Distance Protection for transmission

lines: part 1
s S.A.E
IC - Smart Grid

©
Siemens AG 2006
SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Basics of Protection

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s Siemens AG Grid
S.A.E - Smart 2006
Page 2 Distance Protection Device 2
Why impedance protection?

Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds

Directional overcurrent time relays

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s
non-selective trip
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Page 3 Distance Protection Device
Basic principle of impedance protection

Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

- fault on the protected line

Z1

relay A

Selectivity

- fault outside the protected line margin

Z2
relay A

Objective: Measure Z with Accuracy and Speed

Master transients and adverse system conditions

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Page 4 Distance Protection Device
 Principle of (analog) distance relaying

ISC
ZS A ZL B

Usc
ZSC
E Isc

U1= k1 USC= k1 ISC ZSC.

Relay design:
comparator operation if
U1< U2
i.e. ZSC< Z Replica

X ZReplica
U2=k2 ISC Z Replica External fault
Z Replica (line replica impedance) Internal fault
(corresponds to the set zone reach)
R

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Page 5 Distance Protection Device
 Distance measurement (principle)

IL1 ZL

IL2 ZL = RL + j XL
6 loops : 3 phase- phase loops and
3 phase- ground loops IL3
ZE = RE +j XE
IE ZE

UL1 UL2 UL3

phase- phase -loop: UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2) phase-ground-loop: UL1 = L1 · ( RL + j XL )- E · ( RE +j XE)

Measured current
measured voltage
L1, E measured current
UL1 measured voltage

The same applies to the remaining loops The same applies to the remaining loops
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Page 6 Distance Protection Device
Complex impedance measurement

Normal operation: Metallic fault: Resistive fault:

ZL=RL+jXL ZL ZL

I I I
V Z Load V V
Rf

Fault on the next line

X Resistive fault
ZL
XL

Normal operation
Fault on the line

Fault distance can be estimated from the reactance

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Page 7 Distance Protection Device
Load and short-circuit impedances

Z Load
Distance relay ZLF1 ZLine
operating
ZLF2
characteristic

X RF RF
Fault area F1 F2
ZL ZLoad
D
ZLF2 Phase - Phase Fault
RR ZF2
RR RF / 2
ZLoad
RR Phase - Earth Fault
ZLF1 ZF1 l oa d
a sing
Incre RR RF /(1 + RE/RL)
L

SC2
Fault in
R
SC1 Minimum Load Impedance:
reverse Minimum voltage 0,9 Un
direction Load area Maximum current 1,1 In
Maximum angle 30°

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Page 8 Distance Protection Device
Typical distance zone-characteristic

MHO-circle shifted circle

X ZSC'
X ZR
ZSC'
external ZSC
ZSC fault
centre
internal
fault R

R
polarised
MHO-circle X quadrilateral
X
ZS = 0
RF XA
ZL settable arc
ZSC-L compensation
R Rarc
ZS small
RA R

ZS high ZS
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Page 9 Distance Protection Device
Determination of fault direction

Fault location Where is the fault ?

Current area for Impedance area for

forward faults X forward faults
USC
SC ZSC
SC
SC

SC
Z'SC
Current area for Impedance area for
reverse faults reverse faults

current / voltage diagram impedance diagram

The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

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Page 10 Distance Protection Device
Impedance measurement and directional determination

Why impedance measurement and directional determination separately?

A B

line characteristic
X
fault with arc resistance in forward direction

fault in forward direction

close-in fault
R
fault in reverse direction

direction may be determined together with the impedance measurement

but: problems may arise in certain cases (e.g. close-in faults)
separate directional determination required!
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Page 11 Distance Protection Device
Alternatives for the directional measurement

~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ fault L1-E
Z grid relay Z line

Distance Measurement Direction Measurement

VL1
VL1
Vf VL1 Vf Method 1 Method 2
Vf

VL3 If
If If
VL2
faulty phase voltage VL2
VL3
VL3 VL2-L3 VL2

healthy-phase voltage voltage memory

(phase to phase voltage) (pre-fault voltage)
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Page 12 Distance Protection Device
Directional measurement
Summery of all 3 methods

uRI = uL2-L3

uf = uL1

if(t)
uL1
Distance measurement
Measuring uL1 if
Direction measurement
window if with voltage memory
uL2-L3
Direction measurement
if with unfaulted voltage

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Page 13 Distance Protection Device
Fault detection techniques

Over-current fault detection

Voltage dependant X
over-current fault detection
U Voltage and
angle dependant
over-current
fault detection R
Impedance
fault
detection

I> I > I >> I

Not in 7SA522

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Page 14 Distance Protection Device
Why several zones?

Trip in first-zone time

7SA

Trip only if there is no fast fault

clearance by other relays

7SA

etc.
X t
t3
X3
X2
t2
X1
t1
Diagrams: X1 X2 X
R

Impedance plain Time-grading diagram

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Page 15 Distance Protection Device
 Determination of grading times

2nd Zone: It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to clear the fault.
The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following times:

• operating time of the neighbouring feeder mechanical 25 - 80 ms

static: 15 - 40
digital: 15 - 30

• circuit breaker operating time HV / EHV: 40 ms (2 cycles) / 20 ms (1 cycles)

MV up to about 80 ms (4 cycles)

• distance relay reset time mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms

static: approx. 30 ms
digital: approx. 20 ms.

• errors of the distance relay internal timers mechanical: 5% of the set time, minimum 60-100 ms
static: 3% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
digital: 1% of the set time, minimum 10 ms

• distance protection starting time *) mechanical: O/C starter: 10 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
static: O/C starter: 5 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
digital: generally 15 ms

• safety margin grading; mechanical-mechanical: 100 ms

static/digital-mechanical or vice versa: 75 ms
digital-digital or static-static 50 ms

*) only relevant if the set relay times relate to the instant of fault detection / zone pick-up. This is the case with all Siemens relays. There are
other relays where the time is adapted by software to relate to the instant of fault inception. In the latter case the starting time has to be
dropped. s ©
Siemens AG Grid
S.A.E - Smart 2006
Page 16 Distance Protection Device
Reach and time co-ordination

Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
t

-50% 0% 85% 100% 120% 150%

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Page 17 Distance Protection Device
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

for
wa
Line

rds
X Z6 Distance zones
• Inclined with line angle
Z5
• Angle prevents overreach of Z1
Z4 on faults with fault resistance that
Z2 are fed from both line ends
Z1B

Z1
re v
e rs
e

Load Load

fo rw Fault detection
a rd
s
• no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the fault
Z3
detection characteristic
• simple setting of load encroachment
re v

area with Rmin and Load

ers
e

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Page 18 Distance Protection Device
Graded distance zones

Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1

A B C D
D1 D2 D3

distance
Grading rules:
Safety margin is 15 %:
Z1 = 0,85 ZAB
- line error
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC) - CT, VT error
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD)) - measuring error

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Page 19 Distance Protection Device
SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Teleprotection

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Page 20 Distance Protection Device 20
Selectivity in distance protection,
Teleprotection is the solution

Normal setting: X1 = 0.85 XL

1 2

15% 70% 15%

Faults in this area are Faults in this area are tripped Faults in this area are
tripped from side 2 in from both sides in first-zone tripped from side 2 in
t2 time t2

Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

without delay at both line ends

Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length

are cleared with a time delay.

Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends

Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Teleprotection logic (dedicated device or internal
function in numerical protection devices)
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Page 21 Distance Protection Device
Teleprotection schemes

Z1B
Z1

1 2

Z1
Z1B
7SA 7SA

I see the fault forward,

but outside zone 1
I clearly see the
on
smissi fault on my line
an
tio n tr
forma
In
Prerequisite for the use of teleprotection schemes
After receiving the information • Teleprotection logic in the devices
from the opposite end I recognize • Transmission channel (Signal cables, PLC,
that the fault is on my line
Radio link system, Optical fibers, Communication
network)
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Page 22 Distance Protection Device
 7SA522 - Permissive underreach transfer trip (PUTT)

A Z1(A) B Z1B(A)

Z1B(B) Z1(B)

Substation A Substation B

7SA522 Dis. T. Send 2103 Tele-comm. Tele-comm. 2103 Dis. T. Send

7SA522
4056 4056
Z1 TS Send signal
Ts TS
Ts
Z1
Transmit Transmit Send signal
(A) (A)
T1 T1
Z1B Z1B
T1B
>1 Trip >1 & T1B
(A) & Trip (A)
Further Further
Zones >Dis Tel Rec. Ch1 receive receive >Dis Tel Rec. Ch1 Zones
4006 4006

TS
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Page 23 Distance Protection Device
 7SA522 - Permissive overreach transfer trip (POTT)

A Z1(A) B Z1B(A)

Z1B(B) Z1(B)

Substation A Substation B

Dis. T. Send 2103 Tele-comm. Tele-comm. Dis. T. Send 2103

7SA522
7SA522
Z1B Z1B
4056 4056
(A) (A)
>1 Send signal Transmit Transmit Send signal >1 Ts
& Ts &
T1B T1B
& Trip &
Z1 or >1 Trip >1 Z1 or
Further 4006 4006 Further
Zones >Dis Tel Rec. Ch1 receive receive >Dis Tel Rec. Ch1 Zones

TS

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Page 24 Distance Protection Device
 7SA522 - Blocking

FD Z1(A) FD
A Z1B(A)
7SA522 (A) B (A)

FD FD
Substation A (B) Z1B(B) (B) Substation B
Z1(B)

d (u,i) d (u,i)
dt & & dt
(A) 40 ms 40 ms (A)
2103 Dis. T. Send Dis. T. Send 2103
Tele-comm. Tele-comm.
& 0 4060 4060 &
Dis. Jump Bl. Dis. Jump Bl.
Forw. Forw.
0 0 0
(A) >1 Transmit Transmit >1 (A)
0 4056 0 4056
FD & Ts Send signal Send signal Ts & FD
0
(A) (A)
Tv Tv
0

Z1B 0
1
T1B
Z1B
(A)
T1B & & 1
(A)
1
Trip >1
Z1 or >1 Trip 0 0 Z1 or
Further 0 Further
0
Zones 4006 4006 Zones
0 0 0 0 0
>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1 receive receive >Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

TS
TV s ©
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S.A.E - Smart 2006
Page 25 Distance Protection Device
 7SA522 - Unblocking

A Z1(A) B Z1B(A)

Z1B(B) Z1(B)
Substation A Substation B
7SA522 Dis. T. Send 2103 Tele-comm. Tele-comm. Dis. T. Send 2103 7SA522
Z1B fu Z1B
4056 fu 4056
(A) >1 Send signal Transmit (A)
& Ts Transmit Send signal >1 Ts
fo fo &

T1B T1B
& Trip &
Z1 or >1 Trip >1 Z1 or
Further Further
Zones 4031 U 4031 Zones
Unblock Unblock
receive receive Logic
Logic 4030 B 4030

Fo : Off frequency (monitoring frequency) U : Unblocking signal

Fu : Unblock frequency (send frequency) B : blocking signal

TS

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Page 26 Distance Protection Device
SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Power Swing

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Page 27 Distance Protection Device 27
Power swing detection by trajectory monitoring

x
Fault Impedance

dR(k-n)

dX(k-n)
Jump from load to
fault impedance
swing trajectory
dR(k)
dX(k)
Load
impedance

Trajectory monitoring for Detection of power swing 30ms after

Continuous movement start!
No sign change

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Page 28 Distance Protection Device
Principle of power swing detection

X
Continuous
calculation and
monitoring of
Impedances

First impedance in
power swing area:
R algorithm starts to
analyze the
Zone impedance trajectory

automatically sized
power swing area

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Page 29 Distance Protection Device
Main criteria for power swing detection

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Page 30 Distance Protection Device
monotony criterion

power swing if
X R1 and R2 or and
X1 and X22
X1
have same direction
directions
X2
X2 X11 X2 no power swing if
R1 and R2 and
R2
R2 R1 X1 and X2 have
different directions
R2 R1

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Page 31 Distance Protection Device
continuity criterion

power swing
X if R or X
exceed a threshold
X

no power swing
if R and X are
below the threshold
R

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Page 32 Distance Protection Device
smoothness criterion

power swing if
X R1 nearly R2
and X1 nearly X2
X1

X1 X2 no power swing if
R1 strong vary from R2
R2 R1 X 2 or
X1 strong vary from X2
R2 R1

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Page 33 Distance Protection Device
SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Practical Application Example

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Page 34 Distance Protection Device 34
 Practical Application Example for 7SA6

220 kV
100 km OHL

Z1 = 0,25 Ohm/km 85
Z0 = 0,8 Ohm/km 75
7SA6
IF Min = 2 kA (phase)
IF Min = 0,5 kA (earth)
7SA6
1&3 Pole trip
21 with Quadrilateral
Teleprotection - POTT

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Page 35 Distance Protection Device
Plant Data

220 kV Make a diagram

1200 / 1 220 kV / 0.1 kV
L1 of how the plant
L2 is connected to
L3 the relay
220 kV / 0.1 kV

L1 L2 L3

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Page 36 Distance Protection Device
 Binary I/O

Refer to
System Description
Chapter 5

Relay PICKUP

Allocate the required Distance teleprotection send

functions to the
available binary
Trip L1
inputs and outputs Trip L2
Trip L3

The number of AR Close

available binary
inputs and outputs General supervision alarm

depends on the
hardware version
Relay alarm/live contact

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Page 37 Distance Protection Device
 Configuration

First step is configuration - Functions that are disabled here will not appear later.
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1 General
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Page 38 Distance Protection Device
 Routing in DIGSI Matrix

Route the selected functions to the binary inputs and outputs in the matrix

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Page 39 Distance Protection Device
Set Power system data1 - Transformers

Make sure the entered settings match the plant data

Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1 General

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Page 40 Distance Protection Device
 Power system data1 - Power system

Select the mode for zero sequence compensation: RE/RL and XE/XL or
K0 and angle K0 Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1

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Page 41 Distance Protection Device
 Setting Group A

Setting blocks for the functions enabled during configuration

are available in Setting Group A
(if setting group changeover is selected, also Group B, C and D)
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1

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Page 42 Distance Protection Device
 Setting Group A: Power System Data 2

Select entry of impedance in primary or secondary values.

CT and VT ratio may not change after entry with primary values

Separate setting
for Z1 and
remaining zones

Refer to Manual Incorrect entries may lead to incorrect

Chapter 2.1
measured value or fault location data

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Page 43 Distance Protection Device
Calculation of residual compensation factors

Use the RE/RL and XE/XL or K0 and angle K0 setting (selected during configuration)

RE 1 R0 XE 1 X0
= - 1 = - 1
RL 3 R1 XL 3 X1
As only ratios are used either primary or secondary impedance may be used. The
values may apply to the whole line or be per unit length

R1 = 0,25 cos 85 = 0,022 R0 = 0,8 cos 75 = 0,207

X1 = 0,25 sin 85 = 0,249 X0 = 0,8 sin 75 = 0,773

RE/RL = 1/3 (0,207/0,022 - 1) XE/XL = 1/3 (0,773/0,249 - 1)

RE/RL = 2,80* XE/XL = 0,70
* Note that RE/RL setting increases earth fault reach in R direction. Recommend set < 2

In this example the same setting is used for Zone 1 and the other Zones

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Page 44 Distance Protection Device
 Setting Group A: Line Status

The line status (open/closed) is required by several functions

(e.g. E/F protection blocking during single pole open).

Current, voltage and

auxiliary contacts
may be used to
check the line status.
After line closure
special protection
functions may be
activated for a set
Time (SOTF)

Refer to Manual Release of manual close command may be subject to sync check
Chapter 2.1
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Page 45 Distance Protection Device
Setting Group A: Distance protection, general settings

This is similar
to ON/OFF with
binary input

Used to set
load area in
polygon

Single pole trip

in Zone 2 can be
selected

Refer to Manual
The overreach zone Z1b may be controlled by the Auto Reclosure Chapter 2.2

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Page 46 Distance Protection Device
 Calculate the Load Area setting

Maximum load current = 2200 A Max Load Angle

X
Minimum operating voltage = 90%
Min Power factor cos = 0,85 Z1B
Z2

Z1
RLOAD (min) = Umin / 3 ILmax
Load

RLOAD (min) = 0,9 220 kV / 3 2200 A R

= 95 (prim.)

Max Load Angle = 1,2 * arccos (cos )

RLOAD (min)
Max Load Angle = 1,2* arccos ( 0,85)
= 38º

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Page 47 Distance Protection Device
Setting Group A: Distance protection, Earth faults

Set the threshold

for earth fault
pickup

Additional
settings have the
supplement A

Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.2

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Page 48 Distance Protection Device
 Setting Group A: Distance protection, Time Delays

Set the zone

timers:
Separate
setting for
1 and multi
phase faults
in Z1, Z2 and
Z1b

The same parameters are Setting infinity ( ) may be

also shown with the applied for clarity to unused
individual zone settings. zones.

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Page 49 Distance Protection Device
 Setting Group A: Distance zones, Zone 1

Set mode for Zone1

- Forward
- Reverse
- Non-directional
- Inactive

Set reach for

Zone1 Primary
or secondary

Set time delay

for Zone1 The zone reduction angle is only available for Zone1
(Same as under (Used to prevent overreach resulting from load current
general settings in the presence of resistive faults)

Settings for further Zones is similar

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Page 50 Distance Protection Device
Short-circuit with fault resistance and infeed from both
sides - equivalent circuit

EA A ZL B EB

D A RF
UA B

X
U A = I A ZL + I A + I B RF
U A = I A ZL + RF + I B RF RF B
RF
A

UA IB ZL
ZA = = ZL + RF + RF
IA IA
R

The fault resistor RF is seen larger

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Page 51 Distance Protection Device
Influence of load flow on the distance
measurement for faults with fault resistance

U1 U2
load

ZL1 ZL2 L
SC2

SC1
U1 RF U2 1
1 2

RF = fault resistance
2
1
2
RF
RF RF X RF 2
1
X
ZL1 ZL2 An Over-reach
ZSC2 (left) or
ZSC1 ZSC2 sin SC2
ZSC1 sin an Under -reach
SC1
(right) is possible.
The grading
SC1 SC2
characteristic must
R R be adapted.
2 1
ZK1 = ZL1 + RF + RF ZK2 = ZL1 + RF + RF
1 2

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Page 52 Distance Protection Device
Settings for zone Z1

Line
X(Z1)

RE(Z1)
R(Z1) Recommendation for zone 1 settings:
R X1 80...90% of the line reactance
R1 120% of the arc (1/2) resistance
R1E 120% of the arc resistance
T1(1-phase.) 0 ms
T1(multi-phase) 0 ms

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Page 53 Distance Protection Device
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

for
wa
Line

rds
X Z6 Distance zones
• Inclined with line angle
Z5
• Angle prevents overreach of Z1
Z4 on faults with fault resistance that
Z2 are fed from both line ends
Z1B

Z1
re v
e rs
e

Load Load

fo rw Fault detection
a rd
s
• no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the fault
Z3
detection characteristic
• simple setting of load encroachment
re v

area with Rmin and Load

ers
e

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Page 54 Distance Protection Device
 Setting Group A: High Current Switch on to Fault

Following energisation of the line (recognition of CB close) the

high speed SOTF clears bolted faults.

Function must be switched ON

2404 I>>>

L1 4282
I>>> >1 Pick-up setting must be
L2 & SOTF-OC Pick up L1
above maximum expected
L3 4283
charging current
SOTF-OC Pick up L1
2. 2 .I>>>
4284
SOTF-OC Rel. L1
>1 SOTF-OC Pick up L1
SOTF-OC Rel. L1
4281
SOTF-OC Rel. L1
>1 SOTF-OC Pick up
SOTF-OC Rel. L123 4295
L1
L2 SOTF-OC Trip L123 ©
L3 s Siemens AG Grid
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Page 55 Distance Protection Device
SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection
Buck up over current

Address 2601 is set according to the desired mode of operation of the overcurrent protection: Operating
Mode = ON: always active means that the overcurrent protection works independently of other protection
functions, i.e. as a backup overcurrent protection. If it is to work only as an emergency function in case of
loss of VT supply, ON: with VT loss must be set
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Page 56 Distance Protection Device
SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection
Buck up over current

If not all stages are required, each individual stage can be deactivated by setting the pickup threshold to .
But if you set only an associated time delay to this does not suppress the pickup signals but prevents the
timers from running
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Page 57 Distance Protection Device
SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection
STUB protection for 11/2-circuit breaker arrangement

Busbar A

IA

Feeder 1
CB
(A)
IK= I A+ I B Line isolator 1

stub fault
CB
(C)
IB Line isolator 2

Feeder 2
CB
Release of STUB-stage with open line isolator:
(B)

Busbar B

The stub protection is an over current prot. which is only in service when the state of the
isolator indicates the open conditions via a binary input “>I-STUB ENABLE”
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Page 58 Distance Protection Device
 SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection:
High Resistance Earth Fault Protection

Definite-time characteristic

T3I0>

T3I0>>

T3I0>>>

3I0> 3I0>> 3I0>>> 3I0

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Page 59 Distance Protection Device
Polarizing Options for Directional Earth Fault Relays

Settings for direction:

Directional Characteristic (U0 and IY)

*)

I0P U0P U2P I0L, I2L

*) not needed for numerical relays,

U0P may also be internally calculated

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Page 60 Distance Protection Device