You are on page 1of 193

Sulu writing, an explanation of the Sulu-Arabic script as employed

in writing the Sulu language of the southern Philippines, by C. R.


Cameron ...
Cameron, Charles R.
Zamboanga, P. I., The Sulu press, 1917.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

Public Domain in the United States


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

We have determined this work to be in the public domain


in the United States of America. It may not be in the
public domain in other countries. Copies are provided
as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the
United States, persons receiving copies should make
appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status
of the work in their country and use the work accordingly.
It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the
work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights
over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent
use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained
independently of anything we can address.
ad
81d

V t' I.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Professor
THE ][IFT OF

Rulston Hayden
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

B ~] qTT TN[~N11r]M T1 ~1TiifTm I^^^


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

!~i~lllrmlll 1181 III~lIIII~lI1IlIIII1IIR~nl11UUDIIIU1 IIII I


u< -7 YI h"

"'U'e~: " i~\ ? Z;` ~;r

01 ``

1 c;T?!

o,A

G: i i

p ~2 I::c3t ~,

3 C I: I! f.;~ I

c~-l tl i!:. ~~ ~,,

5~'? Ct ~ i pl~ r `Lr_L, 7 tY

'' ~/1 t

P ii -- 1

IYt7 TC r;; tEN' t,.C t;?I:I

I:,

i;

r ~f i

--

~~- I;,,

i. L:.~ ~

C'`1 ", ~ e

I.I ~/.-,.-

irr

-~-~..r

~1-~ i,,i,

p.i;L

C1 '~

II!,~:::!:=

i`

I? ' uk, Ii ": -7t I I:

i-u

h `i I/

L/,i i g I %

Ia

c u.

-r~: ~r( ( I~) r

i, 1il-:-I?;~! 11 I
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

/ il""~ ' i

~II;"? ~;,i ~,

~~ i h ~i
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

\;I: 'r. ~".

7i I i

1 4 t- Ir.e:L~-r; j- r t

r "

r3

f"`` ~r

A ~1 7::-~~

I.- .

i. ~cl- ' '1 I~'; ` i.

\ 'i' '" --.!

r, r6;~,~.

\ T '~; T c iii ~i.B,;:

\I

c\ '.i i:~` ~ TCIU

I~ d: -rl: `::~C -i~

r; I' J.i ~it-\

r I *:-i,~:~-~,~:, 1 ;~~,

kr

-r. a;t

I-t ~ z ~) r /' / `-I

s _,

5 I~r

L`~

i i -~. 3

t~ r

~L it

r r.
o/
PL

KCIQ

i,.!i."::;.~:
~,o C)...;^';;'-!~... '.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I'
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I
I
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO AND SUJLU

SULU WRITING

An Explanation of the

ASUL U-ARABIC, SCRIPT

As Employed in Writing the Sulu Language

OF TILE SOUTHERN PHILIPLPINES

BY

C. R. CAMERON.

1.s3istcault to the Departmn-ent Governor,

Depautrtmtent of Mindanao and Sub,

forinerly Superintendent of Schools of the

Mloro Province.

ZAMBOANGA, P. I.

THE SULU PRESS

1.917
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
ma C-"; -,,,/ /c' & )*/d /

PREFACE

This monograph is the fruit of thirteen years of association

with the Sulu people and study of their writings. It endeavors

to explain the use of the Arabic letters as they have been

adapted to writing the Sulu speech-an adaptation herein referred to as the Sulu-Arabic script. It is prepared for students

and not only has a copious index, but paragraphs have been

numbered to facilitate reference, and cross-references are frequently given in the text. Clearness is the primary requisite

in a work of this kind and no apology is made for frequent

repetitions. While it is advisable to begin with the first paragraph and study the book in order, the most important information has been segregated into tables, and if time presses, a study

of these will give the main facts necessary for reading purposes;

but in order to write.the Sulu-Arabic script, the fuller explanation of the text must be studied.

Various references have necessarily been made to Arabic,

in contradistinction to Sulu, usage, and in such cases, Wright's

Arabic Grammer has been accepted as authoritative. This

book is referred to in the text as "Wr. Ar. Gram., and references are to volume I, unless otherwise indicated. Effort

has been made to avoid the use of technical words of Arabic

grammar, but when necessary to express a new idea and avoid

a cumbersome phrase, such words have been adopted with6ut

hesitation. Moreover, in citing Arabic nouns, except in a few

examples, case endings have not been given: The sections

referring to purely Arabic usage are plainly indicated and may

be omitted by the student, if desired. Examples are Sulu words

unless otherwise stated.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
iv

The labor. of publishing this work will be appreciated wlhen

it is stated that the printing has been done by Moro boys, who,

a few months prior to beginning work on this book, lhad never

seen a printing press; that Arabic type is under any circumstances difficult to set up with English, and that the Arabic type

here used-like all such type from oriental.foundries-is not

mechanically perfect nor of a uniform height; that absolutely

no one has been available to assist the author by criticising the

text and its arrangement, or by reading proof or indexing; and

that the ground covered is virgin ground with no publications to

guide or furnish information. Except as regards the Arabic,

all information has been obtained first-hand from the Sulus.

The author had intended to add to this work, a Sulu Grammar and a Sulu Dictionary, both in Roman letters based upon

the system of transliteration and writing herein established.

Altho considerable material has already been gathered, it is now

doubtful if the two remaining works will ever be completed.

Future works in Sulu for the use of English-speaking people may

advantageously be written in Roman letters. This course will

permit publication in any printing establishment and will save

considerable expense, and endless worry and annoyance.

This monograph is published by the Government of the

Department of Mindanao and Sulu to which the author has

donated his work. One of the chief aims of the latter is

to provide the Sulu people-and others-with a logical system of

writing the Sulu language in Roman letters. It is also greatly to

be desired that more English-speaking people may be encouraged to take up the study of Sulu and other languages of the

Philippine Islands which use an adapted Arabic script. In

facilitating such study, it is hoped that this work may assist in

bringing order and system into the chaos which now pervades

the spelling of Philippine words, especially as regards geographical and other proper names. A study of the subtle phonetic

distinctions involved in the use of the Sulu-Arabic Script will

give a keener apprehension of the sounds of the Philippine

languages and will place their phonetics on a more scientific


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
V

basis. The adoption at this time of a rational system for the

spelling of Philippine words will merit the gratitude of unborn

multitudes who will one day occupy these Islands and who,

under the quickening of liberty and education so diligently

fostered during recent years, seem destined to take the political

leadership of the great Malay Race.

For assistance in various ways, acknowledgment is here

made to The Mindanao Herald; to El Fenix; to Dr. N.

M. Saleeby, first superintendent of schools of the Moro Province, and his brother, E. M. Saleeby, both thoro Arabic

scholars; to Tuan Sheikh Mustafa Bil Ahmad, superintendent

of Moro schools; to Hadji Gulama r-Rasul, assistant to the provincial governor of Sulu; to Alexander Schueck, formerly the

author's assistant; and last but not least, to Husein IJkkufig,

mlanager of Tlhe Sult P'ress.

C. R. C.

Zamnboanga,

MLarch, 1917.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction........................................

Chapter 1.

Chapter I.

Chapter III.

Chapter IV.

Chapter V.

The Phonetics and Transliteration of

Sulu (~~ 1-9).....................................

General Observations on the SuluArabic Script (~~ 10-14)........................

Transliteration and Power of Consonants (~~ 15-63).................................

Writing of Hamnzah (~~ 64-73)...............

Transliteration, Power, and Writing,

of Vowels and Orthographical Signs

(~~ 74-113)......................

Writing of Consonants (~~ 114-131).........

Diphthongs (~~ 132-143)......................

Numerals, Punctuation, and Enclitics (~~ 144-151)................................

Foreign influence on Sulu Orthography (~~ 152-156)........................

Specimens of Sulu Writing.....................

A Phonetic Alphabet...........................

Index.......................................

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

VI.

VII.

VIII.

12

17

43

61

90

106
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

115

131

135
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

147

152

Chapter IX.

Appendix I.

Appendix II.
vii

Numbered Tables

Page

Tablve I. 'The Consonants, Their Transliterations, Names, and Powers, in Arabic

and Sulu............................................ 18

Ta(ble If. Writing and Transliteration of Vowels following Hiamzah and Other

Consonants, and Power of Vowels

in Sulu and Arabic............................ 44

T(tble III. Vowel and Orthographical Signs,

Their Transliterations, Names in

Arabic, Malay and Sulu, and Powers

in A rabic and Sulu............................... 62

T(able I V. Formls of Consonants with Sulu or

A rabic Words Illustrating Their Use.......... 91

Table V. Consonants Arranged According to

Form, Including Malay Forms Occasionally Found in Sulu....................... 96

Table VI1. Declension of Sulu Personal Pronouns, Spelled Phonetically.................. 128


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
ERRATA

Page

Line

F or

Read

19

23

49 to 58

60

62

62

81

16

N o. 14

heading

No(. 3

No. 6

through

Although

sai

( ').

~, 69 ], [~, 69

dai-dai'

dibavct

thru.

Aitho,

( ';Doth~ing).

~ 701, [~ 70

dai'-dai'

dibawah

23

87
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

88

97

17 Strike out ''and enids with a. vow-el,


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

whether the latter is followed by hamizah or not".

I a prefi~xed particle a. prefixed or

No. I11

(or(.infixed lparticle

~or~

120

10

120 10 ~~~~~limai
INTRODUCTION

The Sulu language is spoken by about seventy-five thousand Muhanmmadans, and is the conmmercial lingua franca and

vehicle of written thought for about seventy-five thousand others,

whose usual spoken dialect is Samal, Bajau, or Yakan. All these

live in the Sulu Archipelago, eastern Borneo, Basilan, and the

southern extremity of the Zamboanga peninsula. Like the other

langiuages spoken by Muhanlmadn(lanized groups living in the Philippine Islands, called Moros, it hlas borrowed its alphabetical

system from the Arabic through the Malay. Just as the Tagalos,

Bisayans, Ilocanos, and other lingual groups of the North when

(lChristianized ad(lopted the alphabet of the Spaniards, so these

southern groups upon' their conversion to Islam five centuries

ago, applied the Arabic alphabet to tleir native tongue.

It is not (lifficult to learn to read the Sulu-Arabic characterls, nor to write them so that they can be understood. But to

write them correctly requires extended study. The Arabs were

l)roud of their beautiful and expressive language and developed

its niceties to an astonishing degree. The letters were also highly

specialised and adapted to fit the peculiarities of the language

until they constituted by far the most complex, as well as most

beautiful, system of alphabetic writing of which we have any

record.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
2

Some of tre niceties of Aralic writing were necessalrily

lost in the adaptation to otlier languatges, lutt fortified in tlih

almost universal study of the Koran, its nmain features were preserved. He however who has used onily the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Sanscrit, or similar alpllabets in whllich letters of practically

unchanging form may follow one another in any arrangement.

has no conception of the complicated rules which govern tlle

choice and arrangement of the two hundred or more characters

which make up the simplest Arabic fonts. The effort retquiredl

to master this system of writing is great, lbut it is a pious study,

for it is the writing of the Koran. 'The ordinary westerln 11uropean system, called Roman, is vastly easier to apply, lbut can

scarcely gain a complete victory in tlhe writing of tle language

spoken by a Muhammadan people since it is colisi(lerte( to be a(

religious duty to read tlhe Koran in the original.

Although about ten per cent of those using tlle Sulu lalguage are able to read and write it in Arabic chlra(cters, this is

(lone with varying degrees of accuracy. Few Sulus are able to

give an intelligible explanation of tlie principles upon rwhi(hll theil

writing is based, and a majority of themi use tlle Arabic script

with extraordinary inaccuracy and disregard for these principles.

The task of the learner, therefore, in his effort to acquire thle written language of tlhe Sulus is one of the greatest difficulty. As a

result, the writings of the Sulus and of tlhe otlher 5Muhallia(lldan

groups have, with a very few exceptions, remained a close( book

to investigators. Furthermore, even the acquisition of the spoken language is discouraged by apparent difficulties of tlhe script,

and our government officials have usually relied upon translators

and interpreters with the consequent liability to mistakes and

deception.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
3

'The English.spelling of -ulu prolper lnames, bothl geograplical a(l a personal, is il the very greatest confusion, and this;1lso is due largely to ignorance of the Arabic script and its correct

tranlsliteration. The commo n title "l)atu" is freqlently written

'I)atto'" or "D)ato". "Kawa-Kawa, 'a barrio of Zqmboanga, is

llso written "(Caula-Claua", "Cawa-Cawa', or ' 'aua-lKqua'"

II I, -oth of these cases an a(lherence to tie transliterated forms

Dl)att and KaSt('-Kaw(ta wouldl avoid all collfusion.

This volumnc, tlerefrce, t as'the purpose of enabling leariners to read Sulu and write tlhe language properly, and of fixing

a st an;lardl f or transliteration. With a very few minor differences,

tlhe syste'm f writing hlerei explained is identical with that used

by the MIagi(ndanau Mullhanma(lans of the Cotabtato valley and

the L anau Muhliamadanls of the Lake region. Thle mastery of

S11lu writing w\ill enable any one 'wh0o has a speaking knowledge

of Maginda(lnau andl Lanau to read and write these dialects without dlifficulty. 'The dlialects lentioned iare, of course, widely

liffe(reilt from) Su1lu, but tlhe letters use( are alniost idlentical.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
*

CHAPTER I

The Phonetics and Transliteration of Sulu

~ 1. In reducing to Roman characters-a language wlich is

already written in the characters of another alphabetic system,

it is desirable that the Roman characters adopted should represent the correct pronunciation of the word and at the same time

make possible the accurate reproduction of the word in the foreign

characters. That is, the systenm should be phonetically accurate

and also a strict transliteration. When one considers, however,

that the Sulu is not entirely phonetic, as written in the Arabic

characters, it is at once apparent tihat any trainsliteration will

fail in one or the other of these two requirements. If we transliterate exactly, then the Roman spelling will suffer the saime

phonetic defects as the Sulu original. If we make the Romlan

spelling phonetically accurate, it will fail to indicatethe con yentional spelling in Arabic script.

~ 2. The lack of phonetic accuracy in writilg Sulu is due to

two circumstances. In the first place, Sulu contains certain

sounds, both vowel and consonantal, wlhicll are not provided

for in the script adopted from the Arabic language. So far as the

consonantal sounds are concerned, the lack has been supplied

either by altering the power assigned to the Arabic consonants

as in the ease of ghain and fa (see table I), or by forming new

consonants as in the case of cha, nga, and nia. The vowel signs il

Arabic are three in number, and as a very general statement,

4
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~4]

represent whenl unlengtlhened and having their original power,

the sounds of a in ''full', in ''sofa'', and i in "it", and when

lengthened, tlhe corresponding long sounds of u in "rule", a in

"father", and i in 'machine". Special vowel signs to represent

the peculiar Sulu vowels' have not yet been formed, the it vowel

serving also to represent the sotun(l of o in "theory" and an obscure ' sonud1l. Tle a vowel occasionally serves for the rare indlet itelinate s-ou1nd of a ill "fial "', hllile the i vowel has sometimes the poxwer of e in "llet".

~ 3. TlIe excess of Sulu vowel sounds over tle number of graphic vowel signs available is thlerefore a principal cause for the

lhonetic inaccuracy of Sulu as at presellt written. Another cause

is dlependlent upon a lirecctly colntlary circumstance. 'The Arabic

alplllhaet conltains fourteenl consonants representing sounds not

found in pure Sulu, and which tlie great majority of Sulus are

llnable to prolllunce correctly. These consonants are tha, ha, kha,

lhcal, zai,./hi7,.adl,,1al, ta, za, '(i,1, ghain,, fa, and kaf ( see table

I). Illdeed, nine of these fourteen consonants, ha, kha, sad, dad

(, za, '( i, (qha. i, anld kcaf, represent sounds, not found in

'nglisli, w\\ichl are among the niost (lifficult encountered in any

Semitic or Aryan language. Nevertheless, these fourteen consoants lare oc(casionally found in written Sulu, Ieing employed

in Arabic wvor(lss and l phrases which have retained their original

spelling.

~ 4. In pronlouncing such words, the great mass of the Sulus,

\who neither read nor write, utter instead of the foreign sound,

tle Sulu sound which seems to approximate thereto most closely.

Indeed, if the words in question are at all frequently used, they

sometimes lose their foreign spelling and come to be written


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
6)

[~4

with the letters representing the Sulu pronulnciation of. the

word. It would be eminently sensilble to give the plain Sulu

spelling to all Anal ie words which have lbecome an integral part

of the Sulu language. But the Arabic words and phrases are illtroduced by the educated class who read the Koran, and it is a

mark of education to retain their origilal spelling wlhen writing

Sulu. When such words or plralses are reold, the letters representing any of the fourteen non-Sulu sounds contained thereil

are given a pronunciation whicl v aries w\ith the education of the

speaker. Indeed, the same speaker wvill frequently pronoun.ce

the same letter in several different ways withlil a very short tinle.

For example, tle pronunciation of zai (thle z of the Aralic alphabet) varies from a close approximation to z ill "'zone", to.s

in "'so", or j in "jest". Dhal ( ti in "tlat" ) is prontlounced like. in "'so", j in "jest", or n, in "nlutl"; and so on. lTis is the

second cause for the phonetic inaccuracy of Sulu as written il

the Arabic script.

~ 5. Careful investigation shows, lihowever, that the secondary

sounds assigned above to each of tle three original vowels, nalnely, o in "theory", and obscure i; a in "final"; and e in "net",

are really varients of the original vowels used 1)y somle speakers

and in some localities but by no meais universally. We shall

not, therefore, greatly err in phonetic accuracy of transliteration

if we assign to each of the three vowel signs what appears to be

its primary sound in Sulu and what is certainly its most common sound. That is, ut in "full'', a in "sofa", and i in "it".

Each of the three written vowels las a corresponding long form

represented in the transliteration, by a macron written above tlhe

vowel (u, a, i).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~i]

p7

(~ 6. As to the fourteen foreign consonantal sounds found in.rabic words illtroduced into tle Sulu, if our system of transliteration provided solely for the phonetic representation of the

sounds given to them Iby a Sulu unaquainted witl Arabic, special

characters to represent these peculiar consonants might be disl)ensed with, since the sounds uttered by such a speaker wouldl

l)e only those occuring in pure Sulu. But as the Sulus have no

uniforml pronunciati(on for these iconsonlants, we should be obliigel, in the absence of an utlvaryi(ng conventional equivalent,

to eimploy several equival]ents for (lne an(dthle same character,

varying withl its changing pronu'nciation bly different individuals.

'T'le olvious labsurdity and conifusion of this is overcome b)y assignling an unvarying equivalent ill the Romanl transliteration

t ) every chlmracter employed iniAral)ic or Sulu. Elach charactervo(werl, (r c()nsonallt-(of tlle Sullu-Arabic script, has in tile

lomnian its equivalelnt, whlich viaries only in accordance with clearly (define(l rules, antd by following these rules the translitertion

friom Arablic to Romnm, or v\ice vers, aor i s y be accurately made.

Nor is the departure from plhonetic exsactness at all important,

sil)ce, as has bseen explaiedl above, the prinmary vowel sound is always undlerstood wlhen used in place (oftle varient. Furthermore,

every Sulul, altlio p)ron)lluci ng the fourteen foreign consonants

il various ways, will immelldiately reeognlize thlem when given

tlle Arabic pronunlciation, or even an approximation thereto.

It is (oly lnecessary to bear in mindt that certain characters

of the Arabic script vary regularly in power according as they

ire use(l ill Arabiic or Sulu wrords. These are the consonants!!ai, a(nd fa. E(xcept these two consonants, none of tle fourteeli (consonlants lcn(tione(l albove as representing in the Arabic-,
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
8

[I ~

sounds foreign to tlhe S`ulu, are prop(erly use(l in purve S-ulu wor(ls

(see ~~ 48 and 52).

~ 7. Difficulties very sinlilar-to tllose descrilbed hlerein tlave

been met with in Romanizing tile Malay language, no less tlhal

five Awell establishled systems being ill use ill the IEnglish andl

Dutch East Indies. In 1.904, a committee appointed. for thalt

purpose by the government of tile Federated AIalay States, reported in favor of cert-ain rules to be followed wNlhen vwriting Malay

in Roman letters. The system recomnlmendled is practically a plonetic one, aiming to reproduce the words as prounounce(l lby Malays

and failing to indicate thle form in Arablic script of the wor(lds

employing the peculiarly Aranlic letters representing sounds not

found in Malay. Sindce the end in view Awas to lbuild up a, popular system of Roman script for Mali-tys, thle committee vwas (loubtless justified in sacrificing many tlhings to sirmplicity. rTle present system of Ilonianizing Sulu hlas for one of its aims that

of furnislling English-speaking people withl all easy mieans of

learning to rea(l a1nd write Sulu in the native script. This aiml

makes accuracy (of tranlsliteration a primary requisite and thle system adopted, it is believed, has attained this end and at the slame

time offended very little against simplicity or phonetic accuracy.

It is confidently hoped that, with time, the system set forth hler(

will become a popular one for the writing of Sulu in Roman

letters-a change which is desirable from many points of view.

(See ~ 143 for changes recommended for popular use. )

~ 8. The general principle to be followed in selecting Romanl

consonants for transliterating those of the Sulu-Arabic script

-is, that the Sulu-Arabic consonants which l have no exact equivalent in English should be transliterated by graphic nmodifica
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~SI

tions of the phonetically related English consonants which- they

most nearly -approxim-i:ate in pronunciation. If more than one

Sului-Arabic consonant be cordfused with, the same English consonant, further graphic modifications of the latter should be emp)Ioye(I. This will assure the ]keeping together, in dictionaries and

inidexes, of those words in regard to the pronunciation of whichl the

E~nglish-spea,,king student may Ibe uncertain, since kr anld ic, S and

t and t, etc.,,,re under this system arranged t )gether in the

1Endiglish- alphabet, without distinction, the simple letter wlitho)it graphic m( )(ifica tiol) 1~i ng, of couirse, given the precedence

wh~enever twNo words are otherwNNise id'entical. Thlus in an English in1dex, icuIf shouild precedle icaf, and ta should precede ta.

Suppose, for example, that the stu(Ient hears, a wor(I

NNvhicli s.oundls, to him like lc'm atnd lo)oks in the dictionary

11 1der kr. As- a matter of fact, the wVQr(1 is not kxtwmi, but ic auv,

peOJl~e, but hie findIs it in exactly the stame place as tho it were

sj)elledl as he had supl)osedl, i.e. ic a itii, anid hie loses no time in

the search. Bult suippose~th't were triansliterzated q in) accordan1Ce w~ith the practice of sonmc scholars, then not finding the~

WvoLr( undler k, lie must ~on~tinu~e his search under q, or even un(Ier

chi (since is ailso ofteni incorrectly pronounced like k', and is

transliterated ch by some, after the analogy of ''loch'' ). All this

useless effort is obvwiated by uising ic and graphic modifications

thereof for transli'teratinig jand thus: k"Ic,i,- ic/. In

like mlanner, undler d. in tlue dictiona-ry or index "is found dal, dhal,

an1d dad; under ih is found] ha and ha; under sR, sbi, shin, aiid.~~;Under 1, fi, (a, aunl tha; under z-., zat anIz.In this way,
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
[~8

il.stt(ad of havling to look for a givenl wor(d undler two or tlhree

dlifferent letters of the alphlablet, the stut(lellt looks under one letter only, and without trouble finds the word for whlicl lie seeks,

with its correct spelling i'ndicated, even tho ite himlself lias hear(

tlie wor(l inaccurately.

~: 9. There is still another advantage in tlhe system adopted.

The Roman consonant selected is that representing the Englisll

Ils(und which thle Arabic sound approximates most closely, a-l(l

i* therefore tllht witih whichl the Arabic onsoniant is most ordinarily c(nfused( in lpronunciation. The Sulu (as well as the A meri(-,l SttlI(ent o(f Sul)rdinarily i r((iunctiesW a P as, a

's t, - s, - s (1t, etc. Th'Iis shlows tle tende ncy of the

lInkguage andl clearlyi intimates that lwen the Aralic(l w(odl(ls continlilg tliese consonants have become thoroly Suluized, thley

wi-ll' l)e pronolnce(l witlh simple,,, d,, et:.. \Vlien tlhat tilme

C(T14es, the graplhic modificaitio n may rea(lily 1)e dropped witlhout

k(Ahing violence to Sutlu ortlhograplhy, an(l the wor(d spelledt ts.sl,p,ei. It is no loniger an A rabic word, it lias slled its foreign clotlhitig and is Sulu. 'Thlis transition to phonetic spelling could not be

ttwcomplished were w\e to transliterate ai s q, as h,

as z, etc., as (do some scl(olars.

TlIe transliterations employed in tlis work h1lave been selected in accordance witlh the al)ove principles whilich are believed

to be acceptable from the stanldpoint not only of theory, but

of practical convenience as well. To avoid the possibility of digraphs being resolved by the learner into their ellements and so

pronounced, as Ras-hid for Rashid, 'ntd-/ltr for 'udhui',I all digraphs


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~9) ] 11n

are printed underlinled, exceplting clA and,.( 1 i. ( ' (1ll li(ot lie

mistaken, forel( is not used ill transliterating except ill tl)is ligraphl. In like mlanner, fig can not b1e misleadling sinlce the proper soundt of f occurs onlly before a vowel and is entirely 1n 1)lolnounceable l)efore 4. The underlined (ligraplls are d/1, gh, kh, s.h,

and th. Dotted conson)ants usedl are,1, h/, k,.,, an (1z. NTithtler

underlined (ligraplis nor dottedl consonal lits are ilneced for the

transliteration of pure Sulu words, but only for the tlranslitteraltio

of Arabic or other vocables of forei gn soun'ce wiNhichl still 'reita i

their original spelling.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
CHAPTER II

General Observations on the Sulu-Arabic Script

~ 10. The Arabic alphabet as treated by Arabic gramlmarians co'nsists of 28 letters, all consonants, since tle vowels are,

not considered by the Arabs to be part of the alphabet. Moreover,

hamzah, a "catch of the glottis", is really a consonant as will b)e

explained later, but it is not so considered by tlhe Arabs, the alif

being considered by them to embrace tlhe ha za(tch. It is not therefore included here in thle Arabic alphabet altho included as tlie

first letter of tlhe combined Sulu-Arabic alplhalbet. The 28 consonants are here given in their usual order, followed by hac zah(

and the three vowel signs of the Arabic alphabet, the reader being referred to the note at the beginning of Table I for the pronunciation of the names of the letters. As will be seen in Table

I, the names of Arabic consonants usually have a long vowel

which, when final, is followed by a hanzah. Thru motives of convenience, the long-vowel mark and tlhe hIamizal will ordinarily

be omitted:

Arabic Alphabet.

1. \ alif 4. thui. 7 ha

2. ba 5. jim 8. s dal

3. j ta (. ha 9). d dhal

12
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 12]

13

1)0.

J) (t

I1. zai

12..in

13. ^ 8sA1

14. ^ s

I.~. sc a

17., t

18. 'ain

19., v.

20..9 f./i,

24. nzim

25. nun

~ 2(). ha

27.

wait

21. j '.f

28. Le yt

15. ' dal

22. 1 b.f

23. l3 (l,

1(;..

ta,

Vo)wels: 1. d.,,,m; (;, 2*. jfttlha

_..l~~lrrJ _:,O. A,~ka.'xraih

~ 11. lThlle st'ictly Suiltl alphallbet, tihat is, tlhe alplhalbet ulsed

to 'express thle nlti\ve sounl(lds o- the Silu lancgu:ige, consists of

I(i,n,zah( with 1!9 otlier ()onlsoa(lllllts 1t1l(:) Vo\wel signs, as give

b>elow.

~ 12. I l'ere, as (lsewhlere herein, haIt,z.'h R nd l the (consonanlts

adlopted froml the Al)rabic will, il ge.nerall, be referred to,y

their A\lraIi( illle('as, sil(ce tlle Suti1 names vary flrom) these only

tlhru the inability of tlhe Sulis to pr)onl)tl(e (elrtin of the

A\rab ic letters. 'The pecutliarly Sulu c(,,nslal.ts-c i,r, iya, i and


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

at-ha-}vinig 10 11names in Aralfbic, wvill be referred to by their

Siiul names. T'll Ahe Arabic c('oiso)Iants g1hain a nd f;it will be so


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
14

L~ 12

referred to when having their A rabic pot ehr Iuat wvlien having

their Sulu power, will be called ga and pa. 'lhe Sulu nalmes will

be given to the vowel signs, except when referring especially

to the Arabic language. This last rule will apply to the ortllographical signs, when, indeed, the latter hlave Sulu name&.

AStli Alp ha bet.

1. lI.(t,, z, l

2. \ alij

3). -, b

8. h) d(l

S.

( ). sl

10. ^, %ml

15. /I i,,

1(;. //,i,,

17.,'"/"I

I O 111

4., tft

5.,_j ((

(i. C jil-r

7\

11. F f/(1

12. & tq/la

13. J ',

18. 1,.

I (). I',(.(.

2(). S (a

20..!t/t

7. rch (

14. J /,-(f

Vowels:

>2.

1. _,,,,,a, 2}.

ha(f ta(' (.;

h] (1(tb

The consonants numbered 5, 7, and 12, il tlie above alphalbet,


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

do not exist in Arabic but were used ill tlle Alalay languacge

and adopted into Sulu along with the purely Arabic letters.

~ 13. The combined alphabet, which is the one explairned


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

in these pages, consists of hamzae h with 31 otlher consonants and

3 vowels, as follows:
~ 14 I

15,Slt,-,A 1,ta)ic, Alphabet.

1. _ hnza'i 12.,,hal, 23. n ga

2. \ aif 1:3. 1ra 24. pa (fa)

3:., )l a 14.. zci 25. kaf

4 l 1. sin 26. l kaf

5. ^, 1. shin 27. lam

1;,.,; id,, 17. sad 28. mni

8. h Ia 19. I ta 30. t ha

1 (. c*a0 21. a 'in 32. L5 ya

11. d a<til 22. ga (gha in).,

\VowelS: 1. la 2. (_ Iata'a 2. _its. hababa'

~ 14. In the Arabic script the consonants are considered to

be by far the most important part of a word. Indeed, in Malay

regularly, and usually in Arabic, the vowels are not written at

all. The consonants, as in stenography, are written first and, in


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
16

~ 14

Sulu, tile vowels are tlhen writtenl ill tlei r llto r liape 1le's airlove or

(* (*

helow this outlilne, as til\ we should wrviite 1JIA 1 fot "Manila".

Tlle Ar lliec scripl)t is wriittell from r6lilt to left, ft, tlel c( oisonlalnts

of a word Ieinlg joill'( -or written closely ill thle case of chlaraters wIlichl (h)o iot pl)ei'lit of joining. 1x1.cept tllese six conso)Iailts, \ alif, d (1(l; ( (h1al, J, ' i, amn(l 1(

11l tile (cosoiiants have fomur dliffereit formnls aecor(ling as they

are usedl unconnlected(, or con ellted withl a follow\ing consollallt

only, or witll a preceoding (onsolnantSllt o(ly, or w\itll both. The six

consonants labove nientioted do ot cot cowieet with the following

consonant and colnsequeltly 1.have Ibut two forl-ms-the form used

alone and that connectel withl: plreeedling cotns(oll t only.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
CHAPTER ] I

Transliteration and Power of Consonants

~ 15. The consonants ill the accompanying table are arranged

accordii tg to tleir forms. 'Tlie lon-Alrabic consonalllnts.._ nfla,, chat, and & qga, iare inserted after related forms in the

A.rabic alphabet. Hltamzah, lhere placed first, is never so placed

in Arablic, tho it is sometimes given first place in Malay. It

seems reasonable to do so since the hamzah is the simplest of the

con(soinants and no vowel is uttered alone, without initial hamzah

(see ~ 20). Tle 33rd character, ~ lamalif, is really not a separate consonant but it is lam followed by alif, the two being written'together. It is inserted here merely because it is often regarded by both Arabs and Sulus as a distinct character.

~ 16. The names of the consonants, whether Arabic or Sulu,

will, for the sake of convenience, be regularly written without macron or hamzah, e.g. ba for ba', sin for sin, etc. For the

purpose of reference, the information given in this chapter is

conpisely set forth in Table I. But full treatment in tabular

fqrm is impossible, and the consonants which require further

elucidation will be taken up in detail after some preliminary

explanations llave been made. Table I here follows:

17
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
TABLE 1.

The CoGtsnamnts, Their Transliterations, NaTnes, and Powler, in lrabic and Slid.

-Note: A is pronounced as in "sofa"; -a as in "father"; i as in "in"; i as in

"machine"; Zt as in "rule"; ai as in "aisle"; and' an as owl in "how".

No. Letter Transliteration Arabic name Power in Arabic Sulu name Power in Sulu

1.. ('); nothing hanzah catch of glottis catch of glottis

chamja,'

^2. \ t macron of at; prolongs fathah; prolongs hafta's;

nothing prop for hamzah prop for hamtzah

~3. __, b ' h ill "bled" h a' b iin "bed"

4. t_ _ t i "tell" _ ta' t in "tell_"

5..

th

tba(e'

tfl ill "tllil".S ill "S(o)"

not inl A ral bi e

not ill Arnlie,'(1,

// ill "11e

i..i

j ill "jest"

j'imn j in "jest"

1.

I...(t '

gutteral /. not in

Erlnglishl

ha'

7h in "hlat"
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Table I, continued

N\ o. ILetter Transliteration Ar-abic lae loer iAlrabic Sulu n e Power inl Slu; ~i~~~:~:T -, _-.

I- Z 1,,'chl ill Scotch - i " t; l l il." I th i }l/tI /k ill,"h-_ ih a: h

i.~~!-i~.^~; ~0 - j -- ~loch i''nk

10. <c llot in Aml)ic llot in Arabic ha ci il 'church"

11. tdal d ill "(lid" d t, ill "(lid'

_| -~.77 > 77-. tsh '7. let," 1, *jl, inl ' jest"; 1 ill

12. AJh dhal th ill "thlien" -

- -.\al \"litt" s ill so

13.r rt' r ill ''roll'' 1 ' r in 'roll"

14..___ zai' z ill "zolle-'jai';._ s i '

15.,.S1 sil0. S il "so".til i SO"

'10.. sh shin sht in "''she"'' si s in "so"'.- brodnoioad, not in

U.17. s sa snls Isad iEnglish'|


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
::Table I, continued

No. Letter Transliteration Arabic name Power in Arabic Sulu name Power in Slu

- il "did"; b ill

broad d, not in dad; h bd; i

- 18. dad " - - bed"; buw in "sulbI I | * I..| Englishl ^ blu sfl; way'" 1 in "ladl". broad t, not ill '

| il. t' | | t t a F ]' ta' t in "tell''

Ji^ ** English

broad z, not ill 1 in "hlad"; s ill

20. Za la'; a'

J *._ZEnglish s_

21. ('). faucal consonant, as ha

211. c. (<)amti~, same as ham, rob

21_ not in English

II _ I Ifaucal consonant,

22. c t; / ' ghain at i gaini; ga' g in "go"

'^~ -- ~not in Englislh

23. not in Arabic not in Arabic ga' mg in "sing

24. ^ f; p ft' f in "fan" 2)(t' 1 ill "pay

clieking k, not in. - k

25.:~f k IC ill kin k"

___ ______ ____ ___ ___,**English _

26". |1 L k^af k in 'kink " -(Ica k ill "kink


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Table I, concluded

No. Letter r'lransliteration Arabic llame 'ower in Arabic Slu nrame l'ower in Sulu

27. | I la I ill "lad" lam I ill "lad"

28. | m m|aM, m in "`nlanl' m1 Ml in "ni",,

29. n nutn n in "nut" Mun - n in '"nut"

30. h1 ha' I in 'hat" ha' h in "hat'

W in "'we"; it in I w in "we"; it in

w; ut; macron diphthong au; pro-1 _ diphthong an; pro31. Halt r rvan. |) of u; nothing 'lons da longs daah; wat longs; prop

prop for ham zah for hamlzah

y in "yet"; i in y in "yet"; i in

y; i; macron ya' diphthong ai; pro- diphtllong ai; proL. 5 of i; nothing longs kasrah; prop longs hababa'; prop

for hamzah for hamzah

-,_ 1 _ -' 1I in "lad"; la in i "lad"; la in

33. \1 1; lamalif lanmalil)

33';h ' amacmusical scale musical scale... scal


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
22

[~ 17

~ 17. The pronunciation of the Sulu-Arabic script is treated

before the writing of the same, since a knowledge of the power

of the various consonants, vowels. and orthographical signs, is

a necessary prerequisite to understanding the rules for. writing them. It is not indeed hoped that the reader will be able,

with these explanations, to produce the sounds of the peculiar

Arabic consonants; that ability must come as the result of months

and years of practice and training of the ear as well as the organs

of speech, under the guidance of a competent teacher. This ability, tho desirable, is not necessary for the student of Sulu. T'he

English-speaking reader is already familiar with six of these

consonants, which are foreign to the Sulu — thea, ji,

d dhal, zai, z, shin., and d fa-and as to the other

nine, he can at least do as well as the native Sulu who has had

little instruction in the matter. The consonants are here taken

up in the order in which they appear in the table.

Note:, ba, kaf, minMm, annd n?,?l, will

not be mentioned in these explanations, since these letters

are transliterated by, and have the same power as, the English letters b, k, m, and in. But in Arabic, when immediately

followed by the letter,_ without any vowel between,

takes the sound of ( Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 2)., is also

written by the Sulus for ing.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 19 1]

23

No. 1. ham-zah (').

~ 18. 'Transliterattion.-Except when initial in a word, it is

transliterated by an apostrophe ('). When initial in a word it

is not transliterated, since it is initial only before a vowel and

no vowel at the beginning of an English word normally uttered,

is without a hatmzah. The true nature of this sound is apparently

not iecognized in the Philippine dialects except in those which

employ the Arabic script. The reason seems to be that the Latin alphabet employed in the writing of all the northen dialects,

contains no character to express the sound of hamzah. In Tagalo, it is endeavored to supply the want by the use of the grave

accent ( ), but apparently the matter is badly confused. Furthermlore, hamzah is not an accent nor does it indicate the stress

upon the pronunciation of a vowel which is ordinarily referred to when we speak of an accent. This stress may or may not

accompany the hazmah. For example in the word puti', white, the

accent, such as there is, comes on the u, and not.on the i, which

latter is followed by the hamzah. In sigla', rapid, on the other

hand, the accent falls on the a, which is followed by the hamzah. It therefore seems highly desirable to use a distinct and

separate character for the 'hamzah and, following the example of

many eminent scholars, the apostrophe (') is adopted.

The name of this consonant, hamzah, compression, is from

tlie Arabic, and refers to the tension of the vocal chords when

hamzah is pronounced.

~ 19. Power.-Altho written as a vowel, hamzahis really

a consonant since it can be produced only in connection with a

vowel. Its sound is sometimes called the "catch of the glottis"

'
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
24

| ~ 1!3

and, in the initial fortm, is commlllon in English but is lnot written.

The medial fornl is also found iin )llinish words, lbeing tlere

known as the "catch accent" as in,ia'ud,(,,mao; ra'ud, Iwater.

It consists of the burstilg of the air thru the closed vocal

chords and either blegins or ends in a complete stoppage of the

breath accompanied by a click of the chords, according as the

hamzah begins or ends a vowel sound. When tile haimzah conies

between two vowels, being then called medial hatzah, complete

stoppage of tie breath occurs in the middle and.l is both preceded

and followed by tile click of the vocal chords andl the momentary rush of the breath after and before the pure sound of the

vowels is audible. Hamzah may therefore be initial, medial or

final. There are no essential differences in the use of hamnzah in

Arabic and Sulu, tho it is much less distinctly articulated in

modern Arabic than in classic Arabic and in Sulu. Even in Sulu

the hanmzah seems to be weakening and is frequently indistinguishable in rapid conversation.

~ 20. Every so-called initial vowel normally uttered is really not initial but begins with the initial hamzah. If considerable effort be made,an initial vowel may be uttered without the

closing of the vocal chords which produces the hanzah. Then,

with the vocal chords already separated, the vowel, faint at first,

gradually grows stronger until the full volume of sound is

reached. Normally uttered, however, the vocal chords are at first

tightly closed and the breath, momentarily checked, bursts

forth into the full vowel sound.

~ 21. The medial hamzah-ha7nzah between two vowelsalso occurs in English when two vowels, coming in juxtaposition, are separately pronounced. Such for example is the hiatus:.r ' *:',-. '
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I~ 94 -1

25

I etween the two o's of ''cooperation" (listAinetly and rapidly

lpronouncedl, or between the twio Ws. when we say ''so 01('' No

(lou1t the medial use, of harn~zah is the clearest and most striking.

It is the most frequent in:`Sulu. Ham z-ah also occurs in the middIle of a word b~etween a, vowel and a consonant.

Examnples: Wasa, high thing; ta''a, p&rson; d'a"an, there;

(Wi?,,1i)-(?; pag a( 'i, lharvesting; gfi 'iig, mniddle.

2.L22. By the fin~al haatzah is hieant the hainzah which folb

lowvs a vowtbl at the end of a w'ordl. In every case fintal ham~zah 'is

followed by patai (~~ 67 and 96 ). Final hamtzah does not seem

regularly, to occur in English Ibut may be heard occasionally at the

end of ceitain wvords of exclamaltion or command uttered c'olloquicall~y. For examn-ple, the word ''whoa'' (used to stop a horse)

when. utte-edl with a' prolonged o sound ending with ai quic(,k ex-.

p)iraition of air -and a catch of the vocal. chords, illustrates the use

of the final hamizah.

2 23. Finatl. hamwzah is quite frequent in 'Sulu, its careful proliuncilation being essential to the distinguishing of certain 'words

otherwise the samie. IMiwithout hanizah means ''here"; with the

hiam zaVh, di', it means "not''. Na means ''already "; with hamnzah

'na',it indicates the beginning of a sentence. Often, the distinction is madIe miore maclrked by pronouncing the simple vowel long

while the laiazated vowel i's shortened as in the first example

given.

24. Ham zah is an illustration of the great accuracy with

wl~ich the Ara~bs represented the. sounds of their language. Althoa

e"xisting in English, this sound has'nex~er been reduced to writ-~

ing, aind it may be, difficult for the beginner to detect it at first,but a little training of the ear and practice of the voice willsow
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
26 ~24]

enable him to (listing'uish and uitter it as readlily as an-uy of thie

more fiamiliar con~sonanits.

No. 2. \ aif. (macron. of a;nothing).

2 25. Trarvslite'ratiwi.-Wben used mierely ais a. prop upon

wvhich to write a hcntmzah aind vowNel, it is not tralis'literate(l.

This uise of the alif is mos,-t frequent with initial lhani)1zah andl vowel, lbut it may, in certain ca,,ses,. be used as a pr()I in the middle

or at the end of a word. XA~hen used after the vo(-wel h~ata,'as (a,

the A ra-bic fthah) the soundl of which it p)roloiigs, it is tranisliterated by placing a macron ()oe h hcwithout this,,

mark, transliterates simp)ly &hata'as, a short vowel ( but See ~ (91)

~26. JO r-A'ji Anahic wavzs originaclly a hawiinitial

in a syllable. In this use, it occui red, of course, mor frequentlY

at the beginning of a- word1. Later, the Arabs adlopte(l a sp~ecial

sign for wvriting the harnizah in allI positions,,, wh-lether initial, finl.'I

or medial, and initial alif lost its pr~oper sound arid caetne to se-,rve

merely as a prop, called ''ichair" by the A irabs, to which when the

wrting was voweled, the initial lhanzah and vowel were written.

At the present time both in Arabic and Sulu, when pla~ce'd at

the beginning of a word, it serves as a prop for any one of the

vowels and accompanying initial hawtzath, having no power of its

own, tho in unvoweled writing it may indicate where a. hainlzah

should be Written. It i's also used -as a prop for medial and final

hamzah under certain conditions which will be explained later

in the rifles fdr writing the harnza/i (~~ 69-72).

~27. A second use -of alif is to prolong the soundl of the,

the Vowel hata'as (fathah). When so used it is written as the

consonant imniediately after the'vowel.,Th simple hata'as


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 28 1

27

is the equfivalent of a in ''sofa'' while hata'as plus alif is the a

Of 'fathier'".

2 28. Fronm thiis circumstance of loosing its indentity and

beinig absorbedl into hatta'a~s when u'se(l as a letter, of prolongation.

(flif is- cla-ss,.e(l a(s a, weak letter.

-E.'Karnples,, liamazxted alif ainpa, then; ini, this; mnu,

wvhat?; ta'as, high, thivg; baba', lowi thing.

Alif of prolongation: danU, road; da, brinig.

No. 4. taO ()

_ 2. Power. -The Arabic pronunciation of this letter is

somewhat softer tihan that. of the" En 'iglish t in ''tell'', and for'

th-at reason the- Aral&i ta, to b~e expla~ined later, is consi(lere(i to 1)e more niearly the equivatlent of the Enlglish t. In

Suhowever, ta is pronounced precisely the same as the EngEixamplIes: Titilc, dot; wiata, eye; ta''ab, high tide.

~ 3o. owler,.-Tha in Arab-ic is protiouced like th in ''thin''.

Thme ulmedlucatedl SuILIs 7when encountering this character in Arab,-ic wvord-s, pro-nouce it as s in ''so''. Educated Sulus, however,

have acqut-ired the A'rab~ic sounds with mnore or less accuracy and

employ these sounds in proniounciing Arabic words, even when

thie wvor( is question has become thoroly Suluized and might

juist as properly receive its Sulu pronunciation. These words if

inl commnon use, nevertheless, frequently comne to be spelled as

pronounmced and 6: tha gives place to s ' i.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
28

~ 3) 0 ]

Examples: Arabic Ithinaiw, JMonday, and( Thualthah, Ta esdlay, axe usually pronounced and written Isrtip and k8alasa.

No. 6. ia ( h)

~31. Powver.-Jn lproJ) neing the ordininrv Eniglish ai, we

press the front part of the tongue against the ha-Crd paclate. In

pronouncinlglf, the broad middle p~art of the tongue ispressedl

against the highi niildile part of thie hard palate so that a stio-gestion of a y sound is developed wvith the a. It verv miuch resemrbles

French. gn in aqrieait, b-ut the y is not so strongly uttered a

in Spanish K in sen-or, or ais inl 'n in English ''onionl''. The

English word ''news"~ exemiplifies this sound at the b)eginninig of

words. Tihle Sulus interchange tlii,- letter wvith wyi whiihehhatter comibiniation they seemi to prefer. is Mialay Cand Sulu,

not Artabic. Thie formi of the letter is, that inivented bv the Persians to express the sound of p).

Examples: nata', mu'.ts(;danat oril y, 'i

N o. 7. jIm" (j

~ 32. Powerand Ti —rasliteration.-In ancient Arabic, ti

character seems to have been pronounced like q] in "go"'. In

the old abjad (~ 145) arrangement of the' Arabic ailphlabet. jiw,

was the' third letter, thus4 corresponding to the G4reek gamnoa.

Late r, jim altered in the Arabic spoken dialects and tacquired

thes pronunciation of y in "yet", j in "jest''7, or s~i in "visioni

(French j in jour). In Sulu and Calmost universally inl the

languages which have adopted the A-rabic alphabet-Persian,

Turkish, A fghani, Malay, etc.-jirni is pronounced like ji

0
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 34 ] 29

"jest''. Persian and Afghan have even devised a special character, v,to indicate tle sound of the French j. The sound of jim

is, indeed, a compound one, being the sound of si in "vision"

with an initial d, and some scholars, especially the French,

transliterate it dj. The latter produces such awkward combinations as hadjdjadj and dja'dja' for hajjaj and ja'ja'.

Examples: Arabic Juma'ah, Friday; usually written Juma'at in Sulu.

Sulu bujang, maiden; jadi, be.

No. 8. ha (h).

~ 33. Power.-Ha is a deep, faucal aspirate having no counterpart in English or Sulu, and s sometimes called a "wheeze".

In its production the pharynx is constricted, and the posterior pillars of the uvula approximated. The ha is the fricative

sound whichl results when air is expelled while the organs are

in this position. The place of articulation is nearly that of the

'ain, and ha may almost be said to be the surd sound corresponding to the sonant 'ain. Ha, together with kha, sad, dad,

ta, za, 'ain, ghain and kaf, is called "emphatic" by the.Arabs

since in its pronunciation, the position of the tongue with relation to the soft palate, produces a peculiar resonance chamber

which gives a gutteral sound to the following vowel. Indeed,

the modification of the vowel sound is, to the majority of Europeans, the most marked characteristic of these consonants and

their most easily imitated feature.

~ 34. The Sulus give this consonant the same sound as hathe English h in "hat". Indeed, many Sulus ignorantly use ha
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
[~ 34

- in writing pure Sulu words in which the sound is, of course, ha.

Ha is frequently final in Arabic and is then doubly difficult for

Sulus to pronounce. In such cases the latter often giVe it the

sound of hamzah, or do not pronounce it at all.

Examples: Arabic hal, condition; Mthamnmad, a proper

name; hairan, astonishment; sah, correct; are usually pronounced in Sulu hal, Iluhamnmad, hairan, and sa'.

No. 9.: kha (/kh).

~ 35. Power.-Kha in Arabic is almost the equivalent of ch

in the Scotch "loch''. In its utterance, the rear portion of the

tongue is brought close to the soft palate and thereby is formed

the resonance chamber which gutteralizes the following vowel,

as explained in ~ 33. The sound of kh is foreign to Sulus and

is pronounced by them as h in "hat", or k in "kink".

Examples: Arabic Khamis, Thursday, and Shaich, a title,

are pronounced Hanmmis and Shik, or Sik, by the Sulus.

No. 10. E cha (ch).

~ 36.' Power.-Cha is the surd corresponding to the sonant

consonant jim. It has the sound of ch in "church'', which is

really that of sh with initial t, just as that of the Sulu jimEnglish j-is French j with initial d. The character cha is not

found in Arabic but was invented by the Persians. The sound

is common in Malay and infrequent in Sulu. Sometimes in the

latter language, the ch of adopted Malay words is altered to s.

Examples: bacha', read; kacha', vase; chukai, tax; are

of Malay origin and are often written basa', kasa', and sukai, in

Sulu....'::~i: ". '


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
38:~ 1]

3'1

No. 11. dal (d).

~ 37.. Power.-Dal is the English d in "did" somewhat less

forcibly articulated. The Sulus frequently interchange it with.

lam or ra. In many words, dal when written between two vowels,:

is regularly pronounced ra (r in "roll"). For example, idu',

(log; madayam, good; are usually pronounced iru', and marayau.

In phrases, even final 'dal before the initial votel of a following word, is often pronounced ra, as magtagad akin, I wait, proilounced magtagarakiu.

The student may sometimes be puzzled whether to use dal

or ra in writing a given word in which the r sound is heard.

* he rule is to use dal provided the d sound is preserved in any

form of the word at any time. Thus, dal should also be used as the

final consonant of the stem of bayad, pay, because it is so pronounced when final, altho in the derivative forms in which the

dal comes between two vowels it is almost invariably pronounced

r'a. For example: bayadan, paid; bayadun, will be paid; bayadi,

pay!(imp. ); should always be written in the Sulu-Arabic script

with dal and in the transliteration with d, altho usually pronounced bayaran, bayarun, and bayari. Dal should also be written in baduing, name of the Sulu knife, because it is sometimes so

pronounced, or at least was sometimes so pronounced when the

written form of the word became fixed, tho at present the almost

universal pronunciation is barning. This procedure makes the

r sound of dal a varient of pronunciation, not of'writing, and.

that is as it should be.

No. 12. -';dhal (dh).

~ 38.: Power.-The Arabic dhal is the English sonants th'ii


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
32

[ ~ 38

"that". It is foreign to the Sulus who pronounce it variously

asjiin ''jest'', n in ''nut'', or s in ''so''.

Examples: Arabic DMut l-Karnain, He of the Two I1-orns

(Alexander the Great); Dint1 l-hijjah, the twelfth mnonth of the

Muhammadan year; idhirt, permission; usually pronounced tand

sometimes written Julkarnaii?, Nalhajji', and iJin, or (rarely) isih.

No. 13. ra (r)

~3t?. Povwer.-The Arabic ra is the English r in ''roll'',

strongly pronouncedi. The Sulu ra is less distinctly alticulatedl.and frequently interchanges with dal (~ 37), or lam.

Example: ra'ayat, or la'ayat, (common) people.

No. 14. 9 zai (z).

~40. Power.-The Arabic zlai is pronounced like z in "zone'~

This sound does not exist in Sulu and zai is pronounced by tlue,

Sulus as j in. ''jest'', or s in "''So''.

Examples: Arabic ham zah, explained above (~~ 19-24); Zubaidah, a girl's name; usually pronounced amija', and Jabaid.a

(Jubaira)' or Subaida (Sutbaira).,

Note: This letter should inl strictness be called za. It is

called zai the better to distinguish-it from za (No. 20).

No. 15. o sin (s).

~41. Power.-In both Arabic and Sulu, sin is invlariably

pronounced like s inl "so"7-it never has the sound of s in "is".

No. 16. ~'shin (sh).

~ 42. Power.-Jn Arabic, shin is pronounced,,as sh in -"s'he"

This sound does not ordinarily exist in Sulu and the Sulus pro
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~441 ]

33.

nounce it as s in "so". Sometimes, indeed, they use shin interchallgoeably with sin to represent the sound of s in "so". But

sometimes also this soudl, when occurring in Arabic words, is

correctly pronounced.

Examnples: Aralic Shan(al, tentl lnonth of the Muhamlnadalt year; Sliaiik, a title; are usually pronounced and written

Sawal, anld Sik, in Sulu.

No. 17. sad (s).

~ 43. Power.-The Arabic sound of sad is that of a surd, lingual, fricative consonant. It is sometimes described as "broad s",

1ald has no counterpart in English or Sulu. To pronounce sad, the

toilngue is drawn somewhat farther back than in pronouncing

thle ordinary s, the openingbetween the tip of the tongue and

the hlard palate being thereby broadened laterally, and at the

same tinle the tract of the tongue in close proximity to the hard

palate is lengthened fronl front to rear. The utterance is forceful while at its close, tle rear portion of the tongue is approximatedl to the soft palate, and tlie characteristic resonance

cllaml)er is thereby produced which effects somewhat the sound

of the following vowel. The Sulus give sad the sound of s in

1Exa-pnl)le: A riabic waslah, an orthographical sign, is pronloulnced wa.sla bly the Sulus.

No. 1. 18. dad (d).

~ 44. PIoer.-This consonantal sound is one of the most elusive in Arabic. It is said to be peculiar to that language and the

Arabs sometimes refer to themselves as the "dad-pronouncing

people''. It is a sonant, lingual, fricative consonant, sometimes


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
34 [ ~ 44

called "broad d", and has no counterpart in English or Sulu.

To pronounce it, the tongue lies close to the gum of the upper

incisors, while the air finds an exit on both sides of the back of

the tongue against the forward molar teeth, between which and

the tongue the friction takes place. The fact that this escape of

air occurs in about the same place as in pronouncing 1, has lead

the Malays and Sulus to confuse dad and lam. At the conclusion

of pronunciation, the tongue is lowered and thickened producing a characteristic resonance chamber. Difficulty of pronunciation has caused dad to become greatly slighted and corrupted in

some modern Arabic dialects. The Sulus give this letter the

sound of d in "did", b in "bed", w in "subway", or in "lad".

Examples: Arabic dammah, name of the ue vowel, is pronounced damma; dad, name of this letter, is, in repeating the

alphabet, frequently pronounced bad, or bwad; Ramandan, the

ninth month of the Muhammadan year, is usually pronounced

by the Sulus, and indeed written, Lamalan.

No. 19. ta (t).

f~45.. Power.-This is, in Arabic, a surd, lingual, explosive

consonant sometimes called "broad t", and has no counterpart

in English or Sulu, altho it is said to resemble English t more

than does Arabic ta. To pronounce.ta, the tongue is moved farther backward than for ordinary t, the tip is thickened, the point

of contact with the hard palate is both broadened and lengthened

from front to rear, and the pronunciation is forceful. When the

utterance of the consonant is complete the tongue is thickened

behind, giving the characteristic resonance chamber. The Sulus

pronounce ta as common tin "tell"'..


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~47 ]

35

Examples: Arabic Tahir, a proper name; Sultan, a title;

are pronounced Tahir and Sultan by the Sulus.

No. 20. I za (z)

~ 46. Power. —In Arabic, za is a sonant, lingual, fricative

consonant sometimes called "broad z''. It has no counterpart in

English or Sulu. The point of contact of the tip of the tongue

with the hard palate is farther back than in pronouncing zai, and

the tip of the tongue itself is thickened, while-the tract of the

tongue approximated to the hard palate is broader and longer

than in pronouncing zai. When the pronunciation is terminated,

the back of the tongue is thickened as in the other emphatic consonants (~ 33). The Sulus pronounce za as I in "lad ", or s in "so

Examples: Arabic zuhr, noon; hafiz, guardian; are usually pronounced and written lithul and hafis by the Sulus.

No. 21. c 'ain(').

~ 47. Powuer.-The Arabic 'ain is the Hebrew ain, but has no

counterpart in English or Sulu. In Arabic, it is a sonant, faucal,

fricative consonant formed by a compression of the larynx at the

same time that the tongue is crowded back as far as possible and

the fauces constricted. It is the throat sound having the deepest

possible articulation and is sometimes considered to be the sonant equivalent of the surd ha. The back of the tongue and the

fauces partially obstruct the passage of the breath. 'Ain is sometimes coupled with initial hamzah, the two being pronounced together. Indeed, some investigators assert that 'ain is an "exaggerated hamzah". This is not strictly true, however, since tho

'ain and hamzah may sound similarly, they are in reality of distinct origin, the hamzah being produced by the explosive bursts
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
36

[~47

ing of the breath thru the closed vocal chords, and the 'ain by

the partial obstruction of the breath by the compressed larynx,

the fauces, and the back part of the tongue. 'Ain is easily pronounced without hamnzah, tho it is pronounced by the Sulus Ias

hamzah only.

Examples: Arabic 'Arab, Arab; Jrnm'ah, F'riday; are pronounced Arab and J.uma'at by the Sulus.

No. 22. q ghain (q1h); qa (y).

~ 48. Transliteration.- Ghain is transliterated gh when used

in Arabic words, but by g in Sulu words. When the Arabic alphabet was applied to the writing of Sulu, no letter was found

to represent the sound of g in "go'', as this sound does not exist

in classical Arabic. On the other hand, the sound of the ghain

does not exist in Sulu, and therefore, very naturally, the character ghain was called ga, and adopted to represent the closely

related g sound in Sulu. Some Sulus call this letter again.

~ 49. Power.-The Arabic consonant, ghain is a sonant, velar, fricative consonant having no counterpart in English or

Sulu. It is produced by forcing the tongue far back against tlhe

soft palate and the uvula, the latter being slightly trilled as the

breath is forced out thru the vibrating vocal chords. The result is

a sound somewhat similar to that produced by gargling the

throat. Ghain is another of the "emphatic" consonants. The

Sulus cannot give ghain its proper sqund, and therefore pronounce it as g in "go" in Arabic words, while in Sulu words

it is, of course, regularly used to express the latter sound.

Example: Arabic ghulam, boy, used by the Sulus as a proper name and pronounced by them Gulam.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~- 53 ]

37

No. 23. a ia#i)

50. 7Tinsa4iteiration.-The digraph fig has keen selected to

transliterate this sound because sin~ple ng is so -frequently

griveni another sound, namely, that of tigg, as in "finger", or

prolongation " in which the niastal fig is followed by~'a hard g'

sound.t The g- used b~y some scholars is excellent as being a simple character, tho available in few fonts of type. On the other

handl, iig is conmmonly colnfounded with n, and fig, being a

inodlific.ation of the "u., is the preferable transliteration according

to the, principles, set forth elsewhere herein.(~~.8, 9, and 54).

51. Powver. -The character figa' has the sound of my in

''iing''. It occurs in Sulu at the beginning of words and-this,

like, finatl Ih, is- at' first difficult for English-spe'aking-people. The

fiiya is Malay and~ Sulu, not Arabic.

Examiples: filyantnme bafiga, frutit; tabafiy, aid.

No. 2.4. fit, (f); p~a (p-).

f' 52. Travuslite'ration.-In Arabic words this consonant is

traiisliterated by f and in Sulu words by Ip. As in the case of

qhmin~, whien the Arabic alphabet was adoptedethe Sulus found

therein no chiaracter to represent their p -sound, and on the other,

hajid, having in Sului nTo f sound, they naturally employed the

Arabic character fa -to represent the, closely related p sound.

'~ 53. Powver. -The Arabic sound of this consonant. is that of

Jt' inl "fian''. The Sulus pronounce fa as p in ~"pay"., in Sulu

words and ordinarily so in Arabic words as well..But the f sound

Is coparatvely easy to pronounce,' anditsher oetl

uttered with increasing, frequency in Arabic and, English words


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
38 [ ~53

adopted into Sulu. The Malays employ another character,,,

for the p sound, and so are not forced to adopt the confusing expedient of employing, for both f and p. It is to be regretted

that, _ has not been adopted into Sulu.

Example: Arabic fasal, section, is pronounced pasal by

the Sulus, tho, of course, the initial consonant is the same character in both cases.

No. 25. L kaf (k).

~ 54. Transliteration.-Some scholars transliterate this consonarnt by q, a Roman letter not otherwise used in transliterating the Arabic script. This obviates the necessity of forming a

new Roman character, k, but such advantage is more than offset by the difficulty in the use of Arabic or Sulu dictionaries

written in Roman letters, when q is employed to represent the

kaf sound. Kaf is pronounced by most Sulus, as ivell as by most

English-speaking people, precisely as kacf, and the two letters

are confused and interchanged in writing. When, therefore,

the student hears a k sound, he is uncertain whether kaf or kaf

is' intended and is in doubt whether to look under k or q. This

uncertainty in the use of the dictionary written with Roman

characters is avoided by adopting l for kaf, and arranging words

containing k and k as tho these two characters were one and the

same letter of the alphabet. All else being equal, k is, of course,

given precedence over k (see index for exemplification).

This same argument is a powerful one in favor of using the

Roman d and modifications thereof for the transliteration of the


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 57 ]

39

d sounds of the Sulu-Arabic alphabet, dal, dhal, and dad; k for.,af, kaf and kha; s for sin, shin and sad; h for ha and ha; z

for zai and za; and so forth (see ~~ 8 and 9).

~ 55. Power.-This consonant has a thick, clicking k sound

not found in English or Sulu. To produce it, the tongue is drawn

far back and the primary interruption takes place between the

back of the tongue and the soft palate, while for kaf (English k)

the interruption takes place between the tongue and the hard

palate farther forward. The drawing back of the tongug in pronouncing the kaf also effects the resonance chamber of the following vowel. The Sulus cannot pronounce this consonant and

invariably give it the same power as that of kaf. The Malays

confuse final kaf with hanzaah.;

Example: Arabic Kur'an, Koran, is pronounced Kur'an

by the Sulus.

No. 27. lai (1).

~ 56. Before certain consonants, the lain of the Arabic definite article is not pronounced and is not transliterated (see ~

97, note 3).

No. 30 ( ha (h).

~ 57. Power.- Ha in Arabic is frequently final and in tlis

position it is difficult for an English-speaking person to pronounce. A little conscious effort, however, will enable the student to pronounce h at the end, as well as at the beginning, of

a word. In rapid pronunciation, final ha is usually slighted, or

omitted entirely by the Sulus, and rarely seems to be final in

pure Sulu words, tho h sometimes appears at the end of a stem

when certain suffixes are added.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
40 [~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t5 7

Examples: b~uhat, lift; hugas, wash; 'da, bri-i y; daha, bring

(imperative); dahwni, is brouaght.,

Note: In Arabic, ha final in an outline, when surmount.ed by two dots (~)is used as a gram aical. termuinationi,

and is then pronounced like' ta. But it is wrong to

use this form inl Suluized, or pure Sulu words, whichl should

use, 6:, only, for the t sound. Such dotted -formi is neer

theless, often incorrectly preserved in Sulu as the final letter

of hdopted Arabic wvords, and iii, sue-h cases is usually pronounced like *.j and transliterated t. The, Arabic' wordi

swrah, chapter, in Sulu pronounced s_(rat and meaning wtrite,

is an example of a word often preserving j in Sulu. Wheni,

however, words of this ending are transliterated directly into

Eniglish from the Arabic, the rule followed in this wvork is

to transliterate with h, thus indicating the Arabic pronuncilation (and in strictness, the spelling, also) of the word

when in pause (Wr. Ar. Gram. ii, ~ 226 and Reini a.).- The

Arabic names of the vowel signs, da'mmah, fathah and kasralh,

are examples of the latter rule.

No. 3 1. 'wau, (w; u; macron of it; nothiing).

~58. Transliteration.- 'Wau is transliterated wv when giveni

its proper sound,, that is8, except when used to form a diphthong

after hata'as (J'athah) as' au; to prolong the sound of dapan,

(darnma/h); or as a prop for thle ha'rnzah. When used to form a.

diphthong after hata' as (fathah), it is transliterated it. When

used to prolong the sound of dapan (dammnah), it is tra usliterate


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~,60 ]

41

ed by the' macron 'of u1 Wheni used as a prop for the hamzah, it is

niot transliterated. 'The rules for writing the hamzah (~~ 69472)

will enable the student to determine in what cases wau should

be used as8 a prop for the Iiam~zah.

~59. Powaer. - IVan, al~f, and ya, have two distinct s econdary

uses, one to prolong a vowel sound, and the other to serve as a

prop for the hamizah. Want and yla have, in addition, their proper

soundls which alif has lost (~ 26) and are, furthermore, used to

express the second vowel in the ~'only two pure diphthongs of the,Sulu and Arabllic languag~s, a-i and ai. The proper cons~narital

s.;ourid of nwaa is that of w~ in "we",e and is heard when it is followedl by' a vowel. The diphthong formed by hata'as (fqthah),,AnId following wan, is pronounced as ow in ''how' '. When fol..

lowingr the vowel dapan (darnmah), it has no other effect than

that of p)roloniging the short sound of this vowel-usually that

of ai in '"full"'-to that of it in ''rule''. Owing to this loss of

idlentity wbeii u~.ed as *a letter of prolongation, 'wan, like alif

an1d y1a, is called a "weak" letter. When used as prop for the

hamj, zahb, wian- has no sound whatever. The power of wan is the

sanie in Sulu as in Arabic.

Exanmples: w~alf, eight; dana, tw~o; i/can, you; ta'u, perSoll.

-No. '12 L5 (LS) ya (y; i; macron of i; nothing.)

~60. Tr)ansliteration.- Ya is transliterated y When 'it has its

proper sound, that is, except when used to 'form, -a diphthong

after hata'as (fat hah) as ai; to prolong the -sound of the Vowel

hababa' (lcasi'ah); or as a prop for the hamzah. When- used to

form -a diphthong after, hata'as (fathia/), it is transliterated i.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
42 [~ 60

When used to prolong the sound of hababa' (kfsrah), its transliteration appears only as the macron of i. When used as a prop

for hamzah, it is not transliterated. The rules for writing hamzah

(~~ 69-72) will determine whether alif, zwau, or ya should be

used as the prop in each particular case.

~ 61. Power.-The proper consonantal sound of ya is that

of y in "yet", and is heard when ya is followed by a vowel.

The diphthong formed by hata'as (fathah) and a following ya,

is pronounced as ai in "aisle''. When used to prolong the vowel

hababa' (kasrah), it merely lengthens,the short sound of this

vowel from that of i in "it" (usually) to that of i in "machine,". This loss of identity when used as a letter of prolongation, causes ya, like alif and wau, to be classed as a "weak''

letter. When used as a prop for the ham zah, it has no soun(

whatsoever. The power of ya is the same in Sulu as in Arabic.

Examples: yan, that; layg, sil; s biskti, harry; gi'tafing,

middle; pi, choose.

No. 33. lanalif (1; la).

~ 62. Transliteration. -When the alif is of prolongation then

the transliteration for this consonantal digraph is la. When the

alif is used as a prop for the hamzah, the transliteration is 1.

~ 63. Power.-Larnalif is really not a separate character but

a combination of lam and alif written together, and requires little explanatioh. Alif may in this combination, as elsewhere, be

an alif of prolongation, or a prop for hamzah, both these uses

having already been explained (~~ 26, 27).

Examples, alif of prolongation: lagi', rather; pad, palb..

Hamzated alif: la' aig, low tide; hula':, village.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
CHAPTER IV

Writing of Hamzah.

~ 64. rhe learner must know the rules governing the writing of hamnzah before he can understand the writing of the vowels and certain consonants. The writing of the hamzah should,

tlherefore, be carefully studied in conjunction with the writing

of the vowels. 'The vowel signs dapan (dammah) and "hata'as

(fathah), are written above, and hababa' (Ika.ah) below, the

consonant after which they are pronounced. In the following

table, the dash to whicl thle signs are written represents any

consonant (except ham zah); but when it bears the 'hamzah, it

represents alif, waOt, or ya, only. Which one of these three to

select, is explainetl in the rules for writing the hamzah (~~ 69 -72). Alif is used in placeiof the dash in positions which require

alif invariably. Altho, in Sulu, initial hamzah is not written, in

voweled Arabic it is regularly written between the vowel and

the alif. The table shows the Sulu practice. For the purposes

of comparison, tle writing of the vowels after consonants other

than hamzah is included in the table, but it must be borne in

mind that this table does not contain a complete exposition of

the writing of hamzah.. For writing the latter without prop and

other peculiarities, see the rules for writing the hamzah above

referred to. For rare variations in power of vowels in Sulu, see

explanation in text, ~~ 78, 81, 84, and for diphthongs, see

~~ 132-143.

43 -....
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
v
44

~ 64 ]
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 67]

45

hcrmiz, ('; notling).

~ 65. The form of halntzza ( ) is that of '(tin without

the final stroke. H(,u,,zth never alters its form and is usually

written all:ove lne of the weak consonants, \ ahf, a\,lf ' a,,, or

i tW. whlicll serves as its prop.

E,,xamples:, p', i/.4//,; \; n', xpletive;. (li', not.

\Various excepltionls t l the above rule relgarnt(ing thle position

of hamzah will 1be (ex)laiined(i below.

~ (;6. The vowel which foll)ows h(tn1z.ah is written with it to

the same prop, but to the htrzah only, when the latter stan(ls

alone without pro(lp.

Examples: s l';, fr,;, ft er;

)(a'", leg; \,, J, T. IJ'ned.

~ 67. If no vowel follows hirmzlah, it must always in Sulu b)e

followed by patai ( ) to lenote the absence of a vowel sound

as in examples given in ~ 65. Hamnza(l and preceding vowel

cannot be written to the samle consonant, hamzaht in such cases

requiring its separate prop except, of course, in tlhose special

cases when written without prop (~ 72, n.).

Examples: ' J Dc)ta', a title; \i bata' child; S

puti', white.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
46

[ ~ 68

~68. As explained above, the thiree weak~ Consonants, \ ai~f,

waad LS ya,, and these only, can serve as props for hamiZah. These three consonants are closely related in power an(I

use, to the vowels- hta'as, dapan, and hababa', respectively,

and when a weak letter is employed lbecause of its' relationship

to the vowel, the weak letter is said to "conform" to the vowel.

Indeed, as will be explained later, the forms of the vowel signs

seem to be derived from the related consonants (~~ 79, 82, 85).

In Sulu when L5 ya is used as prop for the ham za~lh, it is alway

written without the two subscript (lots; but in othier cases the two

(lots are almost invariably added. I n Arabic, however, the use

of the two dots with final ya is optional in all cases, whiatever

the function of ya, thio except when final, the, two dots are usually, employed (W\r. Ar, Gram. lp* 4, foot-note'). \alif aid~

witan? do not change form because of being usedl as- props for hauuizah. The principal difficulty in writingc ham ~zah is that of (letermining which of the three props, if any, to use ini any particular

(base. The following rules are (lesigned to make this point. (dealr

as regards Sulu practice. Some lpeculiarities of Arabic ar-eas

noted but. for full explanations, see an Arabic granimar.

Rtiles Jbr- Wr~itbig Havizah.

~69. RULE I. When hamz,:ah is initiail, it is olfnitte(l ini

Sulu, the accompanying vowel being written (lirectly to a1if.

Ii1i -Voweled Arabic, hbowever, the hamzab~a is always written l)(%tween the accompanying vowel and the alif.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 69]

47

Examples: Arabic ay \ aswadt, black (nom. case);, \ lukhtua, a sister (noln. case);, \ /in, if.

Sulu 1 (\ a,.'te; t \ Lkab, to open;

\ (iba,i, with.

Note 1. The hcam}zah may also 1e onlitted in Sulu when

nledial if, when expressed, it would be written to alif as prop

an(l followedl by hata'ans.

o.-/ o ~. //,

Exnamples: S r\ or \,I ba'(lc, sr ec; j k or.j el

'(tl,' i,), pat,)'d(f.

But ill the text of this wo)rk, hItmzJtah will regularly,)e'writtell in such1 o-ptiolnal c(ases.

Note 2. Wieni, in vowel(e Arabic, initial / thlazrth is

followe(d by Jffithah olr danrma,,othl chamzt h and lll vowel sigll

are written abl, ove tI i( t allJf When initial havmzah is follow"ed

by /bti',lh, bothl are wrvittein belo1w alif. In all tlese (eases

the 1arm.^bi is written} between thle vowel sign andl the aif.

For exlamplles, see abl ove.

Note 3. In v\oweledl A:rabic, the initial lhamzah, as stated1, is always lwrittenl except wvhen eli(ablle under certain conlitiolls. To indicate tlhat suclh rl.mztah is subject to elisioil, it

is not written, thle vow\el lecing written directly to alif.

o )>1) ~ /

^ 0.

Elxaml1les: M'\ aW110, prolmr! (illmp.); j\ al, (lthe

\ ismn am, eat,,11e (non. cas(e); the first vowel of these

xyords being sometimes eli(led as in tlhe Arabic sentence

3>' \ " ^ ikala imlfitd, he.S'id, iprolLYog.

Note 4. Neither is the h(amtz:ah usually written in either..


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
48

[ ~69

Arabic or Sulu, whenll Itltadah is em)ployed to express a,la..ob

followed by long fiatthab (~ '75), han..:ah being then implied

in the maddah (~ 102).

>.Examples: Aralbic d> \ Aldat,.ldai, (noni. ease);

Sulu ay, act, sa.

~ 70. RTIJTE I. Whlen halzah oc(curs between two vowils,

its prop must conform to the following vowel except when the

latter is hata'a.s. \Wlen the following vowel is haft, 'a, the prop

must confotni to the preceding vowel. The following examples

show all possible arrangelmenlts (if slhort vowels wllicel may 1be

separated by hamlzah:

0 > o / ~

',,; puf 'n stem; d a u'"q, cosnquer; b', l wlrl t1c.:

* t e -- 0 o 'z

~,j', pu'a.r, satedl;. ila'aS, old; j padli'a, nkeit:

0- 0 O0

luoit, pry. oI pa'it.)w bi(tte10 nt; fr tl i' r, wlherel?

Note 1. Long vowels do not frequently occur in Sulu

in connection with iamnzah. Wlhen the first vowel is short

-and the second long, the hamzah is usually written to conform to Rule II except when it is implied in the ntadd/tii

(~ 102).

~0 >A o

Exaniples: hnb,'^-, yes; ka' Y, del.partu,:

c -. ka'akgi, act, saying.

When, however, the first vowel is long (including diphlthongs) and the second is short, the ha/sAzAh is usually written without prop to the left of the \ or. of prolongation
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ (s] 49

(or used as final elemeilto)f (li4)hthong, hllich continues to

bear 'htai ). But 'if such' letter:6f' poloiigati or final ele"...t....,,I <:,.,..,-'

lellt of dipltlhong be S5. the /iaczt'! is usually ill Sulu writtell tlcco(r(li ng to R'lle II.

' l~ '

tlExamples: AS2 k'i,.fet! (iimp); a 'an, kept

"o

(i ai place'; 1 ut., ',,i,,n clhosen (cf. Wr. Ar. Gramn.

~' 17, 1 ).

Note 2. As will be o)bserved, tilere seeins to be repugnlance to writing (fiJ' aspr')6p of hav'),i inl the iimiddle of a.

word, alif being so usedon( l ly when the hi i.,4zi(h is b)(th 1re-..: * \ -- * *. *;.,.

('C(led ai(l followed by haf, t,,.~.

Note 3:. WVl('ien the prefixedl Sulu )prepossitions i9-,

t,; h hat-, in, at, on; i and( the particle ^ hi-, prefixel to

names of persons, are joine(l to words lhaving initialg h-tflr.-h,

tlie spelling is not altered, the alif being left as thle prop of

tlie ioriginally inlitial h;nzahl or mal-dalh..

Examnples: \ ^ J](f ' tacan' to thlJ'ieaf(ice: ^ h A lhoa(1

E -* * *,,.. *.-..

fO O /'

oiS?(.'trcrlaf; Ltj> /, '^ I^^bl, Ahma<. I (propelrl-anle);, t'i.,'ll, to school;, h i'Adan, Adam.

Note 4. ()ther prefixes of tlhe language, however, 'ver-,al, nominal andl adjectival, are n('t 'vrittle as set forthl in

n. b,, )ut their final conso)nants should coalesce with the

('cnsolnantal outlille of the word to which they are prefixedl


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
50

[ ~69

The initial hamzah of such word, if preserved, then becomes

medial and conforms to the ordinary rules for writing medill

hamzah. The only difficulty which arises in applyilg these

prefixes, is in determining when the hamzah should be preserved and when dropped, il joining the prefix to stems

having initial hamzah-stemls whicl in the Roman script

begin with vowels. The rule is, all prefixes ellding ill

ca, a et, i, or / g, preserve the following initial

hamzah. After all other prefixes, the havcnzah is dropped.

The prefix g hi- (verbal) is entirely distinct in use froml

the prefix g hi- used with proper names, whlicl latter also preserves initial hamzah which is written as explained ill

n. 2. -i- is really an infix inserted in a word imnmediately before the first vowel, thus;, butang, place; biyutang, having been placed: j \ iuttd, cnt;:\ ijyntud,

having been cut. In the Sulu-Arabic script its character as

an infix is always apparent, since it is always preceded in a

word, either by hainzah or other consonant of tlee stem. But

with stems hlaving initial hamzah (vowel stems in Roman

script), it appears in the Roman script to be a prefix and is

therefore included in the subjoined list of prefixes. Being

therefore inserted after an initial hlamzah, the latter is always preserved, but iL ya is developed before a following-,:

u., or a, while the -i- is absorbed in a follow0

ing. i to form _ i; or this infix may, in the Sulu^Bf ^^M^


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~69] 51

Arabic serilpt, lbe considered to be -m

and -irn,- are also infixes inserted immediately before

thle first vowel, anid the~se also, iin hamizah stenms,, appear in

Romian scrilpt to be prefixes. -an nd-n

l)rQduce no f urther changes whatsoever inthe stem. Prefixes

ending( f nya, when coming before initial ha)&z~ah, simply cause the latter to be (lroippedl without change. When

/ ha coine~s before ic- or. y sterns, te i-o

g- is (lroplped. The p)refix may be verlbal or may indicate

an,adjective and~, as state(I, 1freserves the hainz:,ah; the prefixes 4 warn-, 7 l~la~ pamu-, are applied only to

sterns having initial, ft-, 4Wr b-, which letters are then

(lroppe(1; the pi'efixes )aaui-, v nan-, and $pan-, are

applied onily to stemvs beginning with d-, s-, and

t-, in which cases _.S-, and;t- are regularly dropped, and)%

d- frequently so; min- is an old form pi'eserved in only

afew stems; \3ta-, tag- an d taga-, aire used only

with nouns and words used as nouns.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
52, I - ~ C)ov

N ote 5. Below is- given a list of tepiiiilsml

Sitdu -prefixes (excepting tIhe three explained iii n. 3), wvith

illustrations showing how ti ey shoul(1 be comnbine(I with

wh-ienever such Isterns are used with thei prefix iniquestion. It

igflldtfellsible' to'give translatioiis of the prefixes!, or the comibinations of prefix and steini, since this wouldl involve thie

intricacies of grtinunnr. aind wNould ex ten(1 beyond the pur —.yvie~w of this wvork. Besides the simple Prefixes hiere given,

a In1ulti~ud(le of others mavy h~e formed lby compoundin these,

thlusv i~i- and k-a- compound to form' 'hkt- a nraail

thle latter conlli)oun(1s with ~3pag- to form;t naka(paq1-;

h li- ( verl)al ) conmpou rids wvith 9 p)a-, ' Ica-, and

j~gto forin ji hipa-, az hilca-, andl Npa'ipt-;

-i- is inserted inll ka-, i 'aal-, 9 pa-,

jpag-, tj$ Pon-, etc., to forin i 5' 1ya- 1 m'ya-,

m'iyan-, 3 iya-, it$ pigag-, ~* iyanit-, etc. But corn-i

pounded prefixes need not be 'included in the preient list

s~ince, as long a~s their final letter is unailtered, the manner

of joining to the following word is likewise unaltered. As to

the compound prefixes thiemselves, since none begins or

ends with htamzah, the problem of mi-edial ham z2ah -within

such compounds, does not present itself.

N ote. 6. It should be.noted that the, forms given below

aire written as they are properly pronounced. But here, as

elsewhere, haiazah. (medial, or final) many be slurred in, rapidl


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~69.1 53

pronunciation (~ 19). Also, the prefixes may even be fo'und

written as independent words, but this is incorrect since they

are true inseparable parts of the word, both in meaning and

in pronunciation. Apart from another stem, they have no

significance.

Prefi x Stem Meaning Combined form

jb hi- cuhiud

(veral), t,

a. aad, follow vt hi'agad

0 0

\utud, cut ~ \ iyutud

(infix)LI

\agad, follow ~ \ iyagad

~\ ituiig, count \ 'tutfig

hb i'naahg, do hinafi

-tin- ~~ utud, ct imiu

(in~fix)Cirtu

)J\atud, see irnatud

0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~0

5, utud, cut lca'lutud

\agad, follow ka'agad


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
^:~.. *r.; *, Prefix,, Ste

'~': *,'i; 9'i';. '' -,:... -.,

[ ~.69

Met'ariin ("C iil,(l fori,..,;'..' V..,. o e,.,* ' \,e

0 >; ~,,O

O '/.,. " \ o

~,.~.,

* '..... -.3..

o <?yt42z* * 4 >

** i. bM

' / -,. o, )

'ituitig,

i tit fi(1

(l('t.s,

il anja',

kaid,

Trtin,

t'a ill,

fitllo d;

1drinik

Jfiish

Ifolowt

drink

spend

swell

rent; ~2; I /.';t,'I t,{tl.

L. - '

o n-

'('Ia'but

0 >

m a' it'u ka

a,

o )2 —

o > o

k..'

* - o,. ^ rna' iminltul

o
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

~ mrnamalanja'

*o/'

r.ntani'ntui..,; fl ma'nlukai
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
*

~ (69 ]

Prefix

I.

St (le

XM~ean12 inCllg o C1nmbined., foIrml

C.i: 'oF.

C,,...... ~ kita',

00;7nir- 0 7)

euo; P4

\8!- E t**~,; n - \ itubus,

a — /

'.,) )

'-^v

P. I '.o

pinch.e

C, k

finn i\

reachet \

go bak.:,

O0!1o away ^,

f^ f

* }

reach n(

7'n t,.)Ict!t7(t t

lU an y i/ai,:im,,,,figad.t '. o fig jj

nm a nignjj..i..ttwi'

)-(.a 'l (Jas t IRL

'1 in bit

L^ \~

abn.t,: 'Iabut a (: j

=.. k r. ij'3~.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
56

Prefix Stem Meaning

00,\ gg o away

v nag- _ \ ubts, finish

o ). i,agad, follo

m inlsum, drink

O ~,

namn- U putus, wrap

balanja', spend

~; nan- sulcai, rent

O pe

1J 6takav/, rob

o.

^i- dagat, sec

0//

y dayau, good

^;nangq _\?^'9, u ock

J>,

> \ adu, complain

o\ jji'~, mock

[ ~ 69

Combined form

0 O /,'L na'ig

(J^); j nag' ubus

L.S X; nag'agal

Jy^ wcnamgintull

S d, nanukai

nanalka.XL; nannagat

/ "I

Lc naniagijj

Av nnafngajjel',,

J.,; nanagadt

LOW* nangijji'
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~69]

Irefix

57

Stem

I'

n!

J.rz

iS kl

0)

r,,.

it ith;pa-;)\ put

o,

/ --

an' \ u gai

O >

a^ \ itUnf

pam- _jc p\ ^g^: 0 -

r t n - sb a l a n j

*O

Meaning

pinch

'ubut;atul,

ita',

lgull,

wl,

id,

7,

g,

ia',,

aI

nangubut

sera,

look

emnbr,

cut

follow
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

folluo

folloIl

count
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

wrap

spend

wrestle

rent

nangita'

ace J; naigulgul

o >

LGj pa'utud

LA Sj pa'agad

09).* )

tA>ij pag'utu.d

* -0.

)c \j pag'agad

%^a3 jpag 'ituiig

* ~^

f 9 pamutuw

l pamalanja'

* - -..... paminti'

- j panukai

t~ om~

Combined form

'

1^

*4.

I
58

PIrifi.x Stenm. taka

0,.

da/?ty

o,.).

O,

3j\ 5 j ",?/,

ad't

15~" I kit ',

O.j

0)

V tag- r\ \ n-,,

~e 69n

Combined form

f,

It,

rob

fe ((

good

Cr/WPll}t;

');ockl,

ji'ich.

scratcmh

look

emlbrace

'm eat

tooth,

Oo Z.c,,,

C4J'

~) f

0 ) -.

o,/

o ~I *

o}

0^ ^

-i - l(c. panagat

4 paigadwu
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

pafigijji,

i pafigubut

pafigatu,
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

paigita '

pangunlgul

ta'cunud

ta'alun

ta 'ipun

anyth/ing r... tag unu-unm

~. cJ13*6
~72 ] 59

Prefix Stelm Mea lilig Combiiledl form; \ ta. C/,,k hild G, \ ta,(/'an(a.k

o po o o/

o9\ i//t s?, t)r tlag'ipy'tit

) o. - o ~,*

itaga-S,\ u,,(,', t \ t naga'ud

o,, ) —.

(,l,\ WOtgl, ir lr \ taga'abin

f{pat to, oth too pelnaga' ipjnwl

11f i/ > x >

O /0

71. RULE IItl, When haitzah; occurs in Sulu- between a

vowel and a consonant, its prop must conform to the vowel.

formlll to tle precedlig \owel.

St oda,L.-lot

Examples: jj 2,.( \ ft, aiaa d' not.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
60

[~ 72

Note. When hamzah is final or followed by short vowel

(or tanwin) only, after alif, wan, or ya, used as letters of prolongation, or after wau or ya used as components of diphthongs (~ 132), it is written to the left of such letter of

prolongation without prop.

Examples: Arabic \ j(a'a, be came; \, i ridoa'Iui,

garment (nom. case).

v ^ -o. ~ ~

Sulu wa not; tu', drip; f pi'

0O Of

choose;. tau', keep; F r dai-dai' (~ 110), shortly;

ka'i, get! (imp.).

~ 73. Hamzah in Sulu may occur as initial before any vowel,

long or short; as final after any vowel, long or short; and as

medial, between any two vowels, whether long or short. But

it is not often found in Sulu between two long vowels, or even

between a long vowel and a short vowel.

For further information as to the writing of hamzah in

Arabic-which involves many exceptions and irregularities-the

sttudent must consult an Arabic grammar.

Note. In writing hamzah between vowels in Sulu whell

one or both are long, select the prop according to Rule II

when the first is short; when the first is long or a diphthong, write the hamzah without prop to the left of the weak

letter of the first vowel, except that when such weak letter

is l. follow Rule II.

A....
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
CHAPTER V

Transliteration, Power, and Writing, of Vowels and

Orthographical Signs.

7 74. There'are three classes of auxiliary signs used in wvriting thec Sulu.-Ara-bic script-diacritical, vowel, and orthiogra~phical. By diacritical signs are llndlertoo(1 tle dlots used, either

sinigly, or in groups o)f two or three (- ),by which v-ariO)us consonanits, otherwise the same, are distiniguished from each

other (~ 1 14 and Table. V). The vowel and orthographical signs

wvill be tr-eatedA here, while the diacritical signs will be explained

inl Cuxw-trEu vi. The \vo\\ve1 signis; are, the signs three. ini number,

___ ___by whliclh the vowels of the script are indiclated.

The con-son.ants of a word are writteni first and the vowels adlded

later. Ihi Sulu and Mlalay, the vowel signs are known by the~

term bardis, nlean11inr ''stroke'", or ` point''. The orthogyraphical

signis,,.OAo.oN are niine in numlber.

Th ey are writteni aIbove tlhemosonants.(witli the exception of

the thiird and the last.), and serve to determine more accurately

the spellinig anil lTIrolnciiati&)ni of a word, or to abbreviate the

written- Nvordo ill some particular.

No(te. lii some hano-tages, strokes and other marks., as

Wvell as (lots,.are used as (diacritical signs.

Example: Turkish sold'da (palatal) in ''give''.

61
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
— < -- 4.

I I...

'iIt,

TA E1I1.

Vowuel and Orthographical Signs, Thei)r Tr'asliterations, Nawes il Ahir.A.d,;

Malay and Sult, and Pow;ers in Arabic and S4id(.

Transli- Arabic 1Malay Sulu

No. Sign teration name Power in Arabic name lname Power in Sulu

|,)n | u t iln "full"; o in o i.',. in "hfil",!; o in

1: 1 1 t damm)ah i"theory"; eal in dihad.aan dapanscure

I '._ I"_t French jea.ne 1E______teory; oldscure i

a in 'sofa; a in

a in "'sofia"; a in

2. a fathah '"hat"; e in ''net''; e di'atas hata'as ainalo

in French muet

3. _i k.s(rah i in "it"; i in "bird"' dibawa hababa' i in "it"; e in "net"

0 dea1mm1L7ah i iwdamtah 7a baris (, u ra bari.s I same as Arabic; not

4. i- 7 tani) tda'mmah plus final n.,

%woo tawnuni Idihadapan 'dapan used in Sulu words,, I jfathah dtuwa baris du wa- bharis same as Arabic; not

5. a an 2 -i fathah plus final dn

tntnnwi.n i 'atas hata'as used in Sulu words


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
TableIlI, colti2uted(

Transli- Arabic Malay Sulu

No. Sign teration name Power il Alabic name i llname Power ill Sulu

k6 I- - l_ | d' b1 aidar s dIt. 'a r bri. i same as Arabic; not

6. i.I kasr'ah plut filnal 1t

_. k tanwzin dibatt h/(tbaba' used in Sulu words

o r. 4. *(lenlotes abselce of denotes absence of

7. nothing jz,tah, ti iptt

_ vowevowel vowel'

ta".hdid; makes consonant Aralic -t makes consonant

8. varies s,abhta'

shiddah doulue lname used double

a; ': h anah plus long t- Arabic Arabic hamzia plus long

9. m,. )nladdah hah 'marks letter of pronothing. na m ime used e u hata'as.longation plus - ha z, tzah I

1 j / aflt-h,, |Arabi Arabic Arb same as Arabic; not

10. ' aI (perpen- long jathahl

a_ - (perpel- *long.fl.name usedl name used used in Sulu words

dicular)..,.___

space; denotes elision; initial Arabic Arabic same as Arabic; not

11. l.. ucaslal, '..t; a; 6 u1; initial a; initial i name used name use used i Sulu words

nlot inl i repeats preceding

12. '.varies not in Arabica|igkt angka 1 word, syllable, or....___Ar.a.blc ________________ - I, | syllables.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
64

1 ~1 d, `5

~75. The sound of a simple v~owel sign unficcompaniedl byN

a letter of prolongation is termned "short'', while that of a vowel.

sign folio wed by a letter of prolongation is termed ''long". As

a matter of fact, however, the names of the vowels in Sulu —a1)(l

also in Arabic, as they a-re ordinarily written eniding inl ah-refer to the signs' and not to the sounds. Tn these pages, nevertlieless, the English usage is followed, and the terms ''long dalape"',

'sh ort dap~an'', etc., may refer eith er to the sign or to th e soundl.

~76). The letters of prolongation are the wea'k conso'nants

\, lif,~ eua, tan(1 Ls, e. I1(ia'es followed by al'if bearing no

vowel or orthographical. sign whatsoever-, is long.% Ia)-epa an(d

lhababha' followed by waa and yea, respectively, bearing the peItti ( 'I, re long. Aks letter of prolongation and as conisonanit,

'qyt in Stilu always receives two( (lots b~elow.

Note. In Arabic, vwancand ya also, when used as, letterns of

prolongation, bear no jaimah (patai) (Wr. Ar. Gram-i., ~ I)).)

Further, ini Arabic, letters that are assimilatted to a following lett'e,', whicli receives in (consequence the taehdid (~ 99)),

altho they. are retained in writing, (10 not receive thle ~ja:zmeah

(patai) (Wr. Ar. Grain., ~ 90, R1cm. b).). For the usel of the

two dots with ya in Arabic, see ~ 130.

'fables, Ii and Ill give a brief synopsis of the niatters which

ar-e considered ini th-e text in greater detail. In Table' IlI, Malay

names are given wvheni such exist, since. Malay terms are frejquently used in Sulu. Vowels in the various non-English terms

'used, are pron-ounced as indlicated in note at head of Table I,

-while the dashi to which -most -of the signs are written, represents

s6i~ cQ1-sQi~ant' Fay lJoxng' vMowels iri Sulu, -see Table II.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 78] 6

65

No. 1. (lapafl (it).

~77. i>(-tftllter-at~ioni.-D(1p~ani (datnfl mal) is transliterated by

it except when leng-thened byu'wau. In the lat~erciisc it is transliterate(I by 'U.

~78. Powvei.-The Arabic name of this vowel, damimah, con1 -stri'tiov, refers to the puckering up of the lips in pronoun-cing 'it.

The Malay 'and'Sulu. names refer to tlhe position,of.,the vowel

wvhen written, both (hihadiapan and dapan meaniing imfr-ont. At

the present time, however, it is. written above' the consonant in

the same relative position as h~ata'is.

Dapan (daoiMmah), in Arabic originally (WNIr. Ar. Gram.,~

4, 5) and -almost always in Sulu, is pronounced as it inl ''full''.

Thiis is its most universal andl persistent sound inl Sum,7 tlho it

sometimes varies toward o in "theory'', or toiivard ain obscure at

soundl formed by placing th~e lips and teeth ailmost as Inl pro-.

nlouncing '' but'', while, the tongue is thickened ait. the. same

time that the central portion istapprox inmatedl more closely to the

hard palate.. This sound aipproximales the German vwlavt 0

(o or oe) inl koe)ni~g, or the French. en inl jewne, an(d may be

representedl in Enrglish. by a dotted at (it). 'For examrnple,

hamibit'k, one, is a word in which the Bound of o

in "thecory'' — i's frequently given, to the second and third v-owels (hainbo 'ok): but *the sound of it in ''full'', for these two

vowels i~ a universally understood pronunciation. In some

localities bukutn,, not so, has for, its second vowel the

obscure ut sound mentioned above (bukan), but it is more usual

to pronounce both it's as in ''full".'' When lengthened lby


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
[78

the addition of wau, dapa~n is usually pronounced as 1a in) ''rule''

Sometimes long dapan has them soundl o f o i n ''1)0o", or th iat of

prolonged ob~scure t.' It shloul(1 be, atdded, however, that there

are very few words which r-etain thie 0 sound, or obscure it sound,

thruout. the Sulu territory.

Exaniples of ordinary souni i of (lapaii: ba/hu/c hair;

baltan,l ~ (trW; 1>abad, moimantbi; SagSal.

Note. A-\s set forth in b.ible III, Arlabic vowel signs. havel

varhiant prwonunciation-s which wvil_ 1n1ot be dC(welt upon h ere.

For further information regardfingr such nm mtters, the studenti

must consult an Arabic, grammnar.

~ 79. Writing. -The formi of dapan is thait of a miniature

nwii. Orig-inally in the Arafbic script, the short v-owels wvere

not written and it was only in the case of vowels lengthened

I~y waii, 1f, or gya, thlat tany sigrn of the vowels, aippeared in

writingr. When, therefore, it. was de'sired to write the short

vo~wels -Alsb, the lArabs quite logically tusedl to represent them],

muiniature formfs, of the letters employed in- the representation

ofthe corresp~onding long vowels. Not wishiingnoeoet

alter the (,consonantal outline to Avhich they were accustomned,

thmeyls very log-ically wrote the new signs above or below,

the old outlinie'.

Dcaft( is written above the consonant after which it is pronounced..7) @7)~~~~~~~~

Examples: duthul, extremiity; tal'u-g, aid;

hL'iuk, bay (of sea).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
[81

67

II Arabic, damma,,, (daclpan) after initial hamz.tah is, together

with hamza,,,h, writtell t)o alif as its prop, but in these cases huamzah is regularly omitted in writing Sulu (~ 69, n. 2).

Examples: J \ ntik, brain; \ tan, rain.

long l(tapan iafter /ainz(t/h, initial or mledial, or after any

other coinsolltant, is expressedl 1)y adding a,aat Ibearingl ptt(ai

whichl sign w(t, of p)rolongation always bears in Sull, tho nlot

ini Arabic (Wr.' Ar. Gram., ~ 10).

o, _ > - >

'T.

]Examples: h\ a, head; A 1)0(w, w, owhf-; t f((, tlere.

No. 2. hata '. (ta)

~ 80. T7''ransite'natio.-lt tt( (.s (f;,tltl/) is traInslit(erated by

( ', excep)t Awlcen lengtllelnl d by atlif. I1I tile hlatter case it is translitoratedtl 1,y T (t

Note. AIli addled in writing the f;thalt/ tnrt'i in A\rabic(

(lo(s not lengthen the Nvowel (~ 9.1 andl \Vr. Ar. (Gra1., ~ 8,

Renm. (t).,

ExaIpI)le: Arabic \). j 'rajiald, (lnot r)julntl) )MIan (ace.

case).

~ <81. 1~owIer.-T'h ~e Arabic name of this vowel, fitthdh, (ope)inmt, refers to the open position of the moutl while pronouncing

it. The Malay and Sulu names, however, refer to the position

of the vowel wheln written, botlh dli'ata.s an(l 1ifta(a' meaning

tbove.

IfHtta's ( tfthah) originally in Arablic, a almo st universally

il Sulu is pronounced as a in "sofa". When lengthened bly the

addition of (lfif it hlas the sound of a in "father". Unlike dapant


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
andIababa, _hata'as has no pronounced variant inSu.Soe

times, however, the vowvel i II the v~rbal prfixes mg,

nag —, and iL -pag-, and in the posessive prefixes tag- a nd

N tga-, has -an. indefinite sound difficult to char-acterize. Thle

two, consonants run into, each.other without the formation of'

any distiinctive vowel son nd, which therefore resemhles, the,

''indleternminate' ' vowel of Malay. Indeed, the utterance. of the

vowel in (luestion iA probably due to Malay influence, the vowvel

hiata'as (di'atas) in Malay being used-tho rarely written —to

represent the indeterminate vowel of the laniguag(e, which resenibles a in''final'', or u, in ''cut'",' or e in''novel", and] which

in Malay, is usuially tranislitercatedl~

Examples: hauazah, catch of the glottis: yan,i

-that; pagdagan, rann wtag: n aqdaga 1,. rani;

~~~ ~magdagan, run. Thje first hata'as in the last thiree

examples is often given the indeterminate sound.

~82. Writing.-The form of __hata'as is that of a m1iniature \alif written in a slanting position. It is written above the

consonant after which it is pronounced, in the same relative

position as dapan.

Examples: ~J\anaic, offspring; ~jpa, yet; lawag,


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 83]

69

wek; ~ A3ta' lanaic hating offrpring.

In Arabic, short fath-ah (hata'as) after initial hamizah is, togethier withi the ham zah, written to the alif as a. prop, but ini these

(cases hainlzah is regularly omitted in Suhu writing (~ 69, and

notes).

EI'xamiples: atawva, or1; ((i/av, (10 vot.

Long hata'as after initial liamz-ah (including hamnzah in the

'm1iddle of a word after a consonant bearin-g patai), is not expresse(d as might 1)e'supposed by the addition of alif, but by the use

of the mtaddahk (~ 102),. the hamizah ini such cases niot being

written separately but implied in the muaddiah.

10 1

Examples: Ara-bic,\ a/chiip, final; \ K'ar 'an

L) 9

Sulu agt (ffl-t $ay~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \WI, feiice;

pay 'agt, acttiug, saytag.

Long hata 'as after aniy consonant except hiam zah is expressed ini the regular way-by adding an alif which, unlike the wvan

an1d. ya of prolongation in Sulu, does not b~ear the p~at ai, being

wvithiout mark of any kind. Trhis true in Arabic as wvell ( 76).

Extamyples: >~ ad, palm;: Isam, Islam;\ma

lows (of cattle).

No. 3. hababa' (i).

~83. Trnansliteiration.-Hababa' (krasrah) is transliterated

by i except when lengthened by ya. In the lat~ter case, it is


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
70

~ 83]

transliterated by i.

~ 84. Power.-The Arabic name of this vowel, kasrah, fracture, probably refers to the interrupted vocal passage formed in

pronouncing it in distinction from the open, free passage formed in the pronunciation of dammah and fathah. The Malay and

Sulu names, however, refer to the position of the vowel when

written. Both dibawah and hababa' mean below. Hababa' (casrah) in Arabic originally, and almost always in Sulu, is pronounced as i in "it". Sometimes, however, its sound in Sulu

varies toward e in "net". Rarely, the obscure u sound explained under dapan will be found represented by hababa' (~ 78).

0 -

Examples: rj patik, (slave) I, is sometimes pronouncedpatek (e in "net"), but the former pronunciation is preO _

ferred; c higad, edge, is sometimes pronounced he gad; etc.

When lengthened by the addition of ya, hababa' is regularly pronounced as i in "machine". Sometimes, nevertheless,

the variant pronunciations are given to the lengthened vowel, which is then pronounced as a in "fare"; or very rarely,

as long obscure u.

0/

Examples of ordinary sound of hababa':.5 hipagbi,

to be sold; pikil, think; iA\ Tpun, slave.

~ 85. Writing.-The form of hababa' is that of the first

stroke of ya (t,' L). It is written directly below the consonant after which it is pronounced.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 87 1

71

0 0

Examples: * dihil, give; j bilile roomn;

pakca' in, whither.

In Arabic, icasrah (hababa') after initial hamzah is, together

wvith the hamzah, written to the alif as a prop, but in these cases

hawmzah is regularly omitted in writing Sulu (~ 69).

Examples jka, ot i/dug, egg.

Long hababa' after hain~zah, initial or medial, or after any

other consonant, is expressed by adding a ya bearing a patai,

which ssigni ya of prolongation always bears in Sulu, tho not in

AVrabic (~ 76, n., and Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 10).

o JIL 0- 0 0

Examples: 'ipwnt slave; limna, hand; mi, buy,

N o. 4. damntah tanwim (n).

~ 86. T-a'nsl'iteration.-Dammnah tanwinII 'is transliterated un

final. in a wordL

~87. Power-.-The Arabic name of this orthographical sign,

fianwIf~h, is fromt the root nVnn, the name of the letter n, and

it means asing ant n. The tanwin is frequently called in English

'nunnation", a translation of ktawin. The tanwin was devised

to facilitate the writing of the case endings in Arabic words

which very frequently consist of final it preceded by one of the

three vowels. Dammvah tanwin adds n to (otherwise) final dami,nah and indicates the nominative case. The first part of the sign,

~,represents the sound of u as usual, while the re.duplication

adds the sound of n. Obviously, it is used only in Arabic words.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
72 [88

~88. W',)iti'uq.-The formi of da_ dammah tami'i' is thiat of

a doubled damimali. It is therefore written in the same relative position as (Iavonfah and is always final in the word.

Example: Arabic _Iih~a~mm 'ado u, JLih~nhamad

(nomi. case).

N o. 5. fathali tanwirm (al)

~89. Triamisiiter,)ation..-Patha~h tanawvili is transliteratedl a)n final in a word.

~ 9. Powver. -Fathalt tamvi;win adds n to (otherwvise) final fa thah and indicates the'accusative case. The first part of the sign,

represents the, vowel sound while the redluplication adds the

sound of n. It is used only in Arabic words.

~ 91. Writivg.-The form of fathahb tan Whin is that of a

doubled fat hah. It is therefore written in the sa-me relative

posit-ion asfatha'h and is always final in the word. When fathah

is doubled, alif is usually added, but this addition does not, however, lengthen the pronunciation of fathah (Wr. Ar. Grain., ~ 8,

Rem. a).

Example: Arabic Muhamamadan (not -ant), Muh~a) -

mad (ace. case).

N o. 6. lkas-rah tanwin (in).

~92. Transliteration. -Kasrah tanwin is transliterated in final in the word.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 97 1

'73)

93. Pouwer. -Kasrah. tanin,-v a;-dds n to (otherwise) final lkasr-ah and indicates the genitive case. The first pairt of the sign,

represents the sound of the vowel while the reduplication

adds the sound of in. It is used only in Arabic words.

94. Writing.-The form of __ cwsraht tan win"' is that of a donbled icasrakt. It is wAritten in the same relative position as kasr-ah and is alwN7ays final in the word..Exanipie: Arabic Mna1 (d2aMhammnad, (gei.

N o. 7. pa'tai (nomthing).

0 9. Transliteraition.-P ata~i (ja —na))ah) is not transliterated..1Its uise is (lepetilent upon the peculiarities of the Sulu.-Arabic

script and it has nio corresponding sign in. the Roman script.

96. lPowe~r.-The ordintary Arabic name of this orthographic-al sign, j(cazah~, anputdation, refers to its force in abruptly ''cutting off'' the sound of the consonant. That is, the consonantal

sound is niot continued over into a following vow~el. Another

Arabic name, stlcw'U.1, rest andl the Malay and Suln names, mvati,'

and patai, both of the latter nieain dead, have the same reference. In simple. language, pa)(tai marks' the absence of a vowel and

indicates that the consonlant to which it is. written is not followed by a vowel.

~97. JWritirng. -The form of patai is said to be that of tile

ancient A rabic numeral form of zero, -for which a simple ( v ) has


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
7d4

~ 97 ]

since been substituted in its numeral use. It is also found written.Patai (jazmah) is written above the consonant in thec

same relative position as dapantand hata'as. In general, it nimst

be written to harnzah and e'very other consonantal character forniing the outline of a word, when such consonants are not followed by a vowel.

0 0) o-00

Examples: ' bud, mountalin; \ biqa', li/ce;

bun igsud, fish corral; laud,9 high sea.

Note 1. There is, in Sulu, one exception to the general rule that patai must be written to every consonant not

followed by a vowel. Under no circumstances is patai written

(lirectly to aif. Alif, as we have seen, has two uses, one as

a prop for the ha'nzah and the other, to prolong hata 'a.s. Ini

the first use, it always bears the hainzah and p~attni,. or hamizah and vowel. 'When hamlzlah written to alif is followed byN

a vowel, the hamzah may be onlitted in writing (~69, n. 1).

When, however, the hamz~lah written to uhif is followed by, patai, th6 hamtzah can never be omitted in the writing. Usually,

alif of prolongation bears no orthographical sign whiatsoev-er

(~7-), but for uhif bearing mnaddah, see ~~101 -3.

Examples: k abant, 'carabao; \ da, br~ingj.

Note 2. There Are, in Arabic, additional exceptions to

the rule for the use of patai (jaz'ra-ah). Thie'exception mentioned above as applicable only to ahf of prolongation in Sulu, is in Arabic usually extended to wtan and ya. AllI three

wveak consonants, therefore, when usedl as letters of prolongation in Arabic, generally bear no jaznnah and are without orlth~graphical sign, tho some scribes write jazimah in suchi cases

(Wr. Ar. Gram, ~'10).Examples; Arabic j k lI'Matui, price (nonm. case);


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 99 ]

75

k.ala, he saidl; suknu~nt rest (nom. case).

Note 3. Another exception to the rule for the use of0

janhapplies only to the Arabic. Letters that are assimilIAted in pronunciation to a following letter, which letter receives in consequence the tashd id, or mark of doubling (~ 99),,ire retained in writing but are not marked with jazrnah (Wr.

Ar. Gram., ~ 9, Remn. b). The case involving this exception

which will be encountered most frequently by the student of

Sulu,7 will be that of al, the, the Arabic definite article,

which is prefixed to the word which it precedes. When the

first letter of such following word is a solar letter (~ 131),

then the laina of the article is not pronounced, but the followving letter-that is, the initial of the following word-is doulbled in pronunciation and marked with the tashdid (~ 99).

In those cases where laun is not pronoun~ced, it receives no

miark of any kind.

Ejxamiples, lavn pronounced: Arab~ic e.j al-icamarm, the,

hnoon (noni. case);., \al-Icitabmt, the boo/c (norn. case).

Lain. not pronounced: Arabic ashe,ha,(insa, the san (nom. case); \a-sarati, the chapter, (nom1. caelf).

No. 8S. satbht' (varies).

~ 98. ranslitteration.-Sabtic' (tashdid or- shiddah) is transliteratel l)y (loulfitifg the consonant over wvhich it is written.

~ 9. Powver-. -rre Arabic names of this orthographical sign,


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
76

[ ~99

tashdid and shiddah, both come from the same root and mean

"strengthening", the reference being to the power of the sign

in doubling the consonant over which it is placed. Shiddah is

the African name for the sign, tho tashdid is more generally

used in Eastern Arabic and Malay. The Sulu name, sabtu'

seems to come from the Arabic sabtt(, rest or Sabbath (our Saturday), and to refer to the pause necessary for the doubled pronunciation of the consonant bearing it; or it may be a corruption of shaddu (another form of shiddah) sometimes used iln Malay.

Sabtu' doubles the sound of the consonant over which it is

written; that is, this consonant is pronounced double witlout the

intervention of any vowel sound. To be so doubled, a consonant

must be both preceded and followed by a vowel sound. I n English, altho a consonant be written doubled, the combination is

usually slighted or pronounced singly, and it may be difficult for

beginners to pronounce double consonants distinctly. It is done

by pausing momentarily when the first consonant has been uttered up to the point of greatest obstruction of the vocal passage, and then uttering the consonant again exactly as tho it

were initial. Such words as " unnoticed" and "accord ( are examples in English of double consonants pronolunced with some

distinctness. But the closest approach in English to thie sound

of the double consonant in Arabic and Sulu is obtained whene

the same consonant is pronounced at the end of one word and

at the beginning of the next, as in the phrases "good day'',

"big gun", "smalllake'', etc., pronounced rapidly but distinctly.

Examples: j tammat, end (~ 57); 3 bunnal, correct;

G patta', picre Hjji Hadj.

l^patta pic]ture;,' Hajji, Hadji.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 99 ]

77

Sabta' may double any consonant in Sulu except haiazalh

and alif, tho in Arabic, even hamizated alif is so doubled (Wr'.

Ar. Grami., ~11, Rem. c). In case sabta' be written to jimt or

(cha, both representing compouiid sounds, the initial d or t- respectively, are the only sounds doubled, the final element being

pronounced but once (~~ 32 and 36). The same is true of iia

(~ 31) tho the latter occurs rarely with sctbht'. Medial hamizahhavnzah betwveen two vowels-is always doubled in pronunciation. That is,7 it is a combination of final and initial hamizah,

an1d. cannot readily be pronounced otherwise, tho in Sulu it is

wriitten the same as initial or final hamnzah, each of which is simlple (~ 19). Abif bearing the mnaddah is equivalent to atif used as a

prIop for initial ha mtzah and hata'as, plus alif of prolongation, but

the writing of two aif's side by side is never permitted in Sulu.

Note 1. Watt may bear the sabtu' and then the latter

of the two wit~a's so expressed is a consonant. If the vowel'

preceding the 'want bearing the sabta' be dapan, then the first

wian prolongs the dapan. while the second is the consonant w.

Exanmple: B1uwa, a Sulu nmale name.

After lhata' as, the first wtan is a -vowel, being the final componentof the diphthong an, while the second is the consonant w,.

Example: Shanwual, tenth month of the Muhamimnadan year (Suluized form, without case ending)..

After ihababa'7, wan bearing sabht' does not occur.

Note 2. The use of sabtIu' with ya is analogous. if the

vowel preceding the ya bearing sabta' is ha ba ba', then the first

ya is ya of prolongation and the second is the consonant y.

Example: Arabic LS badawviyun, desetd~weller or Bedoaja (nom. case).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
78

[ ~99

Whell the precedingl vowel is hata'^., then the first ya is a

vowel, being the fintal component of the diplitlhong (ti, while

the second /ya is the consonant /.

Examples: A\rabic, \ u,Job (noin. case).

~. /

Sulu. l(i/a, a Sulu female lnamle.

After dalpan, y/c bearing.abttl' does not occur.

Note 3. Dissyllablic stemls with tle first syllalle shlort

-a short vowel followed,y a single collsollnat-h1ave il Snlil

a tendency to (loul-)e such single consoinant. 'T1li latter is

tlien pronounced btoth finail in the first syllale, and(l initial

in the second.

Examples: \,. patta', picture; btlaai, tard1/l; 'A, hjjaflng, mai id (; ]t kapl)p], s1slip;.,,.,ai'na(., (,on)r t;._.

^,

tattlp), conti:nttolts \ (,jj^ i dy.

All the above wvords are froml the (mo(den) Mala.yin which

language the consonant, 'here doubled, is single as, illleel,

it is sometimes in Sulu.

~ 100. Writing..-As stated abe)ve, tlie:names for tlhe sabtu'

ill tlle Arabic languagce aret tat.sfl, l ( f ' tasdidnnid, o111.

case), and.k id(daltih. ( j, sh; idlaf tn, nom. case ) bIotl froln at root

lieginning with the letter. _. The form of the sign,,is the

initial letter of this root with the superimposed dots omitted.

It is written above the consonant in the same relative position as

hat(a'as an(i dapan. A following dapan, or hata'as, or either of


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 102 ]

79(

tlese \vowel signs (doubled to form tlhe tanwint, is writtel directly

albove the tash(li.( as follows:. When followed by

bliabtba', or tlle correspolnding form of the talnwin^, however, thle

ta.shltl is writtel above, and the lhabaha' or kasrah tanzuin below, tlhe consonant, as follows:

- <

No. 9. madlah (a; 'a; nothing).

~ 101. 7'r(tllslite(ration,.-Whenl,m)aaddah Written to alif as the

first cllharacter ill a. w(ord siglifies haL)..ah and long hata'as, it is

transliterated a w\itllout the hamnzlah expressed, since the latter is

ilnl)lied il initial vowels in Elglisll (~ 18). When the (ad(dah

lias tlhe samne power elsewherle in a word, haCl)z:,h is transliterated

as usual and, with the mcaddah, Ibecomes 'a. Whien used with a

weak consonant of prolongation, it is superfluous and merely

llakes for addled accuacy. Sincee, in Arabic, tlhe consonants of

l()rolo)gatioll aire without orthograplical sign (~ 141 ), tlie mad(l(th placed above tliemt shlows that nothing has been omiitted.

~ 1()2. Poier. -Tlhe Arabic name of this orthographlical sign

I(t(addah,( lenlthlig, erefers to the fact that its proper power is

always to indic(ate a long vowel sound.

Tlie plinlcipl-l use of m,1,addah encountered by students of Sutl is to in(licate htantzah followed by tle long sound of hIata('s.

111 othler words, wi\ere two alifs, t l e first used as prop for the

hazal)l.h and hata,' at., tan(1 the second as a letter of prolongation,

would come in ju xtaposition, one alif hearing thle mtaddah is substituted therefor.

Examiples: Aralbic \.lAdatu, A.dam( (noni. case);


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
80

[ ~ 102

~~ \ ~ J aria' - ci Slie o without case

ending, see ~154), sixthi month of the Muhamimadan year.

Sulu jU \ 4, Say, do.

Note 1. In Arabic, an alif with hamnzah at the beginning of a syllable followed by flathah and another alif with

* ~~hamza'h bearing jazmnah, is also expressed by alii' with miaddah (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 23).

Example \. aDmannat, for \~\\a'wanna, -we believed.

Note 2. The maddah may also be applied in Arabic

to any weak letter of prolongation when such weak letter is

followed by ha~n'zali bearing a simple vowvel or tauwin. Tlie

h-amzah is then, as ordinarily after letters of prolongration,

written without prop (Wr. Ar. G4ram., ~ 22 and ~23, Rein. c).

Examples: Aralbic 4 \ sa'a lie il/tre'ated; yasa'u,

he is (.was) il/treating; si 'af he has been iiltt'eated.

Note 3. Iladd(ah. is also used in Arabic over abbreviations -to mark them as suchi, and in some othier cases.

* ~~Example: Arabic - h/i for 'O\ rahirnlmh1 -la/iu, May God have mnercy onhin

IBut in general, and excepting the case of long hata' as after

hamnzah, there are very few. cases in which the use of niaddalh

is really obligatory,

~103. *Writing.-The form of __naddah is probably the

stretched-out word ~ o h ot mdd It is placed abov-e

the weak letter to which it is written in much the same relative~


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 106 ]

81

position as dacnmah or fitiwli.

No. 10. perpendicular fathah (a).

~104. Powier and Transliteration. -The Arabic na~me of this

orthographical sign is simply fat hah.

It is equivalent to fat hah followed by alif written in the con-onantal outline and is transliterated by long fa-thali (a). Its use

aIrose from the fact that in the careless Arabic writing of ancient

times, long a wvas frequently written defectively with fathah only.

Thle consonantal outline thfis became fixed and later, when greater1 precision in writing became desirable, the fatthah was changed

i~nto a. small perpendicular abif, thus representing tlbe sound ac,(etirately without changing the outline. Perpendicular fataha is

uised onMly in Arabic words (Wr. Ar. Grami., ~ 6, Reinii a).

Example: Arabic \al-lh aht, (the God) God (norn. case).

~105. Wfriti'ng. -The f ormn of lperpendlictilar frtthah ismierely that of \abif written above the consonantal outline,

usuially in miniature. As has been observed above (~ 82), hatCaa.i is in form an abbreviated alif. In this specialized use,

howe'ver., alif still retains quite its original form and is written

directly ab'ove the consonant which is followed by the long sound

Of ~ttah th latter otbeing twritten in this case.

Example: \\ai —rahmamVU(, the merciful (nom-case),

iNo. 11. wvaslah (space; ut; a;i)

10lO. Tirans'iteirat ion and PFower.-WJawlah is used only in

Arabic- words land will~be rarely found by the student of Sulu ex


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
82 [ ~ 106

cept with the Arabic definite article in a few proper names and

stereotyped phrases. In general, it may be stated that waslah

merely denotes the elision of an initial vowel sound. When occurring within a sentence after a word ending in a vowel, waslah

has no sound and is not transliterated except that a space is left

between the final vowel of the first word, and the first consoiant of the second. Many scholars transliterate this variety of

wtaslah by an apostrophe ('). Such practice is not adopted here

because the apostrophe is used to transliterate the hamzah. If the

O.

waslah is borne by the alif of the Arabic definite article \ l,

the, the lam of this proclitic article, being joined to the following

word, may be considered as the first consonant of the latter.

It is always so considered and pronounced when the consonant

following the lamn, is of the class denominated "lunar" (~ 131).

If the consonant following the lam be of the class known as

"solar", then the lam of the definite article is not pronounced

(~ 97, n. 3), and the consonant following the laim is the first one

uttered after the waslah., Ok ) O f

Examples: Arabic, ^ \\ ah\l, l-kiitabi, people, of

the book (Jew and Christians);. \ ji kaulu 1-hakkcv,

the saying is truth (used at head of letters); j X.

'Abdu r-racshidi, slave of the guide (Abdurrashid, Arabic male

name).

This use of waslah with the Arabic definite article is the

principal one which will be encountered by the student of Sulu.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 1(G ]

83

Those, however, who desire to be able to read the waslah in all

Arabic words, phrases and sentences-often unvoweled-occurring in Sulu, should study the following notes.

Note 1. In order correctly to connect in pronunciation the waslah of the Arabic definite article, it is not necessary, in the case of voweled Arabic, for the reader to know

what letters are "solar" anid what "lunar", since the lam of

the definite article always bears the jaznmah (patai) if pronounced, while if the lam be eliminated in pronunciation,

it bears no sign whatsoever and the following consonant receives the tashdid (~ 97, n. 3). The tashdid should appear

even in unvoweled writing. If the word to which the Arabic definite article is joined begins with hamzah (initial vowel in Roman script) the lam of the article joins with the initial hamzated alif, or alif with maddah, and becomes lamalif.

Examples: Suluized Arabic nouns without case endings,

o 0,r *> 7,a, j \ t\^$,, Salihu d-din, Salihuddin Arabic male name;

0 AO>Q 0 0 7

~J^ \ a.;, Dhu l-ka'idah, eleventh month of the Muham%o a - 70 -

madan year; J.. \.Rabi'u 1-anwal, third month

O o. )o. /

of the Muhammadan year; \\ Rab'1u 1-akhir,

fourth month of the Muhammadan year.

Note 2. When occurring at the beginning of a word at

the beginning of a sentence, waslah recovers the pronunciation

of the vowel which would be elided in other positions, and

is transliterated and pronounced accordingly. This is really

the only case in which waslah itself is pronounced, since in

all other cases, the vowel sound heard is that of the preceding

vowel. It is more correct in these cases to write the vowel

itself to alif without hamzah/ (~'69,;n. 3, and Wr. Ar. Gram.,


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
84

[- '- 1.06

~ 15, Rem. a). So it may be said that in what is considered

to be the most correctly written form of voweledl Arabic,

waslah has no sound.

Ex~amples: Arabic or \ I.ai-n(1ar', the. moon

(nom. calse); or a \(th-x4hafllsU, the sm-i

(nom. case); j ~or I \ nitl, kill! (imip); M

)0

Jibnu, son (nom. case).

Note 3. When occurring in a seniitencte after a word enid-,ing inx a consonant bearinqgjazrnah (pa tai), the consonant eitlher takes its original vowel if it had one; or it assumes the

original vowel the elision of which is indicated by the wiaslah; or it adopts lcasirah, the lightest of the vowels. Whe;I

thie Arabic writing is vowveled, th ere will of course be no

difficulty in pronouncing it, as the proper vowel. wiii be written to the consonant in question-whichi, but for the circumis-.tance of being followed by ica.slah would (except in the caset

of tanwin) be written with jaz)n'alh. But in case the Arabic be

not voweled, general. works-ing rules for- the pronunciation of

'waslah when preceded by a consonant bearing jazmnah in

oth er situations, are given below.

N ote 4. Before waslah, dainmiah (da pan) is assunlle(I

0 o —

after the pronouns of the 2nd- pers. phi. mase. an (ion.;

of the 3d pers. plu. mase. jb huma; after the prominal SuLffixes of the same pronouns -4&.. -ham and -hinn), respectively; and after the verbal termination the 2nd pers.

plu. amasc. -perfect -turn, since all these words originally


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ ~ 107]

85

nllded in dammlrl, (ldapnt,) and revive this vowel before,wa.sI!,h (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 20, d).

Exan'ple: Arabic ^ \ C ',tlilcim.a-.CImtil,

be /o1''y '1/Oi l'jopeace.

Note 5. Before naa.slah, fitltah ( rota '.() is iassulmed aftelr the preposition * i, Ji'o'ni, whenl the waslabh is that

of the detilnite article but if tie w(, aslth bie that of any other

wordl, k(w,.)sa ( hababa') is assunedl since thle final n.nw, of the

plreposition may take eitlher/ fathatW or mka.s',rik (Wr. \ r..Gran.,

~ 20. d).

o o

m/i.-tl \; \ ^ tnli biti/i, from his so)n.

Note. Before abaa) is ssume

Note 6. Before wasb,.,h, kaI.(.sr, (IhtbCCba,') iS assulexl

after all other consonlats normally llearing jaznLm(h. (pa(tai).

These consonants adopt t kasrah ii place of j(tzmahr. 7Tauwt i

b)efore 'waslha calnnot. take written kasrahl, I)ut tle latter is

understood in such ca.e6 (Wr. Ar. Gra.n., ~ 20. d).

Example: A\rabic. \ Iv,itha,,., 1 ad.ui n-'nahl11/,

JHIhain,vmail the Prophet (nom. ease).

~ 10(7. rTitin,. —The form of. _,,_ tas// is thlat of a miniattuire h~,,, tlhe latter lieingg tlhe initial letter of.si'a/( i.ilatl ^s, noml. case), another nanme of tlhis orthographical sign.

I'.tslah is always wvritten al)ove a/lif in the same relative

position as hiau,zu(.a

No. 12. ( atca (varies).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
86

[ ~ 1.08,

~108. Tr'ansiiteration.-Aiigk,,a is transliterated by repeating

the preceding 'stem in accordance with rules given below. Thel(

repeated and original word, or part of word, a-re in the transliteration ordinarily separated by a hyphen. HoweverN, elill writing

words of a single syllable repeated by aJ1-gka(, thie hiyphen is often

omitted.

Examples: J.)iia-pda, houwecer m-uch;vta

0~

*Ia '-pasm', hot; ~ gui-gui, or g'tdfuid, emibrace.

~109. Powver (and W1ritivy.-The nanie of this sign, vlg/ca,

figure (nume-rical symbol,), is fromii thre Malay and is. not used as

an orthographical. sign in Ara-bic, tho the sign itself,.ith

A-rabic nirmeral. 2 (~ 144). It is written after-to the left of —

thle outline, of the word to be repeated, without intervening sptace.

When used in time middle of an outline (~ 113), the followAing

portion of the outline is also wNritten without intervening Space(.

There is much irregularity in the use of any/c.a in Sulu and.

the general practice only is set forth hiere. By ''stemi" inl these

pages is meant the word ini its s'imple, formi, not nec+essarily [A

root, but without reduplications, repetitions, or particles, which

can be recognize(l as affixed, infixed, or suffixed, and without

any of the regular modifications to which Sulu words are sub-Ject. The any/ca is usedl to indicate repetitious of the stemi or

its final syllables, as distinguished fromn repetitions of its initial

syllable, ordinarily called "reduplications. " The latter modifica'.tion takes place in Sulu in the inflection of verbs and in the

formation of certain floufls and adjectives, and m-ust always be,

wvritten out.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ III ]

87

'0 O 0 -

Example of initial reduplication of stem: v aqtititnduag, is standing.

Rulesfor the Use of Aiygka.

~ 110. RULE I. When a simple stem of one or two syllables

is followed by angka, the stem is repeated entire without change.

If the stem be of three syllables, the last two syllables alone may

bhe repeated, or the repetition may include all three syllable;

r'actice alone will enable the student to pronounce anggkac colrirectly when used with a three-syllable stem.. >. O >

Exanmples: (Oe syllable, '.. tub-tab, up to; ' bdli,/, o(r,llb / l,, Jft, feather.

Two syllables. at lea.dck-inmanlz k, bird;

r.) > dt'w-di~tr, any where.../>

Three syllables, r < hIboa/ja-habaya, bi all,.~()(weans; [F ', \ 1asibi' sibi' littl'.

~ 111. RULE II. If the stem begins with hiamz((h (initial

\vowel ii Eliglish) and etnds witlh a vowel, whlether the latter is

followed by hamr zah or not, l7haizah, tho 'pronounced between the

original stemn ad.ll repetition, is not written iii the transliteratill,

beiing consi(dered an initial ham,).zah (~ 18).

Exiample~: a.\ %ulaa-a,.la, especially;,0 \ 'Ittt-tu,,tn,!/thilng.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
S8

'I f 12

11 2. Ru LE Il. Whllen a sten liaving l pi)rfixed p)article

is followed by ahngk.1t. tlle simple stem only, witholut the particle

is ordinarily repeated; but whlen phonetic cllan-ges Nhave occ(1urred due to the prefixing of tlle particle, tle (il!/klli slhold nlot

he utsed.

Examples: I.'a iy/a- iy 0i, or A('i f / iy-/,'( i i/, to, ('/h:

/ // o /, >

17 (; \Lt..)j nmagdagqan-dagan, fn PMa oIda t; 17 b l /irn /fthilat, ccmfide in.

But I-S ma liqtt-/lct (for.nuqli.t-/u' ), bite.

An initial reduplication is also ollittedI in reIpetition.

o /)o /

Example: '.7 a nagllldlp(/ltt-lp(l<f, fl bor,,l.

113. RULE IV. Aiqk'ta umay also b,( ulsed in the nmiddle ()

a word before a suffixed particle, and thle repetition ()f tie ste(l

then follows previous rules. If thle suffixed particle l)egins with

a vowel, and the stein ends in a consonant, such( filnal ('cons(onalt

of the stem is written again after the,aigkty, beilng j(oilnedl to t)he

suffix. Writing the vowel of the suffix witlh alif is so avoilded, as

this would indicate pronuncialtion witlh iha(mzal. 'ITe repel)tit.io

of such consonant, however, does not affect t the p])ronu1ciati(on.

*~, o 0 ~.o /

Examples:. 1 't ) pagqp.-p',,(t), (t.,s:,1i)I;f/.J;~ kaisa ynw.sl.((ty/,,Wl(t, regetables.

But if a hamzah comes before inlitial vowel of suffix, ()r tle(

suffix begins with a consonant, the repetition of tlie final conlsonant of the stem is no longer necessary.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~11:3 1 89

Exaimples: Steml ends inl halit.zah, r h i a'ap'(tpu'ftH fiw(n'cfithelr.

Eca~llpl~s' ~...

Snftix lbegilns witl (nllslllant, Atr XAe mtUdatl1,d(il)hal, Ity n/ it be.s/! Thrle ha probalbly belongs to the sten),

tilo for tlhe pressent purpose, this is immaterial (~.57).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Cl IIAlPTE 1i VT

Writing of Consonants.

~ 114. Thle Sulu- Arallic script is written mlost easily w\ith

pencil, or stub pen, lheld vertically. A fine penl wlhich sl(hades

easily is not suitable. Very pretty, tlho coarse. writing may be

dtone with a bambu or r(eedl pen prepare(l in tile samle way as ai

quill pen. The users of the Arlabic script are proud of its gra(ceful outlines and iln most MhlllLanllladan cotllltries, great atten -

tiot' is dlevote(l to penllanshlli). No great (lifferel('ce 1ias (develope(! between script an11d prilt. 'Tle printedl lcharater( is c(lo)sely

modeled upon the written, just as so-calletl script tyl)e in tle

Ronit alphabet is a convenltionallized written cliaracter.

Table IV gives all forms of Sulu-Aralbic consontants amd,

these should be thoroly mnmeorized by tlhe student. A little coiparison will reduce many apparently diversely slhaped chl ralcters

to a common type, tile connected forms of which vary similarly.

The modern or(der of the letters of the alphabet is, in great nmeasure, dependent upon the shape of tlhese letters, which, classified according to form, naturally fall into groups. Tlie mlemlbers of

eacl group are distilguislied from elach other by dots, written

above or below, known as diacritical signs (~ 74). The nullber of groups is seventeen, as shown and illustrated in Table V.

Following the latter Table, tlhe writing of the consonants will be

taken up by groups, and attention invited to certain peculiarities.

i.,.

Is,t

~~:.- I -

90
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
TA L I V.

F~)o.s of ('fwooutn)ts wtith Stl (or Arabwici 11o l.s llu'stitq Their ' e.

Note:..A blank in alny of the.columns leadeld ''form'', slows that a specialized form is lacking,

one of the forins given in the preceding colulnn Ibeing utilized. The exanple in such cases shows

the latter form. For the writing of hanmzah, see Table II. Arabic nouns are without case endings.

1~

r.s;.I

With preceding anlL- W\ithl preceding With follow ing tl No

following consonants c(onsonant orly con.onallt only

T,; > FoL 1 iFo- Fo, - Fo- T-~.-: - Fo-.- Example F| Example Example Examllple

1 -'- - form invariable. I

bacl. 1 t- "' ' \ (t -(n. \ 2.;s,%bab ^-t ___ bilik _.itat 1 3.

I1; | e } | -;;^.- - --

titik.; lt t \ ta a 4,L.,,,._ __ _. I __.____* _

lc,,,s * *s. t 1

' v. 1 - I - * - ^ I - -. ii.!' ''. _. '..

9.1

* 0,}.I

N0

*e 0.

hadith, j

0,6"%

thacbit

\oL

&

14

barith

0 -1

6t..y

-1

L_

5.!
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
-.. tb

f[' contilued

'

With preeding and Witl preceding With following r

following consonants cons nt onant only cons nt od o.

Example Fo- Example Fo- Examl)l Exanlple Formn i' rm rl

I* --- —- -- -------—. - -- -- ------ -, — r — - --

))'U flU.

Iata'

1:

(d'nfl,.

b _jjetak' * |_.. gajjjuit. _|ja JtIff., _t

_ _ _ _. _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __. t__1~ 1o,

pJ

Po

Po

0 v

ta.htri!

U -*,;

jm

sah

ta ld, ta.- G-"

gl

4.~

kachlam' '.

i0

latding a. _

m.

0/

_ 0

00
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

1tb ) d " ' id

itl-pR A\

0~
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

ta'frM J O z JL

o J

/lchtl~ "0 \-.-.ch 4i 0

o/)

<,i. i

d),

0 > 1

da~/h~/ L A

-7

) ika, h.

0 o 7o 7....

da t

d0 )

_ dhifI/ II

-^

6.

8.

9.

1 ).

11.

12.

o()

' 1d; t,',;L

dhikir
T able IV continutcd l____

| With preceding and With preceding With following cctd

Unlco!lnected No."

followillg consonants consonant. only collsollantt only

FO~L 1Fo — )-iT --

Exanmple Examlple Example '.' F' Exam.ple:

I.- ~ 'I I - I o -. / j o o

~./ iI ' ' 1

*,bari > < Jl RO a-b.y 1 t 13 4

-— ^ o -: o e ~ >~||~-"- *_

@0ta87ldtt1 A 0,, - | AR~t.RZ~t.S'/. 0 | * fA,r ffi, a

I..~..y las s_ y 15.

| taskdl > < ' t i 71, )' oj 'Sa r| bas |17.

* ''0) *0' -'0-:

t. —... I o o, I ' ---

kadt A^j -I ~ar j dawmah Aa 'iad 18 -I dsL ||lakct. ka talk,^ ||shamnrt L z 19.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Table I V. continue'd

With preceding and' With preeedil,g With following: Uncnnecte No.

following consonants consonant only consonant only

Exampe Expe F Example -Example Exmple!a ^^ @ - 20.

~i-'o'_____.... ______ __ _ _____ ^ _ _....^__

-Ka'bah '-

bhgas

a o' -/P

haingpu ' -

t4t) It'

iki.g

o //

o -I

O/

gam 1 ut

'Aral)~c ~

*,

bafig

iZgantil

sug

oe --

sitg ak\

o~

_ _ _ _.

~~'~f o I j l

I8toC o'( i

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

2(;.

hipu'

'tak.al

*, -.Ji~

* t

L.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

s(tpa,

0 0`1,altlik I
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

a lf'I

pla

*CI

I.

a )ji

~<

b.ctun

c_
Table I1', co.',,(l,1lelf

With preceding and Witll preceding With following.

followig consonant s con. only co1son o. I Unconnected No.

following consonants consonant only coli)nsona.t only

Example

&*0 0

o -

EbSlaiig

0.

^OA/ ---- -A.

3~~~GCCI) I:~~~~

Fo1''11

VC 1 ] FoExaiii ple

I'll)

Example

Fofill

Ex.ample

Fo-)

i'tll

ypuil

li~,1.

4-

/0

* -

L.1

liifl

lihi

lnfbf, i

nap.t) I j

11_( _ __1_)_. _

hubn'cr,.~.. I

18.<(*{(

_ -~~~.,; ia - 29.

_' _.~,~

y,J,
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

4.

19

0 -
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

o/

j,'ai S " \

/,

*, ', L),, I,,tt(b6 ^/t )

Csaan

W.IC

yadi

4.

)L

'

30.

31.

32.

33.

islanm f^^\

il(~ ~ ~

h tl.t'

pA I

latny

01
96 [~115

~ 115. For tie purposes of this dliscussion, consonants collnected with the following consonanllt only, will be referred to as

'initial", those cocted wit tprece dlng ald follovwing

consonants, as "medial "; those colllectedl with prece(lilng consonant oily, as-,'final '; while tloes( conl)nectecd with llneitlher

the preceding nor following colsollnlnts,.wi\ll be termled simply

"unconnected." It will be obser\vel tllht grouips n1utlm1be'red1 1-1

and 17 are very similar to group 2, an(l illlee(l (elilillnatill

diacritical sigis) identical in initial anld medial forms. There

are therefore fifteen basic forms, 4 of.whicl, CM I - \, con-: nect with preceding hut. not witl followingll collsonanlts, and 11

of lwhicth,i s, (connec(t with bloth preceding and

following consonlants.

TA i 1 E V.

Co(isos()wt)( A. )TacT/d A1 cc(or'di(l/ to f'ori, JU('l,,lin lf Jal(/ /I/U,,'.j

Occasionally lFol(tld iln Sfltl.

io. -Sulu-Alrabic consonants Matlay consolants.

*1. \

2.-,_> ^, is Sulu.

3. _ _..- - _

4.. )? obsolete d sound..5.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
i
97
~ 116]

(hWou 1.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

* ~ 1I1. \ has one peculiarity in writing, namely that of combination with a preceding 3 to form X or ' (~ 63).
98 [~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~117

Gr0 u 2.

U 17. rfhe dots used diaciritically wvithi this group,should

strictly- be written directly above, the poiint in the initial and

medial forms, but the dots ar-e soraetimes writtefi"'-a little after(to the left of) the point. The two dots sometimes combine into a short stroke, andl the thr-ee (lots, whien Wi'itteii,hastily become a short strok~e hiaving'a, (lot, above or 1)dleatlilk as thle case,

may be, aIs ' I.. ins also tirue oftl.(oso an1d~

In M-alay, in its unconinectedl and final formils; *s written

a ITO Ths is nP4fconfuising in prinit, since the stein ini this

form is thiat of the (leep itiv'u tVJpe, not the shiallow b a

type. But thiis slight distinction is not so clearly -appairent in

writing, anid confusion \Nith i that is bo)und to result. TheSIn practice of writing the- dotts below i n all cases, is preferable.

Giroup 3.

*~18. In this group, the medial formi d(oes not begin and

end onl the same horizontal. line (see also these conlsontants inl

Table IV). Notice the letters in the Romnan scrj~t alphabet:

It will be seen that each letter of the' font begins and ends

precisely on the same level. so that any letter of the f on t may

he fitted be~fo~re or after any other letter. But in*most fon-ts


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 118]

99

of Arabic letters, the m edial forms of tile. group of letters

begin on a level higher thlall tllat on which tlhey end, thus

&. ~ nmalajlc.ad'i, can, in whlic h is on thle higher lev"!

el and,. on tle ordillnary loerlevel.. Tllis peculiarity causes

no trouble in writing, tbut is very vexatious in printing since it

necessitates a special set of types upon which all forms of consonants whlich mlay precede, in a. single outline, medial forms of

group 3 coiisonianIts, must be placed hligller than ordinarily upon

tlie type blases. The form s effected 1are 50 in number, being tlle

initial and nledial form*s of all tile consonants in the alphabet

except \... 9 and,tlthus necessitating the manufacture and use of at least 50 type forms which would be superfluous were it not for tile peculiarity of three letters of this one

group. If tllree or mlorle letters of this group are joined in an

outl;ne, tlie first mnust 1be raised still higher on its base. Some

(modern fonts, especially those designed by western scholars,

alter tle medial al, fint il forms of the group so as to bring

the l)eginllnig annd en(lilng upon tle same horizontal level.

(ther fonts employ a connlecting line, as Arabic for

*., '. c,

":o jaTIjaht), ra( (1no(). case); or Stllu J- for J

c huchlc, /...

chuchuk, key.

(Group.s 4, and 5.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
10( N~ 1119

~I 19. In distinguishing the final forms of *>and fromt

and whnhridy rtten, note that the pen in writing

andand usually ma-kes- the ulpward stroke and then lifts fromt

the paper and- makes- the final stroke independ(ently. I n makning finial and,howvever, the point of the consonant is

retr-aced, almost the entire letter being made, with a, single curving downwvard stroke. Soinetinies, the point is omitted altogether. The re(le'r of Sulu mianuscripts will frequently f1i(1

final 4, or Z, connected with preceding letters of groups 4 and_

5. This entirely irregular practice is most commnon Nvitlh

For examples of connected wvith following letter, see Speciruiens of S"ulu Writing,-in Appendix I1.

Gro~up 6.

~ 1 20. Note that these letters require three, upward points,

besides the conneacting strokes, thus kwra4tiia', Sp.-aniwlh.

Groups 7 and 8.

~121:. Ini writing.~and ~,whether conrnecte(1

or unconnected, start 'is made from the left and the loop 'is made

toward the right and upwards. The dot or- upright stroke is thent

added and lastly, the long horizontal finial stroke in the case, of

unconnected or final L~orL. The pen is therefore usually lift


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~.1 231

101

edl in miaking these consonants, even in the middle of. an outline.

'It should be noted th-at group 7 letters have an upward

stroke forming a, point to the left, while group 8 letters have"_,

not. In the case of the latter, the portion to the left of the upright merely serves to connect wvith the following letter.

Exaniples:,, A,; A~rabic 46..~ah, hush!; talc, thwld.

(Thouj '9.

1 2 2. The writing of hanfzah has alretady been treated1

(Chapter I V).. The other consonants of this group offer no

(Iifficultv, hut. care mutst be t.aken to imake the 1001) of the mle(lizal forms angular-, so as to distinguish themn from the miedial

rormys, of group 10.

Examiples,: IL v, (apas, fi in ish cv(I;kz hagad, wa~it.

But somie scribes distinguish these letters mierely by making

the loops, largyer thani thosse of group I 0.

G;ro II) 1 0.

I 123. When unconnected or final, is (listinguished froom

by the (leplit of the final stroke, ais w\-ell as by the diacritical.signs,. I ndt~ed, in Afr-ica,-i when these consonants are used in the

final formi, they usually bear no (liaicritical signs and are distinuguislied solely by their final stroke (W'. A~r, ('rami., I

Rein. b)), and by the facet that the long axis of the ioop of fin~al

j is\verticab, wNhile that of the loop of final is-or should

be-iii the (brection of wvriting. But the (lots are never omlitted

inl Sulu.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
102

t~ 124

(' rot 1L.

~ 124. The essential plarts of "K" il l all liphal-bets derived( from the Phoelic iail a e, a vertical stroke anld a secondary

stroke Ieeting the first olliquely. Ill tie olrdillary filial andl

unconnected forms off ', as nse(d ill Stllu, tie loblique stroke

is lost and tlese formls Iare liable to c(ioifsilln withll the correspolidill(g forils of T. o (aoid stli (Oliflioll thle ftill a1

unlconllnec(ted form s of, f, in wthicli thle cl)lilqle stroke ldoes lnot

appear, arlc alw\vays distinguisedl Iy a ini iaiture S,. writte

above. In tlhe.initial and ine(dial formils, hiowever, tle (oI)liqtu

stroke 1always ') rs and thle niiiiattre letter is lnot used in

Sulu. In Mala.y Ilowever, tlie oblique st.rlok( is frelqueltly retailled in both final an(d ullconltnec'tel formis, tlie lilnliture letter

being not tlhen IecessIry ill 1any (cas1, tlIo still solletilmes used.

Examples: eMalay^ j^ l), " /(i4ij' bb(5', ch(r-,rtcte. The Malay practice is sollletiltes followed in Sulu.

The Malay letter g, corresponlding to Sulu l, is formlied from

5:by tile addition of onle or thlree ldots, tllus, ~,.

This form sometines even retains tlhe iiniiature of thle sJ, as

~~, ^\. Sulu writers frequently emplloy the(,. witli oln

(lot, in place of the regular.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 128] 103

(;ro'tfp 12.

~ 125. seems to require little comilment. The lower portion of tle ui'conlnected folrm is deel)e, rl l1d larrowcer than the

(co0rrespollnding )olrtioll of the F. Fo]r bil,,altif see ~ 1 16. '

(G)uJ)1 13.

~ 1 '2). Sllffer's Ilnlerolus slight variationls. 'T'll unconnllllettei

forml' is writteJi anll the initial form, and l; the lmeial

formll is; or is loope(1d nin(er like anl iliverted (, i. (e.,; l'

sollltimlles tle loop is; 1iot closed, andrl thle mlelial formn is ilierely

a1 hook,;s ill.,t ',fba, obeisaf~ce andl( tiet final forml is

\\ritt.t,, or

(;'ro] li. '..

~ 127.; in its uneonnected and final forms, is (listinguishled

by its deep stroke. In its initial andl mledial forms, it iseidentical

(except for the (lot) with the colrresplnlding fornms of group 2;

but care lmust be taken to lmake tlie final an1d deta(che(l forms

witlh deep stroke.

(rou 1d5.

~ 128. x also suffers several variations. In its unconnected

form it is writteln a,, and 1, and i( i its medial form,,,

7 Ar,
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
104

[~ 128

or. The final and unconnected forms may, in Aralic words.

le written with two dots above, as s,., alnd wlhen in a state of

construction (~ 57,n. ), are then l)ronoulllced as.

Group 16..

~ 129 In writing, the loop slhould ill strictnless, Ibe mlade

in the direction of t'ritig, and not at riglt anlgles tlhereto as

in the case of tlhe mnedial forms of group 10 letters and tle filal

form of _. Final a or;i are solnetimes ilrregullarly coinilected with a preceding,.

Group i7.

~ 130. In Sulu, Lc is written witlhout dots whlen used as }a

prop for the 7hanmzah (~ 8). In other positions, tihe dots al'l

always used. In Arabic, lowev\er, the dots nay also 1be omitted

when LC is final in an outline with whatever power.

~ 131. For certain purposes of Arabic graimmar, tile consonants of the Arabic alphabet are divided into two classes denominated solar letters and luncar letters as follows:

Solar: ieJ {;l l> ^ V ) ^' Z

Lunar: ^ _ r i39 tr T - \

The first group of letters is called( solar allllarelti fromll tfli


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~131]

105

fact that the cmnon ll word s.lml,,lfW., s..n (norm. case),

hlappens to begin withl one of thenm. The secolid group is called.) —f

lunar because tle cmloli nword kama- Iltr, mW0oon (norl.

case), legitn, with one of this group (Wri. Ar. (Gram., ~ 14 (a)

Rem. ta). Tis divisi(io, is inip)rtant only ill Arabic, where

certain euphonic changes lan determinel b)y it. All that a

studlent of Sulu should bh expi(t^fi;J t1 remember of the subject

lhas alrea(y been set forth ulnler rwallah (~ 1O)().

* *,..'

. * '~ Y

' `Is r.rl*clT r r?r -ly. MI~c.. L

~1

1.

L 1 r ~,

r -::

i' '

I,! ~!~: I.,P;


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
..CHAPTER VII.

Diphthongs.

~132. As a matter of fact, the pure diphithong. I-s we understand the term in English-two, vowvel sonn1(ls Pronounced as aI

single syllable w~ithout i uterven ing conson~antex ists- inr the

Sulu language and is expressed by the Sulu-A~rabic script in only

twvo c-ases. These are: a,i Or (I' and an or

an,; in which the first element is liat'a a (either long or

short.) and the sec d element, one of the wveakf (~ F9) letters

wan. or ya-alifjhas no proper sound. The weak letter is thene

no longer a consonant, 'but expresses its relatedl (~ (i8) vowe'd

sound, it or i. Aniy two vowels of the Sulu-Arabic scrijpt when

placed in juxtaposition and joined in pronuinciation, exceptingwhen arranged as in the two diphtliongs mentione(I ogeiera~te(

lbetween them a weakz consonant, and insteadl of twvo vowels

united in one syllable, we have tw%?o syllables separated by) a

wveak consonant.

~133. A careful exa~mination of vowel. comlhinations is

necessary in order to understand certain peculiarities in the use,

of the Sulu-Arabic script. The possible groupings of the three

vowels in pairs of (lifferent vowels, are, as follow's:

306
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 1341

107

Combi

1. j)af

1. dawan

2. d(t)atn

). hat6 a 'ts

4. hata ').s

5. hbabal '

(;. hababa'

il ation

- hat

hal

(t'('S,,1,b.t'

Example

O, >

n-a >. A, bwuad, to sICn.

t-i Os tiwti, immediately.

11

o 0/

a-n.,) afunf, there is.

- habba' a-i, s dai, fro.

(apaln 'i-r, bi y, tanig, placed.

a' a s i-, p-e ee.

- /ha(ta' e(t i-6a r tiyap-tiyap, every.

~ 13)4. It will be observed that the peculiarities of the SuluArabic script are such that two vowels can not be written

together without an interveling consonant, in form, at least. It

will also be observed that in pronouncing the combination na;and (i, the vocal organs in gliding frolm one to the other, take

position as for pronouncing tlhe weak consonant. wuau, and

that this consonant is in fact pronounced, being likewise written in the Sulu-Arabic script, tho not in the Roman. These

combinatiolls would be more exactly written in English, 'wiwa

and n'twi. Examples: wala, eight; \>),katwatll.tan,

e-ighty: J.; pit, seven; )i' 5apittt wa, seventy.

Note. Sometimes the Sulu vowel combination ni (wiei)

weakens in pronunciation from that of ii in the English

word "suite" (of rooms), to that of oi in "lboi.', and thus


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
1.08 13`4

becomes,, a purVe (liplitliong, ais in thie Sulu word

hluww't, 1(0o(1, sonielti-nies plroniiOn ced ailmos.-t krahoi. But thispronunciation of kcahnwvi is ais rare a-,s thie o sound of dpapu

(~5) arid need not be furthier considlere(I.

~1375. The combintation's 'in and ia aire a —na-logotus, the weaik

consonant generated h-ere being L5 ya. These vo0wel combiina —

tions might more logicatlly be writteni iyn andI a, aind, indeed,

the L5!y is necessairily expr-essed in tbe Sulu-Aralbic script.

~136. The vowel cotn-bintitions aflreawly consider-ed, na, wi, in(

tand ia, are recognizedl by English phonologists ais containling it

wvea~k consonanu-t and for that'reason are cla ssed by \btra

''impure'' diphithongfs. But the case of an and ai is (lifferent.

These last (together with o i) are classed as ''pure" diiphth ongs

because the anatomy and relation of the v-ocal orgrans producing

these vowel sounds, is such that in the glide fromi one to the

other, neither wv nor yj is produced. But as the Sulu-Anrabicscript does 'not permit of two v-owels lbeing' written togethier

without intervening consonant, recourse is had to ait weak coiixonant for exp~ressing the final1 vowvel of the diphithongr, and ant is

0 -~~~~~~~~~~

written while ai is written

~137. To, render-more convincing the statements made uni(ter this 'heading, the student ineed only to make the following,

(experiments. Let him pronounce the comnbin ation'a and vni,:slowl-y aP distinctly, but witihout a break in the utterance,

tiyig to:pronounce -pure vowel sounds. Then -let him. pronouimbe, also'6 slowly -and dis'tinctly, the combinations at na aIn
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 139 ]

109

Uawt" consciously pronouncing the w, and he wvill find that uta

an1d uti have exactly the same, sounds as uwa and 'uwi. It is

impossible to utter 'aa, and ui without pronouncing wv betweefi

each pair of vowels. Let hiin perform the same experiment with

Ma an1d i~a aid hie Nvill find it impossible to pronounce these combinlations without generating a y/ between ea~ch, pair of vowels.

The Sulu-Arabic system recognizes these facts and writes the

above four combinations, not as (liphthongs, butasvwlsea

rated by a weak, consonant, i.e., u-a = 'wa; 7(-t

(,Lt i-?l = _ 'V(; UI'lId 'i-a = 'iqa.

~ 138. But if the same experinment be. tried with the coni1)inations ai and a'r, (and owvi), it will be found that deliberate

pronunciation generates no weak consonant betweenl the v'owels.,

()n the contrary, if one pronouince a weak consonsnt between

the two( vowels-awyi, a//t!aw, aytt (owyi, oyi)-he has utt ered

a1 comlbination of souinds entirely different from the (liphthongs

a'i and wat (or oi).

~ 1 39. Owing to the fflct that two \vowels can not be written

in immtediate sequence ini the Suilu-Arcabicl script and the coilsequ~ent necessity of employing wveak letters in these diphthongs,

an1d- owing also to the fact that the and L5of the diphthongs,

ini the permutations of the Arabic root, frequently become real

(consonlalts, some auth-orities havNe (ldeemed it n "dvisable, espe('ially as regards Amabic, to transliterate as aw, and

as ga, notwithstanding the fact that the consonants wv and y can

not be pronou-inced flinal in a syllable, and ignoring the purely,


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
110

~ 139

vowel cllamcter of w'a' ald ya in these combinations. Theinvariable translitelrtion of and l. b/y w, anlld y Inay, ildeed,

thave certain advantages as regards the A rabic. In tlhat language.

the root consists of consonanlts, whlile the inflections are effected

in large part 1by tle insertioll, omission, shortening, lellgthening, or other modification, of the vowels. Note tle followinlg Aralbic verbal inflectionl.s (Wr. Ar. '(ralnm., 'lables xiv an(l xvi):

Root, n - d - w, cull (illustrates mutationlls of r' - l).

Perf., act., -

dlual, 3d., mase. \6; nudaw(, th1il two harei callcd.

Imperf., ind., > o6

sing., Ist., comi. _; \ anduI, I cu-lled (cll,, ill cll).

Perf., act.,

sing., 2nd., mlase.. J nadauta (nadawta),?yot h,'re c (llecl.

Root, r - d - y, be pleased w!ith (illustrates mutatiols of y - i).

Perf., act.,

sing., 3d., masc. I- radiya, he a.s been plleased rwitlh.

Perf., act.,

sing., 2nd., masc.,. radita, yo'u ha(e beeI, pleased w'ith.

Imperf., ind., - - '

sing., 2nd., fern.. tardaina ( tard(yna), you 'ere ( ure,

'1will be) pleased wif!ith.

Note also the following substantive inflections (Wr. Ar. G. rami.,

~ 304, Rerfi. c):

Root, th - w - r, bull (illustrates mutations of a, - i )..., 0.Sing., nom. case. thauran (thawr,?n), b1a1.

Plur.; nom. case. j thiwarattn, bulls, collectively.,~.~


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
' 141 1

ill.

Root., '-y - n, eye (illustrates m'utations of y - 'i).

Sinig.,. n iom. case. 'UinlUU. ('uyntu), eIe.

P]lur., n om. case. 'myunu', eyes, collectively.

~140). So possibly by tranisliterating the diplithongs by aw

an11d(l y, the root of the wordl is made more prominent tand

thie gernits of the langutage is more accurately conserved. But

and L5 disappe-ar entirely in transliterating the long vowels,

a and 'i. No one has proposed to transliterhte by itwt, or

byv 'ItY; it wouild be too absur(d. So it is impossible to

voi~ som incnsisen if wve zattempt to conserve i n

iii transliteration thruout. all the permutations of the Arabic

root. It is- also true that the consonants wi and y entirely

disappear in the, (liphithongs ata and ai-they then represent

ivoitels, not 'ofl.'onwnts." In-trahisliterathig Sium, at ainy rate,

n1o va(-lid reason for violating English phonetics can be alIleged Consistency would seem rather to demand that an d L

sh14ould be tl'ansliterate(1 as consonants-w and y-when they -are,

(consonants, and as vowels-it and i-when they -are vowels.

141. The exclusive v'owel chkaracter of and L5in these'.

two diphthongs is recognized even by the A-rabic grammarians.

and L in these combinations, inust,. in voweled Arakic,

ibear the jaz-~,nial-except, of' course, when such letters bear the
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
112 [141

sabht' (~ 99 ns. I and 2), tho when used as letters of prolongati()n they bear no sign un~less it -be the maaddath (~ 102, n. 2 ).

When used as props for the hainzah, these two letters natur-ally~

bear the ham zn/h, and when used,as true consonants, they are

followed by some vowvel (~59, 61) and LS bearing jaZmnaI

are therefore usedl in Arabic exbsvijin the two ptore diphthonqs uand-er discassi~on, i udicati ig b)y this distinctive treatment

that the special vowel character of ivau and yja in (liphthongs is

recognized. It has therefore been considered advisable to ladhere to the practice of what seem to be the best authorities oni

the transliteration of both Arabic and Malay, as well as the

practice of Englishi phonologists, and write, ai and aa in tr-ansliterating ti)e di phthongs in these pages.

Examples: A ra-bic lan, if; ka-(fth, how?

~142. As wve have seen, then, if either of the pure diphthongs, ati or nat, when fainl, becomes placed lbefore any Aovowel

withiout intervening h(,6wm/z(h the final or Ls of these cornbinations regains its consonantal power. A~i + a = a'?u

at + i (at (U~t + 't =al cy au, + a =t aw

am + i=awi;1 aa + a = aitut But there isDno fixed

rule for the use of hamzah before Sulu inflectional endings (suffixes) - which begin with vowels, such as -a, -i, -an, -inn, 'etc.

Sometimes, therefore, hamnzah appeaks between a final diphithong

and suffix, sometimes niot. The ruile should probably be -to con
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 143 ]

113

vert the w(ti (vowel) or ya (vowel ) of the diplthong, or ta., or

/n. of prolongation, illto a consonant, except when the stem

er(nds in t, hnt,mzahl. But tihe imperative suffixes, a and i, seem to

begin w\ith a ha,:mzah, while sometimes a hamzah, not apparent

ill the simple stem, dlevelops before a suffix having an initial

vowAel. 'This hblowz(tb, like ha in analogous cases (~ 57), may oftell be ian original finall hamzah of tle stem, which Ihawzah, has

been lost except ill tliis medial position favorable for its pronunciation. In other cases, the insertion of the haizah may be a

mere vagary of pronunciation. Before h(!.,amz(^h, a final diphthong

iln the stem (~ 109)) remaills, of course, unaltered. For writing

hia.z))(,hl after (diphthongs, see ~ 70, n. 1.

o.-, - ~,.,

Examllples:, *aytgoo',,(JOOt, ~ */ayn,l',, rei;.,r!

(imp.): jI aIM(i, g,1; j, I "(l.l(, li/, wll be iet: /

-,^ e^ '. ~ >>^

ti(.lrli, lrob; ki 3 ' ftal,'t, drobbe: 'a k"hfti, 'eenr;. ~

1ipka.n)', clothes: svkai, to rent; a sukai'i, rent!

0 / \p, > >

(m.) *(Ii, to 1)0(1; IIkgaen, a boat: b\ - 4(11,

ho(sse; S., kabl.jtiya, illhage: t,, ih ree; ft.ri, three

O -/ 0 0/

(before certain mlleasures of time, ~ 14(6);:j ta', keep;; e,

taf 'anv, kept.

~ 143. As already indicated, the sounds nae, wi, it, and ia,

are written in the Sulu-Arabic script, and

J^^~,-.r r
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
114 [~ 14

transliterated? 'a, u Ii, iy?( and i/at. Thl is strict transliteration1

will be adhered to in this work as bIeing more helpful to tlhe student. But inasmuch as the writilln of the / and ( // ill sul(l collibinations does not in tle least affect the prl)onunciiation, lS good

purpose would seem to be served by i'etainilng tlhese unnliiecesszary

consonants ill a populiar systenl of writing Suu1 in Rolman letters-no more, indeed, than would be served by writing initial

h(tm'.Z(1lI in the Roman transliteration. It is therefore reco(nmendled that for popular utse, andl estpecially in all names, personal and geographical, the ablsove com(bi-lnations 1e transliterated

ua(, 'ui, 'it, and ia, without intervening weak consonant.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
CHAPTER VIII

Numerals, Punctuation, and Enclitics.

~ 144. The Arabic numnerical symlbols were adopted from In(lia. Since we obtained tlem via the Arabs, however, we call

theml "Arabic", instead of giving them their true designation,

'Indian"". But the Europeans considerably modified the symb)ols ob)tained from the Arabs, as will be apparent from a comparison of the Arabic and European forms:

Arabic': \ F ". A 4 '

Europealn: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (

The Arabic numerals are compounded exactly the same as

our owln, the right-to-left order of Arabic writing never having

Ieen applie( to tle numerals adopted from India.

Exanples: \ \ \ 1917; r '. 24J06.

~ 145. The Arabs, however, sometimes use the letters of the

alphabet as numerical symbols. When so used, the letters are

not arranged in the usual order, but follow an ancient order

corresponding to that of the old Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets

as well as the ancient Greek alphabet as far as J9 (Gr. pi),

and the numerical values correspond to that order. The copsoilants with numerical values indicated are here given in that

ancient order, known as the abjad, from the first four consonants (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 32):

1lS
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
11 6

[ ~ 145

No. Letter Value

No. Letter Value

No. Letter Value

1.

-- I

10. 5

- 10

1 9. J

-- 10

2..2

11. s - 20

2().

-- 200.

_ t)

12J

- 30

21. 4300

2 L-r - 3(

4.

- 4- 1,.

>

- 440 22., -- 400

5. -, 14.

- 50

23.

- 500

6- < 15.

-- 6() 24..

LX Z

- 600

7.

j I v 4 _ (,

9 - 7 16. - 70 25. '^

( 17. - 80 26.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

__ <, IJ~. J 8: 2(;

- 700(

-- 800
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

-- 9 18.

- 90 27.

_- 900

28. c

— 1000

Note. Letters used as numnerals are joinedc as in ordinary

writing witlh the greater comlponent letter on the riglht, an(l

the lesser-on the left. Such groups are usually distinguisled from the surrounding words by a stroke placed over thenm.

Examples:.A'b( (1000 +-900 + 10 + ) 191'7;

(600 + 80 + 6) 686'; O 500.

~ 146. The Sulu nuimierical words and (ombinlations thereof

aire noteworthy, in that they preserve certilln elements which


~ 146]

117

Ilave else wlerle etlltirely (lisa lppeared from0 the language. Except

possibly as a for'gotte( and llreco)gnized component of certain

woirds, the nlulmerical colnll)inations alolle preserve il Sulu the

use of,ai, i, whlich in coglnate languages so commonly represent

the coputlative "'1)el: also i,/a, ni, wlich iin many o)tler Philip)pine languages iinite a(ljective with substantive. We are now

concerned, hlowe ver, only witi the writing of the numerical

words, and apl)enld he'reto a nulmblll)er of examples as illustrations:

Alem er (,y/ Numerical W1'ords..\ i.. 5.1, >

o >2

'u, tti, 6.

-s

g...,a l i,

J a,((/ 1.

tsB.'1"'9iW'( i

c i'

o o> I( _0 1,.~/.\.7at,, 1()

Mlite. If il, e. o,,f

7a

7. Js(C a1c.s(a, 10,000.

8. Ix i hair-,

1.

0. -,

0. t tag-,

1.

Te n.

O 0,

09 A

I; *1

8 11 '>

L..,

kleath a t' at, 20.

katli' (alil, 30.

ka(q)ftt(,),.40.

kti'mt(tl, 50.

* /- - -. -<^
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

]a,(ta' e, 60.

k(taihit',(t a,: 70.

kI(,,,atltCwan, 80.
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

kasiyamr(a'; 90.
1i ls ' [~ 14i

Examples showing the use of numerical words with the ordlinaIry substantives: _ ta'lt, person; higi, seed'; I /"tr,,/".I

O/ /j

1domnestic anim-tal; \ ladifig. knife; 5 b(hl-i, wwwos~.

^ y^ isan g Lata'?,:1. \ mug tlkat, (6.

A^ " si/ ": o >

_2a- V.i hafig. a ta'i, 1.; pit/i.n..

1W ^j> dd?6uwaiig cata'v, 2. i l('afum -l,.

t/t? ~ ~ > _. - O /,,.t *,? teu li 3. siyam 1)

t t? > ^A

>,. O / O /t* O k9 I

x^ L^~ b e fkauha'aii ' 0 2.

^ ~l? ) >A?kauha'aan tag'i"sang1 ' 21.

^^5 ib,%& hafiggatvs '* lo.

\ &~..*..s.. hanggatuts tagpr6; ) iS' yhangp' tag'isnng " y11.

_e ~< ~" * hafnggatits

' o ~) o -).~ ) hajgltt^ t x fMagkwuha'an*. *

^^~ ^^ P^ duiavnyg g(ttbi.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I ~14(;] 119

~I o, c } o o

-_. '...4'; 9 A tun(g gatltus lchayul, 300.

$S _z tS~ i \upat figagastgsll's " 4300.

o.,/ /0 e 0'

_.;~ _c h JS limaing gatus " 500.

r9~'',^ji~-,A \ unum ngagat'is kaladi.ig, 600.

S oo,,,9 piting gatus 700.

9'j1 S_; i C w ealuiing galus 8 00.

5'j jsiyarm? ngagaltw " 900.

o,., )O- \-

L!,S — t^ hI /agyibn tagcluwafiqy

o \0- *, ", c / gatits tagkavwahtvav

LJ&> taJq di#'w tagdll:wang " 1,282.

',jr, ) dtLwa ilga'ihbfig 2,000.

'J 'a. g3, ti- figa'ibuicg " r,000

C 30 00

~0S' c \ -,pat n~ga 'bung ",000.

Nte. FmhiC s poL _t huangpIt' ni ga'ibs1 g 10,000.

Note. From this point upward, the numerical words

may he formed either with ibi, thousand, or laksa', ten thou-.,sM d.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
120 [~ t14(

J X.L salacrsa' bal(' i 10.000.

[ k\J^\ J durn l k S' "' 20,000.

Examples showing numerical words up to ten, as used

~ /o.- o -"o )

with the measures of timne: \ \ at,,,;. y bl,,.

c /(, o.,

3^~ J^>\ i a t-^ J^ in ((it, 7

o /o o/ ). /

O / 0, 0 /o0, >c //

\ a\,5 5,,l nr i tl 4 J \ '9, ^<,. '

O /o / /O/ o /. / CO /

upakl, trl/li 'b hafiE>\.8i,// flpUt'i 10.

oo/o/- >o o ~ / j

\ co- \ li,\ 1. ' ".~. b " -,\ \r;<',,~,'i:o.

c,, o /Jo,9,\L j \?7Wll't)1' " (.

Above ten, this suffix is ordinlarily used only with numerical

combinations which endl in olle of the lunlerical words froml

isa to hangiqp(', inclusive.

Note. 9 p)ita l.allt /t are oftenll writtenl

with final vowel long. Whel -i is tlhen suffixetl, the Nvowel is

shortened as in the casee of teu, 1,a t' i, three t. t(gka-, and /tal, are often writtel as separate word(s.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 148 121

~ 147. The Arabic has, properly speaking, no punctuation

marks corresponding to such marks used in our grapmmatical and

rhetorical punctuation, such as capital letter, period, comma, interrogation point, dash, etc. Many reliable Arabic grammars

lo not even mention the subject of punctuation. Each ayah, or

verse of the Koran, is followed by a small circle, 0, and this

is practically the only mark of punctuation appearing in lithograpled editions of the sacred book. Mddern Arabic printing

is, however, gradually introducing the marks of punctuation in

vogue in European languages. The period, parenthesis, bracket, brace, and asterisk, as well as (listintive type, are now commonly used by the periodical press employing the Arabic script.

The same marks have been utilized in the ittle Sulu which has

been printed and the tendency is to introduce still others.

Examples:. (period), (), ), [1],,.

'* l:; d, ~' pf fagslis(('g (dua iban tunga'. at half past two

o clock.

~* \. ~..> 'J;j (24, 30, and 55 point type, made

(.s-^ -. iin Beirut, Syria.)

14 8 8. ~3 l

~ 148. Sometimes the better educated Sulus use a dot ('),

or groups of dots (. ), where we would employ a peiod. But in

the language as ordinarily written by Sulus who have not come

under American influence, no punctuation marks whatsoever


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
122 rs148

are used. Instead, recourse is bad to certain words to indicate

the beginning and ending of sentences, or of entire conmmuniC~ations. A letter usually begins b)ttalta "Al word of MalayN

origin wlbich-has little meaning except to indicate the beginning

of a letter and which may sometimes be translated whwreas. The

usual complete phrase is' 6 —1 bahivwa vi svrat,

w11hereas this letter-. The letter or other document enids in

ta~mmat, for Arabic tammiatun, en-d (nom.- caise). Somietfimes

\4\in~tiha', for. Arabic ina1jha'u (noi cs),as

meaning end, takes the place of ~ ~57, n.) The full expression wvhen used, is for t mavivia 1 -kal'rrn, or for W;\lfor

both phrases meaning, end of the c6rnposition. A fter tliis coine

the place' and date.

B in the, tbody' of any luli wvritinig, the only ~sign~ of

lion wit ordia '~iIyppear #re certain wvordrouAl ap.

\a a', Which indic,9es the eg'iiining of a Pew.sentence 6r subject., It is equivalent, therefore, to a paragraph sign, or full

stop axkd initial capitial letter. Na,(' is a much used word. Wlheii

two Sulus meet they say nta', wvell? Sometimes it mieans yes, or

is a noncommitsal expletive. Jn the use~given above, as a, mark


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~148] 123

of punctuation, it is untranslatable maai di dada'n i (fter that; or simply J A. mahuli, after,) next;

is another phrase -used in Sulu to indicate that one subject is

fin'ished and another begun. Often indeed, it immediately

jprecedes the tammi.vat anid SO indicates the end of a letter.

fasal (or p~asal, in its Sulu formi), an Arabic word meaning sectio~t oi. div-ision,) is often written. at the beginning of a.

paragra-ph o-.r chapterl. Arabic bab), gate, sometimes serve sthe, sam-ie purpose, es pecially in religious w-ritings. 'aiiiat (~ 117, n.) tanother Arabic wordl meaning sign, is frequently Written lbefore thre, superscription on a letter or envelope,

and then means address,.

1 149. T~here are iii Sulm certain words (niot suffixes) which

are attached in writing to the word which they follow, being

theii slighted in accenttuation -wQrds' which resemble the,

1enlitics in (Areek- gramimar. In case tbl.e outlinie of such -preceding Nvord ends in \t~o l, de enclitic is, of course,

written (d-ose just as tho it were part of the word. When by the

addition of -anr enclitic aconsonant is caused *to followitsel

Nvithout in'tervening v~owel, the. sabta' should be used, as,

sa-i-ik~ra, 'hat-savwawrnya,-1-his ci.Theseen

(clitics were independent words 'which, thru frequeint use,- havle

lost their individuality-are worn out, so to say. Such are \-ta',


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
124 [~149

an interrogAtive particle; -ica, another ii-terrogativeTCparticle;

-sa, which gives adverbial force; __-ba, whiceh gives enmphasig, a~nd'sometimies indicates wonder; and the possessive (instrumental) forms of the personal pronouns (Table VI). The

above-mentioned words are invariably enclitics anid should always be attach ed to th e outlines of the preceding words. \

and are al.so fou'nd written 4 -tah 4 -Irah; andl

~-bah (57).

Examples: \ u \nut a', What?; hisiqata', who?

b'uflfalsa, truly; ba fqkZa'asa, ji, that rca,"s'ou;

saratrnu, yjour letter-; s'aratnigja, his letter.

'There is another class of wvords which miay or may not be joined to the preceding wor~d, according, appaently, to the whiim. of

the writer. These may be designated "optional enclitics"'. Such

are da, sometimes an emphatic and sometimes,an untranslatable expletive; ~ na, alreadg,, or an expletive; J pa,, yet;

> ni, of (precedes proper names).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 149]

125. ->. - f -

Examples:. \ or, \ amnda oamr dam,, (pronounc-. 0.,.

- '". *fi...,...

*,.. //, ',,/

( mnalra,,37), same; tbnor 3 'iabaua or licia- oc,, o' * /

/ai n(. (lready past; o' \ or.) \. aunpa or ann. p,

O2 ~ c. e o) /. c O.

t/,i r is still (some); or LL 2 pir-.si,,i 7T'.h, jr', or pinsil '1 i T'ablvjr, TabNjir's pencil.

Note 1. In Sulu manuscripts, the reader-will frequently

find short words of all kinds connected in Writing. Blit this

is due merely to carelessness. Thus, for, ^b 6ay.//. / O

/kaaf, ifyoa'; ~ \ for \ iing manga, the (plural); etc.

Note 2. 'Thlle reader will also sometimes find( a directly

contrary fault, i. e., the division of the consonantal outline

of a wvrd into syllables, or division at the end of a line.

111 correct printing andil in carefully written nmanuscript,

division into syllalbles never occurs, aind divisioii ht the

end of a line almost never. Even in case the outline of a

word is brokenll y reason of containing certain of the; letters

\,> ) ), which do not connect with the following letter, the latter is written so close as to obviate all danger of mistaking the intervening space for a w6id' spac&. -But

iil careless writing, both kinlds:of division mentionedt tbove

are freely made. The last consopnant in the preceding,yllable or on the upper line, then las the final (or isolated)

form while the first consonant of the following syljable or

of the lower line, has the ilitial (di'isol,4ted I r'ffrM (~11t5).

'.-; i. i.t.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
126 [~149

Examples: ~~

0 0~ 7

Cr kara9a~c k-aIlmd ac-a'pi'' Svg, arlad

ta'u 1aol)ut siftg da'alcan i-ban s~ig- tagga-hmn. si~f/ p~aint-fta;

0 yeC 'of Islaiwic raIce here in the Suvla Archipelago, obey yc

fully the ordfers and proh~ibitionx of the govlerinaent.

In the above, the divisions in the Sulu-Arabic script-indicated in the transliteration by a hyvphen-of the words

bafig-sa, h(tka,-pvn'-pv 'ant (first hyphen ), 'i-ban, taqqa,-hmi,

and( p~II-to, are errors. For further examples of both faults,

see Specimiens of 'Sumu Writing in Appendix I.

~150. The spelling of Sum ipersonal pronouns is ini grelat con.,

fusion -,and in order to set forth their phonetic orthiography as

Avel, as to list in their proper settinlg all t.he enclitic forms of

th6 same, Table VIJ is inserted on pages 128 and 129. Thle

forms in the' column headed ''Enclitic formus', m-ust alwray.s be

joined to the Qutline of the preceding word. These formes exprs possession, or when used wvith passive verbs, the derived

meaning of agency. The forms given in the column headed

"Isolated forms",* are to be written, separately as independent.

words-wvith verbs, as objects of prepositions other than ica,

e.The forms in Parentheses in the column headed "With. preposition 1cars,* a~re never used but are inserted merely as probable

olde4' formis —sohme are'still heard in remote localities'-whichi

sdw n tnh e o.1rigi by c ntraction's of the long vowels (~ 153).

ForqnP c~moinonde~d with k-an indicate, in general, the dative

or accusative case. The origin of the hamtzah which has deve


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~ 151]

127

lope(d at the end of some of the enclitic and lkan forms, is ratler puzzling. It probably developed first in the kan foqim,

ias the result of an effort to bring out tlle long vowel clearly

by contrast, being later applied to the enclitic form.

~ 151. Final vowels of all forms of personal pronouns are

sometimes written long by the Sulus, excepting only in those

forlms which end with hta1,ah. Fu'tllermor&, n, lwherever

allppe-ring ill Table IV, is commonlly written j 1,y or j '1ly,

by the Sulus, as la.; lj 'riLigl/l for i ladinflif,

2,i -.

your (plu.) knife; banmr,'aanyu or bauaa-.tanqi.l, for,banIrtwurataimo, ov r headvmen (~ 31). (onsequelltly, the following forms are ordinarily found in Sulu writilg:

(rdinary form.

~ n.^ -...

O...f \'knat

6 > -

A IS -2 t

^ -3Ctt-'nfat

for

for

for

for

for

'lhonetic form.

I e - t'i

i kita

-nata' t

)^

_>,,j ^-natr 'n n t

ma for
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
TABLE VI.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I- -ta(h itL,
- Ttabz re I
-, ~we I~ <

(including everyone)
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

Jlcitadfhe J

&.1 ^katn'ta-fi
k~e Lt.(G; '- -2 '.1
I
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

'1

~U
k"antt'II

nt
130

-tarni~ it for

k.ati'niy'u for

k(Ithtaniy It for

sila ~ for

k-ni- for< canila for

[151

tanf.u

4; k(tfflt

lcnila

But' notwithstianding this widespi'ead practice, the final

-vowels in question are certainly pv-onountmled short; also, ___.accuraitely represen ts1 the spoken SOUn~l so frequently writteii

~.ny or niy by the Sulus. As it is aimed to wvrite Sh

phonetically so far as possible, these pronouns should for the

sake of consistency be written as above in Table VI.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
CHAPTER IX

Foreign Influence on Sulu Orthography.

~ 152. Sulu ]las been enriched by a copious influx of words

from nimany foreign languages including Arabic, Persian, Hin(lustalli, Dutcll, English, Portuguese, Spanishl, Malay, Bisayan,

and Tagalo. By far the greater part of the non-Pbilippine.vords in Sulu are from the Malay-by this being meant modernl

Malay, not those ancient roots common lto all Malayan languages.

In fact, Sulu as it is spokell to-day, is almost an equal mixtiure

of Bisayan and modern Malay, thle Bisayan being without

(loubt thle base upon which a large Malay vocabulary was grafted.

Th'llis Bisayall stock was a1 soutllern dialect very closely related

to tlhat of Cebu. It furnished the inflections, pronouns, numerical words, Words indicating the parts of the body, indigenous

trees, animals, fislles and seafaring ternls. Tllhe (modi4) Malay element, which came in with Islam, has furnished the terms

referring to days of the week, months of the year, religious,

governmental, and many abstract terms, socialf titles, complimllents, terms relating to writing and agriculture, and in general

those new words required by a people developing along commnercial and agricultural lines. Most of the words from non-Philippinle'fanguages, have come thru the.,Malay. ".

131
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
132

6). [ ~ 150

~ 153. Malay orthography, moreover, is peculiar in that tim

vowel signs are almost never written, the weak. consonants beiin&quite freely used lo indicate the short v-owel sounds, especially

when the latter are accented. Mlany Malay wvords, now a,-II

integral part of the Sulu language, have retained this peculia-rity

of spelling, tho pronounced as the Mlalkays pronounce them, i.e.,

with short vowels, notwvithsta-ndingy the fact that these vowvels"

lare Written long. Such words a-re: (wavan, Mr.;

ra((ja, lvi'ng,, which are pronounced tuwctan and ra.

Other anomalies of MN-alay spelling Wvhich, unfortunately, Sometimes appear in Sulu a-re: the writing of final shiort v or i Its

thio lon~g, as bati, Stone, pronounl(ced batito and

slsame, pronounced j wdai; the writing of final for

final hiamzah, as 'idtdk, dog, protoiced,,)\ id ()I.

ira', ~37); the writing of initial. jb i iii place of initial hai~tzah

as hatap, palmn-leaf roofingt, pronounced (d\aup. SuchI

errors should be carefully avoided by the learner. It should be

remarked in passing that true long vowels (~ 75) rarely occur

in Sulu —ordinarily only in case of contractions and in adopted, foreign words. Such are: tag, call, for s. tawavi;

a 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Sagq Sul', for 8"tlug,' bi uy o bili;


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
~154 133

o, o -< e

/^ bwi, house, for bala'i: froln Ar.abic;, \ imam, leader;

~~~~~o -~~~~~.^~ ~ ^1

6 j zakCat, legal almns: from Englisl, jis\ iscul, school.

~ 154. Most of the non-Arabic words introduced into the

Sulu either directly or thru the Malay, have been recast into

a form which harmonizes with the phonetics of the Sulu lanO,O

guage. English "Christian" has become,f Kiristi-

o eo

(ran; Spanish medias, stockings, becomes.S mijas; Sanskrit shighrta, speedily, becomes g sigla'. But in the case

of adopted Arab)ic words, as it is not necessary to recast the.

word in a new alphabetic system, the retention of the original

spelling is not infrequient even tho this spelling is, to the Sulus,

unpronounicabl hc. A.rabic \ Salih, a proper nanle, retains

n o. -uA

its Arabic spelling hilt is pronounced ASdi; S j 'I h-,o 9

ma'Wn, anotller prope'r 1natme, is pronounced 1.T\;sm, a,;.shara', law., is pronounced \ sara'; etc. But when

written Iby the less educated, these words are frequently spel-.

led phonetically (~ 4). 'The Arabic case endings- -n, -un,

-anri, -aulna, etc.-are, of course, omitted in the case of single

words adopted into Snlu, tho in the case of an entire phrase, the

rules of Arlabic grammar must be followed. As! Mu ham


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
134 [~ 154

mad, not L MEu1!.m(tmadw'; blut ~\ u^., Jg.

Mluhammnladun Rasutlc 1-lt-hi (-i not pronounced), lMliu(hammud i.

the Apostle of God. i is frequently (and properly) converted into

O. %< 0/ o, as 8., for 4 tlam,,,lat, end. (~ 57, n.).

~ 155. -.Suli is, indeed, much closer to Aral)ic, orthograplically, than is Malhay. Tlhis is due to two reassonls. First, the

adoption' of the.Arabic script for writing Sult is more recent and

tihere hlas been less time for internal development and evolution.

In the second place, writing lias not been, in the past, a popull:a

accomplishment. The art lias until recently been confined to

that select body of men termed pavdtcitts, or pundits, who also

read the Koran. Tlhey therefore had constanltly before tlhemr the

correct Arabic forms of the words in question and quite naturally used tlhee forms in writing.

~ 156. Spelling reform in Sulu consequently meets with

inuch thio-s ae difficulties tllat this same mlovelment encounters

in Englislh' We write ''phthisical " and pronounce 'tizikal' ' but

retain the ponderous spelling because of custom a.nd because it

was so spelled in Greek. The Sulu writes \ S dih and

nounces l t 'euse to cg 1ng-establ

pronounces iMSal, hut refuses to cnange long-estallishe(i

custom and the spelling of the Koran. Simplification of the Arabic spelling must be the result, nevertheless, if the present trend

among thq Sukas toward popularization of writing persists. The

masses, who. ye not so familiar with the Koran, will naturally

spell the word as it is pronounced.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
A.PPENDIX I

Specimens of Sulu Writing.

T1he correct principles to be followed in writing the SullArabic script have been set forth in the preceding pages, in so

Far as these principles may be determined from the present

(lhaotic state of Sulu practice. In order that the student may

see just wlhat is meant b)y "chaotic' 'in this connection, three

oetchings of Sulu writing are printed on the following pages.

'rhere are added the same words printed in the Sulu-Arabic

script in accord with the principles explained in these pages,

together with a translitcrationi and a translation. In order to

facilitate study, tlle lines of the etchings have been numbered,

and the same nunibers repeated in the proper place in the print.

(td Sulu-Arabic script, and in the transliterations. The transliterated Sulu is in accord with the spelling recommended for

popular use (~ 193). Words which are superfluous in the translation are placed in parentheses ( ), while words inserted to

complete the sense, are placed in brackets [ j; In view of the

interlinear method followed, the translations are necessarily

word-for-wo'd and may sould strange. But notes explain the

more obscure passages, and it is not doubted that' the literal

translations give a nore accurate idlea of the genius of the language, than would a more literary trendering.

35
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
136

Specimen of Sulu Writing, No. 1.

Etching of Original.

//' * -- -I' ~

e1 4 /

The legibilitya of specimen No. 1 is by no means Cbelow that

it difficult to read. The error are many. Dain, from, is spelled

lines 5 and 7;in line 5, di' and d are confused, the one to the

word were da'i; i ad is spelled madi' in line 3, and di in

lines 5 and 7; in line 5, di' and di are confused, the one to the

left, which should be di', having the entirely superfluous letters

ya, hata'as, and alif; etc. It will help the student to bear in

mind that Sulu is still so preponderantly a spoken language

o ^^^ <^^ ^^^4 ^ \ ^ ^^ ^ ^

mind that Sulu is still so preponderantly a spoken language


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
137

with no widely-read literary works to serve as models for style

and spelling. The Koran might serve this purpose, but its translation into the vernacular is forbidden as impious. Without a

recognized standard, therefore, the ordinary scribe employs any

familiar combinations of letters which approximately represent

the spoken sounds. To spell English "I', with the letters ai

(aisle), ie (lie), uy (buy), igh (high), etc., would be analogous.

(Correct Printtinq and Transliteration from Riglht to Left.

t7 ~/ >- o > 07 - o O. o >7

'^ LS- > 3 T~ o

'ituiP iaBah iwui

flis '

idallV

I1k s

^ -

italbapgaAl

iln1) 'itul'

- O A0 -a

1 bipinarniut

A ludnal1M nak niiad tarui-S

2- >^ sw o /- -- - o - o, n;. alukal) uavLaLah ajabbU nak gfiutamud

O // o / o, /,

Ls^ L50~A 04.,\ 0' '

i{Bap l idan! uaki gni anialms. umiak

ngfi i l!i ' ial')lS.umiak basag 'aduk

id 'alaw uak gfliab bIl)as 'ukak

/. o' o/ / ( *, /Ciga'al I ia1 i.alus 'ilugflani nainallatak

0o 0o > o 9^9,

gfiis.nali idam ulnakl gufifiubgap

u > u't pa > O aN k'ayab tag i

jJS\ ) LJ;b - '^\(^uka (ut'ut paralh 'aN.uk'ayab tagfi

o)0

to

1uk111

UJs, 0-a.4

'a. wamik
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

r,,

'(l\ (l;Il

*. vaiiO_ 0. tamimna t'.u Iiak


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
138

Trainsliterattionl anfd Translation.

I )Surat. dain kan Mlandlul Anujia ha,,Bai PUti lb 2)dumatufliz

Letter f rom Foreman An ui at-House White wil11-arrive

1kan Ubbaja haLanau Dakula'.c Magpahati aku 3)kaiinu. subainDfl

to Ubbaja at-La~nau Large. Advise I to-you, must

ifIg ikau madi paB-ai Puti' pali 4) sifil g kuda' gs"wab

(the) you come to-House White regarding (of-)tbe liorse robbe(I

kaimu. Subai ikau ifig turniampal 5 )rnadi kaku' sabab)

from-you. Must yIou (the) be-presenit comil)g to-rae beeause

banig kau wala' di na, di' akii katananmafn 6)ma-figuli':

if you not-yet here already, not. I willinig to-returni [it:

subai (lain hialagilhanmue. Kins,_,ui 7 )j pagbufifiug

that] muste-be fromt eonsulItationi-your. To-morrow accompany

karnu madi iban sifig kimawa' bukun 8 ')ifiga-t

yOU coming with (of-)the one-who-took [the horse] without knowv1 -baya'ku.' Xa' harap tu'ud aku. kaimu. Taminait.

edge desire-my. Trust much I1 in -y ou. Finis.

aFor the spelling ''Anui", in 1Place of "'Anuwi'', see see. 1430.

"White House, name of place.

cLarge Lake, name of place.

dNa, here unitranislatable. expletive, written as enclitic.

1I. e., "Such result must conic about thru consultation withi you.'

fl. e. "You come here to-morrow in company withi th~e man who

took the- horse withiout my knowledge or consent".

5Na', untranslatable; indicates beginning of sentence.

Sulu letter writing is modeled upon time corresponding

M~alay -art.. This system devotes the first sentence to giving the(

iiame of the writer, his residence, the name of thie addressee,

and his residence. Then, comes the body of the let-ter, usuaflly

introduced by the words rnagpahati aleca laimv, I ad'visc you, or,

[ inform you. After the information —which is the real purpose of

the, letter-is given, comes some, forniaJ expression of greeting.

In the present, instance,7 such expression is "harp) htm'ud a/cva

lcaimu, I have entire, cunfidence infl: you. Last of all, after the

tammat, should come the date, which is- here omitted.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
139

Specimen of Sulu Writing No. 2.

Eiching of OrigiLnal.

O '4.e +bk '

%w;6p P /0 0

too,>~ r ^!l I Vj)

^ ^ i^ ^ 1~~~~~10w A

#0 0 "OO O 'v0 40 1 Jr AO

* I1YP I 4tyb'EC3PfI 4'A

QN ~~~~~ a.~~

14%BW0

c0 # 'lo 'Af, r?

^^~~~~~~ ~~~~.-O Vw,,P 6, A

P.

',o~r*.?.~'r Alt A i
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
140

Correct Printing.

a 1-0. 1-1 ~4t

c I-,

010

L-AA

11. 0 1-1 I

o -- -. 4, o *,, -, ~

J1Q2.^ [L^> JS; V^X \ C,,

o, o / f,,#/ o

Q' \ Q\) g^-> ^ Q ) i (

^\ iL5\^1^~~-J

o '0 0-./ / -, 0.^ 0

o -- o o) o a -,,,- - o.0 /e o 0 > P o Zo > o,

S, -.SJ L J93 i

o o - o. — c,. t0 0 0(

O./. 'c / O ~~/ /I

- -s~4q/,,,

^O > -~ C /

01'

e\

0,P4

-a 0 O, C -

0~~~~~~~

FJ!j~ ~

11 A,>(

L-1~t L-v o.~4...

o-

O,, -

/A

00 G 0,

O) 64s

0-

E)9 L>:r' f t // O0'A 0Y


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

a -- 0 0 -- 0o

o0, O O

~? *C(.:~0 - t a \- i: _L;, )
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

o- -o / /o, -, / O D, ~ / o

\(j11/ _.J^;A-> > ~/ 5 4 i\ a ~:, > '' ~ >, / o. / C / o O ~. >1

i- _F)~~5/ s,r \ ~ k) O /'

Transliteration and Translation....... l)bafig gmui makasa'gid, di' makabatal.a Ampa..........if' there-be touching, [that is] not prohibitable..But

infg -hiram "- hata'u 2)hadath-hatinia,

the unlawful [things] to-a-person [who is] unclean-meaning-of-it,


141

lhata'u wai ayir samban;'tlyig.-.. - m. n sarmballayang,

to-person without ablutions- [iare] to-pray,

inag(3)tawap, iban dunia sing Kur'an, iban

to-go-around-the-Ka bah,b and to-carry (of-)the Koran, and

suma'gid sing gikapanniac, 4)iban bia' dala hayan, ing

to-touch (of-)tbhe page-of-it,.and like (to-)tha.tl the

putusnitl, iban sing. di'inna ifig tampat 5)kiabuttaficovering-of-it, and.. (of-the) wherever the pla-ce having-beEn-ociaf, iban sig di'innla ing kiastirsuiatan karna'

cupied-by-it, and (of-the) w herever the [place-]'vritten-upon for-the

opag(6)hi.palan, lbia' undang-updafig atawa dugini

sake-of studying, ' like primers 6r. others:

dain i. lmyan. [ban 'Iirusnll 7)kakapittan ifig

[diffe rent] from them. l.And [is];ermitted beirpg-ield the.

IKur'anu n aka.stsulrat 1hamanigah.. klakanc' iban hqrnafiga,.

X, I.". a,~.'ka'usr - D,:;

Koran *,.writtei '.on. clothes and Qn "

8)dinai iball sing. di'innae ifig sabagaipia iba:ntapsir."

noney and (of-the) vwhereer[is] tbhWikeness:ofrit with commentary.

Buat man:yal, "))bang.nlata'ud.naI iga" Kur'a',yan daiif

IBut hloweverl, if great[er]' the Koran..there thali

Ilaltapsil, 1', ' liaramena. t,utgtu; ).)Ibail biat' d,d

commlentary, [holding is] unlawful,. absolutely.. And.- like

Iiyan,-j jfig nriag'.ukllLbh.ib-an kahui hlarusdad a i tsb, 11)ibli '

to-thlat, the openiing.v it [a] sticl [is] peitted also, ai(l

)bulialr tutd ing, banta l)at hadaht yan1', y.au.,*',

[it i~j'tk'-.qe. ' oc!-:.,....

[it is]. tte I-,.ectly thi childreO ' / unclean so, 'let[-them-] not

tgahtl'lfih d(ain i:akuma t aut'.......;

1)e-p}icveiited from l holding.... ' -;

allihtiis end of seltence: t negnil on at previous page of tbt old Imanu:

s'ipt trealtise on religiois duties iv-rittenl nTore,,than.one hunclded

yeirs agoo —. fom which this etchlng was takeiin

b. e... duiing the nilgrimn.ge to MIecca,

~C, e., "to turl tlhe pages"..: l)a, un.translatable expletive.

'Nea liere gives indefinite serse. fPossessive prondlnus also express age.cy.

gNa', iint rairlal)le expletie. hfMafga is sign of plural..

'I. a., "Tl'e Kiouan, when "writteni on clothg or ioey, mla^be


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

tched and'lield b)y tf'e uncleabn,':; '.

Ji e. "lilkewi *;- "'I.I e. " as efined'above q ^

ISettence is fit4glied ox4,.next page of the matipcript;rfl l-sense.itlg


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

't^l it is perfectly t:re that clildren, tho unclean, should nbiTS

x4evented efrom loldinmg the Koran for purposes of study".


142

Specimen of Sulu Writing, No. 3.

Etchbing o' 'Original..\'

^?

- %\

^4.^V;

'

^ _

N,

I.

IN 5P

\N -

IN

-P,*

is >

Vt1 %

'e

v '

31?N

& \J.

_ I, % '>e

J ^^. ^R

*5\ *n,,. I

N~~t

\40

< e1N

c *s'I\;i$

sa '

fA

Y I$ 9:?.4
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
>fj/' ) ' { "A'/ */ //r.^!f<: /^ i4 /'I A'AA J

wX } ji~,,,~g 48v '

O~lO

^^ ^3^"^.^ ^/ ^ ^ ( ^ -.^C

> tw, 5i4<8>" 1>i 10

Note. Specimen No. 3, like tlhe other specimens reproduced in this appendix,

is taken from the' daily life of the Sulu people. It is a letter sent by a powerful Datu to

the Governor, and is naturally more formal tlan specimen No. 1. The Datu calls hirnself the son of the Governor,which is a diplomatic way of recognizing the superior rank

of the addressee. Often in Sulu letters, the name of the writer is coupled with many

expressions of good will, while lofty, flattering terms are devoted to the person addressed.

The writer has "a white heart without spot, limpid without turbidity"; the letter is "a

mark of confidence, a sign of affection without any dislike"; and it goes to "the august

presence of X — sitting in comfort in his mansion", tho the latter be a hut.

The last line is not voweled, but consists of stereotyped expressions, and for

one conversant with Sulu letter writing, is not difficult to decipher.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
144

(orrect Printing.:- ^^)c t }~. c c.c,, c ', ~

_;S /a\ J / o2 '~ '/ a / i~ ~.....,C o s. ' C )Q C > t~ 8. /. > C ^: ' c Oj /0

9- _Q_ tX k S> JJ(^)V L- t4 j i \ i^r

^9.4-"SL 3I"- ' - ^ /,

c - o c c, cc ^ O/ n } >....ns c ' o"

C 2Vs LyQC X ^~ ) _ - 9 j

^ -'.oC C o - ' -C,,. ' *2...'

J^ \ 5 f LV,_9, _ ^Ju \ <^ 5<^ Ij

@uZ Sic [^ C * iS^ \ *,AsM: " ts

-' " "..'.." ' e. 2,, ' -..- Y -

V, <.c- V.. s,

c- o o ' t p, > -... o > ~/.,', o ^ 0;> c

/ ^ ' V~ vV" ^ 4 lA^'* j^ L

J) \, ts# C f -a

o / - o -. o ^ o o^. ^ o ~. s > c,

0- gr1 \-8\gz\ *c\ f; t * s -0 tZ i_< -


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
1415

Transliteration and Translatiorn.

1 )Bahuaa ini surat damn ha 'ainakmu ihg Padukka Datu'

This letter fromt son-your the Honorable Datu

Muhiammad Dahiyatu I-Kalbi dumatuflg madfi pa'ama' (2 )ku,

Muh~ammad Dahiyatu 1- kalbi will-arrive coming to-father-mDy,

ifig Gubnur haSug, Kurnir Istibar, iban siflg mafighudku,

theGovernor at-Sulu, Coronel Steever, and(of-the) younger-broth er-my,,

'IliiChali. Mahu(3)li, mahgayu' aku partuilutig kahu, amui

Charley. Next, ask I aid of-you, being

pikitulufigankuc ifig hal sifig Mirkani 4)mag'idal-idal

i'equest-for-assistance-m iy the m~atter of-the Aminerican s target-shbooting

di1 hala-um, hula'ku; hipalafigk Ud karna' timbak

here inside town-my; is-req uested-to-forbid-by-m-.e because,[they] shoot

lpaluli kahui 5) wai bidda'e nainsan hadap pabai sing

a-bottomisof-trees wtotdfencevn in-front to-houses of-the

ta'u, amupaka bahia' bafig liatdab ayup iflg maha'da(6G)p sinlg

p~eople, same-also possibly if even animals were in-front of-thebulu sinapafignila yan.11 Am pa mata'ud tu'ud h ha'yup,

barrels of-guns-thieir those. Also [here were] many very cattle,

nmata 'ud ta' u, karna' halaum. kabayaD. 7) Mabut,

many people, Ibecause [this happened] inside village. Further,

lin-ugana' aku Sifl-g pagtimbak-timbaknila karna' ifig

feared-al-ready I of-the shooting-of-them because being

nmasa sifig Gubnur sibil, paglawvag-lawag( 8)ku sinlg sapi'ku,

Itime of-the Governor civil, upon-inspection-by-mie of-the cows-my,

dukti na~ ig mliarnatai, kiugdan sinD-g pufiglu'nila.~

two were killed, ha~ving-been-struck by-the bullets-their.

Naf 'k IJ afligkan, Chiali, ikau daki( 9) mani taimafighudku, iflg

Therefore, Charley, you then brother-my, are

h1ara~pku maka'ifigat mnagpahati hiaGubnur, aula manabaflg

h1ope-mfy to-knDoW~-bow to-inform. to-Governor, especially to-aid

kaku'. Mahuli IO)sala-mdu'a dakuirnanakukaimuI' iban ha'to-m-re. Next peace invoke then I upon-you and uponamia'ku,' iflg Gubnur, Kurnir Istibar. Intfiha-'u 1-kalam.~

father-my, the Governor, Coronel Steever. End of-the-composition.

aBahun, untranslatable; indicates beginning Of letter.

bHi, untransla~table prefix; indicates proper name.

el. e., ''ny request for assistance".

d1. e., "I request that it be forbidden". 'L* e., "indiscriminately".


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

f Dii, untranslatable expletive, written as enclitic.


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
146

1J. e., III request that this be forbidden because they shoot indhscriininately at the tree trunks, even in front of peoples' houses.

and would probably do.the same, even if animal-s were in front.

of those gunts of theirs."

e., very many".

'Na, untranslatable expletive.

"Le,'I had -already been frightened hy their shooting beca"use

during the time of the Civil Governor, when I inslpected my

cattle, I found two dead, killed byv the -soldiers' bullets".

k~~untranslatable; indica tes beginning of sentene

II e, I hope you find mneans to persuade the Governor to aiid me''.

'[. IF send greeting.; to you.". 'Arabi, lphrase (see. 148).

Note. For the studenitwhobha~scom-ipleted thiis work and(

is desirous of more practice in reading Sulu, not mnuch printed material is avlailable. Withi the eixcep~tion of various cireulars, and la-ws, the following is a. complete list of Sulu publications in the Sulu.-Arabic characters:

Sulu Reader finr the Puvblic Schools (f thie Morvo TY)?'i-n cc,

by Dr. N. M. Saleebv, publishied by) the-_ Government-1

of the Moro Province, ZamnboangaI P). IL, 1905.

The Sulu News (.Thq Kabaita'baita'ai A *Sky), a. mionthly

newspaper in Englishi and Sulu published at Zamboanga, P. 1L, by thie ({over'nment. of thie Moro Province,

edited by Chiarles R. Cameron, IDatu Thja, Muda. Mandi,

and Sheikh Mustafai Ahmrad. Thiis wais published onfly

during 1 91 1.

Surat Habar Siiig Sip,,, a mtonthly newspaper published(

iII Sul-u only, by thie Sulu Press, Zamboanga, P. L,.

and edited by Rev. R.I T. McCutclien an-d Aukas.a

Sampaflg, has lbeen published since July, 1915).


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
A PPENDIX Iif

A Phonetic Alphabet.

Several years ago, while acting as census assistant, the

-author prepared the following Phonetic Alphabet for use in the

taki ng of the proposed Philippine Census of 191.5. It wvas not

intended to disturb the spelling of names when such spelling

Ihad -alreadly been determine d by custom, oi'der, or constant use.'

But clensus enumnerators 'must reduce to writing many names of

p)ersoI)s, plaetes and(leographical. features,. thie orthography of

wNhich is not, yet fixed.

The lack of -ai alpha-bet wvhich would express each distinct

soundl of the Philippine languages by means of a separate charaicter o)f unvarying puower, has led to much confusion. The present method-if such it can be called-is a, mixture of Spanishi,

r-eforimed native, and E'nglish orthography. C'sounds as s or ic;

qas q or h; Ih, as h, or liaiz~a~h, or is silent; i,I is or y; j, as/h or

*j; 11,a Spanish 11 (ly), or a true double 1, like Il-i (141) in 'small,

lake'' (6 9); 'n, as v, or izq; ag, as ng, or fily, or figg; it, as it

o)r V,, V, tas ty or b;w as 4' or -a; y, astoht;za i or s; an(I

htanzah is not written at all. In'the ideal alphabet, there 'Should

I ) a se~parate character or combination of characters-,preferably

the fornier-to express each sound of the language; and the

power assigned to suci) character or digraph, must never vary.

147
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
148

Ph 1onetic Alphabet.

The examples in quotation marks are English,, while those

in italics are Sulu and translrations unless otherwise indicated.

B indicates Bisayan; Tr, Tirurai; Ib, lbanag.

a in "sofa";'ampa, but.

b in ''bed"; sabab, becautse:

ch in "church";chuchzilc, kcey.

d in "'did''; duhul, extremity.

e in ''met"; babaye(B),wiomani.

f in "fit"; fio (Tr), good.

g in ''go'' tagad, wvait.

h in "hat"; bahat, lift.

i in ''it''; piknt'l thin/c.

j in' 'jest''; — kajaiig,pahm-leaif'wat

k in "kink"; bukun, no t.

1 in ''lad''; pula, red.

min "iman''; alnai, wve.

n in ''nut''; m~anik, bead.

fi in '' sefior' '; dufia, world.

iig a4 pg in' 'sEing' "; hafigirl i,winwl.

o in "theory"; alco (B), I.

p in ''Pet''; sapa, swvear.

r in ''roll''; baris, vowel.

s inl ''so''; lasa, feeling.

sh in ''she''; shukur, thank..U inl ''full''; buhuk:", hair.

v in ''van''; vuian (Ib)), vouth.

w in ''we''; walia, eight.

y in ''yet''; yani, that.

(') amzah in ''go over''; dini, wehere; di', not.

Pure Diphthongs:

ai in ''aisle''; ictbai, pass.

au as ow in ''how'; takau, rob.

oi in ''boil''; alcoi (B), I am.

Impure Diphthongs (wv orj y generated between v~owels):

ua (mwa) in "guano''; buad, to sun.

ui (uwvi) in ''suite''; tui, immediately.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

ia. (iya) in "Indian''; tiap-tiap, every!.

iu. (iyu) as~ ew in 'mew' '; biutang, placed.

Note 1. Various diphtlhongs compounded of e and o are


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

also found. Other slight variations of these v-owel soun-ds


149

occur frequently, but irregularly, in the Philippine languages

but such sounds may usually be reduced to the ordinary

vowels, a,'e, i, o and u. Long vowels also occur, as a in

"father"; a in mate; i in "machine"; o in "no"; and u

in "rule". These may be written a, e, i, o, u, respectively,

but it will not often be found necessary to indicate them.

Note 2. Hamzah is the Greek "smooth breathing" and

the Danish "catch accent". It is the click of the glottis at

the beginning of all words beginning with a vowel, and in

the Philippine languages, occurs at the end and in the middle of words as well. It is not written in the Roman alphabet

at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end

of words it is denoted in this alphabet by an apostrophe (').

For further explanation, see ~ ~ 18-24.

Note 3. Both f and v, when occurring in native Philippine languages, seem to be pure labials, not labio-dentals as

in English. That is, they are produced by friction between

the two lips, not between the upper teeth and the lower lip.

Note 4. C, q, x, and z, are not used in this alphabet.

The foregoing alphabet provides a character for every ordinary sound of the Philippine languages. It has been suggested that the sound of French j in jour (z in "azure") should be

assigned to the letter j in the Philippines. The author has

never heard this sound in Philippine languages but rather the

sound of j in English "jest" (d plus French j), and believes that

the latter sound should be that assigned to j in a Philippine alphabet (~ 32). The Moros pronounce j in "jest" very plainly,

but the same words, when occurring in the North, are usually

pronounced as dy. Thus Sulu gaja, elephant, and raja, king, become gadya and ladya in Tagalo-another proof that the Philippine j has an initial d sound.

It has been further suggested that the Philippine orthography should not recognize any diphthongs. The author be
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
150

lieves that the pure diphthongs, an, ai and oi, appear with great

frequency in the Philippine languages, but that, being pure

diphthongs, they should be written with vowels and not with

consonants, i. e., an, ai, and oi-not aw, ay and oy. Wand y

are primarily consonants. When employed to express the second

element in the pure diphthongs, they are of necessity pronounced

as their corresponding vowels, u and i. There would seem to be

no good reason for thus using consonants as vowels in a phonetic

alphabet, especially when u and i are already employed to express the same vowel sounds. By so. doing, one incurs the very

fault-more than one sound expressed by the same characterwhich it is the purpose of a phonetic alphabet to avoid.

In order to illustrate the necessity for the adoption and use

of a phonetic alphabet, the following names of barrios are taken

almost at random from the 1903 Philippine Census Reports.

The various possible pronunciations which might be applied to

these names as spelled in the Censos Reports, are indicated by

means of the Phonetic Alphabet.

Note, Notice that in the Phonetic Alphabet, ng is pronounced as in "ingrow"; ing as ng in "singer"; ngg as ng in

"finger". If ng be followed by e or i, then the g of this

combination may take the sound of h. Accordingly, if ng

in Philippine names be not marked as pronounced in 'accordance with some established rules, it may always be pronounced in any one of the three ways first indicated, as,

Sarangani, pronounced Sarangani; Sindangan, pronounced

Sindangan; Sanga-Sanga, pronounced Sangga-Siigga: occasionally, it may have five variations, as in "Pange", below.

Without the adoption of rules prescribing the writing of the

various possible sounds of ng, how is the reader to divine

which one of the 18 different varients given, is the proper


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
151

pronunciation of "Hinguatungan"?. If the latter had by

chance been spelled "Hingitungihan"l-by no means an

impossible combination-the number of possible pronunciations would be one hundred.

Pangilian.

Ir

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Paflgi'an

Pan-ggihan Hanipaan.I

Pafiggi' an

Pafighihan

Patighi'an

Pangihan

Pangi 'an

Panhihan

Panhi'anF

1. Hanipan

2. llanipa'an

3. Anipan

4. Anipa'an

1.

2.

3.

* I 1.Paflge

2. Panigge

Pange. 1 3. Pange

1 4. Panlghe
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

5. Panhe

Hingaftingan.

4.
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

1 7.

L1i8.

Hifigatuflgan

Hifigatufiggan.

Hinigatungan

Hifiggatuffgan

Hifiggatufiggan.

Hifiggatungan

Hingatunigan

Hingatut'ggan

Hingatungan

Ifigatufigan

Ifigatuniggan

In-gatungan

Ifiggatuflgan

Jfiggatuflggan

Ifiggatungan

Ingatufigan
INDEX

Note: Arabic numerals indicate sections; Roman numerals, tables; "n. ", note; "Ap.", Appendix. Table I begins on

page 18; table II, on page 44; table III, on page 62; table IV,

on page 91; table V, on page 96; table VI, on page 128;

Appendix I, on page 135; Appendix II, on page 147.

The most important reference is givenfirst, the othersfollowing

in the order of the text.

A vowel, see hata'as.

-a, imp. suffix, 142.

Abbreviations, marked by maddah, 102 n. 3.

Abjad, 145; jim in, 32; used as

numerals, 145 and n.

Accent, does not accompany

hamzah, 18.

Agency, expressed by possessive forms of personal pronouns, 150.

'Ain ('), a lunar letter, 131;

power, 47, 3,4, 6, I; transliteration, I, IV; writing,

122, IV, V.

Al (Arab. def. art. ), lamt of, assimilated, 106 and n.1, 97

n. 3; waslah with, 106.

'Alamat, indicates address of

letter, 148.

Alif,

Classedas "weak" letter, 28,

59.

"Conforms" to hata' as, 68.

Lunar letter, 131.

Power,

Prolongs hata'as, 26-28,59,

II; in lamalif, 63; in perpendicular fathah, 104;

in fathah tanwin 91, 80

n.;withnmaddah, 99, 101 -102.

Prop for hamzah, 25, 26,

59, II, 65, 68, 69 and

ns. 1, 2, and 3, 70 n. 2,

85, 97 n. 1, 99, 102 n. 1;

in lamalif, 63.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

Transliteration, 25, I, II, IV;

in lamalif, 62.

Writing, 116, II, IV, V; unconnected with following


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

consonant, 14, 115; doubled by tashdid in Arabic,

99; expressed by maddah,

102 n. 1; in lamalif, 116,

106 n. 1; in perpendicular

fathah, 105; repugnance to

use of, 70 n. 2; without

patai, 82, 76, 97 ns. 1 and 2.

Alphabet,

Arabic, 10; ancient, called

abjad, 145 and n.

Phonetic, Ap. II.

152
153

Arabic ntunerals indicate.sectio'ns; Romian nurnerals, tables.

Al1phabet, continued.

Sulu, 11-12.

Sulu-Arabic, 13, I, IV, V;

order of consonants in, 15;

nam~es ofconsonants in, 16;

power, writing, and travisliteration of consonants in,

see individual- names.

AjI leca, namne, 109; rules for

use, 110-113; transliteration, 108, MI.

A-postrophie, transliterates haonzah, 18; used by some to

transliterate washth, 106.

A.krabic language, alphabet, 10;

abjad order, 1.45, 146; aftgica not in, 109; case endings

in,- 87,7 90, 93, 154; definite

article in, 97 n. 3, 106 and

ni. 1; diphthongs in, 139 -141; laianzahi in, 6'9 n. 3;

*jazinah in, 76 n., 97 n S. 2

and 3; ffiaddah in, 102 ns.

1, 2 and 3; perpendicular

fiatlhah in, '1U4T 7fuimerals

in, 144, 145; punctuation

in, 147; roots in, 139, 1.40;

tanwivJ In, 86-94; wta.S'lah

in, 106 ns. 1-6; words froin,

in Sulu, 152-154.'

AVrticle,def., in Arabic,see' 'al'.

X-ssirnilated letters in Arabic,

76 n., 97 n. 3, 106 n. 1.

A sterisk, mark of punctuation,

147.

tyah, punctuation of,.147.[la (b), -a lunar let-ter, 1.31'I; b

stems after prefixes, 70 ns.

4,76; power,1I7 ni., I; transliteration, 17 i., I,1 TV;7

writing, 117, IV, V.

-ba, enclitic, 149.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

Rahuuwa, begins epistle, 148.

Bisayan language, base of Sulu,

152;Brace, mark of punctuation, 147.


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

Bracket, mark of punctuation,

147.

Ch, to transliterate k/a, 8, 19.

C/ a (clh), namie, 12; order in

alphabet, 15; power 36, 1,

99; transliteration, 9, 1,

IV; writing,, 117, 118.

Compounded prefixes, 70 Di. #5.

Consonants,

A-rabic, abjad order, 145 and

n.; assimilated, written

without jazmah, 76 ni., 97

n. 3, 106 n. I.; doubled

withi ta~slh(d(sab tiC),99 an.d

ns. 1 and 2;emphiatic, 33,

35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49,

54;redundancD('y Of, in Sulu,

3; list of, 10; more important than vowels, 14; maddali with, 102 vis..1, 2 and

3; of prolongation, written

without jazrnah (patai), 76

n., 97 n. 2.

Suilu, list of, 12; number of, 1 1.

Sulu-Arabic, names, 10, 12,

I and n., 1.6; new, 2; order in alphabet, 15; "initial" 'medial", ''final''

115; power, writing and

transliteration, see indivi-'

dual names.

Da,' optional enclitic, 1.49.

Dad ( d), a solar letter, 131;

power 44, 3, 4, 6, I;trans


154

Aratbic numerals indicate sections; Roman numverals, tables.

Dad (d), continued.

I, IV, 8, 9, 54; writing,

121, IV, V.

Dal (d), a solar letter, 131; d

stems after prefixes, 7Ons. 4,

6; power, 37, I; transliteration, 1, IV, 8, 37, 54;

writing, 119, 14, IV, V.

i1)anmnnah,name,78;see"dapa'n".

I(m~mah tanwi, 111,86-88; with

sabhta' 100; with. waslah,

106 n. 6.

1)apan (dammah, it vowel),

Name, 78, ITT.

Poe,78, 2, 5, 59, II TIlT;

wvaslah, pronounced as, 106

n. 4; wan ''conforms?' to,

68..

Trrainsliteratioti, 77, 58, ITI,

Writing, 79, TI; form, 79, 68;

lengthened, 58', 59, 76, 79;

short in Malay, written

long, 153; with hamtzah, 79,

II; with sabhtu', 100.

Dhal (dh), a -solar letter, 1 31;

power, 38, 3, 4, 6, 17, I;

transliteration, I,I,8,9

54; writing, 11'9, 14, 'IV,

V, 115.

Diacritical signs, 74, 11.4; imperfectly written, 117; o-.mitted with shin used as

sign -of sabtut, 100; omitted

with yja,'68, 130.

Di'atas, name,. 81"; see "liata'as''

Pibawak, hame-, 84;t see "hababa' "

Digraplis, used in transliterat

ing, 9.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

Dihadapan, name, 78; see

''d apan''.

Diphthongs, 132-143, 58-61,


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

Ap. II; with sabta', 99 ns.

I. and 2.

Division of consonantal outline

of words, 149 n. 2.

Dots, under consonants in tran sliteration, 9; see ''diacritical signs".

Doubled consonants, see sab ta'.

Dutch language, words from, iii

Sulu, 152.

DAwta cli'atas, see ''fithah tanDitbuvca dibabawabh, see ''kasr'ah

tanwnn

E vowel sound, 2,5[1 84;

see ''hababa'

Emphatic consonants, 3)3, 35,

43-47, 49, 54.

Enclitics,. 149; personal pronouns as, 150, 151, VI1.

English language,- consonants

of, selected for translitera-~

tion, 8, 9; diphthongs in,

132; spelling reform in,

156; wvords from, in Sult,

152, 153.

Examples of Subu writinig, A.p. 1.

Experiments in vowelcombinations, 137,.138.

Fa cf) name, 12; a luniar letter,

131; power, 53, 2, 3, 6, I,

17, 52; translit eration, 52,,

I, TV; writing, 1.22, 123,


155

Arabic a'tnmerals indicate sec tioms; Roman numnerals., tables.

Jiathah, naine, 81; see ''hata'PWhtahh, perpendicular, power

and transliteration, 1.04,

III; writhiig,.105.

Fatlhuh tanwin, I IT, 89-91; vowel

not lengthened by auhf, 80

n., 91; with sabta', 100;

with wlaslah, 106 n. 6..

(r-a (g), see:''hain''.

(%,'aim (gqh), name, 12; a solar

letter, 131; prefixes ending in, preserve hamnzah,

70 ns. 4, 6; y stems after

iga, 70 ns. 4, 6; power, 49,

2, 3, 6, 1, 48; transliteration, 48, 9, 1, IV; writinig,

122, IV, V.

(4reek language, affects Engylish orthiographiy,' 156;

enclitics in,7 149; ''smooth.,

lbreathiing"' in, Ap. II.

IHa, preposition, before btamZlah,

70 n.- 3.

Hfa ( h) a lumqr I ottr," 1 31;

power, 57, I; with twAo

(lots, 57 ni.; used for initial

hamtzah. in Malay, 153;

transliteration, I, IV,9 54;

writinig, 128, 129,.IV1, 1V.

Ha (h), a lunar letter, 131;

power, 33, 34, 3, 4, (., J;

transliteration, I, I V, 8, 9,7

54; writing, 11-8, IV, VI.

Hfababa' (kasrah, ~i vowel),

Name, 84, ITT.

Power, 84, 2, 5, 61I,11, 111;

lon1g, formed~by two -i's,

7 0 n. 4; waslah pronounced

s,106 us. 3, 5, and 6; yja


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

" conformns" to, 68.

rTransliteration, 83, 60, Iy,,

III.
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

Writing,, 85, II; form, 68,

85; when lengthened, 60,

61, 76, 85; short final in

Malay, written long, 153;

with hamzah, 85, Ii; with

sabta', 100.

Efa'mzzah,

Name, 18.

Order in alphabet, 15.

P~ower, 19-24, A~p. I; reappears before suffixes, 142;

is consonant, 10, 19; before Sulu suffixes, 142;

double, 99; difficult to detect, 24; distinct from 'aim,

47; occurs- in Danish, 19;

in English, 19, 21, 22; in

what combinations in Sulu,

73; omitted after certain

prefi~xes, 70 ns. 4, 6; waslah

is variety of, 106; weakeninig in Arabic and Sulu, 19,

70 n. 6.

TIransliteration, 18, II, 106.

Writing,

In general II, 64-73, 122.

Form, 65, 26.

Followed by p~atai, 67, 97.

Initial, after prefixes, 70

n. 6.

Not written in English, 24.'

Prop for, definition, 26;

only aif, wau and ya

used as, 68, 25, 26,.58,


156

-Arabic numerals indicate sections; Roaman num'ierals, tables.

Hamzah, Writing, Prop for, c't' d.

102 n. 2.

Rule for writing final, 72;

after long vowel or diph -

thong,.70 n. 1, 72 n.,

142; initial, of suffix,

1 13; expressed by lcaf in

Malay, 153.

Rule for writing initial, 69;

dropped after certain

prefixes, 70 ns. 4, 6;expressed by ha in Malay,

153; expressed by mad,dah, 69 n. 4, 82, 101,7

102; not written in Sulu,

69 n. 2, 79, 82, 85; not

written in Arabic, 69

n. 3, 106 n. 2.

Rule for writing medial, 70;

after prefixed prepositions, 70 n. 3; after verbal, nomina~l and adjectival prefixes, 70 ns. 4,

6; between long vowels

or long vowel and diphthong, 70 n. 1, 73 n. 1.;.expressed by maddah,

101; not written in Sulu,

69 D. 1, 97 ni. 1.

Flata 'as (fiithah, a -vowel),

Name, 81, Ill.

Power, 81, 2, 5, 27, II, III;

waaslah pronounced as, 106~

n. 5; alif "conforms"to, 68.

T1ransfiteration, 80, 25, II,

Writing, 82,, II; for'm, 82,

68; when lengthened, 27,.

76; -lengthened by maddah,

82, 102 and n. 1;. short,

wrri~tten long in Malay, 153;

with hamnzah,7 82, II; witlh

sabtu', 100; prefixes ending. in, preserve hamizah,


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

70 ns. 4, 6.

Hi-, prefixed particle, before

hamnzah, 70 n.- 3.
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

Hi-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-6.

Hindustani Janguages wor-ds

from, in Sulu, 152.

hlypheni, in repeated words, 108.

I vowel, see ''Iabctba'"'.

-i, imp. surnix, 142.

-i-, -verbal infix, 70 ns. 4-6.

-tml-, verbal infix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

India, Arabic numerails taken

from, 144.

Infixes, not part of stem, 19

otrepeated by anglea,

11;writing of, 70 us. 4-6.

-ij infix, see ''i-'1-'.

Jamh(snlcum), name. 96; see

4 patai''.

Jimi (j), a lunar letter, 131))

power, 32, 17, 1, A.p. 1;

doubled, 99; transliteration, -32, 1, IV; wvritinig,

118, IV, V1.,

Ka-, verbal prefix, 70 us. 4-6.

-lea, enelitic, 149.

Kaf, (ic), a l~unar letter,7 1.31;

le stems after figa, -70 nus. 4,

6; power, 17 n., 1; transl iteration,1I7 n.,7 8, 9, I,1 54,

IV: writing, 124, IV, V.

Kaf(lc), a lunar letter, 131;

power, 55, 03, 4, 6, 1; transliteration, 54, 8, 9, 1, IV;

writing 122, 123, IV7, V:

used for final hainzah iiD


157P

Arabic narnerals indicate sections; Romran namnerals, tables.

Kasrah, name, 84; see' 'hababa' ''.

Kasrah tan'w'tn, III, '92-94; with

sabta', 100; with wlaslahb

106 n. 6.

Khia (ic/h), a lunar letter, 131;

power, 35, 3, 4, 6, 1; transliteration, 8, 9, 1, 54, IV;

writing, 118, IV, V.

Lm(1), a solar letter, 131;

power, I; power in Arabic

def. art., 56. 97 n. 3, 106

n. 1; transliteration 1, IV;

transliteration inl Arabic

def. art., 56; writing, 125,

63, IV, V, 116; writing

in Arabic def. art., 97 n.

3, 106 n. 1.

Lainalif (1; la), power, 63. 1;1

transliteration, 62, 1, IV:~

writing, 116, 106 n. 1, lV'.

Letters of prolongation, see alif,

Wanl, and ya.

L —unar letters, 131,~106 and ni. i.

Jhaddah,

Name, 102.

Power and writing, 102 and

ns., 103, II, III; hamnzah

omitted '-with, 69 n. 4, 82;

use obligatory in few cases,

102 n. 3; with a'bbreviations, 1.02 n. 3; with letters

of prolongation followed

by haikamzh, 102 n. 2.

Tpransliteration, 101, 11, 111.

if1-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Jha-, verbal1 or adjectival prefix, 70 ns. 4-6.

M1ag-, Verbal prefix, indeterminate sound of vowel, 81;


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

harnzah after, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Malay language, afigia adopted

from, 109; consonants peculiar to Malay, V; ga and


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

lkaf in, 124; iia, cha and

figa, adopted from, 12; Sulu

orthography closer to thiat

of Arabic, 155; peculiarities of orthography, 153;

Roman ized, 7; vowels, indeterminate in, 81; -words

from, inl Sulu, 76, 152;

foreign words in Sulu coming thiru Malay, 152, 154.

Marn-,,verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6..

Mlan-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-6.

M.1afii-,verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Mati, name, 96; see "patai".

Mfirn (in), a lunar letter, 131;

power, 17 n., I; transliteration, 17 n.-, 1, IV; writing,

126, IV, V.

A -,verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4,j 6.

Nva, optional enclitic, 149.

Na (R), name, 12; order in

alphabet, 15; power 31, 1;

transliteration, 1, TV; writing, 117, IV, V; form, 31;,ny used for, 31, 1.51.'

N1a',indicates beginning'o'f sentence, 148.

Na~g-, verbal prefix, indeterminate.sound of vow'el, 81;

/iamtzahi after, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Nvarn-, verbal prefix,70 ns. 4, 6.

Nanm-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Nafig-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

N qa, ligature in numerals, 146.

A/ga (fig~a), name, 1.2; order in

alphabet, 15;,prefixes ending I'd, 70 ns. 4, 0; pow'er',


15~8

Arabic numerals indicate sectiovis; R~oman nmoverais., tables.

SgN1a (Fig), continued;

51, I; transliteration,50, 9,

I; writing, 122, IV, V,

117.

Ni, optional enclitic,.149.

Numerals, Arabic, taken from.

-India, 144; albjad used as,

145 and n.; Sulu namies,

from Bisayan, 152.

Nan (n)~ a solar letter, 131;

power, 17 n., I; transliteration,17 n., I; writing, 127,

IV, Y; ity for ji, 3 1, 1 51.

N unnation (tanwi7n), 87.

0 vowel sound, 2, 5; see 'd1

pan"

Orthogra'phical signs, 86-1 13;

definition, 74; list of, III;

names of, 12, III:- see

angk1a,, damr-nah taflvin/flJtdhah tanwvink lasrah tavm wivn

fathah perpendicular, mtaddaA, patai, sabta','iwaslah.

Orthography, foreign, altered in

Sulu,, 4, 9; foreign influence On Sulu, 153, 156; of

greographical namies, Ap.

II; reform of, in Sumu,.9,

156.

Pa (p), name, 12; p stems after

prefixes, 70 ns. 4, 6; power,

53, I; transliteration,, 52,

I, IV; writing, 122, 123,1.IVYV

Pa, optional enclitie, 149.

-Pa-, prefixed preposition.,before

hamztah, 70 n. 3

Pad-, verbal- Prefix, 70 ns. 4-6...Pag-, vertal prefix,'70 ns. 4-6;

indeterminate sound of

vowel, 81.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

Pain,-, verbal prefix, 70 uS. 4-6.,

Pan-, verbal prefix, 70 Ds. 4' 6.

Padia 155.
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

Pang-, verbaliprefix, 70Ons. 4. 6.

Pa-renthesis, mark of punctna -

tion, 147.

PUSwd, indicates divisions of

composition, 148.

Patai (jazmnah, sn/cntn), namne,.96, III; power, 96; transliteration, 95, Ill; writing,

97 and us.; not written

with a/if of prolonlgaftion,

'76, 82,- 97 us. I and 2; not

written with assimilated

letters in Arabic, 76 n.,9

n. 3; not written with wvan

and ya of prolongation in

A-rabic. 76 n., 79, 85, 97

ii. 2, 141; written withtvwa

a. nd ya of diphthongs, 141

written with wavn anid ya of

prolongation. 79, 82, 85.

P~eriod. mark of pnunctuation1,

147

Persian language, letter cha, ininivented for, 36; letter tha

invented for, 31; words..

from, in Sulu, 152.

Phionetic Alphabet, Ap. IE

Phonetics of Sulu language, 1,;;

of adopted foreign words,

9, 154; of personal pronouns, -151.

Portuguese langulage, wvords

from, in Sulu, 152.

Prefixes, excluded to determine~


159

Arabic numwerals indicate sections-. Roman numerals, tables.

Prefixes, continued.

before hamzalh., 70 ns. 3, 4,

6; list of, 70 ns. 3-6; not

repeated by any/ca, 11 2.

I~repositions, ha- andp~a-, writing

of before hamnzdh, 70 n. 3;

l.-an, with personal pronouns, 150, IV; ni, optional enclitic, 149..

I)rinting, of jimt grouip, 118; of

digraphs, 9; of works in Sulu-Arabic characters, Ap. 1.

1Pirolongation, letters of, see

atlif wai(, yja.

Pron ounsI personal, enlitic,

forms of, VI, 149-151; of

Bisayan origin, 152.

lhionunciation, basis of transliter~ation, 6, 8, 9; of Arabic

conson~ants, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9;

of doubled consonants, 9- 9;

of final vowels in personal

proloui).s, 151; of nenEngli-sh terms., 76; see

".power" uinder names of

consonants and vowels.

Props of hmamzah, definition, 26;

see hamza —h, hfwaya.

PIublications 'Printed in 'Sum,

A p. L.

Punctuation, signs of, 147, 148.

Q, used in transliterating la, 8

9, 54.

lBa r), a sollar l etter, -1 t31; power,

39, 1; Idal pronounced as,

37; transliteration, 1, IV;

writing, 11-9, 14, I\', VT,

115.

R1eduplication, excluded to determine stem, 109,; not repeated by any/c,,a, 112.

Repetitionls, excluded to determine stem, 109; afigka indicates, 109-11.3.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

iRomanized Sulu, difficulties of,

1; principles to be followed

in, 7, 8, 9, 50, 54; changes_


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

for popular use, 143; phoetic alphabet, Ap. -II.

-.sa, enclitic, 149.

ASabtu' (tashdid, shiddah),

Name, 99.

Power, 99, 11 1; required with

consonants following assimilated letter, 76 ni., 97 n.-3,1

106 'n. 1; with dissylabic,

stems, 99 n. 3; with enclitics, 149; with wan, 99 n. 1;

with ya, 99 n. 2.,Transliteration, 9.8, Ill.

Writing, 100, Ill.

ASud (s), a solar letter 131: power-,

43, 3, 4, 6, I; transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54, IV; w'riting, 121, IV, V.

Scrijpt, Sulu-Arabic, 10-14, 1;

auxiliary signs used in, 74,

III; examples of, Ap. 1;

how best written, 114;

method of treatment, 17;

phonetic inaccuracy of, 3-6;

see '.1consonants'', "orthographical signs' *' vowels".

Sladdti shtiddak, iinae, 99;

see -gsab tt,"'"

Shtiddah (shadd#), name, 99:

see sabtw'.C

Ahian (s,-h)., a solar letter,, 131;

poerer 42, 3,.4, 6, 17,1;

tran~sliteration, I, IV, 8, 9,
160

Arabic nu merals indicate sections; Ronman numierals, tables.

Shin, continued.

54;writing, 120A,117,,IV.V

Signs in Sulu.-Arabic script, see3

"diacritical signs'', ortthographiical signs'', vowels".

A8in (s), a solar letter, 131; s

stems after prefixes, 70 n.

4, 6; power, 41, I; transliteration I, 54, IV; writing, 120, IV, V.,Solar letters, 131, 97 n. 3, 106

and n. 1.

Sounds, see names of consonants and vowels.

Space, used to transliterate

waslah, 106.

Spanishi language, words from.,

in Sulu, 152.,Spelling, see "ortlhographiy".

Stem, definition, 109; afiglea, repeats., 110-113; ha reappears at end of, 57; ham~zah,

reappears at end of, 142;

prefixes modify, 70 n. 4,

6; sabta' in dissylabic, 99,

n. 3.

Suffixes, ahg/ca before, 1113; ha

reappears before, 57; hamzah reappears before, 142.

Slcu~n (jazmnah), name, 96; see

Jpatai.

Sulu language, alphabet of, 1,

12, I; Arabic words in, 4,

9, 152, 154; foreign words

in, 152: orthography, close

to Arabic, 155; Bisayan,

base of, 152: hamizah weakening in, 19; orthographic,

reform in, 9, 156; phonetics of, 1I-9, Ap. 1; wvriting9, AP..1

Sulu-Arabic script; see "iscript,

Sulu-Arabic".

Syllables, words of one or more,

with (tnglka, 110; words of

two, withi sabtu', 99 n. 3.


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

T1a ( t), a solar letter, 13 1; 1

stems after prefixes, 70 ns.

4, 6; power,29, I; traimsliteration, I, 8, 9, T54, IV;


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

writilng, IV, V, 1.17.

(T), a solar letter, 131;

power, 45, 3, 4, 6, 1; transliteration, 1, 8, 9, 54, IV;

writing, 121, I V, V...ta, enclitic, 149.

Tha-, nominal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Tagl-, nominal pre-fix, 70 ns. 4,

6; indeterminate sound of

vowel, 81.

Taga-, nominal prefi x, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Tha (th), a solar letter, 1131;

power, 30, 3, 4, 6,1, 17;

transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54,

TV; writing, 117, IV, V.

Tagalo language, grave accent.

in, 1 8; words from, in Sulu,

152.

T'ammnat,. indicates end of composition, 148.

V'anwtinl, namre, 87; see, damm-aba

(anwini, fathah ta awiin, icas;rali tanwvin.

Tashdid (shiddah), namne, 9(9;

see sabtn'.

Transliteration, 1-9, 54; consonants omitted in, 143;

see under names of consoinants, vowels, and orthographicial signs.


161

AIrabic aimeeats bidicate. see tion; Romian'nnrnae)rals, tables.

Turkish language, diacritical

signs in, 7 4.

UT vowel, see 'dapaa' '.

-irn- ifi x, 7`0 iis. 4, 6.

lTnderlihe, Used1 to indlicate

digra~phs, 9-.

V~owels,

Names of, 10, 12, 78, 81, 84.

Power, II, 78, 81, 84; excessgive numibe'r of sounds in

Sulu, 3; long, rare, in Sulu,

153; "'long" anid "short''

defined, 75; modified by

em111phatic, consonants, 33;

in Sulu.' 2, 5; related to

(tbj 'W0O/U, and a,68;

"lvowel'' stems, 70 n. 4;

see ''dapart', ' hababa''

''ha ta'as''s

rrF1aIsliteration JII III, 25,

158, 60, 77, 80, 83.

Writin~g, 79, 82,7 85, 74, 14,

II, III; expressed in diphthongS by weart and yla,

139-1-41, il personal.pronouns, 1.51; possible

groupings of, 1.33; l ong,

27, 59, 61, 76; long 'in

personal pronouns, 150,

VI; not written in- Arabic,

14; in Malay, 14,153;signs,

1I, III; derived from related consonants, 68.

I-1a~siah, power, 106 ns. 1-6, III;

transliteration, 106, Il-I;

writing, 1.07.

i1'au (w),

Classed as "weak" letter, 5 9,

61.
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

"Conforms" to dapan, 68..

Lunar letter, 131.

Power, 59,_ AII, 68, 76, 78;


Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

with sabht', 99 n. 1; in

diphthongs, 1.32-142.,Transliteration, 58,1 II, 1 V;

in diphthongs, 132-143.

Writinig, 129, II, IV, V; un1 -connected, 1.4, 115; with

miaddah, 102 n. 2; without

jazrnah (patai) in Arabic,

76 ni., 79, 97 n. 2, 141.

WNea-k letters, see al w tart and

~Writing, Sulu, specim en s, Ap.I1.

Ya (y),

Classed as "wea-k" letter,7 61,1

59.

"Conforms" to hababa', 68.

Lunar letter, 131.

Power, 71, 59;9 II, 68, 76, 84;

after infix -i-, 70 ns. 4, 6;

in diphthongs, 132-142;

with. sabtu', 99 n. 2..

rrransliteration, 60, I, II, IV;

in diphthongs, 132-143.

Writing, 117, 115, II, IV V;

omits two dots, 68, 76 n.,

130; withrnaddah, 102 n.

2; without jazmah (patai).

in Arabic, 76 n., 79, 85, 97

n. 2, 14 1.

Za (z), a solar letter, 131; power,

'46, 3, 4, 6, I; transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54, IV; writing, 121,7 IV, V.

Zai (z, a solar letter, 131;

name, 40 n.; power, 40, 3,


I
I

I;
Ia

i I!
I.I;.
I...

I
I: i..;

I i i.?illr;~t~ ~iI r
I
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I~~~~~~~
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
r. NABONG
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
r
r
r,

-~

~~~
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
r~~~~~~~

I~~~~~~~~~~~
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I

0
4
%
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001

I~~~~~~~~~~
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'
0

~I
`'':'

'~~'
iC '\ L
"'.r.. -~~* ~-;

~,.ts-;l ~1:~I..: ~~.~


Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
i

r' r ~" j
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I

1I
a;
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
1

1 I 2 6I 4 { [ 5I

_ PL C er...C.aiB..e 2.o.n.-C harle.... R~

6041..18 ulu writin

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~.............:............................................g..........m

(1

), 7
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us
I
I
I
I
I
I

j.
KA
Generated on 2015-11-19 02:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.afu8764.0001.001
Public Domain in the United States / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us

I
I

You might also like