BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY

3º DE E.S.O.

Chapter 1:
The organisation of
the human body
1. INTRODUCTION: LEVELS OF
ORGANISATION
What is a cell?
 Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
 Which are the life functions?

http://www.edistribucion.es/anayaeducacion/8420042/SC1_UNI3/
unit_03_video_02.html
The three vital functions are
Nutrition: living things obtain matter and
energy in order to survive

Interaction: living things are able to sense

changes in their environment and react in
order to survive

Reproduction: living things produce

descendants that maintain their
characteristics
 Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through
cell division.
 Examples of Cells
Bacteria

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68_0JLZzlR0
Cells may have the DNA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
in the cytoplasm inside a nucleus
or
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Enjoy travelling inside a cell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=2KQbVr9kFO0&feature=related
¿Is it eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
 Prokaryotic cells

Some of them have an

DNA in the cytoplasm autotrophic nutrition,
other have an
heterotrophic nutrition
Plasmatic membrane
and cellular wall

They don´t have

organelles except They may use either
ribosomes a flagellum or many
cilia to move
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v
=dXVG-DwOtKU

Prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria 

 Eukaryotic cells
Some of them have an
DNA in the nucleus autotrophic nutrition,
other have an
heterotrophic nutrition
They have a great
variety of organelles in
the cytoplasm
(vacuoles,
mitochondria,
ribosomes,…)

Eukaryotes include the domain Eukariote with

four kindoms: plants, animals, fungi, protista
Typical Animal Typical Plant
Cell Cell
2. HUMAN CELL
Which type of cells make
up your body?
 Animal Cell Parts:
2.1 CELL MEMBRANE
2.2 NUCLEUS
2.3 CYTOPLASM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4L_QO4WKtM
2.1 Surrounding the Cell:
Cell Membrane

• Structure: very thin

double layer that
covers the cell
• Function: controls
which substances go
in and out
 2.2 Nucleus
Structure:
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material – DNA
Holds the nucleolus

Function:
Controls the activities of the cell
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Pores allow material
to enter and leave
nucleus
DNA

• Complex chemical
substance in which
genetic information
is contained
Chromosomes

During cell division

DNA is condenses
in tiny packs called
chromosomes
 Chromatin

When nucleus is no dividing the DNA appears as

tiny granules called chromatin
 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to
build proteins
 2.3 Cytoplasm
• Structure:
Gel-like mixture which fill the cell
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains organelles: mitochondria,
ribosomes, endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi
body, membranous vesicle, lysosomes,
cytoskeleton and centrioles
2. CELL ORGANELLES
 Mitochondria
• Structure:
Double membrane.

• Function:
Cellular respiration
 Ribosome
Structure:
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Are composed of
two sub-units
Function:
• Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure:
• Is formed by a series of
interconnected sacs and canals
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured): ribosomes
embedded in surface

Function:
• SER stores and moves materials
in the cell
• RER +make proteins
 Golgi Bodies
• Structure:
Membranous sacs,
from which vesicles
emerge
• Function:
Move materials
within the cell
Move materials out
of the cell
 Membranous vesicle
(vacuoles)
Structure
• Small membranous
sacs. Traditionally,
they were called
vacuoles
Function
• Stores nutrients and
waste substances
 Lysosome
Structure
• Small vesicles that are
generated in the Golgi
body
Function
• Celular digestion
 Cytoskeleton
Structure
• Long and thin filaments
which extend around the
cytoplasm
Function
• Holds the organelles
• Gives shape to the cell
• Takes part in cellular
movements
 Centrioles
Structure
• Two hollow cylinders
composed of filaments
Function
• Organize the separation
of chromosomes during
cell division
• Take part in the
formation of filaments
(cilia and flagella)
 2.4 CELL DIFFERNTATION
The process that a cell
changes its shape and
structure to carry out an
specific function.
3. Human tissues

• Cells combine to
form tissues
• A tissue is a group of
cells organized to
perform a specific
function
Cells combine to form four primary tissues
Watch this video and answer the questions about
the tissues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKWTJ3_-1E8
EPHITHELIAL TISSUE

This tissue covers the external

surface of body, forming the
skin, and cavities and tracts
such as the stomach and the
intestines
MUSCLE TISSUE

This tissue contracts and

relaxes moving the body
NERVE TISSUE

Nerve tissue is made up of

neurons, which coordinate the
functions of all the organs
 CONECTIVE TISSUE
Their function in the body is to connect and support.

There are five types of connective tissue:

conjunctive tissue, cartilaginous tissue,
adipose tissue, bone tissue and blood tissue.
CONJUNTIVE TISSUE
Conjunctive tissue is a type of
connective tissue which joins
the other tissues together
CARTILAGINOUS TISSUE

This is a type of
connective
tissue which
forms part of the
skeleton and
provides support
to the soft parts of
the body.
ADIPOSE OR FATTY TISSUE

This is a type of
connective tissue which
provides energy reserve
and thermal insulation to
the body
BONE TISSUE

Bone tissue is a
type of
connective
tissue that
provides
support to the
organism and
protects the
vital organs.
BLOOD TISSUE

Transports oxygen,
nutrients, waste
substances and
carbon dioxide;
regulates the
temperature and
defends our body
from infections .