Electromagnetic waves

Displacement current

Maxwell showed that a change in the electric current or the electric field with respect to
time produces a magnetic field.

∮ Ɩ = µ0 I (t)

B= µ0 I (t)/2πr
ɸ
Displacement current, Id =ε0

ɸ
∮ . Ɩ = µ0 Ic + µ0 ε0

Maxwell’s equations are:

• ∮ . = Q/ε0
• ∮ . =0
ɸ
• ∮ . Ɩ = -
ɸ
• ∮ . Ɩ =µ0 Ic + µ0 ε0
Electromagnetic waves – source and nature
Maxwell explained that the accelerating charges produce both an electric field and a
magnetic field that varies with respect to time and these fields propagate in the form of a
wave called “electromagnetic wave”.

According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy lost by the oscillating charge
converts into the energy of the propagating wave.

c=1/ µ

E0/B0 =c

Electromagnetic waves- features

Waves generally require a material medium for their propagation.

Electromagnetic waves can propagate in vacuum and in a medium.

Velocity of electromagnetic waves in a medium depends on the electric and magnetic

properties of the medium.

Refractive Index of a medium= velocity of light in vacuum/velocity of light in the medium

One metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in a time interval of 1/c
seconds.

P=U/c
Electromagnetic spectrum

Gamma X-rays UV Visible IR waves Micro Radio waves

rays rays light waves
-14 -13
Wavel 10 to 10 to 6x10-10 4x10 -7
to 7x10 to 10 10-3 to 10-1
-7 -3
>0.1
ength 10-10 10-8 to 7x10-7
range 4x10-7
(m)
Frequ 1023 to 1021 to 1017 to 7x1014 to 1014 to 1011 1012 to 108 109 to 5x105
ency 1018 1016 1015 4x1014
(Hz)
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