Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or
structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure
In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole
proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

Sole proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No
separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
 sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import
business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?
 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?
 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?
 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?
 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?
 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?
o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.
 VOCABULARIO
Advantages: Circumstance or
situation that gives superiority in
something.
Disadvantages: Circumstance of
being worse or being in a worse
situation one thing with respect to
others of the same nature with
which it is compared. Less
favorable situation in which a
person or thing is with respect to
others with which it is compared.
Attorney: Person legally
authorized to advise and defend
the rights and interests of another
person in legal matters and
represent it in a lawsuit.
Without: Indica falta o carencia de
alguna cosa material o inmaterial.
Proprietorships: Property rights
In the right, the domain or
property, is the direct and
immediate power over an object or
good, by which is attributed to its
owner the ability to dispose of it,
without further limitations than
those imposed by law.
Returns: The return is the act of
giving something back to
someone. It is a process that is
based on a right of possession of
a certain person with respect to a
certain good that was delivered
with some type of specific
objective.
Applied: That puts effort, interest
SIGNIFICADO
Ventajas: Circunstancia o
situación que da superioridad en
alguna cosa.
Desventajas: Circunstancia de ser
peor o estar en peor situación una
cosa respecto a otras de la misma
naturaleza con la que se
compara. Situación menos
favorable en que se halla una
persona o cosa respecto a otras
con las que se compara.
Abogado: Persona legalmente
autorizada para asesorar y
defender los derechos e intereses
de otra persona en materia
jurídica y representarla en un
pleito.
Sin: Indicates lack or lack of
something material or immaterial.
Propietarios: Derecho de
propiedad, en el derecho, el
dominio o propiedad, es el poder
directo e inmediato sobre un
objeto o bien, por la que se
atribuye a su titular la capacidad
de disponer del mismo, sin más
limitaciones que las que imponga
la ley.
Devoluciones: La devolución es el
acto de entregar algo nuevamente
a alguien. Es un proceso de se
sustenta en un derecho de
posesión de una determinada
persona con respecto a un
determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo de
objetivo específico.
Aplicado: Que pone esfuerzo,
and perseverance in the
accomplishment of a work or in the
development of an activity,
especially in the study.
Loans: A loan is an operation by
which a financial institution puts at
our disposal a certain amount of
money through a contract.
Skills: The ability is the innate
aptitude, talent, skill or ability that
a person holds to carry out and of
course with success, certain
activity, work
Losses: Small amount of blood or
discharge from the womb that is
abnormally expelled outside of the
menstrual period.
Upon: Heritage prefix of Latin
origin that enters the formation of
names with the meaning of
'above', 'besides'.
Judgment: Faculty of
understanding, by virtue of which
man can distinguish good from evil
and true from false.
Income: Amount of money earned
or collected.
Little: That has a smaller size than
normal.
Sole: It applies to one or several
things of which or of whose
species there are no others.
interés y constancia en la
realización de un trabajo o en el
desarrollo de una actividad, en
especial en el estudio.
Prestamos: Un préstamo es una
operación por la cual una entidad
financiera pone a nuestra
disposición una cantidad
determinada de dinero mediante
un contrato.
Habilidades: La habilidad es la
aptitud innata, talento, destreza o
capacidad que ostenta una
persona para llevar a cabo y por
supuesto con éxito, determinada
actividad, trabajo
Pérdidas: Cantidad pequeña de
sangre o flujo procedente de la
matriz que se expulsa
anormalmente fuera del período
menstrual.
Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial de
origen latino que entra en la
formación de nombres con el
significado de ‘por encima de’,
‘además de’.
Juicio: Facultad del
entendimiento, por cuya virtud el
hombre puede distinguir el bien
del mal y lo verdadero de lo falso.
Ingresos: Cantidad de dinero
ganada o recaudada.
Pequeño: Que tiene un tamaño
menor de lo normal.
Único: Se aplica a una o varias
cosas de las cuales o de cuya
especie no hay otras.
3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al
interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations

 The director controls all export and import operations

 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

 The individual companies are governamental

 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

I Investigate to know about the market. I`m investigating to know about the
market.

I design a package according the I`m designing a package according the

rules. rules.

I put the product in strategic places I`m putting the product in strategic
places

I go to a business meetings to find new I`m going to a business meetings to

clients. find new clients.
I make eye-catching advertising and I I`m making eye-catching advertising
also use social networks. and I also use social networks.
5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten
coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

To carry out a business configuration it is of the utmost importance that an

appropriate and structured commercial organization for its creation is new or
already created, complies with all the required requirements, taking into account
the structuring of the property and the commercial organization.

Where there is an organization and above all the minimum governmental

regulations, where for an owner either alone or in society, it knows all the
guarantees in front of other commercial concerns of a single owner of a company
and the main disadvantage of executing an export and import concern as the sole
owner is the risk of unlimited liability.

Showing the advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of

commercial organizations.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.