Networking commond:-

Arp
Display or manipulate the ARP information on a network device
or computer.

Hostname
The hostname command displays the host name of the
Windows XP computer currently logged into.

Finger
The finger command available in Unix and Linux variants allows
a user to find sometimes personal information about a user.
This information can include the last time the user logged in,
and when they read their e-mail, etc. If the user creates a
.PLAN or other related file the user can also display additional
information.

Ipconfig
Ipconfig is an MS-DOS utility that can be used from MS-DOS
and an MS-DOS shell to display the network settings currently
assigned and given by a network. This command can be
utilized to verify a network connection as well as to verify your
network settings.Windows 2000 users should use this
command to determine network information.

Pathping
Pathping is an MS-DOS utility available for Microsoft Windows
2000 and Windows XP users. This utility enables a user to find
network latency and network.

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Ping
Ping is one of the most commonly used network commands
that allows you to ping a network IP address. Pinging an IP
address helps determine if the network card can communicate
within the local network or outside network.

Nbtstat
The nbtstat MS-DOS utility that displays protocol statistics and
current TCP/IP connections using NBT.

Net
The net command is available in MS-DOS and Windows and is
used to set, view, and determine network settings.

Netstat
The netstat command is used to display the TCP/IP network
protocol statistics and information.

Nslookup
The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to do
a reverse lookup on an IP address of a domain or host on a
network.

Route
The route MS-DOS utility enables computers to view and
modify the computer's route table.

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Tracert and traceroute
The tracert command in MS-DOS and Windows (known
as traceroute in Unix-like operating systems) is a useful tool
for diagnosing network issues. It allows you to view a listing of
how a network packet travels through the network and where it
may fail or slow down. Using this information you can
determine the computer, router, switch or other network
device possibly causing your network issues.

Whois
The whois command available in Unix and Linux variants helps
allow a user to identify a domain name. This command
provides information about a domain name much like the
WHOIS on network solutions. In some cases the domain
information will be provided from Network Solutions.

Winipcfg
The winipcfg command available in Windows allows a user to
display network and network adapter information. Here, a user
can find such information as an IP address, Subnet Mask,
Gateway, etc.

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Types of Network Topology

Network Topology is the schematic description of a network

arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender and receiver)
through lines of connection.

BUS Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and
network device is connected to single cable. When it has
exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.

Steps as follow:
1. Select hub,four switch and foue computer.
2. Use copper cable and connect them.
3. Assign all ip address,except switch.
4. Send a message and send it from pc3.

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5. Result successfully as show in fig.

STAR Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a
single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all
others nodes are connected to the central node.

Steps as follow:
1. Select four computer and hub,drag them in editor.
2. Use copper cable to connect them.
3. Assign all ip address to computer,except hub.
4. Select a message and send to pc1 to pc2.

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MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All
the network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has n(n-
1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

Steps as follow:

1. Select four switch and four computer.

2. Use copper cable to connect them.
3. Assign ip address to all of them expect switch.
4. Send a message to pc1 to pc2.

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TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it
forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It
should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Steps as follow:

1.Select 5 hub,6 computer and drag to editor.

2.Use cooper cable for connect them .
3.Assign ip address to all except hubs.
4.Select a message from pc1 to pc2.

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Ring Topology
A ring network is a network topology in which each node
connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single
continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring.
Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way
handling every packet.

Steps are as follow:

1. Select 5 switch and 5 computer.
2. Use copper wire to connect them.
3. Assign ip address to all except hubs.
4. Send message to pc0 to pc5.

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Hybride Topolgy
It is an integration of two or more topologies to form a resultant topology.

Steps are as follow:

1. Select 1hub,6 hub and 8 computer.
2. Use cooper wire and connect them.
3. Assign ip address to all except hub.