HUMAN RESPIRATION

Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani

Student ID : B1B017031
Group : VI
Subgroup :2
Assistant : Ita Purwati

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background

Respiration is the process of decomposing complex organic compounds into

simple compounds. Most respiration processes occur in mitochondria. The other part
of the process takes place in the cytosol (Dartius, 1999). The amount of breathing
can indicate the heart rhythm and the exchange of gas in the blood. Based on medical
research, the amount of breathing is considered a marker of lung dysfunction (Das,
2013).
Respiration is the process of exchanging gas oxygen (O2) from the air by
living organisms that are used for a series of metabolisms that will produce carbon
dioxide (CO2) that must be released. Every living thing does breathing to get O2
oxygen which is used for burning food substances in body cells. Respiratory devices
and breathing mechanisms between invertebrate animals and vertebrate animals are
different (Waluyo, 2010).
All body cells of living things need oxygen for the process of producing
energy that occurs in cells, but only a small amount of oxygen available in the body,
therefore the supply of oxygen must continue (Supeni, 1994). The main respiratory
system functions to carry out oxygen uptake by blood and for the disposal of carbon
dioxide. Respiratory tissue is the place where the gas exchange occurs in the lungs,
located inside the chest cavity. The chest cavity is a closed cavity. The lungs are
connected to the external environment through a series of channels, namely the nose,
pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. The channel is relatively rigid and remains
open, and the whole is a conduction part of the respiratory system (Leeson & Paparo,
1996).

B. Purpose
The purpose of this laboratory activity is to measure the normal inspiration
and expiration volume from the respiration (tidal volume), to measure the amount of
lung capacity that could be filled with respiration air (vital capacity), and measure
the amount of lung volume that could accommodate the normal respiration air during
a minute (total volume).
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Material
The materials that used in this practice are human and water.
The tools that used in this practice are beaker glass, measuring glass, plastic
hoses, and aquarium.

B. Methods
2.1. Tidal Volume
1. Exhale to the end of the hose is channeled into beaker in a basin and then loose
ends of the hose.
2. Seeing the scales of the beaker, observe the volume of air that arise after you
exhale. The volume of air shows the tidal volume respirations.
3. Repeat measurements on: male, female, and running people.
2.2. Vital capacityof the lung
1. Inhale deeply as hard as possible, then quickly exhale into the beaker glass throw
the tip of the hose as hard as possible.
2. Detach the hose from your mouth immediatelly.
3. Observe the scale on the beaker glass that showing the volume of air thas has been
exhaled. That volume is defined as the vital capasity of your lung.
4. Repeat measurments on male and female.
2.3. Total volume
1. Calculate the number of respiration per minutes (15” x 4).
2. The number of tidal volume X the number of respiration per minutes cnorinal
respiration and after perform and running activity).
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
Table 3.1. The Result of Observation of Human Respiration Entourage VI
Volume Tidal (mL) Volume Total (mL) Vital Capacity
Group Before After Before After (mL)
M F M F M F M F M F
1. 1930 980 1740 1354 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2.000 1880
2. 1730 1180 >2000 1500 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1730
3. 1500 925 940 1155 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1490
4. 1800 1250 1380 1530 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1980

Calculation of Group 2 :

a. Volume Total Before (Male)

Number of breaths per minutes = 8 x 4
= 32 mL/minute
Tidal volume mL water = 1730 mL
Total Volume = Volume tidal x Number of breaths per
minutes
= 1730 x 32
= 55.360 mL/minute
b. Total Volume Before (Female)
Number of breaths per minutes = 7 x 4
= 28 mL/menit
Tidal Volume mL air = 1180 mL
Total Volume = Volume tidal x Number of breaths per
minutes
= 1180 x 28
= 33.040 mL/minute
c. Volume Total After (Male)
Number of breaths per minutes = 20 x 4
= 80 mL/menit
Tidal Volume mL air = 2000 mL
Total Volume = Volume tidal x Number of breaths per
minutes
 = 2000 x 80
= 160.000 mL/minute

d. Volume Total After (Female)

Number of breaths per minutes = 17 x 4
= 68 mL/menit
Tidal Volume mL air = 1500 mL
Total Volume = Volume tidal x Number of breaths per
minutes
= 1500 x 68
= 102.000 mL/minute
B. Discussion
Based on data from human respiration trial results of group VI, it was found
that total volume respiration in normal male (before running) group 2 was as much as
55,360 ml / minute, while in female (before running) it was 33,040 ml / minute. The
total volume in male (after running) as much as 160,000 ml / minute, while in female
(after running) as many as 102,000 ml / minute. The air volume of breathing in each
person varies, depending on the size of the lungs, the strength of breathing, and how
to breathe. This is in accordance with Pearce (2009), namely the longer the activity,
the frequency of breathing increases due to strong body movements using a lot of
oxygen in the muscle that gives energy to activity, will cause an increase in the
amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and consequently enlargement of lung
ventilation the lung so that the impulse stimulates the respiratory center.
Respiration is a process of exchanging oxygen gas (O2) from the air by living
organisms that are used for a series of metabolisms that will produce carbon dioxide
(CO2) that must be released because it is not needed by the body. Every living thing
does breathing to get O2 oxygen which is used for burning food substances in body
cells. Respiration of every living creature is not the same, in invertebrate animals
have respirators and respiratory mechanisms that are different from vertebrate
animals (Waluyo, 2010).
Respiration is the process of exchanging air between organisms and the
environment. Respiracy consists of the process of taking oxygen (O2) and then
circulating it to cells and removing carbon dioxide (CO2). Oxygen obtained from
extracellular respiration is then used for intracellular respiration. This oxygen is then
used in intracellular respiration to remodel carbohydrates to produce energy. The
respiratory process requires oxygen to oxidize glucose. This intracellular respiration
produces a residual substance called CO2. This remaining substance must be
removed because of toxicity (Mayasari, 2018).
Intracellular respiration is an aerobic metabolism that produces CO2. This
residual level rises in the cell's extracellular fluid and blood. The combination of
CO2 with water in the blood plasma or between red blood cells forms carbonic acid
(H2CO3) which is a combination of H and HCO3-. Breathing is taking oxygen from
the air and delivering it to the tissues. Oxygen is used for glucose oxidation, so that
energy is released in phosphate bonds (ATP). There are creatures that do not need
oxygen from the air as an oxidizer, called breathing anaerobically (without air).
Whereas creatures that need oxygen as an oxidizing agent to produce energy are
called breathing aerobically (with air). In fact, the two breathing methods can occur
in one individual, as found in tall animals (mammals). If oxygen is lacking or absent,
tissue can breathe anaerobically. The chemical reaction that occurs when the food is
called the Embden-Meyerhorf reaction, and ATP that occurs is far less than what
happens when breathing aerobically (Yatim, 1987). The inspiratory phase of nasal
breathing was associated with increased power in the delta frequency range in each
of five patients in PC, and seven patients in amygdala and hippocampus, with effects
surviving statistical correction for multiple comparisons. The relevance of nasal
airflow for respiratory cortical entrainment was established in separate experiments
where three patients breathed through either the nose or the mouth. The effects of
nasal breathing on cognition were sustained even when subjects were asked to hold
their mouth open, helping to control for attentional confounds that might have arisen
during the oral breathing experiment (Zelano et al., 2016).
According to Haq (2011) respiration mechanisms in humans are of two kinds,
namely chest breathing and abdominal breathing.
1. Chest breathing
Breathing The chest is breathing that involves the muscles between the ribs. Chest
breathing takes place in 2 stages, namely:
• Inspiration, occurs when the muscles between the outer ribs contract, the ribs lift,
the volume of the chest cavity enlarges, the lungs expand, so that the air pressure
becomes smaller than atmospheric air, so that air enters.
• Expiration, occurs when the muscle between the outer ribs relaxes, the ribs will be
attracted to the original position, the volume of the chest cavity decreases, the air
pressure of the chest cavity increases, the air pressure in the lungs is higher than the
atmospheric air, resulting in air coming out.
2. Abdominal breathing
Abdominal breathing is a breathing whose mechanism involves the activity of the
diaphragm muscles that restrict the abdominal cavity and chest cavity. Abdominal
breathing also takes place in two stages, namely:
• Inspiration, occurs when the diaphragm muscles contract, the diaphragm flattens
causing the volume of the chest cavity to enlarge so that the air pressure shrinks and
followed by the expanding lungs resulting in air pressure in the lungs smaller than
atmospheric pressure, so that air enters the lungs.
• Expiration, beginning with the diaphragm muscles relaxing and the abdominal wall
muscles contracting causing the diaphragm to rise and curve pressing against the
chest cavity, so that the volume of the chest cavity decreases and the pressure
increases so that the air in the lungs comes out. Abdominal breathing generally
occurs during sleep.
The function of the human respiration system is to provide oxygen needed by
tissues and eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2). Oxygen is transported by blood by
reaction with hemoglobin (Hb). CO2 affinity for Hb is 250 times higher than O2. The
presence of oxygen in the blood reduces the capacity of the blood to bind O2 which
results in the absence of oxygen in the tissues (Neto, 2008).
According to Fatmawati (2015), based on where the O2 and CO2 gas
exchange occurs, breathing is divided into two, namely:
1. External respiration (external respiration), is the exchange of O2 in the alveolus
with CO2 in the blood.
2. Deep breathing (internal respiration), is the exchange of O2 gas with CO2 from the
bloodstream with body cells.
According to Jasin (1989), there are four types of air volume in the lungs, including:
1. Volume of residue (VR), which is the volume of air remaining in the lungs when
exhaling with all its might.
2. Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRV), which is the maximum air volume that can still
be inserted into the lungs after carrying out normal inspiration.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), which is the volume of air that can still be
removed from the lungs after normal expiration.
4. Tidal volume (TV), which is the volume of air coming in and out of the lungs
during normal breathing.
According to Soemantri (2007), there are four types of lung capacity, including:
1. Inspiration Capacity (Inspiration Capacity - IC)
Inspiration capacity is the amount of air that can be inserted into the lungs after
the end of expiration normally (IC = IRV + TV). This capacity shows the amount
of air that can be inhaled after the expiration level normally until the lungs expand
optimally.
2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Functional residual capacity is the normal amount of air in the lungs at the end of
expiration (FRC = ERV + RV). This capacity is meaningful to maintain O2 and
 CO2 levels which are relatively stable in the alveoli during the process of
inspiration and expiration.
3. Vital Capacities (Vital Capacity - VC)
Vital capacity is the maximum air volume that can enter and exit the lungs during
one respiratory cycle, namely after maximal inspiration and maximal expiration
(VC = IRV + TV + ERV). Vital capacity is meaningful to describe the ability to
develop the lungs and chest.
4. Total Lung Capacity (Total Lung Capacity - TLC)
Lung capacity = total lung which is the maximum amount of air that can fill the
lungs (TLC = VC + RV). The maximum TCL value in men is ± 6000 ml while in
women ± 4200 ml.
Several factors that can affect the speed of respiratory frequency according to
Irianto (2004) include:
1. Age, toddlers have a faster breathing frequency than seniors, because getting older
will make breathing intensity decrease.
2. Gender, male have faster breathing frequency than female.
3. Body temperature, the higher the body temperature (fever), the faster the breathing
frequency.
4. Position or state of the body, the frequency of breathing standing position faster
than the sitting position, the frequency of breathing sleeping position is seen faster
than the prone position.
5. Activity, the higher the activity, the faster the breathing frequency, for example the
respiratory frequency increases when walking or running compared to a stationary
position.
 IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results it can be concluded that human respiration trial results of
group VI, it was found that total volume respiration in normal male (before running)
group 2 was as much as 55,360 ml / minute, while in female (before running) it was
33,040 ml / minute. The total volume in male (after running) as much as 160,000 ml /
minute, while in female (after running) as many as 102,000 ml / minute. The air
volume of breathing in each person varies, depending on the size of the lungs, the
strength of breathing, and how to breathe.
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