (2),
M ¼ 77:6  
  
6 P olnhT 15500q 1 olnq=oz
 10 1þ 1
T oz T 2 olnhT =oz
ð2Þ
where, P is the atmospheric pressure (mb), T is the absolute
temperature (K), hT is the potential temperature (K), q is the
specific humidity (g/kg) and z is the altitude (m). The
gradients of potential temperature (qh/qz) and specific
humidity (qq/qz) are computed up to the height of 12 km.
From the obtained gradient, the value of M is calculated
using Eq. (2), and subsequently, daily average logCn2
profile for NTS days is drawn. The mean logCn2 profile for
each month is calculated from the daily profile. This
approach is repeated for all the years taken under study and
finally mean values of logCn2 are calculated by taking all
the data points available for each year.
The equation of Re is expressed [29], by the Eq. (3)
Vl
Re ¼ ð3Þ
v
Atmospheric turbulent structures and their correlative factor
Fig. 2 Percentage of occurrence of TS days in different seasons: pre-
monsoon (March–April–May), monsoon (June–July), post-monsoon
(August–September)
Here, V is the wind speed, m = 1.1 9 10-5 m2 s, is the
kinematic viscosity, l is the characteristic length equal to
the resolution of Radiosonde measurement. The average
values of Re for the months and the years are calculated as
done in cases of Cn2.
3. Results and discussions
The detailed analyses on the calculation of seasonal
occurrence characteristics of TS are discussed here. For
this purpose, TS occurrence characteristics are separately
examined for three different seasons viz. pre-monsoon
Fig. 3 (a) Mean of relative humidity (%), (b) air temperature, in NTS days for dry season (March–April–May) and wet season (July–Aug–
September) for 2006–2016
835
(March–April–May), monsoon (June–July) and post-mon-
soon (August–September) and the results are shown in
Fig. 2. Although the TS events are present throughout the
pre-monsoon to the post-monsoon season, the occurrences
of the events are significantly high in the pre-monsoon
season, a result similar to that reported by early researchers
[30]. Further, as the growth of TS is highly associated with
the moisture content of the atmosphere, the analysis is done
separately for dry and wet seasons. For this purpose, the
average values of relative humidity and air temperature
over the years 2006-2016 are calculated and presented in
Fig. 3. It is apparent from the Fig. 3(a) that the months of
March–April–May may be considered as a dry season with
lower relative humidity compared to July–August-
September which we have taken as wet season. However,
in the month of June, no specific characteristics variations
of temperature and relative humidity of the dry and the wet
seasons are seen and hence it is taken as a transition month.
It is also observed that the temperature during the dry
season (March–April–May) is less compared to the wet
season (July–August-September) as shown in Fig. 3(b).
From these analyses, TS events are likely to reach maxi-
mum occurrences in July to September, with high tem-
perature and humidity in the background. However, it is
important to note that the condition required for triggering
TS is an abrupt increase in humidity in a relatively warm
atmosphere. In such cases, the presence of high humidity
all the time during wet season may not be a suitable envi-
ronment for triggering TS. However, in a pre-monsoon
season, with the relatively warm background, a sudden
enhancement in humidity may favour the development of
TS events compared to the wet season.
836 Y Zahan et al

Fig. 4 Diurnal profile shows

height wise variation of
(a) Turbulence structure
constant parameter (logCn2) and
(b) Reynolds number (logRe)

Fig. 5 Variation of logCn2 in the months of (a) Dry Season (March–April–May), (b) transition month (June), (c) wet season (July–Aug–Sep)
over a period 2006–2016

Fig. 6 Variation of logRe in the months of (a) dry Season (March–April–May), (b) transition month (June), (c) wet season (July–Aug–Sep) over
a period 2006–2016

The diurnal representative profiles of logCn2 and logRe 9.6 from the surface to tropopause height. The detailed
(April 13, 2006) are plotted in Fig. 4. It is seen from the analysis and results of the characteristics change of these
plots that variation of logCn2 lies between -14 m-2/3 to two parameters during the dry and the wet season are
-19 m-2/3 whereas for logRe the range varies from 6.5 to discussed in article 3.1.
Atmospheric turbulent structures and their correlative factor 837

Table 1 Monthly and seasonal variations of logCn2 average of 2006–2016

Height March April May June July Aug Sept Dry season Wet Season

11879 -17.53 -17.79 -17.45 -18.03 -18.19 -18.17 -18.40 -17.59 -18.25
10445 -17.68 -17.05 -17.33 -17.99 -18.05 -17.30 -17.99 -17.35 -17.78
9250 -16.69 -16.98 -17.20 -17.74 -17.16 -17.08 -17.41 -16.95 -17.21
8276 -17.07 -17.27 -17.12 -16.74 -16.57 -16.77 -16.95 -17.15 -16.76
7338 -17.09 -17.03 -17.01 -16.59 -16.56 -15.79 -16.36 -17.04 -16.23
6544 -17.58 -16.49 -16.34 -16.32 -16.10 -14.60 -16.12 -16.80 -15.60
5802 -16.27 -16.32 -16.11 -16.02 -15.73 -15.82 -15.73 -16.23 -15.76
5068 -16.32 -15.78 -15.59 -15.37 -15.53 -15.41 -15.69 -15.89 -15.54
4176 -16.12 -15.97 -15.58 -15.12 -15.42 -15.38 -15.18 -15.89 -15.32
3696 -15.29 -15.34 -15.14 -15.08 -15.33 -14.55 -15.04 -15.25 -14.97
3084 -15.52 -15.35 -15.32 -14.92 -15.15 -15.04 -15.08 -15.39 -15.09
2519 -15.13 -15.36 -15.09 -14.67 -14.62 -14.69 -14.81 -15.19 -14.70
1973 -14.87 -14.96 -14.85 -14.67 -14.68 -14.78 -14.73 -14.89 -14.73
1451 -14.78 -14.85 -14.56 -14.66 -14.77 -14.62 -14.81 -14.73 -14.73
979 -15.03 -14.43 -14.62 -14.59 -14.32 -14.46 -14.66 -14.69 -14.48
504 -14.58 -14.37 -14.46 -14.36 -14.05 -14.28 -14.43 -14.47 -14.25
73 -14.10 -13.95 -14.07 -14.09 -13.92 -13.81 -13.91 -14.04 -13.88

Table 2 Monthly and seasonal variations of logRe average of 2006–2016

Height March April May June July Aug Sept Dry season Wet Season

11879 9.55 9.47 9.27 9.05 8.96 9.10 8.80 9.43 8.96
10,445 9.45 9.35 9.09 8.91 8.69 8.93 8.51 9.29 8.71
9250 9.46 9.39 9.19 8.99 8.86 8.88 8.51 9.34 8.75
8276 9.27 9.07 8.88 8.83 8.59 8.49 8.25 9.07 8.44
7338 9.31 9.19 8.88 8.70 8.50 8.74 8.34 9.12 8.52
6544 9.04 8.92 8.59 8.70 8.51 8.38 8.37 8.85 8.42
5802 9.26 9.06 8.75 8.67 8.31 8.63 8.19 9.02 8.37
5068 9.16 8.83 8.49 8.71 8.64 8.36 8.28 8.82 8.42
4176 8.74 8.59 8.44 8.63 8.58 8.41 7.95 8.59 8.31
3696 8.61 8.66 8.41 8.48 8.45 8.40 8.21 8.56 8.35
3084 8.69 8.68 8.55 8.71 8.60 8.34 8.38 8.64 8.44
2519 8.48 8.51 8.31 8.55 8.27 8.86 8.29 8.43 8.47
1973 8.36 8.39 8.26 8.73 8.35 8.04 8.29 8.33 8.22
1451 8.31 8.40 8.20 8.44 8.65 8.15 8.29 8.30 8.36
979 8.05 7.89 7.85 7.98 7.86 7.77 7.85 7.93 7.82
504 7.75 7.81 7.75 7.75 7.70 7.63 7.84 7.77 7.72
73 6.83 6.80 6.87 6.77 6.71 6.55 6.60 6.83 6.62

3.1. Variation of logCn2 and logRe during dry and wet
season: for NTS days
Here, eleven years of atmospheric data are separated out
for TS and NTS days. In this analysis, the values of logCn2
and logRe at different heights are extracted from each
diurnal profile for NTS events only. The mean values of the
respective parameters at various heights from ground to the
tropopause are calculated for March–April–May of the dry
season and July–August-September of the wet season. The
average values so obtained at different heights are then
plotted in Figs. 5 and 6.
Figures 5(a)–5(c) shows the seasonal variation of irreg-
ularity size in the atmosphere up to the height of 12 km. It is
seen from the figure that during the dry season, the values of
logCn2 vary from -13.95 m-2/3 to -17.79 m-2/3 compared
to the values -13.81 m-2/3 to -18.40 m-2/3 that are
obtained in the wet season. Table 1 shows the height wise
838 Y Zahan et al

Table 3 Correlation coefficients between the logCn2 and logRe Similarly, Figs. 6(a)–6(c) presents the seasonal variation
height wise of logRe in the atmosphere up to the height of 12 km. The
Month Correlation coefficients profiles show that the logRe increases with height, indi-
between logCn2 and logRe cating the increase in the turbulence of the atmosphere with
altitude. It is observed that the logRe values vary from 6.6
March -0.83
to 9.1 during the wet season which is 30–40% smaller in
April -0.86
magnitude compared to those from the dry season. This
May -0.85
result in details is shown in Table 2. The contents in the
June -0.86
table reflect the same pattern as illustrated in Fig. 6 indi-
July -0.78
cating an increase of logRe with height in all the months.
August -0.90
Finally, from the above analyses, it is observed that the
September -0.87
logCn2 gradually decreases whereas the logRe increases
with altitude. This result is expected as logCn2 and logRe
variations of logCn2 at different months and seasons. It is are controlled by temperature and humidity [17, 27].
also seen from the table that the range of irregularity size Next, the correlations between logCn2 and logRe at
variations is wider during July to September compared to different heights are calculated, and it is observed that both
those for the months of March–April–May.

Fig. 7 Variation of logCn2 and logRe for TS and NTS days for the month of (a) March, (b) April and correlation coefficients between logCn2
and logRe for the month of (c) March, (d) April plotted for the year 2014
Atmospheric turbulent structures and their correlative factor
Fig. 8 Variation of logCn2 and logRe for TS and NTS days for the month of (a) March, (b) April and correlation coefficients between logCn2
and logRe for the month of (c) March, (d) April plotted for the year 2015
the turbulence parameters are inversely related to each
other as shown in Table 3.
3.2. The relation between the atmospheric turbulence
parameters with TS
The variation of logCn2 and logRe are now examined in the
presence of TS events along with NTS days to carry out a
comparative study. As the occurrences of TS events are
relatively more in pre-monsoon season, this analysis is
done mainly for the months of March and April. In Figs. 7-
9 variations of logCn2 and logRe for both TS and NTS
situations and correlation coefficients between these two
parameters for the months of March and April covering the
years 2014, 2015 and 2016 are shown.
It is seen from the Figs. 7(a)–7(b) to 9(a)–9(b) that, the
logCn2 shows a dip during TS events from the NTS days
839
whereas logRe shows an enhancement during TS events
from the NTS days. Further, the correlation coefficients
between logCn2 and logRe are calculated for the pre-
monsoon season for both TS and NTS days. It is observed
from the Figs. 7(c)–7(d) to 9(c)–9(d) that the two param-
eters are strongly correlated during TS days in contrast to
NTS days.
Since the variations of Cn2 and Re are associated with
the humidity and temperature, the changes in these two
atmospheric variables during TS events along with NTS
days are examined. For this purpose, the diurnal peak
values of temperature and relative humidity for TS as well
as NTS days are extracted and monthly averages of the
peak values of the NTS days for the respective months are
calculated. The percentage deviation of these parameters
from that of monthly mean value obtained from NTS days
is calculated using the Eq. (4),
840
Fig. 9 Variation of logCn2 and logRe for TS and NTS days for the month of (a) March, (b) April and correlation coefficients between logCn2
and logRe for the month of (c) March, (d) April plotted for the year 2016
Percentage deviation
Peak value of the day  monthly average value
¼  100
Peak value of the day
ð4Þ
The percentage deviation of relative humidity and
temperature from the monthly average of NTS days are
shown in Figs. 10–12 including TS and NTS days for
the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The points inside the
shaded region represent the deviation of relative
humidity and temperature during TS events from the
mean value of the NTS days. During TS events, the
relative humidity shows a significant enhancement by
50–90% compared to the NTS days. On the other hand,
the air temperature shows a negative deviation of
50–120% from the NTS days. As expected, during the
growth process of TS, with an increase in the relative
humidity, air temperature is observed to decrease as
shown in Figs. 10–12.
Y Zahan et al
A large number of reports [30–35] are available now, to
show the significant progress in understanding the prob-
lems that are related to the frequency of occurrence of TS
and process of precipitation during such storms. Also, there
are papers with improved observational climatology inputs
[36–44], but a workable model for prediction of TS is yet
to be formulated. However, the role of small-scale irregu-
larities and eddies in contributing TS associated mecha-
nisms, are yet to be known. This paper addresses only two
turbulence parameters related to TS. The analysis done in
this paper shows a strong association of growth and
development of TS events with Cn2 and Re, i.e., with
small-scale irregularities and eddies of the atmosphere.
Such relations may be explained through dissipation of
energy by a fluid parcel while moving upward, because
when hot air rises, it transfers heat from the surface of the
earth to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The water
vapour it contains begins to cool, releases heat, condenses
and forms cloud. In a favourable condition, cloud grows
Atmospheric turbulent structures and their correlative factor
Fig. 10 The deviation of the (a) relative humidity and (b) air
temperature from the average in percentage (percentage deviation) for
the month of March and the deviation of the (c) relative humidity and
upward into areas where the temperature is below freezing.
The release of heat is due to the breaking up of large
vortices to the small vortices in the atmosphere which helps
to raise the fluid pocket upwards to form TS. Nonetheless,
during TS, a significant amount of energy is released. With
the increase in energy, the turbulence in the atmosphere
forms eddies and vortices [45, 46] of different sizes as
described by Richardson in 1922 [47]. As the energy
ascends, the larger vortices are reduced to smaller size and
finally after attaining a critical size, it breaks away from the
mainstream. In this process, the KE is transferred to the
ambient fluid as energetic fluid pockets [48]. Thus, the
scale size of the vortices is the important index for
841
(d) temperature from the average in percentage (percentage deviation)
for the month of April plotted for the year 2014
understanding growth and formation of Cn2 and Re,
especially during TS.
4. Conclusions
The analysis presented in this paper shows an association
between TS events, Cn2 and Re. The correlation coeffi-
cients between logCn2 and logRe increases approximately
by 50% during TS events compared to the NTS events,
clearly indicating the development of small scale struc-
tures in the atmosphere during TS. Therefore, Cn2 and Re
may be adopted as indices of the occurrence of TS.
842 Y Zahan et al

Fig. 11 The deviation of the (a) relative humidity and (b) air (d) temperature from the average in percentage (percentage deviation)
temperature from the average in percentage (percentage deviation) for for the month of April plotted for the year 2015
the month of March and the deviation of the (c) relative humidity and
Atmospheric turbulent structures and their correlative factor
Fig. 12 The deviation of the (a) relative humidity and (b) air
temperature from the average in percentage (percentage deviation) for
the month of March and the deviation of the (c) relative humidity and
However, further analysis is needed by quantifying eddy
structure responsible for growth and development of TS
processes.
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