Experiment

6
Title Dissimilarity between Electrovalent and Covalent Bond
Objective To differentiate the properties between covalent compound (either pure
covalent or ionic covalent) and electrovalent compound
Apparatus 1. Test tubes
2. 150mL beaker
3. Stopper
4. Boiling tube
5. Battery
6. Wire
7. Bulb
Material NaCl solution, C2H2Br liquid, AgNO3 solution, NaOH solution,
phenolphthalein, HCl solution, Na2CO3 solid, Zn/Cu/C electrode, NH4OH
solution, ethanol and NaCl solid.
Procedures Precipitation
1. 3 clean test tubes were prepared and were labelled as A, B and C.
2. The test tube A was filled with 5mL of NaCl solution, test tube B was
filled with 5mL of C2H5Br liquid and test tube C was filled with 5mL
of H2O2 liquid.
3. 1mL of AgNO3 was added in each test tube.
4. The 3 test tubes then were observed.
5. The precipitation time was recorded.

Gas released
1. 5mL of NaOH solution was filled in test tube and 2 drop of
phenolphthalein were added.
2. 5mL of HCl solution was filled into another test tube that equipped
with glass tube.
3. A small amount of Na2CO3 was added in test tube containing HCl.
The reaction was observed either it occurs or not. The gas released was
determined by inserting the glass tube into test tube that contains
 NaOH.
4. Any changes were recorded and were explained.

Electric conductivity
1. HCl solution was filled in a beaker (half).
2. Zn/Cu electrode was put in the solution.
3. The circuit was switched on when all connection was correct.
4. The bulb was observed either it was blink or not and if blink, it was
cleared or not.
5. The circuit was switched off: the HCl solution then was replaced with
NaCl solution, NaOH solution, H2O2 liquid and also NaCl solid in an
ethanol.
Data Precipitation
Test tubes Precipitation time
A 3 seconds
B 30 seconds
C No precipitate formed

Gas released
Observation: NaOH solution turns from pink to colourless. The Na2CO3 reacts
with HCl solution and produces gas bubbles.

Electric conductivity
Solution Observation
HCl - The bulb lights up brightly
- Gas bubbles produced at negative electrode
- White precipitate formed at positive electrode
NaCl - The bulb lights up dimly
- Gas bubbles produced at negative electrode
- Yellowish precipitate formed in the solution
NaOH - The bulb does not lights up
H2O2 liquid - The bulb does not lights up
- Gas bubbles produced at negative electrode
 NaCl solid in - The bulb does not lights up
ethanol

Questions 1. Describe whether this solution can be electrically conducting or have

electrolyte properties; H2S solution, melt AgCl, HCl solution and melt
FeS.
- H2S solution
 M
- melt AgCl
 2
- HCl solution
 Can be electrically conductors since hydrochloric acid exists as
ions in water
- melt FeS
 2

2. Why NaCl solution can be electrically conducting and solid NaCl are
not?
- NaCl is solid in state and solid ions or compounds do not conduct
electricity. It needs to be either melted, molten or dissolved in a
solution first. This is because the electrons in a solid state won’t be
free to move to either the cathode or to anode. In a liquid state the
electrons are free enough to move. In order to be electric conductors,
there must be charged particles and the charged particles must be free
to move. The NaCl solution has charged particles (negative and
positive ions). However, in solid NaCl the charged particles are locked
in place in the crystal lattice and not able to move, and thus solid NaCl
does not conduct electricity. When the NaCl melts or dissolves in
water, the crystal lattice breaks down and the charged particles are
able to move, allowing electricity to be conducted.
Discussion Precipitation
The properties of 3 different solutions were determined by using precipitation
 test. The precipitate time was recorded.

Gas released
This test was carried out to test the type of gas released and the reaction
occurs. NaOH solution which is alcohol was added with phenolphthalein
which acts as an indicator to indicate the colour change when there was a
reaction occurs. The phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is
dissolved in alcohols. In this experiment, the addition of NaOH solution and
phenolphthalein turns from pink to colourless because there was a present of
H+ ions which is released by the reaction of Na2CO3 solid and HCl solution.
The present of H+ ions was in gas states which are H2 gas.

Electric conductivity

Conclusion The properties between covalent compound (either pure covalent or ionic
covalent) and electrovalent compound were differentiated.
References 1. yeahchemistry.com
2. http://answers.yahoo.com
3. www.enotes.com