GAS EXPANSION

LAB EXPERIMENT 2
EH243 3C
GROUP 3
MOHD AMIR HILMI BIN 2018441438
IBRAHIM
MADIHI BIN NORHADI 2018441524
NURFATINI AMAL BINTI CHE 2018657618
AB AZHAR
 ABSTRACT

This experiment involving a perfect gas or ideal gas has four experiment. An
equipment has been used which called Perfect gas expansion apparatus in order to
determine the properties of measurement and study the relationship between ideal gas and
various factor that can propose an understanding of First and second law of
thermodynamics. The objectives of this experiment successfully achieved. Boyle’s and
Gay-Lussac’s law was proven in this experiment when the ideal gas obey the law. The
volume ratio and heat capacity were also determined. In first experiment, we are
investigating about boyle’s law. We will compare the results with boyle’s law. The
experiment is run from pressurize chamber to atmospheric atmospheric to vacuum,
pressurized to vacuum chamber. Then take the pressure reading. For second experiment,
we are investigating about the relationship between pressure and ideal gas. For every
increment of 10 kPa from atmospheric pressure, and every decrement of 10kPa, the
temperature reading is taken and the graph is plotted. For last experiment, we are
investigating about isentropic expansion process, by releasing the gas inside chamber bit
by bit. The pressure and temperature reading is taken. The experiment was successful.
 INTRODUCTION

The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus from model TH11 is a sufficient bench top unit
designed in order to expose the student and familiar with the fundamental thermodynamic
processes. This experiment likely safe and more convenient to demonstrate
thermodynamic properties. The apparatus have two vessel, one is for pressurized chamber
and the other one is for vacuum chamber. This apparatus also equip with pressurized
pump and vacuum pump and several valve which can connect between chambers and also
to the surrounding. The chamber is made from glass that can withstand maximum
pressure of apparatus can operate.

The apparatus also equipped with temperature and pressure sensors for both tanks
which can be read on the board. These sensors used to monitor and manipulate the
pressure and temperature. The board displays the temperature and pressure in a digital
indicator that dealt with the PVT laws. Gas particles in the chamber collide with each
other and the walls which transfer momentum in each collision. The gas pressure is equal
to the momentum delivered to the wall per unit time. A single particles moves arbitrarily
along some direction until it strikes back and forth with wall and change direction and
speeds. Equations are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear motion of
conservation of energy.
An “ideal” gas exhibits certain theoretical properties. Specifically, an ideal gas …

•Obeys all of the gas laws under all conditions.

•Does not condense into a liquid when cooled.

•Shows perfectly straight lines when its V and T & P and T relationships are plotted
on a graph.The ideal gas law :

PV = nRT

P = Pressure (in kPa)

V = Volume (in L)

T = Temperature (in K)

n = moles

Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes are often desired and are often the
processes on which device efficiencies are based. An isentropic process is an idealization
of an actual process, and serves as a limiting case for an actual process.

OBJECTIVES

i. EXPERIMENT 1

The objectives of this experiment is to determine the relationship between pressure

and volume of an ideal gas and to compare the experimental results with theoretical
results.

ii. EXPERIMENT 2

The objectives of this experiment is to determine the relationship between pressure

and the temperature of an ideal gas.

iii. EXPERIMENT 3

The experiment is to demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.

iv. EXPERIMENT 4
 The experiment is to study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise
depressurization.

THEORY

Perfect Gas
Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charles’s law, Boyle’s law
and Gay-Lussac’s law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is none attractive
forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they collide between
atoms or molecules elastically with no intermolecular attractive forces. Some
assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the gasses are made
up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An equation had been
introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas equation of state:
𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑅(𝑉)

The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different value of
R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can be written
as:
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as they
has one constant property throughout the experiment where:

Boyle’s Law
The behavior real gas using parameter of pressure, temperature and volume is
considered at low density. Ideal gas also obeys the law of Boyle’s, Charles’s and Gay-
Lussac’s. Boyle’s lawdescribe the relationship between the pressure and the volume of
a gas. This law works when the pressure increase inversely with the volume of gas
where the temperature held constant along the process. The gas inside a system loosely
packed and move randomly. If the volume is reduce, then the pressure become high as
the molecules having less space to move, to hit the wall of container more frequently.

Figure 1: Graph of Boyle's Law

 Charles’s Law
Second law is Charles’s Law which involves with the effect of heat on the expansion
of gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout the process and the volume of
gas will go directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The moving molecules
increase their speed and hit the wall more frequently as the temperature getting higher
because the temperature transfer the heat of energy into the molecule. Thus, as the
speed increase and the frequency of collision increase, the volume of the container also
increase. Therefore the equation of Charles’s law simply show below where the k is a
constant. The temperature must be calculated in Kelvin unit. If the constant value of k is
not known then, the equation is derived as follow:

The relationship of volume and temperature of Charles’s law describe in a graph as

follow :
Figure 2: The graph of Charles's Law

Gay-Lussac’s Law

The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussac’s law where the volume of the
system become constant throughout the process. This law stated that the pressure and
temperature are in direct relation. That means as the pressure increase, the
temperature also increase. Temperature is a parameter for kinetic energy, as the
temperature increase, the kinetic energy also increase, therefore the frequency of
collision also increase which causing the pressure to be increase with the constant
volume. The equation below can prove the relationship between pressure and
temperature in a particular system with constantvolume.

Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the Gay-Lussac’s
law with constant volume. The conclusion is that the pressure directly proportional to
the temperature.

Figure 3: Graph of Gay-Lussac's Law

Stepwise Depressurization
Stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the chamber or tank step by
step slowly or gradually by flowing out the gas which they would expand at every
instant opened and closed in order to identify gradual changes in pressure and
temperature within the contrary decreases with the expansion.

Brief Depressurization
This is similar to stepwise depressurization but reduced in terms of time. The time
interval increased to a few seconds. This is to make sure that, the effect on the
pressure and temperature can be observe which can be compared later. The graph
should be more higher gradient.
Material and Apparatus
1) Gas
2) Gas Pump
3) Pressure Chamber
4) Vacuum Chamber

Gas Expansion Apparatus

Valve 1 Valve 2 Valve 3

Monitor Pressure and Temperature

Methodology

General Start-up

1. The equipment are connected to single phase power supply and the unit is switch
on.

2. Then, open all valves and the pressure reading panel. This is to make sure that
thechambers are under atmospheric pressure.

3. After that, close all the valves.

4. Next, connect the pipe from compressive port of the pump to pressure chamber orc
onnect the pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum chamber. The connect
mustnot does at the same time.

5. Now, the unit is ready to use.

Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law

1. The general start up procedure is performed. Make sure all valve are fully closed.

2. Compressive pump is switch on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increaseup to about 150kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the
chamber.

3. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitor until the reading stabilizes.

4. The pressure reading for both chambers is recorded before expansion.

5. Open V02 fully and allowed the pressurized air flow into the atmospheric chamber.

6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion is recorded.

7. The experiment is repeated under difference condition:

a)From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.

b)From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.

8.Then, calculated the PV value and prove the Boyles’ Law.

Experiment 2: Gay-Lusac Law

1. Perform the general start up. Make sure all e valves are fully closed.

2. The hose from the compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.

3. The compressive pump is switch on and the temperature for every increment of
10kPa in the chamber is recorded. The pump stop went the pressure PT1 reaches
about 160kPa.

4. Then, open valve V 01 and allowed the pressurized air to flow out. Recorded the
temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa.

5. Stop the experiment when the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure.

6. The experiment is repeated for 3 times to get the average value.

7. The graph of the pressure versus temperature Plot.

Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

1. The general start up is perform make sure all valve are fully closed.

2. The hose from compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.

3. The compressive pump is switch on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the
chamber.

4. The pressure reading inside is monitor until it is stabilizes. The pressure reading
PT1 and temperature reading TT1 are recorded.

5. Then, open the valve V 01 slightly and allow the air flow out slowly until it reach
atmospheric pressure.

6. The pressure of the reading and the temperature reading after the expansion process
are recorded.

7. The isentropic expansion process is discussed.

Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization.

1. The general start up is perform make sure all valve are fully closed

2. The hose from compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.

3. The compressive pump is switch on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the
chamber

4. The pressure reading inside is monitor until it is stabilizes. The pressure reading at
PT1 are recorded.

5. Valve V 01 will be opened fully and instantly closed. Pressure reading at PT 1 are
monitored until it becomes stable and recorded.

6. Step 5 must be repeated for at least four times.

7. Pressure reading are displayed using graph and discussed.

DATA AND RESULTS

Experiment I :

Conditions Pressure, kPa Temperature, oc

Pressure To Atmosphere Before PT1 - 150.2 TT1 – 31.5
(at Pressure Chamber)
PT2 - 102.8 TT2 – 31.0
After PT1 - 134.1 TT1 – 30.9
PT2 – 132.7 TT2 - 32.2
Atmospheric To Vaccum Before PT1 – 105.0 TT1 – 31.2
(at Vacuum Chamber)
PT2 – 58.1 TT2 – 30.8
After PT1 – 91.2 TT1- 31.0
PT2 – 89.7 TT2 – 32.0
Pressurized mixed Before PT1 – 154.1 TT1 – 32.8
Vacuum (at both of
PT2 – 55.2 TT2 – 30.5
Vaccum and Pressure
Chamber) After PT1 – 121.6 TT1- 31.2
PT2 - 120.3 TT2- 33.1

Experiment II :

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Pressure (kPa Temperature oc Temperature oc Temperature oc
abs)
Pressurise Depressuri Pressurise Depressur Pressurise Depressur
vessel se vessel vessel ise vessel vessel ise vessel
100 31.0 30.7 30.6 30.6 30.6 31.4
110 31.2 30.8 31.0 30.8 30.6 31.7
120 31.5 31.5 31.8 31.5 31.0 32.6
 130 32.1 32.2 32.7 32.2 31.6 33.6
140 33.1 33.3 33.7 33.2 32.6 34.6
150 34.0 34.7 34.5 33.6 33.5 35.7
160 34.8 35.9 34.9 34.8 34.4 35.5

Pressure Average Trial

(kPa abs)
Temperature oc
Pressurise vessel Depressurise vessel
100 30.73 30.90
110 30.93 31.10
120 31.43 31.87
130 32.13 32.67
140 33.13 33.70
150 34.00 34.67
160 34.70 35.40
Experiment III :

PT1 (kPa abs) TT1 (Oc)

Before Expansion 153.6 32.2
After Expansion 104.3 30.1

Experiment IV :

Initial Pressure First (open- Second (open- Third Fourth

(kPa abs) closed valve) closed valve) (open-
(open-closed valve)
closed
valve)
153.6 133.9 123.5 156.5 110.6
RESULT AND CALCULATION

Experiment I:

Conditions Pressure, kPa Temperature, oc

Pressure To Atmosphere (at Before PT1 - 150.2 TT1 – 31.5
Pressure Chamber) PT2 - 102.8 TT2 – 31.0
After PT1 - 134.1 TT1 – 30.9
PT2 – 132.7 TT2 -32.2
Atmospheric To Vaccum Before PT1 – 105.0 TT1 – 31.2
(at Vacuum Chamber) PT2 – 58.1 TT2 – 30.8
After PT1 – 91.2 TT1- 31.0
PT2 – 89.7 TT2 – 32.0
Pressurized mixed Vacuum Before PT1 – 154.1 TT1 – 32.8
(at both of Vaccum and PT2 – 55.2 TT2 – 30.5
Pressure Chamber) After PT1 – 121.6 TT1- 31.2
PT2- 120.3 TT2- 33.1

Ideal gas equation, PV=RT. For Boyle’s law, temperature is constant at room
temperature

Hence, R= 8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , T= 298 @ 25°C

i)From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber

P1 = 150.2 kPa, P2 = 134.1 kPa. Then 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 is calculated

𝑉1= RT/𝑃1

= (8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ,) (298.15 K) / (150.2 kPa)

= 16.50L

𝑉2= (8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) (298.15 K) / (134.1 kPa)

 = 18.48L

According to Boyle’s law: 𝑃1 𝑉1=𝑃2 𝑉2

𝑃1 𝑉1= (150.2kPa) (16.50L) = 2478.3 L.kPa

𝑃2 𝑉2 = (134.1kPa) (18.48L) = 2478.17 L.kPa

i) From the atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber P

𝑃1 = 105.0 kPa, 𝑃2 = 91.2 kPa. Then 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 is calculated

𝑉1 = RT/𝑃1
= (8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ,) (298.15 K) / (105.0 kPa)
= 23.61L

𝑉2 = (8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) (298.15 K) / (91.2 kPa)

= 27.18L

According to Boyle’s law: 𝑃1 𝑉1=𝑃2 𝑉2

𝑃1 𝑉1 = (105.0 kPa) (23.61L) = 2479.05 L.kPa

𝑃2 𝑉2 = (91.2 kPa) (27.18L) = 2478.82 L.kPa

ii) From pressure chamber to vacuum chamber

𝑃1 = 154.1 kPa, 𝑃2 = 121.6 kPa. Then 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 is calculated

𝑉1 = RT/𝑃1
= (8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ,) (298.15 K) / (154.1 kPa)
=16.09 L

𝑉2= (8.314 L kPa 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) (298.15 K) / (121.6 kPa)

=20.36 L
 According to Boyle’s law: 𝑃1 𝑉1=𝑃2 𝑉2

𝑃1 𝑉1= (154.1kPa) (16.09L) = 2479.47 L.kPa

𝑃2 𝑉2 = (121.6kPa) (20.36L) = 2475.78 L.kPa

Experiment II:

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Pressure (kPa Temperature oC Temperature oC Temperature oC
abs) Pressurize Depressuriz Pressurize Depressuri Pressurize Depressuri
vessel e vessel vessel ze vessel vessel ze vessel
100 31 30.7 30.6 30.6 30.6 31.4
110 31.2 30.8 31 30.8 30.6 31.7
120 31.5 31.5 31.8 31.5 31 32.6
130 32.1 32.2 32.7 32.2 31.6 33.6
140 33.1 33.3 33.7 33.2 32.6 34.6
150 34 34.7 34.5 33.6 33.5 35.7
160 34.8 35.9 34.9 34.8 34.4 35.5

Pressure Average Trial

(kPa abs) Temperature oC
Pressurize vessel Depressurize vessel
100 30.7 30.9
110 30.9 31.1
120 31.4 31.9
130 32.1 32.7
140 33.1 33.7
150 34.0 34.7
160 34.7 35.4
 Graph of Pressure vs Temperature
Temperature 36

34

32

30

28
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Pressure

Pressurise temperature Depressurise temperature

Experiment III:

PT1 (kPa abs) TT1 (Oc)

Before Expansion 153.6 32.2
After Expansion 104.3 30.1

k 1
T 2  P2  k
 
T 1  P1 
k 1
30.0 104.3
30.1  101k.31  k
T 2 = P 2  k 
33.9 153.6
32.2  .8 
 154
T 1  P1 
𝐾−1k 1
0.935 0.654
0.885=0.679 𝐾  kk1
30.0  101.3  k
   k 1 
330.9.885 
ln  .8   ln 0.654
154
 k k 1
0.885  0k.654
 1  k
 1.22     0.425
 kk 1 
ln 0.885    ln 0.654
 𝑘−1
𝑙𝑛0.935 = [ ] 𝑙𝑛0.679
𝑘
𝑘−1
−0.067 = [ ] (−0.387)
𝑘
𝑘−1
0.173 = [ ]
𝑘
0.173𝑘 = 𝑘 − 1

𝑘 = 1.23

Experiment IV:

Initial First (open- Second Third Fourth

Pressure closed (open- (open- (open-
(kPa abs) valve) closed closed closed
valve) valve) valve)
156.5 156.5 139.8 128.3 118.3
152.4 136.5 125.3 115.2
148.2 133.4 122.8 113.7
144.7 130.2 120.4 111.3
139.8 128.3 118.3 108.3

1st Expansion
160
156.5
155
152.4
150
148.2
145 144.7

140 139.8

135

130
1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading 4th Reading 5th Reading

Graph of response of pressurized vessel following stepwise

depressurization
 2nd Expansion
142
140 139.8
138
136 136.5
134 133.4
132
130 130.2
128 128.3
126
124
122
1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading 4th Reading 5th Reading

Graph of response of pressurized vessel following stepwise

depressurization

3rd Expansion
130
128.3
125 125.3
122.8
120 120.4
118.3
115

110
1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading 4th Reading 5th Reading

Graph of response of pressurized vessel following stepwise

depressurization

4th Expansion
120
118 118.3
116
115.2
114 113.7
112
111.3
110
108 108.3
106
104
102
1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading 4th Reading 5th Reading

Graph of response of pressurized vessel following stepwise

depressurization
DISCUSSION
The first experiment was Boyle’s Law which is according to the law,
P1V1=P2V2. By calculating using the data acquired during the experiment, it shown
that P1V1 value is close to the value P2V2, Thus, this shows that there is error while
conducting the experiment. This error maybe happened because of human error which
is some of our member are not aware with the pressure drop. Another reason why we
got the error reading was we do not wait until the pressure truly stabilized. Hence, we
can say that the experiment to prove Boyle’s law is successful.

From the ideal gas equation, PV=RT the volume is calculated for each of the
pressure of the experiment 1. In first condition, the pressurized to the atmospheric the
value of volume are V1=15.5L then expend V2 =18.48L. In the second condition,
atmospheric to vacuum the volume are V1 =23.61L then expend to V2 =27.18L. For
the last condition pressurized to vacuum, the reading is taken separately for pressure
chamber and vacuum chamber. In pressure chamber, V1= 16.09L before expansion
while V2= 20.36L after expansion.
 In the experiment 2, according to Gay-Lussac law where the pressure is
proportional to temperature. From the plotted graph, the pressure is proportional to
temperature where it follows the Gay-Lussac Law. As the pressure is increased the
temperature also increases in a constant volume. In the graph, the depressurized is line
has a higher temperature as the pressure increase than pressurize line in the graph that
show in the result.

For the third experiment that is isentropic experiment where the isentropic
expansion process happen went both reversible and adiabatic, there will be no heat
transferred within the system, and no energy transformation occurs.
Given that,
pVk= constant
Where, k is constant. Given the value of temperature and pressure before and
after expansion, we can find the value of k Thus, the calculated value of k in this
experiment is 1.23.In this experiment the pressure is drop from 153.6kPa to 104.3kPa
and the temperature also decrease from 32.2 °C to 30.1°C.This is because due to the
volume is kept constant thus the temperature and pressure is increase. In fact, during
contact this experiment no heat flow occurs in the system and no energy
transformation change .Therefore, the change of the gas in entropy also is zero. In
conclude that, when isentropic expansion processes the work done by the gas is equal
the decrease in the internal energy of gas.

Lastly, for the experiment 4 which is stepwise depressurization. In this

experiment, we can conclude that every time we open the valve instantly whether in
short period, it will effect most of the gas molecule. If the pressure is higher, there are
more gas molecule will effect even the valve is open instantly. This is because gas
molecule are moving freely and light and even smaller.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion , the experiment is conducted to determining the PVT
measurement properties based on Boyle’s Law, Gay-Lussac Law, Isentropic
expansion process and Stepwise depressurization. All of the experiment can
determine the properties of gases under few condition for each of the experiment.
During conducting the experiment we make some parallax error and error in
measuring time. However, we still can manage to get the result to prove the
hypothesis that when pressure decrease the volume will increase and vice versa for
Boyle’s Law experiment. In fact,the result shown that the Gay-Lusac law is where
pressure is proportional to temperature. For Isentropic expansion process, the
experiment was completed with no error and problem. In a nutshell, this experiment
is successfully done and the objective of the experiment is achieved.