The question concerning the pioper value for the zero-sequence waveshapes to determine the dominant frequencies could be

impedance is difficult to answer. Effects of the ground return
path are such that zero-sequence resistance and inductance both
contain frequency terms, as a number of texts show. There-
fore, during the transient solution, when frequencies other than
the system base frequency exist, the zero-sequence impedance
should properly be modified to account for these effects. A
closed-form analytical solution for these effects would be very
complex. Even during the process of a numerical solution on a
digital computer, this is extremely difficult, since one does not
know the transient frequencies and thus cannot make the proper
corrections.
A possible approach is to use average values for the zero-
sequence terms, say at 60 cycles as is done on the ANACOM,
then record the transient line response. A study of the resulting
made, the zero-sequence parameters recalculated, and the
problem solved again. Some such trial-and-error approach
may thus lead to more exact results. Our current method is
to use 60-cycle values, as supplied by transmission-line design
engineers, and to accept the results as being satisfactory for the
present.
In regard to Dr. Robert's third comment, the authors are
aware that the representation of the ground mode is an approxi-
mation because of the method employed in calculating the
characteristic impedances and the propagation constants. It
is felt that the usage of a single velocity of propagation for the
ground mode is sufficiently accurate for most practical situations
as mentioned earlier in discussing the approximations used in
the papers.

High-Frequency Propagation on
Nontransposed Power Line
Michihiro Ushirozawa

Summary: The high-frequency characteristics on nontrans- Propagation Theory of Parallel Multiconductor Lines
posed power lines have been calculated by the use of the principle The transmission equation of parallel multiconductor lines,
of natural mode propagation, and it has been shown that some
comparison between calculated and measured values on the asshowniFig.1,canbegiveninthefollowigequations.
vertically arranged 3-phase 2-circuit power line is possible.
-- [V] = [ZJ [i]
Recently there has been a trend toward adoption of a non- C)
transposed power line for EHV (extra-high-voltage) trans- - - [i] = [Y] [v] ()
mission. When installing power line carrier assemblies on x
such a line, it is necessary to pay due attention to the high- [v]= ((vv,2,. .,Vn))
frequency transmission circuit, because in a comparatively [il =((ii,i2. ,in)) (2)
long power line, the electrical unbalance between each phase
of the line and the ground is so emphasized that the high- where (( )) indicates a single column matrix, and v1, v2,
frequency characteristics differ greatly depending upon the ., and i1, i2, ., i,, represent, respectively, line voltages
selection of the coupling phase and the coupling method. and line currents at an optional point x of the parallel n-
In calculating the high-frequency characteristics of a power conductor power line.
line, a formula1 has frequently been used where the power The [Z] and [Y] in equation 1 are the impedance and ad-
line is considered as a symmetrical line. However, a satis- mittance matrices of the line (square matrix of the order n).
factory reply cannot be expected with regard to the char- As is widely known, the propagation constants of the multi-
acteristics of the nontransposed line. conductor line can be sought as eigenroots of the product of
By approximating such a line to an overhead parallel multi- [Z] and [Y].
conductor line, the author has derived general formulas of VIZ[Y] - [UI=l[Y] [Z] -/i,2[U]1=0 (3)
computation and prepared a number of attenuation charts'
classified by the coupling methods which are important in with -y propagation constants and [U] the unit matrix.
designing power line carrier assemblies.
From these charts, line attenuation can be estimated im-
mediately if some conditions are given, such as line length,
coupling method, and frequency to be used. In a series of __x__
field tests conducted on numerous nontransposed power lines,
the author compared the calculated values with the actually
measured values. _______________
The purpose of this paper is to present the high-frequency 2 2_
characteristics of a vertically arranged 3-phase 2-circuit power __ __ __ -
line and of a horizontally arranged 3-phase 1-circuit line. _________________________
Paper 64-49, recommended by the IEEE Transmission and Dis- l | -
tribution Committee and approved by the IEEE Technical Opera- V1 v2 ~ ~
tions Committee for presenltation at the IEEE WXinter Power Meet-2 n n
ing, New York. N. Y., February 2-7, 1964. Manuscript submittedt
November 4, 1963; made available for printing March 30, 1964. 777777T/7// j// /// )~///'/
// ,,/' // /////
MICHIHIO USHIROZAWA is with the Central Research Institute of
Electric Power Industry, Kitatama-Gun, Tokyo, Japan. Fig. 1. Parallel multiconductor line

NOVEMBER 1964 Ushirozawa -High-Frequency on Nontransposed Power Lines 1137

 Since the characteristic equation of formula 3 is of the "inverse conversion matrices of voltage and current," respec-
order n, it has n propagation constants. To be exact, this tively.
shows that the n of parallel multilines can be converted into Substituting equation 1 for 4, one obtains the following
the n of independent natural mode circuits. equations:
Now, in order to convert equation 1 into the natural modes,
consider the primary conversion, as shown in equation 4. - -[v'] = [Z'] [i']
[v] = [Al Ivlj Ei] = [B] [i']
[v'] =[A] -I[v] [i'] =[B] -1[i] (4) -aW['= [Y'][v'] (6)
The [v'] and [i'] in equation 4 indicate the high-frequency where [Z'] and [Y'] are the diagonal matrix.
voltages and currents of the n of the natural modes (corre-
sponding to the number of propagation constants) in a single [Z'] = [A] '[Z] [B]
column matrix as in equation 5. [Y'] = [B] -1[Y] [A] (7)
[V']=((V',V2',. .,vn')) Equation 6 is a propagation equation which corresponds
[i'] =((i,',i2,'.* *,jt)) (5) to the natural mode circuits, namely, mode voltages and mode
currents. Differentiating equation 6 further, equation 8 is
The [v'] and [i'] in equation 5 are called "mode voltage" obtained as the one equivalent to equation 3.
and "mode current," as distinct from [v] and [i] in equation 2.
The [A] and [B] are the matrices which connect line voltages [A] '[Z] [Y] [A] = [-s2]
with mode voltages, and line currents with mode currents. [B] -'[Y] [Z] [B] =y[,'2] (8)
Let the former be the "voltage conversion matrix," the latter
the "current conversion matrix," and [A]-' and [B]-1 the The propagation constants [y,2
[i]and [,yiw] Of equation 8
have a value entirely equivalent to the voltages and currents
that can be sought from equation 3.
From the relationship shown in equation 8, it will be under-
- 8.6M Fig. 2. Configuration of stood that each element of matrix [A] can be obtained by the
i0Gm >\ XG2 EHV Tokyo Eastern line use of the following equation.
(D /\x. > Conductors: 2x330 mm2 [[Z][Y]--yj[U]]((1,A2i, .. .,Ani))=O (9)
lOOM 4 +-2
ACSR in 0.4-meter double where ((1, .1
A2f .., A n))indicates a single column matrix in
X )t. x-\ < (4) Overhead ground wires: which the first element is 1. If i= 1, 2, .. ., n and one at-
120 mm2 ACSR tempts to solve it, all the elements of the [A] matrix can be
sF I4.6M obtained.
<T\
matrix.
As for [A] it can be obtained as its reverse
(2) (5)Next, [y2] is a diagonal matrix and is entirely the same
even if a transposed matrix is taken. Therefore, by a trans-
I (l) L.6m . (6) position of equation 8, the following two equations 10 and 11
result:
E < [B]'-[Y] [Z] [B] = [A] *[Y] [Z] [A] -'*= [yi2] (10)
where the notation * shows the transposed matrix.
From equation 10,
I 0< [B] =[A]1*, [B] =[A]* (11)
In other words, the current conversion matrix can be ob-
tained by transposing the voltage conversion matrix.
Now, using [Z'], [Y'] in equation 7, characteristic im-
pedances W1 of the natural mode circuits are
7 /o
50 < ° [I) [WI']= [Z'] /[Y'] (12)
3- ; and propagation constants 'y are indicated by equation 13.
2 / GROUND CONDUCTIVITY
0- = 10-3 (MHO/ MN) [PY7] = [Z'] [Y'] (13)
7 L From these relations,
5 O
I:< s 6 [Wl = [yi] -1 [Z'] -yi] -'[A I-1[Z] [B] (14)
* (2) As mentioned previously, solution of the parallel n-conduc-
O~IL Xt-5 . ° Fig. 3. Attenuation con- tor lines can be made by the following process: As eigenroots
977 d t stants and characteristic of the [Z] * [Y] matrix in the existing line, seek the number n
5t / .v0 (41 impedance of natural of yf. Next, if conversion matrix and characteristic imped-
3_42Xe9 *o (5) modes ance are sought with ei taken as a medium, then the solution
2: / 0 Currents flow in the can be made in a group of natural mode circuits. Accordingly,
ID -2
5010200OnC 500
~~~~NO.OF MODE normal direction
0 Currents flow in the
to find high-frequency voltage and current characteristics on
the existing lines, it would suffice to proceed in the following
FREQUENCY (KC) reverse direction way: First of all, convert the existing line into a natural mode
1138 Ushirozawa-High-Frequency on Nontranaposed Power Lines NOVEMBER 1964
circuit. Next, calculate mode voltage and mode current Fig. 4. Equivalent Zo
characteristics in a 4-terminal network on the mode circuit. circuit with non
After that, convert it into line voltages and line currents of the coupled phases
N2 2'
existing line. grounded at the i 42 : N
line terminals |_ _> i
Line Constants on a Nontransposed Power Line I o"' Wn 4'3 N
As a power line involves structurally many complex fac- SENDING END RECEIVING END
tors, it is necessary to approximate the power line to a fixed
model so that the power line has an average height above
the ground and is parallel to the ground. .-
Further, ignoring an increase in inductance as a result of Z_
skin effect of the ground-to-power line conductors and also w N
ignoring leakage of insulators, equation 15 is obtained. N 1 W2 T2 '2"1NA
[Z] = [R] ±iw[LI Fig. 5. Equivalent E Zo
circuit with non- .N , N
[ Y] =jw[C] coupled phases open L _ _____n______
_
[R] = [Ro] + [Re] = [R lfx (15) at the line terminals SENDING END RECEIVING END

where
[L] = inductance matrix By the Carson-Pollaczek method, if the ground conductivity
[C] = capacitance matrix a= 10-3 ihos/meter, the value Rg in the area from the power
[Ro] = conductor resistance matrix line carrier wave band to medium wave band and under
[Rel = resistance matrix due to skin effect of the ground the power line arrangement as shown in Fig. 2, increases with
co vrelocity
= angular
frequency as f2"3, as a result of skin effect of the ground.
In order to simplify the calculation, [R] is taken as approxi- Conductor resistance Ro increases with frequency as fl"2.
mately proportional to fX (x = constant, f= frequency). But it is smaller in value by one to two figures than Re.
The aforementioned formulas will now be applied to the Therefore even if Rois assumed to be proportional to f2'3 to
vertically arranged 3-phase 2-circuit power line which is relate it to equation 15, it is possible that no serious error
generally seen in Japan. The EHV Tokyo Eastern line will arise.
has the following characteristics: Conductor-2X330 mm2 Fig. 3 shows the results of attenuation constant and char-
(square millimeters) ACSR (aluminum cable steel-reinforced); acteristic impedance calculated in such a manner.
overhead ground wire-two ACSR wires of 120 mm2; line The element A7,j of voltage conversion matrix [A] can
voltage-275 kv; line length-116 km (kilometers). Fig. 2 be obtained from equation 9. In this case, the first-row
shows a standard line arrangement. elements AI, in matrix [A] can be put as 1. From its reverse
If one phase is regarded as a single-line equivalent, the total matrix, [A]-' can be obtained, and [B] and [BI-' can be
number of lines will be eight, including ground wires. This determined by using equation 11. Tables I and II show
should be solved precisely. For the sake of simplicity, how- the inverse conversion matrices of voltages and currents.
ever, calculation will be made on the six lines neglecting the From this table, it can be understood that the six natural
ground wires. (There is another method in which ground modes in the 3-phase 2-circuit power line consist of three
wires can be omitted by assuming that their electric potential modes where the currents of conductors placed at the same
is the same as the ground.) height from the ground surface flow in the same direction, and
three other modes where they flow in a reverse direction.
Recently, G. E. Adams5 studied the same concept. If it is
considered that generally a,/f<3 l (3i; phase constants) in
Table 1. Inverse Conversion Matrix of Voltages: [A]' the power line carrier frequency band, then characteristic
(Tokyo Eastern Line) impedance W, is given by an approximate equation 16, from
Line Voltage equations 10 and 14.
Mode
Voltage Vi V2 V3 V4 V6 V6 [Wi] =g[A] -1[L] [B] (16)
Vi' 0.2616 0.1595 0.1174 0.1174 0.1595 0.2616 Phase constants fi will be
v,' 0.1935 -0.0507 -0.1826 -0.1826 -0.0507 0.1935
V3' 0.0449 -0.1088 0.0652 0.0652 -0.1088 0.0449
V4' O.00i3 0.0099 -0.0277 0.0277 -0.0099 -0.0013 a 2
V6'
V6'
0.1857 -0 .2155 -0 .0476
0.3130 0.2056 1
0.0476
0.0752 -0.0752
0.2155 -0 .1857
-0 .2056 -0.3130
03 V1+A2 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(7
( 17)

where
3=cw/g (g = 3 X0l km/second) (18)
Table 11. Inverse Conversion Matrix of Currents: [Bf'1 Attenuation and Impedance of the Carrier Frequency
(Tokyo Eastern Line) Band
Line Current The high-frequency transmission circuit, which usually
curren .,2 I 4 1 takes one or two phases of the power line as its coupling
I~'0.8980
1 0.811 0.8101 0.8980
-0.5082
1
1
phase,
CU1tS.6
can be expressed by a combination of natural mode cir-
i,' 1 -0.5082 -1.5377 -1.5377
it 1 -3.0422 1.9046 1.9046 -3.0422 1 The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4 for the case of
i4' 1 4.4836 -16.4081 16.4081 -4.4836 -1
i 1 -1.3617 -0.4398 0.4398 1.3617 -1 noncoupled phases grounded at the line terminals and in Fig.
i6' 1 0.7890 0.3296 -0.3296 -0.7890 -1 5 for the case of noncoupled phases open at the line terminals.

NOVEMBER 1964 Ushirozawa-Hiqh-Frequency on Nontranaposed Power Lines 1139

For noncoupled grounded conductors, the mode circuits are Fig. 7. Measured 25
in parallel with the power source or load and are in series for attenuation values [
the noncoupled open conductors. of various cou-
N2, NT' (i= 1,2, ..., 6) shows a ratio at which the volt- plingsonthe Tokyo 20 / E3
ages (currents) impressed on the coupled phases are converted Western line //
into mode voltages (mode currents), or a reverse ratio, namely, (Comparison of av- 15 / /
the winding ratio of an ideal transformer which is inserted into erage values be- // >E2
-
the converting portion. It can be determined by using tween noncoupled 0 /
equation 4. cond uctors t /
Fig. 6 shows some representative coupling methods illus- grounded and z / /,
trating the impressing of high-frequency voltages and cur- open) + M23
rents on the terminal of line. 5
1. GROUNDING OF NONCOUPLED CONDUCTORS
When the length 1 of the line is taken as infinite in Fig. 4, 0
the input impedance Z, of the line, as seen from the power O 100 200 300 400 500
source or the load, will be FRE0UENCY(KC)
1
(19)
Z
consideration the primary transmission wave only, for the
t
=1
If the ratio Psi between the sending-end voltage vi (i= 1, 2, sake of simplicity. Therefore, high-frequency voltage of the
n) of each mode circuit and the .
. .electromotive. force
^ Er ~~~~primuarv
p transmission wave at the receiving end iS
of the power source (Fig. 4) is defined as a transmission co- Vr = [Pr] [T] [Ps]E (23)
efficient of the sending end, then the ratio Psi will be where
PsVi ' N= (20) [T] = [6-5ilJ (24)

where i=1, 2, ..., 6 [T]: diagonal matrix

1 12
[Ps] = ((Ps1, P82, . P96)) (25)
(21) where (( )) is the single column matrix.
On the other hand, if the ratio P,i between the load voltage [Pr] = ((PL PTS, P76r6)) (26)
VT and the receiving-end voltages vi" of each mode circuit (Fig. From equations 2, 22, and 23,
4) is defined as a transmission coefficient at the receiving end, 6
then the ratio will be VT rPsi-'Yi 2 E j e
(27)
VT 2Nj E Z... TI Wei
Pri = - (22) ==1
Generally, attenuation B between the sending end and re-
In case the length of line is limited, the traveling wave to ceiving end can be given as
be transmitted on the line repeats reflections as a result of the
mismatching of impedance at the terminal ends of line. B = 20 log1, (28)
Therefore, if a frequency-attenuation curve is sought, fluctua- 2Vr
tion related to the length of line will appear at regular inter- B. with grounding of noncoupled conductors
Attenuation
vals. Since calculation for obtaining the width of fluctuation will be
will become very complex in the case of a nontransposed power
line, it is attempted to seek an average attenuation taking into (6
4
B= -20 1ogio Z0A2 N12
W
-e (decibels) (29)
_ .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=
IEicoU PI COUPLING I16COUPLING Mi2COUPLING2
L-
- t ~~~~~~~~2.
f T OPENING;OF NONCO1JPLED CSONDUCTORS
I+. . Similarly, the input impedance Zf of the line is
('2 5) * * * * >-lo .
I) (lo *6 2a
-t La a-zf= LNi'2I
To >-lo-lo (30)
I X I Fig. 6. High-fre- 6=1
i~(A) 1 1quency
and current at
voltage
A transmission coefficient of the sending end and of the
__ __
__ __ ~~~~~~various coupling receiving end PSi and PTI Will be
KEICOUPLING D00PLNGSGlcoupLINGMI2coupUiN& methods N1'W1 (Z
2N1Z
I A-Line
' voltage A' A'
2
-
R (grounded non- hr
/
. \ / ~~coupled conduc- whr
< 1 vI
r-®j
< tors) A'=Z0+Zf (32)
I~~~ ~V/ */
r __1 _ ~___I.' _J (open noncoupled Considering the primary transmission wave only, the re-
(B) conductors) ceiving-end voltage VT is
1140 Ushirozawva-Hitgh-Frequency on Nontransposed Power Lines NOVEMBER 1964
 6 Fig. 9. Horizontal con- - d - d - -
rT ° v Ni/2Wie-il (33) figuration of single- (I) -- (2)* (5)
E A".,,.J circuit power line

Accordingly, attenuation Bo, upon opening of the non- h

coupled conductors, will be

Bo -20 log1o A2J Ni2Wi e (db) (34)

i =1
Calculated and Measured Values of High-Frequency
It can be understood from the calculation results using Characteristics
equations 29 and 34.that the difference in coupling method and Fio shows
concreteil ~ ~ ~
phase rslinagetvrainiatnuio. Some,.. 7 method, attenuation
wilgreat variation inattenuation.Some characteristics classified by the
rexamples folw
concrete examples follow. coupling on the Tokyo Western line (275-kv 2-circuit
nontransposed power line; line length, 77 km; configuration
1. In the phase-to-ground, or E, coupling, attenuation will of the line is the same as Tokyo Eastern line). In the figures,
be greater in the lower phase than in the upper and middle in abbreviations for the coupling method, the noncoupled
phases. open phases are indicated by a dash, while those with no dash
2. In the 2-phase-to-ground, or D, coupling straddling inter- show noncoupled phases grounded; the phase numbers are
l .. . l ll
circuit, attenuation will be small when middle and middle
1 . 1 ll elgven in pparentheses
givenoin n in Fig. 2.2.
in Fg
phases are coupled, while attenuation wilbe lag ih As shown in Fig. 7, the manner in which the attenuation
coupling between upper and upper phases and lower and lower characteristics differ, depending upon the coupling method
and coupling phase, agrees with the aforementioned calcula-
phases. tion results.
3. In the phase-to-phase, or I, coupling straddling inter- Fig. 8 shows representative examples of seeking attenua-
circuit, the order in terms of small attenuation values is as tion B0, Bo, and impedance Z,, Zf with E and M coupling. If
follows: (a) coupling between upper phases; (b) coupling the length of the power line, frequency, coupling method, and
between middle phases; and (c) coupling between lower coupling phases can be known, then the average attenuation on
phases. the line can be assumed by the figures. Also, Fig. 8 shows a
4. In the phase-to-phase, or M, coupling of the same circuit, comparison between measured and calculated values on the
attenuation value will be small in the upper-middle phase Tokyo Western line and the Minami-Kawagoe line (275-kv 3-
coupling and middle-lower phase coupling; while attenuation phase 2-circuit nontransposed power line, 13 km long; con-
will be large in the upper-lower phase coupling. figuration of the line is the same as is shown on the Tokyo
5. Irrespective of coupling method and coupling phase, the Eastern line).
.un e s e n u go
Next, the high-frequency characteristics7 in a medium-wave
attenuthatn valuthe issmallerat
noncoupled groundeddconduc- band were measured on part of the Northern Osaka line (275-
kv 2-circuit nontransposed power line, 33 km long). From
this test, it became clear that the power line carrier frequency
is conspicuous in the medium wave band, too.
Calculation of Horizontal 3-Phase Single-Circuit Power
INPUT IMPEDANCE (0) Line
30 ~
20Zs
Es'
21
E: CALCULAT
VA
lLUES
--
ED
In the case of a vertical 3-phase 1-circuit power line,
L1 359_;3213~40>< E<Z/$
20
the coupling method and relations between coupling phase and
10 El E2 attenuation characteristics are almost the same as those of
9 5 IET V ALthe 3-phase 2-circuit power line.
o z //</ MEASURED VALUES In the horizontal 3-phase 1-circuit power line, Fig. 9, the
ti 3 Et < / (TOKYORNESTERN LINE) arrangement of phase conductors has a special symmetry.
z 2-* E E> w; zD Hence,calculating formulas can be replaced by a slightly
E,Hec,fruacabeba
Es MINAMI-KAWAGOE LINE) more simple form, and a number of solving methods8'9 have
f kc e: km so far been announced.
-5I
I! 'l 2 iI Q 0
lO0 5 10' However j the author will give here the results of numerical
3 e
calculations which were made on the Senju-Niigata
(154-kv horizontal 3-phase 1-circuit nontransposed power
line"0
20(AINPUT
IMPEII,~INCEKI)
201- INPUT IMPEDANCE(fl) ,2CALCULATED
'~CALCULATED
line; diameter, 6 meters; height, 8 meters; conductor ACSR
170 mm2) by using the suggested methods.
I M2 23 M1s
7DZs '52 A607
.

0.33 0.32 033 1 1.03 1

cb 7 k ,/fg,2w,7v ~~~~~[A]'-Z 0.17 -0 .32 0.17 ' [B] 'zs 1 -2.09 1 (35)
M ~MX/ /)<3;23,/SURED
Z0 Fig. 8. Attenuation 10 .50 0 -0.50 1 0 -1
3M1MEA'E curves Calculating values of attenuation constants a and charac-
Z 21 Y//7 (TOKYO-WESTERN LINE) A-Calculated and teristic impedance VV are as follows:
F /// MINAMI-KAWAGOE ONE) measured values
>'5Z
M f: kc &:km of Ecoupling a, =1.69 X10-2f"3N (per km) W = 179 ohms
2 3 -K- L 2-
B-Calculated
_L4 and CY,=0.98X104yf"' N (per kin) W,= 58 ohms
f 2 e ~~~measured values
(B) of M coupling cas=1.02X10'f"'t N (per kin) W2=207 ohms (36)
NOVEMBER 1964 Ushirozawa-Hit/h-Frequency on ANontransposed Power Lines 1141
 Fig. 10. Attenuation
30 M,3,. curves of horizontal
20 M/ , El' i powe r
20
m7;< Ei ~~~~single-circuitpoe
line
10 - - / E
07 _
< E L M,2/S/
// Mt2
05 _ / his analytical method dealing with propagation of electro-
g f kc. Qkm
0 -23 !51'103 2 3 slo3
Je
Fig. 10 shows the calculated attenuation curv es. The
order in terms of small attenuation is as follows: ill coupling
of center phase to outer phase, E coupling of center phase, and
Eoulngofote pae.Inte as f utrphset
outer phase coupling, attenuation is smaller than the E
coupling when the product of frequency and line length is
small. As the product increases in value, however, its at-
tenatin bcoes reaerthan that of E coupling,
tenuationbecomesgreater
Conclusions
The author haUs derived an approximate method for cal-
culating high-frequency propagation characteristics on the
nontanspsed
nontrnspoedpowe
wer lin ine andhasshow
nd hs shwn is reatioshipwith
itsreItionhip ith
the measured values. As a result, it has become clear that, on
the nontransposed power line which has a comparatively long
length, high-frequency characteristics will differ greatly de-
pending upon variations in the coupling method and coupling
phase, as a result of unbalance between phases of the line and
betwTeen each phase and the ground.
In the power line carrier communications, therefore, it will
be necessary for us to understand well the characteristics
and to make proper selection of coupling phases.
References
1. TELE:COMMUNICATION TECHNICS FOR ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
(book). Institute of Electrical Engineers, Tokyo, Japan, 1957,
p. 218.
2. PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER LINE CARRIER WAVE
ON POWER TRANSMISSION LINE, M. Ushirozawa. Report No.
600231,61008, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry,
Tokyo, Japan, 1961.
3. RADIO INTERFERENCE DUE TO THE POWER TRANSMISSION LINE.
Committee Report, Institute of* Electrical Engineers, Japan, 1957,
p. 244.
4. THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE MULTICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS
WITH NONRECIPROCAL LINE CONSTANTS UNDER THE STEADY STATES,
H. Noda. Bulletin, Electro-technical Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan,
vol. 15, no. 8, 1951, p. 470.
5. THE CALCULATION OF ATTENUATION CONSTANTS FOR RADIO NOISE
ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD LINES, L. 0. Barthold, G. E. Adams. AIEE
Transactions, pt. III (Power Apparatubs and Systems), vol. 79, Dec.
190 P.951
6. POWER LINE CARRIER WAVE PROPAGATION ON POWER TRANS-
MISSION LINE, R. Sato, M. Akiyama. JoNrnwal, Institute of Electrical
Engineers, Japan, vol. 79, 1959, p. 1558.
7. HIGH-FREQUENCY PROPAGATION TEST ON EHV OSAKA LINE,
M. Ushirozawa, F. Nishiyama. Report No. 6100i3, Central Research
Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1961.
8. PREPARATION OF SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATIONS ALONG A THREE
WIRE WITH HORIZONTAL SPACING, M. V. Kostenko. Electrichestvo,
MOSCOW, USSR, no. 8, 1959, P. 8.
9. WAVE PROPAGATION ALONG THREE-PHASE POWER LINES AND
TELEPHONE LINES WITH POWER INDUCTION, 0. A. Petterson.
Ericsson Technichs, Stockholm, Sweden, vol. 15, 1959.
1142 Ushirozawa-High-Frequency on Nontransposed Pouer Lines
10. RESEARCH ON POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION, Com-
mittee Report. Journal, Technical Laboratory, Central Research
Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 8, 1958,
p.
299.
~~~~~~~~~Dislcussion
~~~~~~~~~~M.
C. Perz (The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario,
Toronto, Ont., Canada): The author is to be commended for
magnetic waves along real power transmission lines. His paper
is very valuable and important because it provides solutions of
practical problems and demonstrates a good agreement between
calculated and experimental results.
The problem of wave propagation on a system of parallel
conductors above a lossy ground appears in many important
practical applications covering a wide frequency range. At
power frequency and its harmonics the long-line-equivalent
circuit parameters can be calculated from propagation
equations. Switching surges, power line carrier, and radio
interference produced by corona on EHV lines extend the fre-
quency range to about 2 megacycles. However, no simple
method seems to exist which could be satisfactorily applied to
the variety of problems. Depending on the earth resistivity
and frequency, simplified methods are being employed, methods
based on the same fundamental principles but characterized by
~~~~~different assumptions and resulting limitations.
A brief review
of various analytical methods seems to be necessary for an
obJective discussion of the particular method proposed by Dr.
Ushirozawa.
The following is a solution for conductor voltages and current
associated with a plane
satisfying equations 1 in wave propagating in the x direction and
the paper:
{v} = e-( Ill [YI)(iii) {vs} = e- IY]x{v1} (37)
{j} = -([2 [z] (lIi){j0} e- V']r{j0} (38)
where {vo } and { io} are single column matrices of voltages and
curnsfrx=.Frhroe
{vus} = [Y] 1 2[Z] 112{{i} = [ZoI {io} (39)
[Z1iasqremtxanitaybcoidedsthsug
impedance matrix of the system of conductors.
Equations 37-39 seem to be simple in form, but generally
they cannot be used directly because all matrices appear as
arguments of functions. Also, the elements of the elementary
matrices [z] and [y] depend on frequency, and their values are
difficult to compute even if simplified assumptions are adopted.
The following are the most commonly used assumptions:
1 ekg n ipaeetcretlse r elce
(th seconkoate authr'
dlaequatiorrns 15). r ngece
(h eodo h uhrseutos1)
2. Earth losses can be represented by a matrix whose elements
are self- and mutual resistances in series with the corresponding
inductive reactance elements of line conductors (the first of
the author's equations 15).
3. Internal flux of conductors is neglected.
4. The electromagnetic field associated with conductor currents
and voltages is approximated by plane waves perpendicular to
conductors; therefore, there are no radiation losses.
5. Elements of capacitance matrix [C] are derived from Maxwell
potential coefficients, whereas elements of inductance matrix
[L] can be computed following classical methods developed by
Carson1 or Pollaczek.2
A method of reduction of matrix functions in the solution of
various aspects of surge propagation on power lines has been
developed by Professor S. Hayashi of Kyoto University. In
his book,3 extensive and detailed applications of the Sylvester
expansion theorem and Laplace transformation to transient
phenomena are described. Various simplifications illustrated
by experimental data lead to an insight into the effects of multi-
velocity waves and attenuation. A negligibly small error is
made in evaluating velocities of propagation if the losses are
neglected. Conversely, in the derivation of voltage and current
NOVEMBER 1964
 components associated with constant attenuations, a single
velocity of propagation may be assumed. These assumptions
result in significant simplifications of computations. It is
interesting that in the original method of Professor Hayashi
no direct use is being made of the concept of eigenvectors.
The simplest method of analyzing propagation of high-
frequency signals is obtained if the effect of losses is initially
neglected in equation 39: Matrix [Z0] is symmetric and its
elements are real. This leads to natural modes of propagation
characterized by mode impedances equal to the eigenvalues of
matrix [Zo]. Because of the symmetry of the surge impedance
matrix there is only one set of auto-orthogonal eigenvectors
common to voltages and currents. Therefore, the actual phase
voltages and currents can both be resolved into uncoupled
components. The fact that these independent components do
not interact allows a specific attenuation to be attributed to
each natural mode. Provided that the depth of penetration of
earth is small with respect to physical dimensions of the line,
this method is very useful. Its application to horizontal single-
phase lines is particularly simple and leads to meaningful solu-
tions of practical problems confirmed by experiments.4-8
The introduction of earth losses in the elements of matrix [z],
i.e., in inductance and resistance elements, greatly complicates
the analyses. The self- and mutual terms of inductance and
resistance both depend on frequency, earth resistivity, and line
geometry. The computation of these elements is very tedious
and the calculated values are only approximate.
The effect of poorly conducting earth on the attenuation and
velocity of propagation has been investigated by Russian scien-
tists.9 Their findings bring to light some of the important
aspects of attenuation and propagation velocities. The earth
contribution to attenuation is proportional to f2, at low fre-
quencies and for high resistivity of the soil. At medium fre-
quencies and for normal earth resistivity this contribution is
proportional to frequency f, and at high frequencies and for high
soil conductivities it varies as fll2.
The effect of earth on the inductance follows a different
pattern. The increase in inductance is nearly constant at low
frequencies and for low conductivities, and gradually approaches
the value corresponding to perfectly conducting earth at higher
frequencies and conductivities.
The variation with frequency and earth resistivity of elements
in the impedance matrix [z] has different effects on the surge
impedance matrix [Z01 and on the propagation matrices ['] or
[-y'], equations 37 and 38. The most important is the propaga-
tion matrix because its eigenvectors are the mode components of
voltages and currents associated with independent propagation
constants. A general expression for the square of the propaga-
tion matrix [-y2 iS
[^y] 2 = [z] [y] = (iw[L] + [R] ) (jw[C] )
=(jw[Lc] +jw[ALe + [Rc]+[[ARe]) (jw[C]) (40)
Subscript "c" denotes matrices of the system of parallel con-
ductors suspended above a perfectly conducting ground, whereas
subscript "e" denotes correction-factor matrices derived, for
example, by Carson's method.' All the component matrices
in equation 40 are symmetric; therefore, the propagation matrix
[e'], equation 38, is the transpose of [-y]. The elements of the
propagation matrix [-] are complex and the analysis leads to
complex eigenvalues and complex mode components (eigen-
vectors). However, the absolute values of elements of matrix
jw [L] are normally much larger than those of the corresponding
elements of matrix [R]. This applies to frequencies of several
kilocycles and higher, where the simplification of analysis
proposed by Hayashi' can be successfully used.
An examination of equation 40 indicates that by neglecting
matrix [RI, a set of independent modes of voltages and currents
can be associated with constant velocities of propagation derived
from the eigenvalues of matrix [L] [C]. Results of such a simpli-
fled analysis of surges on a real line were recently published by
A. J. McElroy and H. i\I. Smith.'10 The difference between the
modal propagation velocities is caused mainly by the effect of
earth on the inductance matrix [ALe], equation 40, and therefore,
it is not surprising that the analytical results were found to agree
well with experimental findings.
In the analysis of Dr. Ushirozawa the mode components are
associated with the eigenvalues of matrix [R] [C3, and hence the
modes are characterized by specific attenuation. The mode
voltage components, columns of matrix [A], are the eigenvrectors
NOVEMBER 1964 Ushirozawa -Hitih-Frequency
of matrix [R] [C], whereas the mode current components,
columns of matrix [B], are the eigenvectors of its transpose.
The two sets of eigenvectors are orthogonal; hence there is no
exchange of energy between the modes. Matrix [C] is assumed
to be independent of frequency and of earth resistivity and the
author proposes a further simplification by neglecting the earth
effect on the inductance matrix [L]. Therefore, the mode
components of a given line and the mode attenuation coefficients
both depend only on losses in the phase conductors and earth.
Hence, in Dr. Ushirozawa's analysis the values of elements of
matrix [R] are of primary importance.
Can the author explain in some detail the method of comput-
ing the values of elements in matrix [ARe], equation 40? Also,
the variation of exponent "x" with frequency and earth re-
sistivity (author's equation 15) is of great interest. The applica-
tion of Dr. Ushirozawa's method to actual problems requires
numerical computation of matrix [AR,] for various earth re-
sistivities and for a range of frequencies. Normally, this com-
putation is more difficult and tedious than the calculation of
modes and, therefore, additional information on the subject will
be much appreciated.
Does the author know of any simple method of computing
the inductance correction matrix [ALe]? This matrix is needed
for the evaluation of 8i or mode velocities. It seems that 6i
calculated from the author's equation 17 has little practical
meaning because the effect of matrix [ARe] on /3i is very small.
For ai=2 decibels/mile the decrease of velocity caused by
losses is less than 1% at 50 kc. However, measurements made
in Russia and Canada indicate that this decrease is about 10%
and that this large value can be attributed to the change in
inductance, and to the additional lumped capacity caused by
steel towers (less than 2%). The difference between mode
velocities is quite important in some practical applications.
The author uses non-normalized eigenvectors, columns of
matrices [A] and [B]. Would it not be preferable to normalize
these matrices? This could simplify the equivalent circuits in
Figs. 4 and 5. I have calculated Wi in equation 36 for normal-
ized matrices in equations 7 and 12:
0.571 921 0.396 511 0.707 107
[A]= 0.588 628 -0.828 719 0
LO. 571 921 0.396 511 -0. 707 107]
0.585 634 0.416 291 0.707 1071
[B] = 0.560 415 -0.808 333 0
L0.585 634 0.416 291 -0. 707 107j
W1 = 564 ohms; W2 = 386 ohms; W3= 429 ohms
It is interesting to compare these values with the eigenvalues
derived directly from the surge impedance matrix [Z0] assuming
a perfectly conducting ground:
460.0 62.8 30.7
[Zo] = 62.8 460.0 62.8 ohms
L 30.7 62.8 460.0]
Z(')=563 ohms; Z(')=385 ohms; Z(')=429 ohms
Has the aulthor any comments on the relation between Wj
of a lossy line and Z(V) of a lossless line?
Dr. Ushirozawa's analysis presented in his paper will greatly
assist in the applications of analytical methods to the solution of
many current important problems. His answers to my questions
would be of further assistance.
REFERENCES
1. WAVE PROPAGATION IN OVERHEAD WIRES WITH GROUND RE-
TURN, J. R. Carson. Bell System Technical Journal, NeW YOrk,
N. Y., vol. 5, OCt. 1926, PP. 539-55.
2. UBER DAS FELD LINER UNENDLICH LANGEN WECHSELSTROM-
DURCHFLJOS5ENEN EINFACHLEITU-NG, F. Pollaczek. Elektrische
Nachrichten Technik, Berlin, Germany, 1926, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 339-
59 (also in French translation by J. B. Pomey, Revue Generale de
l,'tlectricitt, Paris, France, 1931, vol. 29, no. 22, pp. 551-67).
3. SURGES ON TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (book), S. Hayashi. Denki-
Shoin, Inc., Kyoto, Japan, 1955.
4. RADIO-FREQUENCY PROPAGATION ON POLYPHAsE LINES, L. 0.
Barthold. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, VOl.
83, JUlY 1964, PP. 665-71.
on Nontransposed Power Lines 1143
 m

leSi

m'
\Mk
k

o 3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2-
Fig. 11 (left). Distance Snk between
conductor m and the image of con-
ductor k, and angle 0

m77777r
0.0
007-
0.5
03
_

~~~~~~~~~~~~0.05

0!o
0
A:

0203
\

.\
_
f -'

4 mho45k:

0507!1 2
21 3

f =4xlO 0
-I

S >~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2=voQ -!\

3 5 710 20 50
k Fig. 12 (right). Curve of p(yo) versus so 0 -4

5. THE PROPAGATION OF HIGH FREQUENCIES ON OVERHEAD LINES, Ranges of y calculated on the line configuration as shown in
L. 0. Barthold, J. Clade. Progress Report 420-3, CIGRE, Paris, Fig. 2 in the paper are indicated in Fig. 12, if the frequency
France, June 1964, pp. 19-39. range is 50r450 kc and earth conductivity is 10-4_10- mhos/
6. NATURAL MODES OF POWER LINE CARRIER ON HORIZONTAL meter.
THREE-PHASE LINES, M. C. Perz. IEEE Transactions on Power Therefore, there is a limit to values of so depending on the
Apparatus and Systems, vol. 83, July 1964, pp. 679-86. frequency, earth conductivity, and geometrical arrangement of
7. A METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF POWER LINE CARRIER PROBLEMS the conductors of a power line. I have attempted to approximate
ON THREE-PHASE LINES, M. C. Perz. Ibid., pp. 686-91. the P( p) curve, which is limited by the s value, to a straight
8. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF POWER-LINE CARRIER PROPA- line on both logarithmic co-ordinates. In accordance with that
GATION ON A 500-KV LINE, D. E. Jones, B. Bozoki. Ibid., Jan. part of the P(sp) curve approximated to the straight line, re-
1964, pp. 16-23. sistance AR, in equation 41 happens to be proportional to fre-
C linefhici2
9. A METHOD FOR COMPUTING THE HIGH-FREQUENCY PARAMETERS quency f2ln
or
OF OVERHEAD ELECTRIC-POWER TRANSMISSION LINES, V. N. Orlov, The proportional to f2/ in Fig. 12 was used
which is
V. V. Sidelnikov. Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, pt. I in the calculation, and its calculated results were in good agree-
ment with the experimental findings. As shown in Fig. 12, it
(Telecommunications), no. 7, July 1962, pp. 60-70. (English transla-
tion published by IEEE.) appears that the earth contribution to attenuation is proportional
10. PROPAGATION OF SWITCHING-SURGE, WAVEFRONTS ON EHV ft
to frequency at low frequency and for low conductivity of the
TRANSMISSION LINES, A. J. McElroy, H. M. Smith. AIEE Trans- earth, and proportional tof1'2at high frequency and for high earth
actions Pt. III (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol. 81, 1962 conductivity. Therefore, I could not quite understand Messrs.
(Feb. 1963 section), pp. 983-98. Orlov and Sidelnikov's assertion that attenuation varies as
f2 at low frequency and for low conductivity of earth.
Michihiro Ushirozawa: I wish to thank Mr. Perz for his The resistance AR, is proportional to f5 in equation 15 in the
valuable comments. It is very difficult to analyze propagation paper. This means that exponent "x" of frequency f varies with
properties of high-frequency waves on a power transmission line the frequency range and also with the value of the earth con-
because of the variety of conditions affecting the propagation. ductivity.
Therefore, as Mr. Perz points out, the methods now being Moreover, the method described may be applicable to the
correction factor AL, of the inductance, but also have identical
employed, although based on the same fundamental principles,
are simplified according to purpose by making certain assump- limitations.
tions, so that the use of the simplified methods is limited, de- I agree with Mr. Perz in that j,i calculated from equation 17
pending on earth resistivity and frequency ranges. in the paper has little practical meaning because the effect of
Originally, I wished to devise an analyzing method to find AR, on fi is very small. Equation 17 is a formula for the de-
some coupling method appropriate for a power line carrier system termination of the multipropagation velocity of natural modes
on an EHV 2-circuit vertical power line which exists generally when AL, is taken into consideration. Hence, it seems that
in Japan. Hence, I had analyzed the propagation charac- propagation analysis should be performed by stricter means.
teristics by taking account of the line configuration and of the This kind of analysis, however, complicates equations 29 and
power line carrier frequency range, which is from 50 kc to 450 kc 34, which are used for seeking line attenuation values with
in Japan, and then compared the results with experimental various coupling methods; therefore, I have neglected AL, in
findings obtained on some EHV power lines. calculation.
Mr. Perz has asked for the method of computing values of The results of experimental estimation on the Shiobara test
the element in matrix [ARJ, equation 4 of the paper. line in Japan (3-phase 2-circuit power line, 1.4 km long) indicate
that the propagation velocities of modes 2-5, which correspond
By Carson's method, the general expression of the resistance
ARB as a result of skin effect on the ground is
to the modes shown in Fig. 3 in the paper, are approximately
99% of light velocity; those of modes 6 and 1 are approximately
ARe =4wP(yP) (41) 93% and 88%, respectively, of light velocity.
Two-phase-to-ground coupling is mainly applied to the signal
=2 2\/ rS2 /X10i (42) transmission circuit for power line fault locating equipment.
This coupling method is usually used in conjunction with trans-
where mission circuits for telephone or carrier relaying equipment in
w = angular velocity Japan. In this case, if a line fault should occur at a point
P(yo) = a function having variable so, that is approximately 50 km from the end of the line, it is known
erearth conductivity (mhos/meter) that a high-frequency a-c pulse of approximately 400 kc sent
f= frqec k)from the locating equipment at the end of the line does not return
= distance between conductor m and the image of conductor to the sending end. I believe that this may be the result of the
k (see Fig. 11) difference between modal propagation velocities.
Of course, the use of normalized eigenvectors, columns of
Fig. 12 indicates a curve of P(9o) versus so when the angle 6 matrices [A] and [B], is preferable to the use of non-normalized
in Fig. 11 equals zero. The maximum angle 6Em for the 2-circuit ones. However, for the purposes of this paper, I felt it was
power line is less than about 30 degrees, and the PGco) curve is not necessary to employ normalized eigenvectors since the
very close to that given when C equals zero. calculations were made with a digital computer.
1144 Ushirozawa-High-Frequ<ency on Nontransposed Power Lines NOVEMBER 1964
 Mr. Perz also indicates that values of modal surge impedance When
Wi are nearly equal to the eigenvalues which are derived directly
from the surge impedance matrix [Z0] assuming a perfectly con- Mo-Mn#Xi
ducting ground. An illustration for this is as follows: 2
From equation 7 in the paper, modal surge impedances Wi of u2 (Mot- X)
the lossy line can be shown to be 2(Mo'-X1)2+(2Mm')2
IW il = Iw] V[ ' [ Y'i = [Z] / [,Y U2 2 = (2MmI/) 2
= [-y] -1[A] -1[Z] [B] (43)
U1 =U3
By using equation 8 in the paper,
[A] -1[Z] [yi2][A] -'[Y] [-y,2]
(44) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U12+
U22+ U3 2= 2U,I+ U22 =1 (49)
Substituting into equation 43, When
[Wi] =L yi] [A] -1[Y] -1[B] (45) Mo-Mm=XA
From equation 15 in the paper U1+U3=0
[y] =[C[ =g[L] =[L] (46) U2=O (50)
ico jo io Normalized eigenvectors U1', U2', and U3' of matrix [B] are
where g is the light velocity. equal to those when Mm' is converted into Mm, as in equation 49.
Substituting into equation 45, Calculating the values of the elements of matrix [MI] in the
example indicated in the paper,
[at i-j3i] ri~ ail
[Wi] Jf3d
[A] -qg[L] [B] = LI3 -- j [A] -'[Zo][B] F1.2065 1.0148 0.9611
Since ca<<I3, ,B0, L0.9611
[MIl=1.0863 1.1126
1.0148
1.0863
1.2065]
XKX102 (51)

[W] -[A] -1[Zo] [B] (47) where K is constant, K=f /gXl0-2.

The eigenvalues of the two parts of equation 8 in the paper From equation 51,
are the same. The colunm elements of matrices [Al and [B] Mm = 1.0148KX 10 -
are derived through the eigenvectors of [Z] [ Y] and [ Y] [Z]
associated with matrices [R] [C] and [C] [R], respectively. In a Mm'= 1.0863KX102 (52)
1-circuit horizontal power line, [R] [C] and [C] [R] are generally
The difference between values of Mm and Mm' is small. There-
AIo Mm Mn fore, the elements of both eigenvectors of matrices [A] and [B]
[RI [C] = [M] IMm' Mo' Mm' are composed values close to each other.
LMn Mm Mo This means that
FMo Mm' Mn [A]h[B] (53)
[C] [RI [M'] = IMm oM' Mm
= (48) Hence, equation 47 becomes
LMn Mm' Mo
As seen in equation 48, the difference betweeen [M] and [M'] [W1] -[A] -1[Zo] [B] -[A] -lfZo] [A] -[Z(?)] (54)
results merely from exchanging Mm and Mn'. It can be seen from equation 54 that Wi is nearly equal to
Normalized eigenvectors U1, U2, and U3 of matrix [A] corre- Z(i). This, I believe, means that the value of resistance com-
sponding to eigenvalues Xi of matrix [Z] [Y] are shown as ponents [R] on a lossy line is very small compared with that of
follows: reactance components [coL].

Switching-Surge Insulation Level

of Porcelain Insulator Strings
D. E. Alexander, Senior Member IEEE E. WT. Boehne, Fellow IEEE

Summary: A quantitative research report is made here, test. Interesting and useful data pertaining to the design of
based on tests of EHV (extra-high-voltage) insulator strings. EHV lines were collected.
Impulse, switching-surge, and a-c tests on vertical, horizontal,
and 45-degree V-strings were carried out, using both positive ______________________________

and negative unidirectional impulses and 250- to 3,250-uosec --

(microsecond) switching surges. The sw-itching-surge and a-c Paper 64-38, recommended by the IEEE Transmission and Dis-
tet wer testsweremadeboth
mae bot drry ad an we
wet unde
une ASA(Ameican
AS (America tribution Committee
tions Committee and approved
for presentation at by
the the IEEE
IEEE Winter Power Opera-
Technical Meet-
Srtandlardls Association) specifications. Researchl was instru- ing, New York, N. Y., February 2-7, 1964. Manuscript submitted
mented in the CESI high-voltage laboratory in Milan, Italy. November 6, 1963; made available for printing December 5, 1963.
The full name of this laboratory is: Centro Elettrotecniceo Speri- D. B. ALEXANDER iS with the I-T-E Circuit Breaker Company, Victor,
mzentale Italiano Giacinto Motta, the last two words referring to N. Y.; and E. W. BOEENE is with the I-T-E Circuit nreaker Company,
the late Dr. Motta, to whom the center is dedicated (see Philadelphia, Pa.
Figs. 1 through 3). The study included radio-influence (RI) The material in this paper was originally presented as CP63-363 at the
measurements, determination of voltage distribution along the IEEE Winter General Meeting, New York, N. Y., January 27-February
inlsulator strings, photographs., and cathode-ray records of each 1, 1963.
NOVEMBER 1964 Alexander, Boehwne-Porcelain Insulator Strings 1145