14

594 Chapter 14
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FIG. 14.4 Steel forging for sample calculations.

For this part the flash parameters can be obtained from Eqs, 14.1 and
14.2.
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TABLE 14.3 Draft Allowances for Forgings

Hammer dies Press dies

Materials External Internal External Internal
Steels
Aluminum alloys 5-7° 7-10° 3-5° 5-7°
Titanium alloys
Ni-based alloys
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p/l.

(b)

FIG. 14.9 Typical blocker cross sections compared to the finish forging cross sections,

606 Chapter 14
FIG. 14.10 Forging sequence design for a connecting rod. (a) Mass distribution stages,
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Forging Data:

Forging Shape Complexity Factor, Fft

Second Digit <=1.5 >1.5and<=3.0
1.0 1.0 1.25 0.75
0
2 3
1.05 0.9 1.3 0.7
1
2 3
1.0 1.0 1.25 0.75
2
2 3
1.05 0.9 1.3 0.7
3 2 3
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Forging Data:

Forging Shape Complexity Factor, Fjc

Second Digit <=2.0 >2.0 and <= 5.0
1.05 0.9 1.15 0.85
0
4 5

1.25 0.65 1.35 0.6

1
4 5
Design for Hot Forging 635

Example: For the sample part the following data are available: Number of
surface patches, Ns, is 7 and therefore Ms = 7/78.6 = 0.089. The average
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where Apb is the punch block area, given by I/plt W^ and Flck is a lock factor
equal to 0.06 unless the die split line is cranked, in which case the factor is
0.065.
Design for Hot Forging 641

14.14.2 Billet Heating Costs

The costs for heating the billet or bar end to the appropriate forging
temperature can be estimated by determining the energy costs for heating.
These can be
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