' 1/5 ~~ Doik-Mechanies-- Batali i Kn Soil Formation ie ee 2u- , +501) Seay. ber api, } 200 ~ Physical weathering 8 chemical weatherin Pp ay ng 1302 - Clay minerals.» |~~ Mature of Soi] tA page SS Sof] raawy —_ - <, ,4.7 ~ PROM 322 6S Lo, 6 Aditi tinh A Sle D (denundet bon) 2 Ads (wea therin 9) EA be ase gnay ab J *K Weathering fe Penna E [CAD Ce Stats) ch Pit ae CD Physical weathering (2). Chemical weathering Physi caf, weathering. 6 Chemical wetthenses Ekin of los Physical Chemica! due ts; . Ram Jat — ot 3 shang e in bempre fecre +The action of water » 0, Co. ower | mad, Sh eS otra = wind Cv! BIA pK oS Gompos/tion|| The same as the original]! Change in ménerel form CN SEH rocks. Cay ed NG pay : ‘ -., Lv Z Hier Neyo SEY PM ood s5 at fe, 8a, sd ase bt (ibe 21002 mm > LABS ball CLD clay minera!s >, ley minerals rl peo’ |Particles 2 O mae 8 Bo angular Younded * Kaolinite Mite + montmorilloni fi (clay méntrale Core En) Structure| SA BES ely BE ewe pas loose er medium or dense| 7 (CAD oll ght oe oie, Gof one Ohad aay co) hers AF, | of esl dispersed Slocciletes es) (xe) | Ba ai) IE | (Sand ) bie | (clay) Sades\_1 48. | 4 Clay mineral particles: obs Sly = basic structural bis un/ts ea oe Ji Silica sheet Mumind sheet A on we po os LAG teh dye Chy mineral particles pease “e CE led swt .° Clag sor] Y (dispersed or flocculated) SE het en fie Like,4s paticle amis ly ous bla, BLA Spe Joo, _ SP US) ap) UD ne Cle "buss ein, _ Silica sheet > Plamina sheet Silica sheet §& Alumina sheet: we Al tle, — Silica sheet Alumina sheet Sym bol AN Structure er © SiiiCon ® Aluminium ° Hydroxy) O OAygen “Silica tetrahedron" “Alumina Qctahedven” © Clay mineral particles (Clay mineral) ; PEE NN I oI _ Karol inite rite mohtmori loni'feKaolinite djiite—2- montmorillonite a aes Kaolin te Nite montrmeri llsnite structure a bond oe ests “ bord = ed A eA 3 =x = ) silica sheck 2 Silica sheet 2 siV@ sheet I Alumina sheet} 1* Alumina chee | > Maimina sheet bond H- bond Kt Heo ALE v vat cE hydrogen PoteSium jons waterS ° Fro perties il age ZAl cele © @ BP 2 209 LE Ae Ainifions se 4u02 A jot Ce Ye fo x 50? 1 4m Relations between definr tions x aD AD wwe bareh Bat, COM Stl) y 4 ou Jt debe 02 FO Ex) SE oals 3/ «Definitions ay + Clana = Solid oul Volume (ad) Hass % [air y = Vs] water | |, Vv 7, 4 M Ve olids H; — & Vaz Volume of “ir (gas) 2 Vizs Volume ef weer , Uys Volume of vids Volume of solids Ve tote! volume. we My = Mast of air gas) =0.0 , hoe Mass efusoter , HH = Macs af solids °c total don f 7d ~ Ws = Weight of air gas) =0%0 > M/= Mesh of water, We « ‘eight of solids We tolal weight, Wwe Mg oF a ae Defin'tion aA el 0m iSN ba ; voids ratio e i e- Ww e>t fo GW ee Vs ect porosity n ne SX ywo ym | 7 et 7 degree of Ss S= vs Xie (0 fowl) 7 Settieration v een tes , A Y% y Wr content A Az SE Nie Z Sl od3/8 we water tonteudl Ww bya Fhe yon = ™ vie Z Bu gekt Ms Ws specific graily) gq — eBid nd Gs = os. Soo gt | 1 M 2 Hass denstly f fe t |r ofsoil pane v roy devily || ge ts tbat of solids Leah | os se Ns Hass desity || J, S,: fe cho bln | fuoter oul ey ” = unit weight ¥ Se ~~ Is Im of 0 aR f derce |i unit weigh 2 WG of soled Soren init weight of ont <8 x Xx % mw tot pened Fu eon v/a? Kul4/¢ AA wit § ale iho of uk dew & Sve Ne tae Be i ahenge) he ut bos C4 sird) ED JI p09 eos bib a otltctce My Saturated see J coy > duly aturoted , S2 foo 7 pat Wh AS e8 —s partially abualed , 9 L S= 00 7 * Relations between defn aus dA we Lif Gl Gab JOU) ody Heeos . Pela» [ASS % Heo eh Gish alee a — PI AA ed bmestl oe mtlaens Lees lye F042 pb WD detail ct ewe dosad =! COW aio gaa) G2b7| eee PAU SON oso Plas) ted CIA se Ae (el ) yey. --41 2 Ise Wr e@-S-e Mu = (8-0) f, sus Me 2 &S, Cyeh AES 2 ppc F ecb) ee) 20, f. rane a oa LOM aul;t/a ! ey Ex) + Prove (deduce = drive) that-——-—— fk, Sethe a 14@ Cos) @ Siu2 5. +e @ W-G2 S-@ = e (OM Tre © A= n(i-s) a é Uy rel he ost s - Mo MMs +My 'G’’ ) Jf = TF Ss Sot Sef, Fe . e Get Se i «f= J 77e. — @ Ju? Sue — Sf, - Of, At¥@ ) _ J 1re f - f Gs +e - (ite) Sub, 2 —«d f= Gs-t we Sab, & ite _ QW uw = w=7 ) 2) vy ry L Vv — CL (6 ee 2 fooHomeworle (1) * QQ. a4: (a) Compare between Physical weathying § Chemicas wethering . (b) Prove that: ¥) = Suet a) en £ right hard side) T+ Of He ' L assumin 3] Dry soil is mixed content w = 23% and air content A = i (2) Assuming that y= 9.81 kN/m*, calculate for the above specimen: th water to produce a specimen 4 cm x 5 a %. Itis estimated that x 12 cm with water 2.68. i. the void ratio (rounded to 3 d ii. the porosity (3d. p.), iii, the degree of saturation S (in % to 1d. p.), iv. the dry unit weight y (in kN/m? lo 2 d. p.), v. the wet unit weight Yost (in kN/im? to 2 d. p.), vi. the saturated unit weight yeat (in kN/m? to 2 d: p.), vii. the submerged unit weight yaw (in kN/m’ to 2d. p.), viii, the weight of air, water and solids, Wa, Wy and We, respectively (in g to 1 d.p.), and ix, the volume of air, water and solids, Vs, Vy and Vs, respectively (in cm? to fy 1dp.) (b) Assuming that the void ratio e remains constant, can the water content w of this soil specimen reach 25%? Explain {e) Assuming that the void ratio e remains constant, can the air content A of this soil specimen reach 50%? Explain cimal places), : (Ans.; 0.776, 0.437, 79.4%, 44.80 kN/m?, 18.21 kNim?, 19.09 kNim?, 9.28 kNim?, 0.09, 83.39, 262.29, . 21.6 cm’, 83.3 cm’, 135.1 cm’, yes, no) % Problem 3 1. Material for an earth fill was available from three different borrow sit compacted state, the fill measured 100,000 m? at a void ratio @ = 0.70. The corresponding in-situ void ratio and cost (material and transportation) of the material for s the three sites Is as follows: les. In the me Total Cost per — Borrow Site. Void Ral 1 LE 12.80 2 LE 10.30 3 LE 12.00 Determine the most economical site (Ans.: Site 1)[12 minutes'| Ay: — Compare between the different “clay minerals" C3 Marks) ‘G,: Peve that: f SX: Sv G, C+) . “2 Ire (assuming Kalo) # CF HMarles)we ~ rg Soil Properties a @ al ee LZ gd BLA SE yah 20° . BAG| aes 3081 Que » Example (IE 6 Sr 4 » Example (3) ° 6 + Sue : a (4) ° 7! 600 - ow @) ° gue + Volumetric Change BM aith 9ue 1 Relabve Density Ag 2h BUG, NP feu, “ + Example (6) ° 1 Experiments dle olf 1 bseter Content ( OL, DxS nF o lau = sunt woxhl (9 Jue iv eo nw rspecifrc grwi(G, )e eo2/3 - “Gnd Dorel oly oN JG AD ae By ohn 3 Zhedl 13 eile ev oy P PL ded tat +» Example (2); [sheets -at] Prove thet: OQ nz = Fe @W es QD oe Gt Se a) x 1) Sou, (Qos Gb =~ Av a ‘ & a & u (5) ‘ bets Key Seat ~ Se Pe all a asd eee ace boss aot \ CNN af ae, O ) , Ire =¥,[ ete _ |4f3 oe Example (3): ~ [sheet neat ——————~ (Me coh neh) For @ Soll with voids rabowe S$! , mors bare Content 211 and Go 22.698, Calculate Coat) Poresiby , Degree of Sabrtrabin, phipl ancl weryad , Dry ansl weight CS) « Sel,; . greens 6 Creel, Sos 2th, Ge 26 Kae Sh 2S Vets Satry fa) S.€ = &e.G, (Seta) we Sa ee Co2I2-62)_ 4 Gag.9 e CGI aeaseil poy =) 657 = _¢€ ec ~ @ ” THB gp AAPG ~ teat Oy, lotiingsy = \4475 7 ) Get se ee Ke, ie or Xap s C45) 2 SF Co LisNo 3) x 1h53 ISM Ind5/3 seo dry yb al —G5-t-S.-E__. & Oye +e - oe 52 (rv) 2h tee 2 [14.53 bata] A sei specimen 1's. 50 .mm in. diame ber. and tee mm long. In its natural state, bs. weight was 225. gn. When dried Completely im an oven, the. Specimen weight was 20d gm. If G,= 2.75, Calculate the degree of saturation. Sal: 2a gm, Cn: or é prae er kew,m 0 Bleue a Sore thm3 Sz 9.81 Jen fnd 3 - an 4. . . blew ¥, wh Jenne NS et VEL Uos > 0 2X, + ° ” om me we go given: A) =10" Wate = 225 gro ~— Jes Wary 204 Ga, 227d req, : S 2.2226/3 : aig Ss ioe = ln Z . +e Gs (2.093 )(2.75) _ o. - Ss es ag oe anh be © Example (5): [Ssheet.|.-6 ad_] Given for asa : Fs t# kwh, up alt, G2 2.6. Calculate the wids vate and the degree of saturation of that soil. If the sw/ vs fully saturatedat the same voids rats ,Colculale the unre mare and the. water.Contert Cat seturatron). hsyom AL G- 26 —> natural state Byte sal saduratron [one Y eased @ a8 DIES Chen : G@, (1 tue) kw : Fob, ire kL 17 = (9-8)) 2-6 Cte) 1+e- 17+ 17 @ = (281) (2-6)(.14) = 29.076 ed o-#| $.€24.G weber SAB plo _ : a eS CO (2) og 5 ate oces G+ Se wove oo Seat? we 1+#é Aq Beat. “eat = 95! x | i898 kw »| ia Se Fe Gy tN nen pt a wes GQ) 7D) _ VOD oo. 2.a3 « Volumetric Change GAIA): (hdrre) — Cafter) 1 ivlla/ fod POAC (Vy) Steed Buf Atel) sol J ne ait Ue tse Che CUS a HSM cers yh (ou) Ajo) Modo Jef oth 2 (2K Mae ine, Cites) uy yo” Tre, - 61 -€2 146, =9 he x Relative Density (4a ye je tab AVAA Vile we ribet) parebl 5 Oy" es (4 O,- g, Lov vA aU ys non fee * Cmax, — ew mae, — Emin, PH one ict prions @ cad fowl Ache ae S cce aatale D relative denity 4 >% Xtoo 7 6 P= Cfeld piel A) Phe = valued Dr - é Ys 15% IBY< DL <357 25S Op < 65% 6 X~< Dr S857% Dy 3957, Soil Layer is: very leose loose abe raediin ath jhe = dense aetS very dénsa baits12/13 Exanple(6); [sheet ~ # dais} For a gronulay seit having ¥ = 17.5 kulw, Dy = 827 ,o% 28 and G2 2.65 + Y Cm 20. dd. What would be Cn 2 What would be the dry dart weight in the Joosest. sale 2 (a .%? oll Omak 20 1 35 Gree Sel.: Gs * 265 Siven; ¥ natu felts o Dpe Ref, Oo =k Y Cmnrg = 0 44 2 26S Cmae, J (at Cnae) [reef aa bl | 2 Rowe VN at Bnahiral © wee J Ove tee MN 7 Grow) = Se Te 17.5-( 9.51) 2:85 4098) d+ P5+ IFSC = (U8I)(2-65) 0%) = 28.08 “ © poll = 0.604 nae eee Dp CO Gy a nein Cmax -~ € J, Dr = eee ineOy = (9-81) Pa Gre =e 242 1+ e@ Ne a mete, 2-65 1+ 1.381 Le ae \ HO (Cry Sh) busest State Jatt, 2[ a6 revhe|aay sence BLL Ae hne, ye oe Peaks ae wh of cots ald . Sul 9 Wage A teel Gz4] TLD. Wy) = Gia) hae 2 4 We W, = Wy fties) ay eR 2 aul ee Ww Ly 2- 2 heed esha) of Z lk edd grr 105 © wheter 2 lp ci H+ iclelacis = W, Wy = " -W, -2 Wes Se A fe0 Ss 2 Jestas“A ) a LY? Cann Cohesint oh Fw WV wpe ide ate Ses ads dig We = Nb poll 6 nin) fork kes Mer oe wet by = very oan galt po) aU aa ob Whe Caeleh os Gabel FP LElagl ove MA vary ce SY a Vii eats» Ddrahok oye ) FD x- weight — Oy cet =“C)- A Combined: analysis was Conducted ona soil. Sample. The s : weight -semple used in the dry test Greve) was 320 gm. TY Sample used in the wet Lest (hycdmetir) yas 64. 9. TT potlowing readings tye. obtained. —.| Sieve size | Hass 4 Soil retoined Comm) on Sidve Com) 3E5 = | - 2o.0 49 foro 28 5.0 33 2-0 2 | 19. Bo 0-60 22 » 0-30 (5 - 9-2i2 1% old 16 a 0-074 9 - Pan 74 Agdrimeter Calibration For the hyjdrmeter test, Consider ; Yor 28-5 cm) , Ay = 28-5 Co? , Hydrometer reading y Me 1 Ie - de I 1 fo J.00 16 360 1. 0 008 1332 Jove} Ruy = ho Gs = 2-65 = fooo Cu Vespensing, 10°. Or I stostg CM) = 9.16 X 1078 gm see Jem? ——-(2) assjfy- this. Sol according t rts Sadation. OU the triangular dewyfecatin . give a Relo > 2=/9) Cm R= 104 > Ze 5.2 Cy It ss reguived tot G1) Plot the grain size ditribel ion Curve. names for this sat3 | : eo(st) re Ther following — observetions—were obtain SVinit test of sal _ po ae _penebratin ‘Tslance 2 19. [2g - (mm) - = s+ | water content (ih) 56 G2 73.) 80] 2 : Ali, toes tests for plastic Jit wtre perprnied which give volues of 28.27. and. 29.41. Plot. the flow Curie ghrel. determine the Jollowing: oe Agni Limi of tee 5011 - ~~ @ Plastiity indee and Wywidity tnd Geof bbe 51}. ~~ @) sing the plasticrly chart, classify this soi]. —(B)- Al Seif specimen hus. L-l-= 72], 5 2S = 1A and the ze natural water content = 397, Ph ae —— atsify this.s0if cccarding & its Consistency Stute-__> } S oil C, lassification | 4A) che “Grain Size Analysis " eel geal 20 main types of Soi) ~ [seit Classificatiat] BA cise 7 2ue ene eo | aur HLT. system. 3ue + Triangular Classification Gltb\ céayadd\ _ Au + (grain size analysis) GAD cub Bi) @ ¢ br: 57 + (Sieve analysis) Pil EF 6 f out: 9ue Example (1) ° f 160?! Nu + Chydremeter test) Fuca 23 \ 19h \tue Example (2) 6 t 20u2 -(Combined Analysis) e1a2h hile j 21u0 «GS aya) GD) SEL Der) i Boe AM edie) LEM) 2200 ped Bat fe "6D eB) cots)Ane Ayes 2 Coarse grained soil V, dre as organic soil tats Chesionless soi) aA eet tele CLO det FF oye ve yh 78 ky ee ay Sand, grave! Soi ification + Soil Classifica on Story eg sae the baa! ved ct vel nw ale 5] Of | Sterel, sand, sitt, Clay hoe Chal vik yi ee Mery Goh bal 3 aba aa ad Si Aah CAs) sip | (seit Plastrerty ) (gran size) 4 toe tu AASHTO Plasticity Chavt te PLILT. system. B- Trrangular Clssificatin Lou leas rele} pile redeheae (ee ol gad (Aloe cd Gs Let, Po. J fsieve , Aydrometer] rci; oe HIT. 595 bem :- al be ( gruel, sand, sithy ef 2 ahs tae Seve anahey grain ~~ S12 ad . hidromel dj tribution wyarom eter Carve cdl aa Joe 2 ee le Gobined analyss 4G EAs ag CIN1B tM a G8! a? 5 eat opal UO EGanh 9 = “(ats Mt) wid} Beth (ans) = > Mydrometer lest @* road Spl, eo ots gat Se) oe dit ioe — ai Sieve Analysis @) SAehE jebid| vb = Cobined Analys’s | Wel Hedrenical Neb Dry Mechanical Aralysi chyey Said 4 Pky sand Sif Ahoy op Ba LL andlaw we Pl SeaGlags es (Ns Grove) F sand; jene9 Shaker fee BYE (TF eehod4 eh BA OEY eG NA + Semraleg scaled dog (YN I mer el lee a epee Beth ci» DP sell Sse} (2) ead yp gu eeehy Deon fds " mn 28d al rs 70 (origin) nR (% fiver by wh) a, ie Ma CH OE ymis ES) Ses : [Gredig Characteristics | 1 Ald clay & é l ao Jel eli aE, epige| Tee te hand all Sat «Diy lv (es | arise 60 he ww = Deo, (B & anh & Cena ess S ratio g Cad N NSheba ose ee Evanple) 2. 362 16g osey od 0. 295 oi? ood | Af poe, ZA Wy Ony = fe lve Zise (diameley)~ 0.74 wb, Downe peo VN omi : Pring Yargnquaig 721g wIeeDWes come ler test) Hnvalysis Chydye ee) | . Lee ist Zou ’ yur heer)I Joab sth ne ooo cys spat as bis oud ier, eo) tw) IL 5 OP BITS Boy dy yim OM A wt CMO 0’ Has a Nays IRV G36 | bea ad ‘ VCP A ph os eu ddl poy - z - Pia ees Beas Qe ale oe \ aS Waduatle . : 1 MALE NIAID for nel is oad Ye. Vahl fsb), 3b 22 abe AP Sohyp we Jao (a).Hs HIM OMP ae ged) Det) eas pg ee eh ane® Pouey @ [org Scud ae} i Vo : LAH tw bps rQatin doagla Mob) - Coalleth she kre on (ebb ee) to Ie lendWeg ~— (4, 5 ) rool y alt ot mS} , ARPA AAAAAA: sCudoes wo) delete ore wo oltss salah 50 Aiedh Bt = 2 tye dick es ee AL ALE eZ roccuveel aig NelLuw VEG haM [Seen 9m em J PA ew bedi B Crm dias—-ttintteiranneanecnmntnsinnnennmencnseihii eg CL Pare MA) Gol aca 27’ asl GAl Gp a. ale 2 BATE OP BF rae wwas b Sb yes [see-, Io» 5 ey 4 [5x Aly Ays ] BA CMed od on CHP es op) LW ow . Ci BEIGE Lo Sfend = [oJ (HH boda) Sep oe - , g D4 nat = pe ‘aDON) wetted Greve ) SAU. o aes ER ahh lek ae Ky earned) w 0 Yagi WY) 7) Ymtole('Z), ao a - PANDA Rigi AG Athos shi We 278 fn? » Ag = ee cn Rye he a W = foo a 2+ e008) poise O25 1o27 oS 10206 bo JeotFt 2 Jeo 133 5 J c093 lo 1.0067 20 100 dg Ag foo2h o 022 /fO J D01G 332 Jeoecgay 2) 22-2 Yaa foams MR, “hy dl Om Ie;(Fb (P- fe D< ae dem Sveve Sh 8 Ayel ene ley) “+ len aah co (10 pay Bad) \e e Setinel g ss faith WN Bate Xe vo pe ley Sif { v EX ample (2) GN yp phed ge > — silt heey ef, - i Jape tet Boe Mop 5 AB sill pip Mg O57, cle pip Ng fs 5h Wwe vt oF PYG BAN cond obey[BAGID esJ209 jwnipew | auly 98180;cept | d was Con ductoy wrth, ¥ Seve amalys's test on 400 Jom f Sand| the following records» Sieve Me. DinweterQmm) | 2-362 | 1/68.) 0,589} 2.41% Mass velained | * BPEM Gy ~ os OQ Deleymne the Sredebion characteristiles of ty fo | joo.) 72 | 4g ' com) . a \ Tits! Rebros| bo | \60.] B fego Baja 360] 390 | J ft ot : i Age finer) 85 2.5) i . ms | Ame | | W Whebthe values ABC and \D, a Merk) | | i forte. (3 Mery) @) Chsify the sol according tC tks. grid bey 3 Morty)DO gens ote y hydrome ty 2 =F surf BULL aby mthGs.t. ) oe mpls Ghe | aL W ewien- aA Shrinkage Itmil ue pak eal wee SL (Ss L) Shrinkage NS cel yt Ae ws po prighe govety gf wonter of test toprrtar sate Lo Sop A ep 8 bd, 67 Cub af VE GCoy there! ke S01) Nem b VE 2b (Su persion D Sash mt tee, VND Ge Lowe Coy of 50 gon lov P (seis ensien) or cad 005 Jom (seit) © 3 elon \ weigh ( of salids [08 suspension = Ww Ve Vole ef Suspension wls werght of Sol/ds ra Sespensron it a 7 Me v —+#(2) con WH ag ‘ {"V Jind PT Vg = a ) iy J whe | aa) wy (% dead =! a Oy 2 EN Mo JME Lem “ yg or? (B)(2) Arba Ps 1 Lae al Ve Os =ee wi emde Lolerds+| c he wet he J Jit gee satde fo wtest ie wes (Dmhly wet) ows , Lhe . NL DM AeOl lesa oud dl Bodh cd aol’, P> 2» where; Nos [at dorbl 2 stine 2 Ja viptbols 1 (tn 43 om ayy ych Ld wp fo wt. of ss Jed sapeysin BMW ew, We 5 Vv Plbreog 2 otic Jd fe oA Cbs ut ED be ick & sens Nw Oe Sw t - eb poles Ya fos GMay obit, Me Xk (aye be ago7 [pes museyey : “Fe7 |fees aysayey Hea 27M be 97 | poms pnbs] i 7 lagnquaip 325 weal | / er sag [20/4 D2} L veormeagip BES whib oye wep : L Baas | [7999 prameyzy - woigng Wd gsip BE/S “ish | ISAivay Ble. - rin Det B Sauask food Kapessqeg |CoPt wer) | serpaod jes favesh ofoads Saureie 21 fireds 2 | Ruosmsegrs PELE sere. z a ? aban rot ern neesai Peipioun] a3, yee : Neate S| 4 ie el Tj yen Apiiqeatuag Peay Saye, | & pam saveseny | (4) Kuyenesiod fe periffer | prog Meiqtestiad pray maa zi we, + [Leber eI) Cate IR oy BT. weary 329 @| | Prcpres “9 sybam piun ba 523 yea siarojdo4 Pubs jo Fiber pun Pip 7597 - | FL PD PHS) j 7 | ] | cxtcomyctt pees| [eo Rede 6% J] «papa! | B7 | yereer es se) satam gon Rip tou PEL dog, Plepue | i : Le epP EL : we ] melee ke | FOP | ge 9 i fepha ¥ Soil Classigrcat ion SS BAN eyed feet © @)i, aS Plasticity of Cohesive Soil a ac lal ao Seb 8 bai - Carr ao 20 Consistency limits — € — Plasbier a 3u Sele, Pl, Lek Lhe aged 7 Suri due . Caing rinde apparatas (i) 124 60" Cone penetremeler (2) gue Pl meee. 1Sik. hag Jove J ve Velumetrre shrinkage limi @& fove (LS. ) linear’ Shrinkage linze — @) Vee Ue . ple (1) = | IP s Acbey CLT Ty rele 15u2tIdua + Plestrerly Chart - s Nour 5 ‘ + EXample (2) = slo . + Exangle 3) =we i deat bi ow / 2 Plasticrty 2 a Lopes, LW aA), Gd YP a a j Bad fet Sede pls sak whe Ameo 4 wes - oe ee OM Ne pe 1, ete wy See — . Consistency “Limi ts” ’ ptterberg’s Iiroits” {og Lina J ol ‘ Pl LL. water Shrinkage Plastic liquid content lien b Jim Vink (ln) Gow) (We )senele 4 — aby Lt able JS -(ITDoy a pglleed wo Ue vd (egaenat aw! Hof da (ofates Das x - ch liquid bmi pS) PV smallest A Migutd Hird Med It is lial was Gaten€ ad which Che suf 1s Semes iy wid be ry Siaall veloc Af shea Shrength ale Dew a wd etl aude Lol hex as Sale ut Plastic limrb Flt 0B) sea es ee ee Th is the heater Con ber af alwhih the sets Plas SOR) BI Dread AG) es Goons yt ® “(Cenk )ev 3 Shrinkage | fin UEP 0 =@ Ibis the Ssmalst water Gotond ad which the sa) 15s tur 1 SUG sh wtbul floss dl —— Lue duletued (haz) DY Se ost ell OY a a >. 4 a higgi my Cosa grande - ve Ob ey ; . ort (2) SEE soe artnet, POEM HEED 2 cle @) Casagrande Apparatus >. (url 2) 35 EN areds ddd o (grew Jame JO a. 2 (lay a2) ct) od at a " A? Same ed wpe AF ah a cone al s\ous | (M. ) << “Ce We # Sony }) Vid And | wpe cleat Ae) aw welt ee Vom og Name ise dG 25 EN clef BEL) cg Julep $l, oe! 3 | a eae “Gd yee) ay Sy Lbelb aye yo 7 apts) (D6 9048 4 A ee NM (hs scale) 25 Wes of blows GLaShe @ Cone Penetrometer 2 (dst rsa y dia] aus Cy Seige FO as GS i | apy clamp asa 38" oe ky — standord Con€ MO L i Oo Kaur (4 . FO D erglal OY Lea bend wb tur (Lin) ut) bk olf -2 4 fal gage) es\5 3Ad5 _ LV Gk) bac IL get) bh} te) ie a, Ae —_ wes Fe BIS ab oo) Job AU «293 Ry = ale diol gauge JI SI cPenelralin diton) WGN mie 4 ee ( Trakion ston 1 4 VA. (8zRy-Rj 0 a WU, 20 wl (Ute ) Atak NBS Sd oF 58h a) were ts (Sols) rt per, oA ppl svt A UAT Ie cf \ . SEL MD Ayal pai p (op (Sef) me ehehl th 6 geld MPL as 35 eer asl!20 Sv bSuylec -Gne fene trometer BF Oley ly Casagrande aff eet dd Je jag) Eee Casagrande 3 fle dea) FEvat) easing of et: Feat lle ea ne, Lake Mt, ins) ated op has LA tad | Je” 6 CPN dS 14. Pip hl. nn cl Ra) be ot oe POINI wai) Fett |S faces J Abe! ( roll ne 2 MI abides & paces aa) fo ac gil ALAT J) Ce at nee A) MO ort Sus) of I) as (m4) Pome es py, Ve bah Oe A auprinkage limit Zineay S-t. (e inns S.limean _ Skuimbogs @) (1p) Volume trie Shrinkege 41 Limi aaa ous - poe (Bad OOS au ad e- we AAG UGH 96 eer mercury wb og or EYAL ool oben, gb = oe ae {ae eis, J. Ioan J phe, Soil Sample wer oa Uk A am 2 Proesl Zt ~ Sd aati Aix) Bis chee LC Sb )e bhi aes Voy, weV volume) 4) od Poach Oy ale 15 | [eden wre é ED Ais o- BE 2 asa yaa 2 ole brass mould ~ ~ Shan ew 6 ép S Al USI Idh rls Bees doh meatal arb oy 3 , Mormm = de = Ke db = yt Linear Shrinkgge 21 eee 4 Se enka SNA ISE eenY / Yo # Lxonplewl 11] shed 2 — (3) 09 Sele, Reel I oe ep wy oy Weed AE 44, 21 aay eo y, f Pl, 225% wate = Greets (nebo) We = 35 fh Plockrely inte PL 2 L.- Pl. Liguidily indee mens ds =| O.BF In plastic StateMA }U09 JU—— B/i Cpe: [Eby PL SL] ee See Gitte & Plasticéty indge $— AW doy Cp) + rd cblid te = BD cheles Ys UR Dy — - Pl. 2434-5.) — 1 Viner Shrinkage te aytab (2. 1) Seti. \ 5 glade pol 38 arch ai) (IF Ad ° Lr, Cid ses, Solid Trost sit, Plate > LT ye pl guid a We = field water Content state Piz plate Vmrd lips Plasicly ade *e Activity of Soils t- —— a. (Po (uel) Ag (Swelling ) et. Pam vl} eh badd pe te DD, cleraf Clay particles <0-002 ma) aad Clay 4 hae ae bs Acti ——— Fe x 4 clay particles © Clexy mwcneral 3 ps Duns actidy 4 ute pee SO ded >_ odor Sw! Fy 4o x, + PAG Ld Ana } : esdit(ay “enteBsden A edd Et ( wotey Selo) et Mos og Check JF 3 25 wo CE SN Se) ie) Bei 45 09, SAY Sag est Ds, bys han BES be Rie fe se Dy (use ox J past 1) @ (cee I) x : 4 | HA SEI(200 2A) wt arr) wd 245) 3 5 Oey, - ; 4 i _ AT e (ules ~ i OK Be ee A) shin one ce i BY wy ON ee Sed octyl 6 e| Standard 4 x, oo Bevo air line (Ao kL) oa » Standard Procter best } EX Gmpactien Curve 1 Modified > wee ~ 2 ww fe Bus hes a wail Xe Easter oy, a EW) ye “i ois -3 Pre fo iad se “PEAY sl aye - BL 20vd sei A beh abs Bd 4 ~ tee we Ao8/re s(tethds of determination Field Unit wk (84 di pst) 5 @ oh sahd tds CAS b Met Sy 268 reba Sy, Ail ah eb, “I ne, chee els. Sand Repiec Conta test (1) sen | 9ftnalar col Mii (es Seil Ring Cutter Cha tin ete 2G ADM 7 Me) > © Sand Replacement test: web H Uy = Vie oe i‘ mie) 08 Shes LS ete ey (nv) Meals vy, etaht 2 Dorian wl( Footy . PE ML ple a bY é OR ing Cutter tee i Core : Cob dey he ta pCa tatter a fb bret gal Au Au stl %,t/ 16 2 baller Ji yr, mek eA dels JO LAT a CAmple 2S, whew 9VAr] a2 4 _ 7b? ‘nan? Mr) = Gh see Ns 2B 8 sw -— Ww ' rev (Heres) Cuber) ( Sect), = - LSet LA Sd agra wisest J uni” i &. d= Sch 2 vee. ef Compaction 2 0, - % é ative % comprar (Rg) ° ‘ Cv SG, i PONS SG hae Sal ale JT ED 5 mae oo WO Bo aioe, ls Sty, ved Fo} % ade So # ‘i orb) edt wee Yet OS Duy Rk KBY YOU, Cate) 3 eal a BB oats AM a lon, Ae yey CM KE) OD IED sate 2 Oy ke dag J12 Ie 4 Sol ve Extn, ples a Cranple: uM [om de The we +] wv. Ty Vnould = 0000945 vm> 988] awl of vel ser] 179/ | (13% | 203A | Gatid | 2022 N95 = fe) . : : Valine. (Vr) JAS) VS | PLS | GAD | PAS | Oe Cem) 4 |. | 5 Sued a) S95 | 2.0091 2.056) 2-144] 2-189] 2.10 i (a Joe) given _ te we o0¥d| of) v.29 | odd | ashe ==‘Bf Le Po We GS » BO a, EEO Pi? A Nee Bt wee Sy Bere Wiyere drles 293d) G.to6 | 0129 | ott 0166) 2°86 ?e Blo | 2.0 Od | 186 1.80 2,09 199 1.90 | a5 | ng ce 1) Bias Pt Nee xo Ys (re) Pr Me 005 ye ¥y sod VO (aA (We) [+ lM xeA) (-n) 0.92 reed 22 714 [46 —Exanple (2): — Sand Rephcenent test = Sand Core test oe 2 L6G hy Wea OAS y oo Wa 0277 \y i= 182 glee Kd ier eed Woe Wat VAL6 oe $ GPs 1832 qe [M25 779.6 LL 65 gm feod Uk tee (oh), ema SS abe te x eld = (68 ¥nur we ovik UL — Exanple (3) = Bwert So ae - a Soil has been compacted in aon embankment at ¢ Bulk anit) weight: df 215 the and a water Content= of 2). The specific grevity of solids js 2.65. Calealate the ry nb weight, degree Saturation and ar Content. Would td be. posssble & Compact the above Soil ata water Content of 13.5) ts @ ony eenrd wh ff 2-0 thd i —— Be Se BIS Hm? wee 12 1 LE WS ALS _ () at uw 213.57 Spe %e Wo TC atey.o (Soere thdae— tym Choa) i ° Sy Sek | Tt G, = 2.65 : [3 2 Ehar ' Asudo KP XG Gs U-4) Th be &, Jt LGg2ho 265 U-A) TF (1202.65) (128 )(192) 2 265. 265A Ax 045 Sao 4 - 2.53 Sys eC ios og? & 1425) 2:85 i Se: Ge (12) (2.65) eR 0- 83684/16 (i trekaliye wal Va57 = (a) 7 Atefs,3 ey wa bay” Sl) sof Wad Ls teed sea nae ow whe => [wets tt \ Aztew LIT dei 5 Cure the) aS — Seb Sodt Gey) Oey ‘ale oe ° EOS WED duel UL ae $02. =1B.S7) 2 ebay dk Shep ele,Sled) FO 1600 1g -— uv ~o 2 Determination 504 02 | Consdon dt head] al aA) C falling head Jas vat nconfined. layer Jinan pe Ceenfined flre J irnat izb) (Dares Low ) ob BE Ooffiriertted Permeability ( <): Z Jayne oD LAM @2tls- Qe be2/\e 7 One= dinens/enal UL sols a GAIW (ils) ol Gh alone La gh sou LF \eo year wie olene wt 6 (TED sarids ack See. 4- ch Sat JA) & voids OG CAMP GAL, BY) Am obh alee GNF aren = A 4Yaus (SL vasraly stouly bo foei] (OLN extditas) head =H atekdvet (01a ae) cress. sectional arca 2 A (Lx laLe GAIH oui Jede) length dough seid = Lb : (ee eet ten 2 Salle J) Superficial relectys ¥ v 4 (AU ol ae At see) Seepage vehcity = (=- FAME 53500 ott P _ 6.45) diiaye .Q G5 aedet aed [Anette at ct or oft] al _ tt Lop st) hydraulic gradient 2 : NSN ( SAW ol odd a1 beg We Aid) | A" LoL . . it x ewer} Qs: wv Gol aed Cee Jeane afahs Q * ayoub ene oe . . (wk parler)» Aw = Ay. 6 Qsaxswar) we > = é chy w= > Ve CP) cil fh cas a5) aa fl MM #) Ve ne Ve super ficial velocity ... m/sec. i ne porosity out (-) { i Us seepage veloc/ty —.. m/sec. | a Dereg’s Jaws eobage ) de Lalas OF} o* (eae) om ant (discharge Vélocrty | . i wa iy foe mosh] Ws ke S R G S Db | wheres \ : os discharge velocrhy Rade al a tL. Coz hydraulic gradient ——- Voarahatll , iliac oho daa KF Coefficient a permeability Ak ~-Gek-t-A4/18 1 Degree f Permeability BSE > er ) aha te — das Ese, alc Lap Cle (Cohesive WR Abe ~~ (cohesiontext Jara, ay L& Baa aay oy) K 4st yuta aca ie dy SO drglo bo) ese oy 5 ao + name 4 Sor] deqree of Permeaby ley “IL (nm fsee:) jooo —» 10 gravel » Good lo —> 10? Sand » Good po?» 15° silt 2 peer <5 clay & jmpermeable , beh ed BA ESC (eines) pe de ip wy hes a % Determination Gof cient of permeabs Hey (kK): CK) es cplew oe ee = bab. Si s—-) Fm? aes dele & Iw | ard ole 1a Hebedt oe seul (Ge Fea 3 >iShe | Cohsive 507 Ghesion less sor] | Falling heed tesé Constant head test Lab, [| ill eel 8 @ PU) ital 23 (sa) : i __ Pamping ot test Field SA 5 24 es GDGnstent herd permeability test ». 1 Saud 13% (Cohesionless sil) aL vgh_At ain gt dah 2 oes ANNE te) wigs) = eyo - aan a wo. WE pai Bed screen Cast als) Soil sary (a ce ei) si sent - Creer Sreduate