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BENDING MEMBERS
General
- The usual requirement for a beam design is to provide
sufficient resistance to bending moment
- However in some cases it is also necessary to consider
other criteria such as shear or lateral-torsional buckling
- In general, to design such members, the structure should
be checked for the following at critical sections;
1. Combination of bending and shear force
2. Deflection
3. Lateral restraint
4. Local buckling
5. Web bearing and buckling
Types of restraining
condition of beam
1. Restrained beam
A beam where the compression flange is
restrained against lateral deflection and rotation.
Only vertical deflection exists.
2. Unrestrained beam
The compression flange is not
restrained from deflect laterally
and rotate about the plan of the
section which is called lateral
torsional buckling.
Three component of
displacement i.e. vertical,
horizontal and torsional
displacement
Laterally restrained beam
Cases where beams can be designed as fully restrained
along the spans:
1. Beams carrying in-situ reinforced concrete slabs.
The friction of concrete floor to the compression flange of
the beam can be assumed to provide full lateral restraint
(Figure 3.1).
2. Beams with steel decking flooring system, with or without
shear studs or by sufficient bracing member added.
The shear studs function as a simple concrete anchor and
can be employed to provide a permanent bond between
steel and concrete; enabling the two materials to act
compositely (i.e steel beam and concrete slab can act as
one component) Figure 3.2.
As a result of full lateral restraint along the
compression flange of the beam, bending will
only take place about y-x plane.
Ly/Lx 2.0
Ly
Beam
Baem
Beam
Lx
Slab
Beam
One-way Spanning Slab
Two-way Spanning Slab
Ly/Lx 2.0
Ly
Beam
Beam
Baem
Lx
Slab
Beam
Two-way Spanning Slab
Precast Concrete Slab
Ly/Lx 2.0, one-way slab
Precast concrete
Ly/Lx 2.0, one-way slab
hollow-core
SLAB
Ly
Ly
Lx
Lx
One way
direction
One way
direction
Ly Ly
Lx Lx
Ly/Lx 2.0,
Ly/Lx 2.0,
one-way slab
two-way slab
Beam-to-column
connection
SECONDARY
BEAM
FLOOR PLAN
MAIN BEAM
Main
beam Secondary
Column beam
Main
beam
Main beam Secondary
beam
Example 3.1: Load distribution
Figure below shows a portion of plan view of a building. The slab
system is precast slab with loading as below:
Permanent action, Gk
- self weight of precast slab, brick wall and furnishing = 5.0kN/m2
Variable action, Qk = 4.0kN/m2
Determine the shear force and moment maximum for beam 1/A-B.
I I 1
Pre-cast
4.0m
panel
I 5.0m
I 2
A B
Design checks for laterally restrained beam
• Shear resistance, Clause 6.2.6
• Bending moment resistance, Clause 6.2.5
• Deflection
Shear resistance, Clause 6.2.6
The design shear resistance of a cross-section,
(Clause 6.2.6 EC3) , is denoted by Vc,Rd,
VEd
Shear check 1 .0
Vc ,Rd
In the absence of torsion, the shear resistance may be taken as
the design plastic shear resistance, V pl, Rd
A Main beam
Av ( f y / 3 )
V pl , Rd
M0 A
Column
≈ 0.6 fy
The yield strength in shear is taken as fy/√3 and this is used in a
plastic shear resistance formulation.
Shear buckling
The resistance of the web to shear buckling should
also be checked, though this is unlikely to affect cross-
sections of standard hot-rolled proportions.
235
where ; 1.0 ( from UK NA)
fy
Example 3.2: Shear resistance
Assignment 2
Bending moment resistance,
Clause 6.2.5
Bending and shear
(Clause 6.2.8)
• Bending moment and shear force acting in
combination on structural members is
commonplace.
• However, in the majority of cases (particularly
when standard rolled section are adopted), the
effect of shear force on moment resistance is
negligible and may be ignored.
• Clause 6.2.8(2) states that if the applied shear
force is less than half the plastic shear resistance,
its effect on the moment resistance may be
neglected
For cases where the applied shear force is greater than
half the plastic shear resistance of the cross section, the
moment resistance should be calculated using a reduced
design strength for the shear area, given by the equation;
fyr = (1-ρ)fy
where ρ = [(2VEd/Vpl,Rd)-1)2
where, Aw = hw tw
Example 3.3: Cross-section resistance
under combined bending and shear
A short-span (1.4m), simply supported, laterally
restrained beam is to be designed to carry a central
point load of 1050kN as shown in Fig.1. The
arrangement resulted in a maximum design shear
force VEd of 525kN and a maximum design bending
moment MEd of 367.5kNm. In this example a
406x178x74 UB in grade S275 steel is assessed for
its suitability for this application.
Deflection
Excessive deflections may impair the function of a
structure, for example, leading to cracking of
plaster, misalignments of crane rails, causing
difficulty in opening doors, etc.
NA to BS EN 1993-1-1:2005
Design situation Deflection limit
Cantilevers Length/180
Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360
Other beams (except purlins and sheeting rails) Span/200
Purlins and sheeting rails To suit cladding
Horizontal deflection limits NA.2.24
NA to BS EN 1993-1-1:2005
Design situation Deflection limit
Tops of columns in single storey buildings, except portal
Height/300
frames
Columns in portal frame buildings, not supporting crane
To suit cladding
runways
In each storey of a building with more than one storey Height of storey/300
Variable actions:
Uniformly distributed load q1 = 30kN/m
Concentrate load Q1 = 50kN
The variable actions are not due to storage and are not
independent of each other
STEP:
1)Load, MEd, VEd
2)Cross-section classification
3)Shear resistance (also shear buckling)
(6.2.6)
4)Bending moment resistance (6.2.5) and also
check bending & shear (6.2.8)
5)Resistance of the web to transverse forces
- only required when there is bearing on the
beam (refer to BS EN 1993-1-5 Clause 6 –
Resistance to transverse force)
6)Deflection
Laterally unrestrained beam
• Lateral torsional buckling is the member buckling
mode associated with slender beams loaded about
their major axis, without continuous lateral
restraint.
• The prime factors that influence the buckling
strength of beams are un-braced span, cross
sectional shape, type of end restraint and
distribution of moment.
Cross-sectional and member bending
resistance must be verified
Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
(6.3.2.3)