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Lukas Wihardjo
Apr-2014
QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION - QUICKLOOK
Qualitative Interpretation - Quicklook
• Three quick look (qualitative) methods exist for rapidly locating pay (oil
or gas) from logs without performing calculations (next section).
• The three quick look methods are:
– Side by side technique
– Overlay technique
– Neutron-Density Crossover
• Logs are scaled so both the resistivity and porosity curves move in the
same direction (left or right) in water filled zones.
• Resistivity increases to the right.
• Porosity decreases to the right (decreasing porosity causes increasing
resistivity).
• As the porosity varies, both the porosity and resistivity curves will move
in the same direction (right or left) as long as the rock is water filled.
• If the rock contains hydrocarbons, the resistivity and porosity curves will
go in opposite directions.
• These last two statements are the basis for qualitative hydrocarbon
detection.
• Shale reduces the amount of separation, but the effect still holds true.
Side by Side Technique (2)
• Lay the resistivity and porosity logs side by side with depths aligned.
• Only three things cause the resistivity to go to high values:
– Low porosity
– Hydrocarbons
– Fresh Water (discarded by local area knowledge)
• Look for any place where the resistivity increases. Check to see if the
porosity decreases there. If the porosity decreases, the zone is most
likely water bearing (resistivity increase due to decreasing porosity). If
the porosity increases (or remains the same), this is a potential
hydrocarbon bearing zone.
• The zone one wants to find has high resistivity AND high porosity
(hydrocarbon bearing).
• This side by side technique is a good, first, fast-look method.
Exercise - Side by Side Technique
Is there a water
zone, where is the
OWC?
Other Techniques
• Overlay Technique
– The overlay technique consists of laying the resistivity log on top the porosity
log on a light table, with depths aligned. Slide the resistivity log left or right
(sideward) to align the deep resistivity curve on top the porosity curves in a
clean high porosity zone.
– Maintain this same relative position and examine the overlaid logs over the
entire log.
– The logs (deep resistivity and porosity) should track each other fairly well,
except in hydrocarbon bearing zones. In hydrocarbon bearing zones the
resistivity will lie significantly to the right of the porosity curves. Look for this
separation of resistivity curve to the right of the porosity curves, making sure
the two curves remain on top each other in water sands.
• Neutron-Density Crossover
– It consists of looking at only the neutron-density curves for crossover and
mirror imaging. Such crossover with mirror imaging means gas is present.
Nothing else causes such a response. Be sure the mirror imaging is
present, as washouts or lithology can cause mere crossover .
Low Resistivity Pay
S w = S w irr + S w "free"
oil
Matrix
R0
F
Rw
– F: Formation Factor.
R0
Snw
Rt
a Rw
S
n
w
m
Rt
Archie’s Saturation Equation
a Rw
S
n
w
m
Rt
• The Archie equation is hence very simple. It links porosity and resistivity
with the amount of water present, Sw.
• Increasing porosity,, will reduce the saturation for the same Rt.
• Increasing Rt for the same porosity will have the same effect.
Invaded Zone
• The same method can be applied to the invaded zone. The porosity is
identical, the lithology is assumed to be the same, hence the constants
a, n, m are the same.
• The changes are the resistivities which are now Rxo and Rmf measured
by the MSFL tool.
• Observations suggest: 1
Sxo Sw 5
5
• Hence: R xo R t 8
Sw
R mf R w
• m = 2,
• n = 2,
• a=1
• m = 2.15,
a Rw
S
n
• n = 2,
w
• a = 0.62 m
Rt
Rw determination
• Rw is an important parameter.
– Sources include:
• Client.
• SP.
• RFT sample.
Rw Rt 2
• Procedure is to:
– Read the lowest value over a porous zone which contains water
1
Sw R xo R t 2
Sxo R mf R w
• The value of Rmf is measured; Rxo and Rt are measured, the value of
Rw can be calculated.
Other Archie Parameters
Plotting on a log-log scale, slope will give ‘m’, and the intercept
‘a’ . The assumption is that m is constant through the entire
reservoir.
M relationship to secondary porosity
1 1
Sw Vc l *
1
Vcl
2
Rt
Rc l
Rw
e
• Nigeria Equation
2
1 V 1.4 e n
m
2
cl Sw
Rt Rcl aRw
• Waxman-Smits Equation
2
1 Sw B Qv Sw
* *
Rt F Rw F
Ct
t
m n
Swt
Cw
Swb
Cwb Cw
a
Swt
Saturation Equations (2)
• It splits the clay into dry clay and its associated water, called
bound water
hy drocarbon hy
ef f ectiv e
porosity
f ar
e wf + hy
wf
water =
total
porosity
t bound
wb
f luids water
Vcl
unit dry
Vdcl wet clay
v olume clay
solids
clean
matrix
Clean to Shale
t
M atrix Far Wate r
t
M atrix
t
M atrix Dry Colloid
t
Dry Colloid Bound wate r
Dual Water definitions
The total porosity is given by
t e wb t 1 Swb t Swb
the porosities are combined to give the saturations of the fluids present
wb
Swb
t saturation of bound water
wf
Swf saturation of free water (this is Sw)
t
hy
Sh y Hydrocarbon saturation
t
Rw
2
S wt
t2 Rt
where;
Swt - total water saturation
t - total porosity
Rt - true formation resistivity
Rw - resistivity of the water(s)
– Swt = 1
t2 * Rt = Rw
– Swt = 1
t2 * Rt = Rw
• These are the two end points. To give a universal solution they are combined
linearly using the volume of shale.
Practical DWM
The standard equation for the water saturation is expressed in terms of the
conductivity, as it is linear.
n
m S S
C t t w t Cw f w b Cw b C w f
a Sw t
2 Ct F0
Swt x x
Cw
where
The equations give total water saturation Swt and total porosity
t. These have to be transformed into effective saturation, Sw
and effective porosity, wf (or e)
Swt Swb
Sw
1 Swb
wf t Swt Swb
Dual water equation solution
This derivation of the Dual Water equations is valid for any rock
with any mixture of fluids
Porosity Porosity
Shale
Matrix Matrix
Matrix Matrix
Clay Minerals
b N (thermal) Pe
• Density and sonic logs react to the porosity and matrix changes.
GRlog GRmin
Vcl
GRmax GRmin
• or
SPlog SPmin
Vcl
SPmax SPmin
Shale Volume (2)
• The next major step in the procedure is lithology identification. Lithology data
gives information on porosity and other parameters.
• Simple
• Dirty
• Complex
Lithology Determination
• Combines properties
from both
measurements, thus
eliminating ambiguities.
The most common
crossplot is the Density
Neutron.
Volume
• Formation model:
• Water-bearing, mono-mineral.
• This formation can be described by the density tool and the neutron tool.
b mf ma 1
n mf ma 1
• 2 equations for 1 unknown:
• system is over-determined.
– for limestone: Nma = 0
– for sand: Nma = 0.04
Crossplot Solution
• The plot is a straight line from the matrix point to the 100% porosity,
water point. It is scaled in porosity.
Neutron-density X-plot (1)
1 = Ø + Vm1 + V m2
(Material Balance Equation)
The plot now has two lines, one from each matrix point. The equi-porosity lines join the lines, any
point falling between can be assigned its porosity the zero porosity line is scaled in ratio (or percent)
of the two minerals. This can be extended to the water point. Points falling inside the lines can be
subdivided in mineral percent
Dual mineral plot expanded
Crossplot example
This is a typical
frequency
crossplot. The
lines are the
limestone,
sandstone and
dolomite lithology
lines
Z-axis Plot
Other Crossplots
• ma - Uma
• b - Pe
• MID plot (n, b, t)
• MN plot (n, b, t)