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Metals
Cu-alloys
Ni-alloys
Ti-alloys
PE, PP, PC
Alumina PA (Nylon)
Si-Carbide
Polymers,
Ceramics,
GFRP elastomers
glasses CFRP Butyl rubber
Soda-glass Neoprene
Pyrex Composites
KFRP
Plywood
Shape Size
Types of Fibres
Some commonly used FIBREs for polymer matrix composites:
-Glass FIBREs
-Carbon FIBREs
-Aramid FIBREs
Composites
Aligned Random
Classification of Composites
(based on continuous phase)
Composites
Composites
Aligned Random
Particle-Reinforced Composites
Composites
Aligned Random
Fibre-Reinforced Composites
• Technologically, the most important type of
composite
• Characterized in terms of specific strength
or specific modulus = strength (or E) per
weight
– usually want to maximize specific strength and
modulus
• Subclasses:
– Short fibre and continuous fibre lengths
A. Short(discontinuous) fibre reinforced composites
Aligned Random
Composites
Aligned Random
Classification of Composites
(based on continuous phase)
Composites
Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Employed to increase the fracture toughness of the ceramic
Example: Transformation toughened zirconia
Influence of Fibre Length
• Mechanical properties depend on:
• mechanical properties of the fibre
• how much load the matrix can transmit to the fibre
– depends on the interfacial bond between the fibre and the
matrix
lc = fd/2c
where No
Reinforcement
d = fibre diameter
c = fibre-matrix bond
strength
f = fibre yield strength
Characteristics of Fibre Reinforced
Composites
-Maximum strength is
obtained when long
FIBREs are oriented
parallel to the applied
load
-The effect of FIBRE
orientation and strength
can be seen in the plot
Fibre Orientation
Iso-stress’ model: σc = σf = σm
The total extension of the model is the sum of the
extensions of the two components: εcLc = εf Lf + εm Lm
If the cross-sections of both phases are the same,
L ≡ V, so dividing through by the stress (and
remembering that Vf + Vm = 1) we have:
Fig : A 250-ton injection moulding machine. The tonnage is the force applied to keep the
dies closed during injection of molten plastic into the mould cavities.
Injection Moulding
Typical Materials Used
Most thermoplastics can be processed by injection moulding.
The table below lists some of the commonly used materials.
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene ABS
Polyamide–(Nylon) PA
Polycarbonate PC
Polypropene – (Polypropylene) PP
Washing-up bowls
Process Capabilities
• High production rates
Machines :
• Horizontal or vertical machines
• Clamping – hydraulic or electric
Reaction Injection Moulding