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V t' I.
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Professor
THE ][IFT OF
Rulston Hayden
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I'
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I
I
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I
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THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
SULU WRITING
An Explanation of the
BY
C. R. CAMERON.
Mloro Province.
ZAMBOANGA, P. I.
1.917
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I
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ma C-"; -,,,/ /c' & )*/d /
PREFACE
adapted to writing the Sulu speech-an adaptation herein referred to as the Sulu-Arabic script. It is prepared for students
and not only has a copious index, but paragraphs have been
numbered to facilitate reference, and cross-references are frequently given in the text. Clearness is the primary requisite
repetitions. While it is advisable to begin with the first paragraph and study the book in order, the most important information has been segregated into tables, and if time presses, a study
of these will give the main facts necessary for reading purposes;
but in order to write.the Sulu-Arabic script, the fuller explanation of the text must be studied.
book is referred to in the text as "Wr. Ar. Gram., and references are to volume I, unless otherwise indicated. Effort
it is stated that the printing has been done by Moro boys, who,
seen a printing press; that Arabic type is under any circumstances difficult to set up with English, and that the Arabic type
The author had intended to add to this work, a Sulu Grammar and a Sulu Dictionary, both in Roman letters based upon
be desired that more English-speaking people may be encouraged to take up the study of Sulu and other languages of the
bringing order and system into the chaos which now pervades
the spelling of Philippine words, especially as regards geographical and other proper names. A study of the subtle phonetic
multitudes who will one day occupy these Islands and who,
M. Saleeby, first superintendent of schools of the Moro Province, and his brother, E. M. Saleeby, both thoro Arabic
of Moro schools; to Hadji Gulama r-Rasul, assistant to the provincial governor of Sulu; to Alexander Schueck, formerly the
C. R. C.
Zamnboanga,
MLarch, 1917.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction........................................
Chapter 1.
Chapter I.
Chapter III.
Chapter IV.
Chapter V.
(~~ 74-113)......................
A Phonetic Alphabet...........................
Index.......................................
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
VI.
VII.
VIII.
12
17
43
61
90
106
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115
131
135
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147
152
Chapter IX.
Appendix I.
Appendix II.
vii
Numbered Tables
Page
and Sulu............................................ 18
Ta(ble If. Writing and Transliteration of Vowels following Hiamzah and Other
Page
Line
F or
Read
19
23
49 to 58
60
62
62
81
16
N o. 14
heading
No(. 3
No. 6
through
Although
sai
( ').
~, 69 ], [~, 69
dai-dai'
dibavct
thru.
Aitho,
( ';Doth~ing).
~ 701, [~ 70
dai'-dai'
dibawah
23
87
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88
97
No. I11
(or(.infixed lparticle
~or~
120
10
120 10 ~~~~~limai
INTRODUCTION
The Sulu language is spoken by about seventy-five thousand Muhanmmadans, and is the conmmercial lingua franca and
langiuages spoken by Muhanlmadn(lanized groups living in the Philippine Islands, called Moros, it hlas borrowed its alphabetical
system from the Arabic through the Malay. Just as the Tagalos,
It is not (lifficult to learn to read the Sulu-Arabic characterls, nor to write them so that they can be understood. But to
record.
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2
almost universal study of the Koran, its nmain features were preserved. He however who has used onily the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Sanscrit, or similar alpllabets in whllich letters of practically
for it is the writing of the Koran. 'The ordinary westerln 11uropean system, called Roman, is vastly easier to apply, lbut can
Although about ten per cent of those using tlle Sulu lalguage are able to read and write it in Arabic chlra(cters, this is
The task of the learner, therefore, in his effort to acquire thle written language of tlhe Sulus is one of the greatest difficulty. As a
to investigators. Furthermore, even the acquisition of the spoken language is discouraged by apparent difficulties of tlhe script,
deception.
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3
'The English.spelling of -ulu prolper lnames, bothl geograplical a(l a personal, is il the very greatest confusion, and this;1lso is due largely to ignorance of the Arabic script and its correct
This volumnc, tlerefrce, t as'the purpose of enabling leariners to read Sulu and write tlhe language properly, and of fixing
S11lu writing w\ill enable any one 'wh0o has a speaking knowledge
of Maginda(lnau andl Lanau to read and write these dialects without dlifficulty. 'The dlialects lentioned iare, of course, widely
liffe(reilt from) Su1lu, but tlhe letters use( are alniost idlentical.
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*
CHAPTER I
it is desirable that the Roman characters adopted should represent the correct pronunciation of the word and at the same time
fail in one or the other of these two requirements. If we transliterate exactly, then the Roman spelling will suffer the saime
spelling phonetically accurate, it will fail to indicatethe con yentional spelling in Arabic script.
for in the script adopted from the Arabic language. So far as the
consonants as in the case of cha, nga, and nia. The vowel signs il
4
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~4]
the peculiar Sulu vowels' have not yet been formed, the it vowel
serving also to represent the sotun(l of o in "theory" and an obscure ' sonud1l. Tle a vowel occasionally serves for the rare indlet itelinate s-ou1nd of a ill "fial "', hllile the i vowel has sometimes the poxwer of e in "llet".
~ 3. TlIe excess of Sulu vowel sounds over tle number of graphic vowel signs available is thlerefore a principal cause for the
found in pure Sulu, and which tlie great majority of Sulus are
lhcal, zai,./hi7,.adl,,1al, ta, za, '(i,1, ghain,, fa, and kaf ( see table
I). Illdeed, nine of these fourteen consonants, ha, kha, sad, dad
Semitic or Aryan language. Nevertheless, these fourteen consoants lare oc(casionally found in written Sulu, Ieing employed
spelling.
\who neither read nor write, utter instead of the foreign sound,
[~4
of the Sulu language. But the Arabic words and phrases are illtroduced by the educated class who read the Koran, and it is a
Sulu. When such words or plralses are reold, the letters representing any of the fourteen non-Sulu sounds contained thereil
the same letter in several different ways withlil a very short tinle.
For example, tle pronunciation of zai (thle z of the Aralic alphabet) varies from a close approximation to z ill "'zone", to.s
in "'so", or j in "jest". Dhal ( ti in "tlat" ) is prontlounced like. in "'so", j in "jest", or n, in "nlutl"; and so on. lTis is the
sounds assigned above to each of tle three original vowels, nalnely, o in "theory", and obscure i; a in "final"; and e in "net",
are really varients of the original vowels used 1)y somle speakers
its primary sound in Sulu and what is certainly its most common sound. That is, ut in "full'', a in "sofa", and i in "it".
p7
(~ 6. As to the fourteen foreign consonantal sounds found in.rabic words illtroduced into tle Sulu, if our system of transliteration provided solely for the phonetic representation of the
characters to represent these peculiar consonants might be disl)ensed with, since the sounds uttered by such a speaker wouldl
l)e only those occuring in pure Sulu. But as the Sulus have no
uniforml pronunciati(on for these iconsonlants, we should be obliigel, in the absence of an utlvaryi(ng conventional equivalent,
'T'le olvious labsurdity and conifusion of this is overcome b)y assignling an unvarying equivalent ill the Romanl transliteration
t ) every chlmracter employed iniAral)ic or Sulu. Elach charactervo(werl, (r c()nsonallt-(of tlle Sullu-Arabic script, has in tile
lomnian its equivalelnt, whlich viaries only in accordance with clearly (define(l rules, antd by following these rules the translitertion
sil)ce, as has bseen explaiedl above, the prinmary vowel sound is always undlerstood wlhen used in place (oftle varient. Furthermore,
ire use(l ill Arabiic or Sulu wrords. These are the consonants!!ai, a(nd fa. E(xcept these two consonants, none of tle fourteeli (consonlants lcn(tione(l albove as representing in the Arabic-,
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8
[I ~
sounds foreign to tlhe S`ulu, are prop(erly use(l in purve S-ulu wor(ls
five Awell establishled systems being ill use ill the IEnglish andl
purpose by the government of tile Federated AIalay States, reported in favor of cert-ain rules to be followed wNlhen vwriting Malay
in Roman letters. The system recomnlmendled is practically a plonetic one, aiming to reproduce the words as prounounce(l lby Malays
found in Malay. Sindce the end in view Awas to lbuild up a, popular system of Roman script for Mali-tys, thle committee vwas (loubtless justified in sacrificing many tlhings to sirmplicity. rTle present system of Ilonianizing Sulu hlas for one of its aims that
learning to rea(l a1nd write Sulu in the native script. This aiml
makes accuracy (of tranlsliteration a primary requisite and thle system adopted, it is believed, has attained this end and at the slame
It is confidently hoped that, with time, the system set forth hler(
-is, that the Sulu-Arabic consonants which l have no exact equivalent in English should be transliterated by graphic nmodifica
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~SI
Sului-Arabic consonant be cordfused with, the same English consonant, further graphic modifications of the latter should be emp)Ioye(I. This will assure the ]keeping together, in dictionaries and
1Endiglish- alphabet, without distinction, the simple letter wlitho)it graphic m( )(ifica tiol) 1~i ng, of couirse, given the precedence
wh~enever twNo words are otherwNNise id'entical. Thlus in an English in1dex, icuIf shouild precedle icaf, and ta should precede ta.
11 1der kr. As- a matter of fact, the wVQr(1 is not kxtwmi, but ic auv,
peOJl~e, but hie findIs it in exactly the stame place as tho it were
the search. Bult suippose~th't were triansliterzated q in) accordan1Ce w~ith the practice of sonmc scholars, then not finding the~
WvoLr( undler k, lie must ~on~tinu~e his search under q, or even un(Ier
like mlanner, undler d. in tlue dictiona-ry or index "is found dal, dhal,
an1d dad; under ih is found] ha and ha; under sR, sbi, shin, aiid.~~;Under 1, fi, (a, aunl tha; under z-., zat anIz.In this way,
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[~8
dlifferent letters of the alphlablet, the stut(lellt looks under one letter only, and without trouble finds the word for whlicl lie seeks,
with its correct spelling i'ndicated, even tho ite himlself lias hear(
i* therefore tllht witih whichl the Arabic onsoniant is most ordinarily c(nfused( in lpronunciation. The Sulu (as well as the A meri(-,l SttlI(ent o(f Sul)rdinarily i r((iunctiesW a P as, a
lInkguage andl clearlyi intimates that lwen the Aralic(l w(odl(ls continlilg tliese consonants have become thoroly Suluized, thley
wi-ll' l)e pronolnce(l witlh simple,,, d,, et:.. \Vlien tlhat tilme
k(Ahing violence to Sutlu ortlhograplhy, an(l the wor(d spelledt ts.sl,p,ei. It is no loniger an A rabic word, it lias slled its foreign clotlhitig and is Sulu. 'Thlis transition to phonetic spelling could not be
TlIe transliterations employed in tlis work h1lave been selected in accordance witlh the al)ove principles whilich are believed
of practical convenience as well. To avoid the possibility of digraphs being resolved by the learner into their ellements and so
are printed underlinled, exceplting clA and,.( 1 i. ( ' (1ll li(ot lie
mistaken, forel( is not used ill transliterating except ill tl)is ligraphl. In like mlanner, fig can not b1e misleadling sinlce the proper soundt of f occurs onlly before a vowel and is entirely 1n 1)lolnounceable l)efore 4. The underlined (ligraplls are d/1, gh, kh, s.h,
and th. Dotted conson)ants usedl are,1, h/, k,.,, an (1z. NTithtler
underlined (ligraplis nor dottedl consonal lits are ilneced for the
~ 10. The Arabic alphabet as treated by Arabic gramlmarians co'nsists of 28 letters, all consonants, since tle vowels are,
being considered by them to embrace tlhe ha za(tch. It is not therefore included here in thle Arabic alphabet altho included as tlie
first letter of tlhe combined Sulu-Arabic alplhalbet. The 28 consonants are here given in their usual order, followed by hac zah(
and the three vowel signs of the Arabic alphabet, the reader being referred to the note at the beginning of Table I for the pronunciation of the names of the letters. As will be seen in Table
which, when final, is followed by a hanzah. Thru motives of convenience, the long-vowel mark and tlhe hIamizal will ordinarily
be omitted:
Arabic Alphabet.
1. \ alif 4. thui. 7 ha
2. ba 5. jim 8. s dal
3. j ta (. ha 9). d dhal
12
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~ 12]
13
1)0.
J) (t
I1. zai
12..in
13. ^ 8sA1
14. ^ s
I.~. sc a
17., t
18. 'ain
19., v.
20..9 f./i,
24. nzim
25. nun
~ 2(). ha
27.
wait
21. j '.f
28. Le yt
22. 1 b.f
23. l3 (l,
1(;..
ta,
~ 11. lThlle st'ictly Suiltl alphallbet, tihat is, tlhe alplhalbet ulsed
b>elow.
their A\lraIi( illle('as, sil(ce tlle Suti1 names vary flrom) these only
L~ 12
referred to when having their A rabic pot ehr Iuat wvlien having
their Sulu power, will be called ga and pa. 'lhe Sulu nalmes will
to the Arabic language. This last rule will apply to the ortllographical signs, when, indeed, the latter hlave Sulu name&.
1. lI.(t,, z, l
2. \ alij
3). -, b
8. h) d(l
S.
( ). sl
10. ^, %ml
15. /I i,,
1(;. //,i,,
17.,'"/"I
I O 111
4., tft
5.,_j ((
(i. C jil-r
7\
11. F f/(1
13. J ',
18. 1,.
I (). I',(.(.
2(). S (a
20..!t/t
7. rch (
14. J /,-(f
Vowels:
>2.
1. _,,,,,a, 2}.
h] (1(tb
do not exist in Arabic but were used ill tlle Alalay languacge
and adopted into Sulu along with the purely Arabic letters.
3 vowels, as follows:
~ 14 I
8. h Ia 19. I ta 30. t ha
~ 14
Sulu, tile vowels are tlhen writtenl ill tlei r llto r liape 1le's airlove or
(* (*
Tlle Ar lliec scripl)t is wriittell from r6lilt to left, ft, tlel c( oisonlalnts
of a word Ieinlg joill'( -or written closely ill thle case of chlaraters wIlichl (h)o iot pl)ei'lit of joining. 1x1.cept tllese six conso)Iailts, \ alif, d (1(l; ( (h1al, J, ' i, amn(l 1(
accordii tg to tleir forms. 'Tlie lon-Alrabic consonalllnts.._ nfla,, chat, and & qga, iare inserted after related forms in the
(see ~ 20). Tle 33rd character, ~ lamalif, is really not a separate consonant but it is lam followed by alif, the two being written'together. It is inserted here merely because it is often regarded by both Arabs and Sulus as a distinct character.
will, for the sake of convenience, be regularly written without macron or hamzah, e.g. ba for ba', sin for sin, etc. For the
17
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TABLE 1.
The CoGtsnamnts, Their Transliterations, NaTnes, and Powler, in lrabic and Slid.
No. Letter Transliteration Arabic name Power in Arabic Sulu name Power in Sulu
chamja,'
5..
th
tba(e'
// ill "11e
i..i
j ill "jest"
j'imn j in "jest"
1.
I...(t '
gutteral /. not in
Erlnglishl
ha'
7h in "hlat"
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Table I, continued
N\ o. ILetter Transliteration Ar-abic lae loer iAlrabic Sulu n e Power inl Slu; ~i~~~:~:T -, _-.
_| -~.77 > 77-. tsh '7. let," 1, *jl, inl ' jest"; 1 ill
No. Letter Transliteration Arabic name Power in Arabic Sulu name Power in Slu
- il "did"; b ill
- 18. dad " - - bed"; buw in "sulbI I | * I..| Englishl ^ blu sfl; way'" 1 in "ladl". broad t, not ill '
Ji^ ** English
J *._ZEnglish s_
II _ I Ifaucal consonant,
No. Letter r'lransliteration Arabic llame 'ower in Arabic Slu nrame l'ower in Sulu
W in "'we"; it in I w in "we"; it in
w; ut; macron diphthong au; pro-1 _ diphthong an; pro31. Halt r rvan. |) of u; nothing 'lons da longs daah; wat longs; prop
y in "yet"; i in y in "yet"; i in
y; i; macron ya' diphthong ai; pro- diphtllong ai; proL. 5 of i; nothing longs kasrah; prop longs hababa'; prop
[~ 17
a necessary prerequisite to understanding the rules for. writing them. It is not indeed hoped that the reader will be able,
and years of practice and training of the ear as well as the organs
of speech, under the guidance of a competent teacher. This ability, tho desirable, is not necessary for the student of Sulu. T'he
nine, he can at least do as well as the native Sulu who has had
are transliterated by, and have the same power as, the English letters b, k, m, and in. But in Arabic, when immediately
23
employ the Arabic script. The reason seems to be that the Latin alphabet employed in the writing of all the northen dialects,
contains no character to express the sound of hamzah. In Tagalo, it is endeavored to supply the want by the use of the grave
accent ( ), but apparently the matter is badly confused. Furthermlore, hamzah is not an accent nor does it indicate the stress
upon the pronunciation of a vowel which is ordinarily referred to when we speak of an accent. This stress may or may not
accompany the hazmah. For example in the word puti', white, the
accent, such as there is, comes on the u, and not.on the i, which
hand, the accent falls on the a, which is followed by the hamzah. It therefore seems highly desirable to use a distinct and
tlie Arabic, and refers to the tension of the vocal chords when
hamzah is pronounced.
'
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24
| ~ 1!3
The medial fornl is also found iin )llinish words, lbeing tlere
and followed by tile click of the vocal chords andl the momentary rush of the breath after and before the pure sound of the
~ 20. Every so-called initial vowel normally uttered is really not initial but begins with the initial hamzah. If considerable effort be made,an initial vowel may be uttered without the
with the vocal chords already separated, the vowel, faint at first,
~ 21. The medial hamzah-ha7nzah between two vowelsalso occurs in English when two vowels, coming in juxtaposition, are separately pronounced. Such for example is the hiatus:.r ' *:',-. '
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I~ 94 -1
25
(lou1t the medial use, of harn~zah is the clearest and most striking.
It is the most frequent in:`Sulu. Ham z-ah also occurs in the middIle of a word b~etween a, vowel and a consonant.
lowvs a vowtbl at the end of a w'ordl. In every case fintal ham~zah 'is
end of ceitain wvords of exclamaltion or command uttered c'olloquicall~y. For examn-ple, the word ''whoa'' (used to stop a horse)
when. utte-edl with a' prolonged o sound ending with ai quic(,k ex-.
p)iraition of air -and a catch of the vocal. chords, illustrates the use
2 23. Finatl. hamwzah is quite frequent in 'Sulu, its careful proliuncilation being essential to the distinguishing of certain 'words
hiam zaVh, di', it means "not''. Na means ''already "; with hamnzah
'na',it indicates the beginning of a sentence. Often, the distinction is madIe miore maclrked by pronouncing the simple vowel long
given.
ing, aind it may be, difficult for the beginner to detect it at first,but a little training of the ear and practice of the voice willsow
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26 ~24]
This uise of the alif is mos,-t frequent with initial lhani)1zah andl vowel, lbut it may, in certain ca,,ses,. be used as a pr()I in the middle
or at the end of a word. XA~hen used after the vo(-wel h~ata,'as (a,
the A ra-bic fthah) the soundl of which it p)roloiigs, it is tranisliterated by placing a macron ()oe h hcwithout this,,
sign for wvriting the harnizah in allI positions,,, wh-lether initial, finl.'I
or medial, and initial alif lost its pr~oper sound arid caetne to se-,rve
wrting was voweled, the initial lhanzah and vowel were written.
should be Written. It i's also used -as a prop for medial and final
27
Of 'fathier'".
No. 4. taO ()
th-at reason the- Aral&i ta, to b~e expla~ined later, is consi(lere(i to 1)e more niearly the equivatlent of the Enlglish t. In
Suhowever, ta is pronounced precisely the same as the EngEixamplIes: Titilc, dot; wiata, eye; ta''ab, high tide.
Thme ulmedlucatedl SuILIs 7when encountering this character in Arab,-ic wvord-s, pro-nouce it as s in ''so''. Educated Sulus, however,
have acqut-ired the A'rab~ic sounds with mnore or less accuracy and
~ 3) 0 ]
Examples: Arabic Ithinaiw, JMonday, and( Thualthah, Ta esdlay, axe usually pronounced and written Isrtip and k8alasa.
No. 6. ia ( h)
press the front part of the tongue against the ha-Crd paclate. In
against the highi niildile part of thie hard palate so that a stio-gestion of a y sound is developed wvith the a. It verv miuch resemrbles
words. Tihle Sulus interchange tlii,- letter wvith wyi whiihehhatter comibiniation they seemi to prefer. is Mialay Cand Sulu,
not Artabic. Thie formi of the letter is, that inivented bv the Persians to express the sound of p).
N o. 7. jIm" (j
0
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~ 34 ] 29
"jest''. Persian and Afghan have even devised a special character, v,to indicate tle sound of the French j. The sound of jim
transliterate it dj. The latter produces such awkward combinations as hadjdjadj and dja'dja' for hajjaj and ja'ja'.
No. 8. ha (h).
~ 33. Power.-Ha is a deep, faucal aspirate having no counterpart in English or Sulu, and s sometimes called a "wheeze".
In its production the pharynx is constricted, and the posterior pillars of the uvula approximated. The ha is the fricative
sound whichl results when air is expelled while the organs are
'ain, and ha may almost be said to be the surd sound corresponding to the sonant 'ain. Ha, together with kha, sad, dad,
since in its pronunciation, the position of the tongue with relation to the soft palate, produces a peculiar resonance chamber
the modification of the vowel sound is, to the majority of Europeans, the most marked characteristic of these consonants and
~ 34. The Sulus give this consonant the same sound as hathe English h in "hat". Indeed, many Sulus ignorantly use ha
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[~ 34
- in writing pure Sulu words in which the sound is, of course, ha.
name; hairan, astonishment; sah, correct; are usually pronounced in Sulu hal, Iluhamnmad, hairan, and sa'.
really that of sh with initial t, just as that of the Sulu jimEnglish j-is French j with initial d. The character cha is not
of Malay origin and are often written basa', kasa', and sukai, in
3'1
lam or ra. In many words, dal when written between two vowels,:
In phrases, even final 'dal before the initial votel of a following word, is often pronounced ra, as magtagad akin, I wait, proilounced magtagarakiu.
form of the word at any time. Thus, dal should also be used as the
final consonant of the stem of bayad, pay, because it is so pronounced when final, altho in the derivative forms in which the
with dal and in the transliteration with d, altho usually pronounced bayaran, bayarun, and bayari. Dal should also be written in baduing, name of the Sulu knife, because it is sometimes so
written form of the word became fixed, tho at present the almost
[ ~ 38
strongly pronouncedi. The Sulu ra is less distinctly alticulatedl.and frequently interchanges with dal (~ 37), or lam.
This sound does not exist in Sulu and zai is pronounced by tlue,
Examples: Arabic ham zah, explained above (~~ 19-24); Zubaidah, a girl's name; usually pronounced amija', and Jabaid.a
This sound does not ordinarily exist in Sulu and the Sulus pro
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~441 ]
33.
nounce it as s in "so". Sometimes, indeed, they use shin interchallgoeably with sin to represent the sound of s in "so". But
correctly pronounced.
Examnples: Aralic Shan(al, tentl lnonth of the Muhamlnadalt year; Sliaiik, a title; are usually pronounced and written
~ 43. Power.-The Arabic sound of sad is that of a surd, lingual, fricative consonant. It is sometimes described as "broad s",
same tinle the tract of the tongue in close proximity to the hard
palate is lengthened fronl front to rear. The utterance is forceful while at its close, tle rear portion of the tongue is approximatedl to the soft palate, and tlie characteristic resonance
1Exa-pnl)le: A riabic waslah, an orthographical sign, is pronloulnced wa.sla bly the Sulus.
~ 44. PIoer.-This consonantal sound is one of the most elusive in Arabic. It is said to be peculiar to that language and the
To pronounce it, the tongue lies close to the gum of the upper
incisors, while the air finds an exit on both sides of the back of
the tongue against the forward molar teeth, between which and
the tongue the friction takes place. The fact that this escape of
the Malays and Sulus to confuse dad and lam. At the conclusion
of pronunciation, the tongue is lowered and thickened producing a characteristic resonance chamber. Difficulty of pronunciation has caused dad to become greatly slighted and corrupted in
some modern Arabic dialects. The Sulus give this letter the
Examples: Arabic dammah, name of the ue vowel, is pronounced damma; dad, name of this letter, is, in repeating the
than does Arabic ta. To pronounce.ta, the tongue is moved farther backward than for ordinary t, the tip is thickened, the point
35
with the hard palate is farther back than in pronouncing zai, and
the back of the tongue is thickened as in the other emphatic consonants (~ 33). The Sulus pronounce za as I in "lad ", or s in "so
Examples: Arabic zuhr, noon; hafiz, guardian; are usually pronounced and written lithul and hafis by the Sulus.
same time that the tongue is crowded back as far as possible and
possible articulation and is sometimes considered to be the sonant equivalent of the surd ha. The back of the tongue and the
fauces partially obstruct the passage of the breath. 'Ain is sometimes coupled with initial hamzah, the two being pronounced together. Indeed, some investigators assert that 'ain is an "exaggerated hamzah". This is not strictly true, however, since tho
'ain and hamzah may sound similarly, they are in reality of distinct origin, the hamzah being produced by the explosive bursts
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36
[~47
ing of the breath thru the closed vocal chords, and the 'ain by
the fauces, and the back part of the tongue. 'Ain is easily pronounced without hamnzah, tho it is pronounced by the Sulus Ias
hamzah only.
Examples: Arabic 'Arab, Arab; Jrnm'ah, F'riday; are pronounced Arab and J.uma'at by the Sulus.
in Arabic words, but by g in Sulu words. When the Arabic alphabet was applied to the writing of Sulu, no letter was found
does not exist in Sulu, and therefore, very naturally, the character ghain was called ga, and adopted to represent the closely
~ 49. Power.-The Arabic consonant, ghain is a sonant, velar, fricative consonant having no counterpart in English or
soft palate and the uvula, the latter being slightly trilled as the
breath is forced out thru the vibrating vocal chords. The result is
Sulus cannot give ghain its proper sqund, and therefore pronounce it as g in "go" in Arabic words, while in Sulu words
Example: Arabic ghulam, boy, used by the Sulus as a proper name and pronounced by them Gulam.
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~- 53 ]
37
prolongation " in which the niastal fig is followed by~'a hard g'
sound.t The g- used b~y some scholars is excellent as being a simple character, tho available in few fonts of type. On the other
like, finatl Ih, is- at' first difficult for English-spe'aking-people. The
for the p sound, and so are not forced to adopt the confusing expedient of employing, for both f and p. It is to be regretted
the Sulus, tho, of course, the initial consonant is the same character in both cases.
~ 54. Transliteration.-Some scholars transliterate this consonarnt by q, a Roman letter not otherwise used in transliterating the Arabic script. This obviates the necessity of forming a
new Roman character, k, but such advantage is more than offset by the difficulty in the use of Arabic or Sulu dictionaries
containing k and k as tho these two characters were one and the
same letter of the alphabet. All else being equal, k is, of course,
39
d sounds of the Sulu-Arabic alphabet, dal, dhal, and dad; k for.,af, kaf and kha; s for sin, shin and sad; h for ha and ha; z
far back and the primary interruption takes place between the
back of the tongue and the soft palate, while for kaf (English k)
the interruption takes place between the tongue and the hard
palate farther forward. The drawing back of the tongug in pronouncing the kaf also effects the resonance chamber of the following vowel. The Sulus cannot pronounce this consonant and
by the Sulus.
~ 56. Before certain consonants, the lain of the Arabic definite article is not pronounced and is not transliterated (see ~
No. 30 ( ha (h).
position it is difficult for an English-speaking person to pronounce. A little conscious effort, however, will enable the student to pronounce h at the end, as well as at the beginning, of
Note: In Arabic, ha final in an outline, when surmount.ed by two dots (~)is used as a gram aical. termuinationi,
use this form inl Suluized, or pure Sulu words, whichl should
use, 6:, only, for the t sound. Such dotted -formi is neer
of hdopted Arabic wvords, and iii, sue-h cases is usually pronounced like *.j and transliterated t. The, Arabic' wordi
to transliterate with h, thus indicating the Arabic pronuncilation (and in strictness, the spelling, also) of the word
when in pause (Wr. Ar. Gram. ii, ~ 226 and Reini a.).- The
its proper sound,, that is8, except when used to form a diphthong
41
niot transliterated. 'The rules for writing the hamzah (~~ 69472)
~59. Powaer. - IVan, al~f, and ya, have two distinct s econdary
prop for the hamizah. Want and yla have, in addition, their proper
soundls which alif has lost (~ 26) and are, furthermore, used to
express the second vowel in the ~'only two pure diphthongs of the,Sulu and Arabllic languag~s, a-i and ai. The proper cons~narital
s.;ourid of nwaa is that of w~ in "we",e and is heard when it is followedl by' a vowel. The diphthong formed by hata'as (fqthah),,AnId following wan, is pronounced as ow in ''how' '. When fol..
an1d y1a, is called a "weak" letter. When used as prop for the
hamj, zahb, wian- has no sound whatever. The power of wan is the
after hata'as (fat hah) as ai; to prolong the -sound of the Vowel
When used to prolong the sound of hababa' (kfsrah), its transliteration appears only as the macron of i. When used as a prop
vowel from that of i in "it" (usually) to that of i in "machine,". This loss of identity when used as a letter of prolongation, causes ya, like alif and wau, to be classed as a "weak''
letter. When used as a prop for the ham zah, it has no soun(
a combination of lam and alif written together, and requires little explanatioh. Alif may in this combination, as elsewhere, be
Writing of Hamzah.
~ 64. rhe learner must know the rules governing the writing of hamnzah before he can understand the writing of the vowels and certain consonants. The writing of the hamzah should,
table, the dash to whicl thle signs are written represents any
select, is explainetl in the rules for writing the hamzah (~~ 69 -72). Alif is used in placeiof the dash in positions which require
the alif. The table shows the Sulu practice. For the purposes
the writing of hamzah.. For writing the latter without prop and
other peculiarities, see the rules for writing the hamzah above
~~ 132-143.
43 -....
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v
44
~ 64 ]
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~ 67]
45
the final stroke. H(,u,,zth never alters its form and is usually
written all:ove lne of the weak consonants, \ ahf, a\,lf ' a,,, or
the same prop, but to the htrzah only, when the latter stan(ls
puti', white.
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46
[ ~ 68
waad LS ya,, and these only, can serve as props for hamiZah. These three consonants are closely related in power an(I
seem to be derived from the related consonants (~~ 79, 82, 85).
written without the two subscript (lots; but in othier cases the two
the function of ya, thio except when final, the, two dots are usually, employed (W\r. Ar, Gram. lp* 4, foot-note'). \alif aid~
witan? do not change form because of being usedl as- props for hauuizah. The principal difficulty in writingc ham ~zah is that of (letermining which of the three props, if any, to use ini any particular
(base. The following rules are (lesigned to make this point. (dealr
Ii1i -Voweled Arabic, hbowever, the hamzab~a is always written l)(%tween the accompanying vowel and the alif.
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~ 69]
47
Examples: Arabic ay \ aswadt, black (nom. case);, \ lukhtua, a sister (noln. case);, \ /in, if.
\ (iba,i, with.
o.-/ o ~. //,
But ill the text of this wo)rk, hItmzJtah will regularly,)e'writtell in such1 o-ptiolnal c(ases.
the 1arm.^bi is written} between thle vowel sign andl the aif.
Note 3. In v\oweledl A:rabic, the initial lhamzah, as stated1, is always lwrittenl except wvhen eli(ablle under certain conlitiolls. To indicate tlhat suclh rl.mztah is subject to elisioil, it
o )>1) ~ /
^ 0.
[ ~69
its prop must conform to the following vowel except when the
latter is hata'a.s. \Wlen the following vowel is haft, 'a, the prop
show all possible arrangelmenlts (if slhort vowels wllicel may 1be
separated by hamlzah:
0 > o / ~
* t e -- 0 o 'z
0- 0 O0
-and the second long, the hamzah is usually written to conform to Rule II except when it is implied in the ntadd/tii
(~ 102).
~0 >A o
When, however, the first vowel is long (including diphlthongs) and the second is short, the ha/sAzAh is usually written without prop to the left of the \ or. of prolongation
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~ (s] 49
bear 'htai ). But 'if such' letter:6f' poloiigati or final ele"...t....,,I <:,.,..,-'
lellt of dipltlhong be S5. the /iaczt'! is usually ill Sulu writtell tlcco(r(li ng to R'lle II.
' l~ '
"o
~' 17, 1 ).
Note 2. As will be o)bserved, tilere seeins to be repugnlance to writing (fiJ' aspr')6p of hav'),i inl the iimiddle of a.
word, alif being so usedon( l ly when the hi i.,4zi(h is b)(th 1re-..: * \ -- * *. *;.,.
t,; h hat-, in, at, on; i and( the particle ^ hi-, prefixel to
tlie spelling is not altered, the alif being left as thle prop of
E -* * *,,.. *.-..
fO O /'
oiS?(.'trcrlaf; Ltj> /, '^ I^^bl, Ahma<. I (propelrl-anle);, t'i.,'ll, to school;, h i'Adan, Adam.
Note 4. ()ther prefixes of tlhe language, however, 'ver-,al, nominal andl adjectival, are n('t 'vrittle as set forthl in
[ ~69
prefixes, is in determining when the hamzah should be preserved and when dropped, il joining the prefix to stems
begin with vowels. The rule is, all prefixes ellding ill
the prefix g hi- used with proper names, whlicl latter also preserves initial hamzah which is written as explained ill
n. 2. -i- is really an infix inserted in a word imnmediately before the first vowel, thus;, butang, place; biyutang, having been placed: j \ iuttd, cnt;:\ ijyntud,
therefore inserted after an initial hlamzah, the latter is always preserved, but iL ya is developed before a following-,:
thle first vowel, anid the~se also, iin hamizah stenms,, appear in
ending( f nya, when coming before initial ha)&z~ah, simply cause the latter to be (lroippedl without change. When
an,adjective and~, as state(I, 1freserves the hainz:,ah; the prefixes 4 warn-, 7 l~la~ pamu-, are applied only to
sterns having initial, ft-, 4Wr b-, which letters are then
igflldtfellsible' to'give translatioiis of the prefixes!, or the comibinations of prefix and steini, since this wouldl involve thie
intricacies of grtinunnr. aind wNould ex ten(1 beyond the pur —.yvie~w of this wvork. Besides the simple Prefixes hiere given,
significance.
jb hi- cuhiud
(veral), t,
0 0
(infix)LI
hb i'naahg, do hinafi
(in~fix)Cirtu
0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~0
[ ~.69
0 >; ~,,O
O '/.,. " \ o
~,.~.,
* '..... -.3..
o <?yt42z* * 4 >
** i. bM
' / -,. o, )
'ituitig,
i tit fi(1
(l('t.s,
il anja',
kaid,
Trtin,
t'a ill,
fitllo d;
1drinik
Jfiish
Ifolowt
drink
spend
swell
L. - '
o n-
'('Ia'but
0 >
m a' it'u ka
a,
o )2 —
o > o
k..'
o
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~ mrnamalanja'
*o/'
r.ntani'ntui..,; fl ma'nlukai
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*
~ (69 ]
Prefix
I.
St (le
C.i: 'oF.
C,,...... ~ kita',
00;7nir- 0 7)
euo; P4
a — /
'.,) )
'-^v
P. I '.o
pinch.e
C, k
finn i\
reachet \
go bak.:,
O0!1o away ^,
f^ f
* }
reach n(
7'n t,.)Ict!t7(t t
nm a nignjj..i..ttwi'
'1 in bit
L^ \~
abn.t,: 'Iabut a (: j
=.. k r. ij'3~.
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56
00,\ gg o away
o ). i,agad, follo
m inlsum, drink
O ~,
balanja', spend
O pe
1J 6takav/, rob
o.
0//
y dayau, good
J>,
o\ jji'~, mock
[ ~ 69
Combined form
0 O /,'L na'ig
L.S X; nag'agal
Jy^ wcnamgintull
S d, nanukai
nanalka.XL; nannagat
/ "I
Lc naniagijj
Av nnafngajjel',,
J.,; nanagadt
LOW* nangijji'
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~69]
Irefix
57
Stem
I'
n!
J.rz
iS kl
0)
r,,.
it ith;pa-;)\ put
o,
/ --
an' \ u gai
O >
a^ \ itUnf
r t n - sb a l a n j
*O
Meaning
pinch
'ubut;atul,
ita',
lgull,
wl,
id,
7,
g,
ia',,
aI
nangubut
sera,
look
emnbr,
cut
follow
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folluo
folloIl
count
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wrap
spend
wrestle
rent
nangita'
ace J; naigulgul
o >
LGj pa'utud
LA Sj pa'agad
09).* )
tA>ij pag'utu.d
* -0.
)c \j pag'agad
* ~^
f 9 pamutuw
l pamalanja'
* - -..... paminti'
- j panukai
t~ om~
Combined form
'
1^
*4.
I
58
0,.
da/?ty
o,.).
O,
3j\ 5 j ",?/,
ad't
O.j
0)
V tag- r\ \ n-,,
~e 69n
Combined form
f,
It,
rob
fe ((
good
Cr/WPll}t;
');ockl,
ji'ich.
scratcmh
look
emlbrace
'm eat
tooth,
Oo Z.c,,,
C4J'
~) f
0 ) -.
o,/
o ~I *
o}
0^ ^
-i - l(c. panagat
4 paigadwu
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pafigijji,
i pafigubut
pafigatu,
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paigita '
pangunlgul
ta'cunud
ta'alun
ta 'ipun
~. cJ13*6
~72 ] 59
Prefix Stelm Mea lilig Combiiledl form; \ ta. C/,,k hild G, \ ta,(/'an(a.k
o po o o/
) o. - o ~,*
o,, ) —.
O /0
St oda,L.-lot
[~ 72
(or tanwin) only, after alif, wan, or ya, used as letters of prolongation, or after wau or ya used as components of diphthongs (~ 132), it is written to the left of such letter of
v ^ -o. ~ ~
0O Of
when the first is short; when the first is long or a diphthong, write the hamzah without prop to the left of the weak
letter of the first vowel, except that when such weak letter
A....
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CHAPTER V
Orthographical Signs.
7 74. There'are three classes of auxiliary signs used in wvriting thec Sulu.-Ara-bic script-diacritical, vowel, and orthiogra~phical. By diacritical signs are llndlertoo(1 tle dlots used, either
sinigly, or in groups o)f two or three (- ),by which v-ariO)us consonanits, otherwise the same, are distiniguished from each
inl Cuxw-trEu vi. The \vo\\ve1 signis; are, the signs three. ini number,
The con-son.ants of a word are writteni first and the vowels adlded
later. Ihi Sulu and Mlalay, the vowel signs are known by the~
the thiird and the last.), and serve to determine more accurately
61
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— < -- 4.
I I...
'iIt,
TA E1I1.
No. Sign teration name Power in Arabic name lname Power in Sulu
a in 'sofa; a in
a in "'sofia"; a in
in French muet
%woo tawnuni Idihadapan 'dapan used in Sulu words,, I jfathah dtuwa baris du wa- bharis same as Arabic; not
No. Sign teration name Power il Alabic name i llname Power ill Sulu
_ vowevowel vowel'
8. varies s,abhta'
9. m,. )nladdah hah 'marks letter of pronothing. na m ime used e u hata'as.longation plus - ha z, tzah I
dicular)..,.___
11. l.. ucaslal, '..t; a; 6 u1; initial a; initial i name used name use used i Sulu words
12. '.varies not in Arabica|igkt angka 1 word, syllable, or....___Ar.a.blc ________________ - I, | syllables.
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64
1 ~1 d, `5
also in Arabic, as they a-re ordinarily written eniding inl ah-refer to the signs' and not to the sounds. Tn these pages, nevertlieless, the English usage is followed, and the terms ''long dalape"',
'sh ort dap~an'', etc., may refer eith er to the sign or to th e soundl.
lhababha' followed by waa and yea, respectively, bearing the peItti ( 'I, re long. Aks letter of prolongation and as conisonanit,
Further, ini Arabic, letters that are assimilatted to a following lett'e,', whicli receives in (consequence the taehdid (~ 99)),
altho they. are retained in writing, (10 not receive thle ~ja:zmeah
(patai) (Wr. Ar. Grain., ~ 90, R1cm. b).). For the usel of the
ar-e considered ini th-e text in greater detail. In Table' IlI, Malay
names are given wvheni such exist, since. Malay terms are frejquently used in Sulu. Vowels in the various non-English terms
-while the dashi to which -most -of the signs are written, represents
s6i~ cQ1-sQi~ant' Fay lJoxng' vMowels iri Sulu, -see Table II.
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~ 78] 6
65
~78. Powvei.-The Arabic name of this vowel, damimah, con1 -stri'tiov, refers to the puckering up of the lips in pronoun-cing 'it.
Thiis is its most universal andl persistent sound inl Sum,7 tlho it
soundl formed by placing th~e lips and teeth ailmost as Inl pro-.
nlouncing '' but'', while, the tongue is thickened ait. the. same
time that the central portion istapprox inmatedl more closely to the
in "thecory'' — i's frequently given, to the second and third v-owels (hainbo 'ok): but *the sound of it in ''full'', for these two
localities bukutn,, not so, has for, its second vowel the
are very few words which r-etain thie 0 sound, or obscure it sound,
Note. A-\s set forth in b.ible III, Arlabic vowel signs. havel
I~y waii, 1f, or gya, thlat tany sigrn of the vowels, aippeared in
67
with hamza,,,h, writtell t)o alif as its prop, but in these cases huamzah is regularly omitted in writing Sulu (~ 69, n. 2).
o, _ > - >
'T.
( ', excep)t Awlcen lengtllelnl d by atlif. I1I tile hlatter case it is translitoratedtl 1,y T (t
(lo(s not lengthen the Nvowel (~ 9.1 andl \Vr. Ar. (Gra1., ~ 8,
Renm. (t).,
case).
~ <81. 1~owIer.-T'h ~e Arabic name of this vowel, fitthdh, (ope)inmt, refers to the open position of the moutl while pronouncing
it. The Malay and Sulu names, however, refer to the position
tbove.
represent the indeterminate vowel of the laniguag(e, which resenibles a in''final'', or u, in ''cut'",' or e in''novel", and] which
~82. Writing.-The form of __hata'as is that of a m1iniature \alif written in a slanting position. It is written above the
position as dapan.
69
In Arabic, short fath-ah (hata'as) after initial hamizah is, togethier withi the ham zah, written to the alif as a. prop, but ini these
notes).
'm1iddle of a word after a consonant bearin-g patai), is not expresse(d as might 1)e'supposed by the addition of alif, but by the use
of the mtaddahk (~ 102),. the hamizah ini such cases niot being
10 1
L) 9
Long hata 'as after aniy consonant except hiam zah is expressed ini the regular way-by adding an alif which, unlike the wvan
an1d. ya of prolongation in Sulu, does not b~ear the p~at ai, being
~ 83]
transliterated by i.
~ 84. Power.-The Arabic name of this vowel, kasrah, fracture, probably refers to the interrupted vocal passage formed in
pronouncing it in distinction from the open, free passage formed in the pronunciation of dammah and fathah. The Malay and
written. Both dibawah and hababa' mean below. Hababa' (casrah) in Arabic originally, and almost always in Sulu, is pronounced as i in "it". Sometimes, however, its sound in Sulu
varies toward e in "net". Rarely, the obscure u sound explained under dapan will be found represented by hababa' (~ 78).
0 -
Examples: rj patik, (slave) I, is sometimes pronouncedpatek (e in "net"), but the former pronunciation is preO _
When lengthened by the addition of ya, hababa' is regularly pronounced as i in "machine". Sometimes, nevertheless,
the variant pronunciations are given to the lengthened vowel, which is then pronounced as a in "fare"; or very rarely,
as long obscure u.
0/
stroke of ya (t,' L). It is written directly below the consonant after which it is pronounced.
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~ 87 1
71
0 0
wvith the hamzah, written to the alif as a prop, but in these cases
o JIL 0- 0 0
final. in a wordL
fianwIf~h, is fromt the root nVnn, the name of the letter n, and
three vowels. Dammvah tanwin adds n to (otherwise) final dami,nah and indicates the nominative case. The first part of the sign,
a doubled damimali. It is therefore written in the same relative position as (Iavonfah and is always final in the word.
(nomi. case).
~ 9. Powver. -Fathalt tamvi;win adds n to (otherwvise) final fa thah and indicates the'accusative case. The first part of the sign,
is doubled, alif is usually added, but this addition does not, however, lengthen the pronunciation of fathah (Wr. Ar. Grain., ~ 8,
Rem. a).
'73)
93. Pouwer. -Kasrah. tanin,-v a;-dds n to (otherwise) final lkasr-ah and indicates the genitive case. The first pairt of the sign,
94. Writing.-The form of __ cwsraht tan win"' is that of a donbled icasrakt. It is wAritten in the same relative position as kasr-ah and is alwN7ays final in the word..Exanipie: Arabic Mna1 (d2aMhammnad, (gei.
N o. 7. pa'tai (nomthing).
0 9. Transliteraition.-P ata~i (ja —na))ah) is not transliterated..1Its uise is (lepetilent upon the peculiarities of the Sulu.-Arabic
script and it has nio corresponding sign in. the Roman script.
96. lPowe~r.-The ordintary Arabic name of this orthographic-al sign, j(cazah~, anputdation, refers to its force in abruptly ''cutting off'' the sound of the consonant. That is, the consonantal
Arabic name, stlcw'U.1, rest andl the Malay and Suln names, mvati,'
and patai, both of the latter nieain dead, have the same reference. In simple. language, pa)(tai marks' the absence of a vowel and
indicates that the consonlant to which it is. written is not followed by a vowel.
~ 97 ]
since been substituted in its numeral use. It is also found written.Patai (jazmah) is written above the consonant in thec
be written to harnzah and e'very other consonantal character forniing the outline of a word, when such consonants are not followed by a vowel.
0 0) o-00
Note 1. There is, in Sulu, one exception to the general rule that patai must be written to every consonant not
a prop for the ha'nzah and the other, to prolong hata 'a.s. Ini
the first use, it always bears the hainzah and p~attni,. or hamizah and vowel. 'When hamlzlah written to alif is followed byN
When, however, the hamz~lah written to uhif is followed by, patai, th6 hamtzah can never be omitted in the writing. Usually,
the rule for the use of patai (jaz'ra-ah). Thie'exception mentioned above as applicable only to ahf of prolongation in Sulu, is in Arabic usually extended to wtan and ya. AllI three
wveak consonants, therefore, when usedl as letters of prolongation in Arabic, generally bear no jaznnah and are without orlth~graphical sign, tho some scribes write jazimah in suchi cases
75
janhapplies only to the Arabic. Letters that are assimilIAted in pronunciation to a following letter, which letter receives in consequence the tashd id, or mark of doubling (~ 99),,ire retained in writing but are not marked with jazrnah (Wr.
then the laina of the article is not pronounced, but the followving letter-that is, the initial of the following word-is doulbled in pronunciation and marked with the tashdid (~ 99).
Lain. not pronounced: Arabic ashe,ha,(insa, the san (nom. case); \a-sarati, the chapter, (nom1. caelf).
~ 98. ranslitteration.-Sabtic' (tashdid or- shiddah) is transliteratel l)y (loulfitifg the consonant over wvhich it is written.
[ ~99
tashdid and shiddah, both come from the same root and mean
the African name for the sign, tho tashdid is more generally
seems to come from the Arabic sabtt(, rest or Sabbath (our Saturday), and to refer to the pause necessary for the doubled pronunciation of the consonant bearing it; or it may be a corruption of shaddu (another form of shiddah) sometimes used iln Malay.
must be both preceded and followed by a vowel sound. I n English, altho a consonant be written doubled, the combination is
by pausing momentarily when the first consonant has been uttered up to the point of greatest obstruction of the vocal passage, and then uttering the consonant again exactly as tho it
were initial. Such words as " unnoticed" and "accord ( are examples in English of double consonants pronolunced with some
77
(cha, both representing compouiid sounds, the initial d or t- respectively, are the only sounds doubled, the final element being
pronounced but once (~~ 32 and 36). The same is true of iia
(~ 31) tho the latter occurs rarely with sctbht'. Medial hamizahhavnzah betwveen two vowels-is always doubled in pronunciation. That is,7 it is a combination of final and initial hamizah,
wriitten the same as initial or final hamnzah, each of which is simlple (~ 19). Abif bearing the mnaddah is equivalent to atif used as a
prIop for initial ha mtzah and hata'as, plus alif of prolongation, but
Note 1. Watt may bear the sabtu' and then the latter
preceding the 'want bearing the sabta' be dapan, then the first
After lhata' as, the first wtan is a -vowel, being the final componentof the diphthong an, while the second is the consonant w,.
Example: Shanwual, tenth month of the Muhamimnadan year (Suluized form, without case ending)..
[ ~99
~. /
in the second.
Examples: \,. patta', picture; btlaai, tard1/l; 'A, hjjaflng, mai id (; ]t kapl)p], s1slip;.,,.,ai'na(., (,on)r t;._.
^,
All the above wvords are froml the (mo(den) Mala.yin which
it is sometimes in Sulu.
case), and.k id(daltih. ( j, sh; idlaf tn, nom. case ) bIotl froln at root
79(
ta.shltl is writtel above, and the lhabaha' or kasrah tanzuin below, tlhe consonant, as follows:
- <
as usual and, with the mcaddah, Ibecomes 'a. Whien used with a
l()rolo)gatioll aire without orthograplical sign (~ 141 ), tlie mad(l(th placed above tliemt shlows that nothing has been omiitted.
Tlie plinlcipl-l use of m,1,addah encountered by students of Sutl is to in(licate htantzah followed by tle long sound of hIata('s.
111 othler words, wi\ere two alifs, t l e first used as prop for the
would come in ju xtaposition, one alif hearing thle mtaddah is substituted therefor.
[ ~ 102
Note 1. In Arabic, an alif with hamnzah at the beginning of a syllable followed by flathah and another alif with
* ~~hamza'h bearing jazmnah, is also expressed by alii' with miaddah (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 23).
written without prop (Wr. Ar. G4ram., ~ 22 and ~23, Rein. c).
Note 3. Iladd(ah. is also used in Arabic over abbreviations -to mark them as suchi, and in some othier cases.
* ~~Example: Arabic - h/i for 'O\ rahirnlmh1 -la/iu, May God have mnercy onhin
hamnzah, there are very few. cases in which the use of niaddalh
is really obligatory,
81
It is equivalent to fat hah followed by alif written in the con-onantal outline and is transliterated by long fa-thali (a). Its use
aIrose from the fact that in the careless Arabic writing of ancient
Thle consonantal outline thfis became fixed and later, when greater1 precision in writing became desirable, the fatthah was changed
i~nto a. small perpendicular abif, thus representing tlbe sound ac,(etirately without changing the outline. Perpendicular fataha is
~105. Wfriti'ng. -The f ormn of lperpendlictilar frtthah ismierely that of \abif written above the consonantal outline,
usuially in miniature. As has been observed above (~ 82), hatCaa.i is in form an abbreviated alif. In this specialized use,
howe'ver., alif still retains quite its original form and is written
cept with the Arabic definite article in a few proper names and
merely denotes the elision of an initial vowel sound. When occurring within a sentence after a word ending in a vowel, waslah
between the final vowel of the first word, and the first consoiant of the second. Many scholars transliterate this variety of
O.
the, the lam of this proclitic article, being joined to the following
(~ 97, n. 3), and the consonant following the laim is the first one
name).
83
Arabic words, phrases and sentences-often unvoweled-occurring in Sulu, should study the following notes.
Note 1. In order correctly to connect in pronunciation the waslah of the Arabic definite article, it is not necessary, in the case of voweled Arabic, for the reader to know
what letters are "solar" anid what "lunar", since the lam of
the definite article always bears the jaznmah (patai) if pronounced, while if the lam be eliminated in pronunciation,
it bears no sign whatsoever and the following consonant receives the tashdid (~ 97, n. 3). The tashdid should appear
even in unvoweled writing. If the word to which the Arabic definite article is joined begins with hamzah (initial vowel in Roman script) the lam of the article joins with the initial hamzated alif, or alif with maddah, and becomes lamalif.
o 0,r *> 7,a, j \ t\^$,, Salihu d-din, Salihuddin Arabic male name;
0 AO>Q 0 0 7
O o. )o. /
all other cases, the vowel sound heard is that of the preceding
[- '- 1.06
)0
Note 3. When occurring in a seniitencte after a word enid-,ing inx a consonant bearinqgjazrnah (pa tai), the consonant eitlher takes its original vowel if it had one; or it assumes the
original vowel the elision of which is indicated by the wiaslah; or it adopts lcasirah, the lightest of the vowels. Whe;I
difficulty in pronouncing it, as the proper vowel. wiii be written to the consonant in question-whichi, but for the circumis-.tance of being followed by ica.slah would (except in the caset
0 o —
of the 3d pers. plu. mase. jb huma; after the prominal SuLffixes of the same pronouns -4&.. -ham and -hinn), respectively; and after the verbal termination the 2nd pers.
85
nllded in dammlrl, (ldapnt,) and revive this vowel before,wa.sI!,h (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 20, d).
Note 5. Before naa.slah, fitltah ( rota '.() is iassulmed aftelr the preposition * i, Ji'o'ni, whenl the waslabh is that
of the detilnite article but if tie w(, aslth bie that of any other
~ 20. d).
o o
~ 10(7. rTitin,. —The form of. _,,_ tas// is thlat of a miniattuire h~,,, tlhe latter lieingg tlhe initial letter of.si'a/( i.ilatl ^s, noml. case), another nanme of tlhis orthographical sign.
position as hiau,zu(.a
[ ~ 1.08,
repeated and original word, or part of word, a-re in the transliteration ordinarily separated by a hyphen. HoweverN, elill writing
omitted.
0~
figure (nume-rical symbol,), is fromii thre Malay and is. not used as
the general practice only is set forth hiere. By ''stemi" inl these
pages is meant the word ini its s'imple, formi, not nec+essarily [A
any of the regular modifications to which Sulu words are sub-Ject. The any/ca is usedl to indicate repetitious of the stemi or
syllable, ordinarily called "reduplications. " The latter modifica'.tion takes place in Sulu in the inflection of verbs and in the
wvritten out.
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~ III ]
87
'0 O 0 -
If the stem be of three syllables, the last two syllables alone may
r'actice alone will enable the student to pronounce anggkac colrirectly when used with a three-syllable stem.. >. O >
Exanmples: (Oe syllable, '.. tub-tab, up to; ' bdli,/, o(r,llb / l,, Jft, feather.
'I f 12
is ordinarily repeated; but whlen phonetic cllan-ges Nhave occ(1urred due to the prefixing of tlle particle, tle (il!/klli slhold nlot
he utsed.
/ // o /, >
o /)o /
113. RULE IV. Aiqk'ta umay also b,( ulsed in the nmiddle ()
a word before a suffixed particle, and thle repetition ()f tie ste(l
*~, o 0 ~.o /
suffix begins with a consonant, the repetition of tlie final conlsonant of the stem is no longer necessary.
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~11:3 1 89
Eca~llpl~s' ~...
Snftix lbegilns witl (nllslllant, Atr XAe mtUdatl1,d(il)hal, Ity n/ it be.s/! Thrle ha probalbly belongs to the sten),
Writing of Consonants.
quill pen. The users of the Arlabic script are proud of its gra(ceful outlines and iln most MhlllLanllladan cotllltries, great atten -
tiot' is dlevote(l to penllanshlli). No great (lifferel('ce 1ias (develope(! between script an11d prilt. 'Tle printedl lcharater( is c(lo)sely
these should be thoroly mnmeorized by tlhe student. A little coiparison will reduce many apparently diversely slhaped chl ralcters
The modern or(der of the letters of the alphabet is, in great nmeasure, dependent upon the shape of tlhese letters, which, classified according to form, naturally fall into groups. Tlie mlemlbers of
above or below, known as diacritical signs (~ 74). The nullber of groups is seventeen, as shown and illustrated in Table V.
i.,.
Is,t
~~:.- I -
90
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TA L I V.
F~)o.s of ('fwooutn)ts wtith Stl (or Arabwici 11o l.s llu'stitq Their ' e.
Note:..A blank in alny of the.columns leadeld ''form'', slows that a specialized form is lacking,
one of the forins given in the preceding colulnn Ibeing utilized. The exanple in such cases shows
the latter form. For the writing of hanmzah, see Table II. Arabic nouns are without case endings.
1~
r.s;.I
T,; > FoL 1 iFo- Fo, - Fo- T-~.-: - Fo-.- Example F| Example Example Examllple
I1; | e } | -;;^.- - --
lc,,,s * *s. t 1
9.1
* 0,}.I
N0
*e 0.
hadith, j
0,6"%
thacbit
\oL
&
14
barith
0 -1
6t..y
-1
L_
5.!
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-.. tb
f[' contilued
'
))'U flU.
Iata'
1:
(d'nfl,.
pJ
Po
Po
0 v
ta.htri!
U -*,;
jm
sah
gl
4.~
kachlam' '.
i0
latding a. _
m.
0/
_ 0
00
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itl-pR A\
0~
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ta'frM J O z JL
o J
o/)
<,i. i
d),
0 > 1
da~/h~/ L A
-7
) ika, h.
0 o 7o 7....
da t
d0 )
_ dhifI/ II
-^
6.
8.
9.
1 ).
11.
12.
o()
dhikir
T able IV continutcd l____
Unlco!lnected No."
I.- ~ 'I I - I o -. / j o o
-— ^ o -: o e ~ >~||~-"- *_
kadt A^j -I ~ar j dawmah Aa 'iad 18 -I dsL ||lakct. ka talk,^ ||shamnrt L z 19.
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Table I V. continue'd
-Ka'bah '-
bhgas
a o' -/P
haingpu ' -
t4t) It'
iki.g
o //
o -I
O/
gam 1 ut
'Aral)~c ~
*,
bafig
iZgantil
sug
oe --
sitg ak\
o~
_ _ _ _.
~~'~f o I j l
I8toC o'( i
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
2(;.
hipu'
'tak.al
*, -.Ji~
* t
L.
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s(tpa,
0 0`1,altlik I
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a lf'I
pla
*CI
I.
a )ji
~<
b.ctun
c_
Table I1', co.',,(l,1lelf
Example
&*0 0
o -
EbSlaiig
0.
3~~~GCCI) I:~~~~
Fo1''11
VC 1 ] FoExaiii ple
I'll)
Example
Fofill
Ex.ample
Fo-)
i'tll
ypuil
li~,1.
4-
/0
* -
L.1
liifl
lihi
lnfbf, i
nap.t) I j
11_( _ __1_)_. _
hubn'cr,.~.. I
18.<(*{(
_ -~~~.,; ia - 29.
_' _.~,~
y,J,
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4.
19
0 -
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o/
j,'ai S " \
/,
Csaan
W.IC
yadi
4.
)L
'
30.
31.
32.
33.
islanm f^^\
il(~ ~ ~
h tl.t'
pA I
latny
01
96 [~115
~ 115. For tie purposes of this dliscussion, consonants collnected with the following consonanllt only, will be referred to as
consonants, as "medial "; those colllectedl with prece(lilng consonant oily, as-,'final '; while tloes( conl)nectecd with llneitlher
are therefore fifteen basic forms, 4 of.whicl, CM I - \, con-: nect with preceding hut. not witl followingll collsonanlts, and 11
following consonlants.
TA i 1 E V.
*1. \
2.-,_> ^, is Sulu.
3. _ _..- - _
(hWou 1.
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* ~ 1I1. \ has one peculiarity in writing, namely that of combination with a preceding 3 to form X or ' (~ 63).
98 [~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~117
Gr0 u 2.
medial forms, but the dots ar-e soraetimes writtefi"'-a little after(to the left of) the point. The two dots sometimes combine into a short stroke, andl the thr-ee (lots, whien Wi'itteii,hastily become a short strok~e hiaving'a, (lot, above or 1)dleatlilk as thle case,
may be, aIs ' I.. ins also tirue oftl.(oso an1d~
writing, anid confusion \Nith i that is bo)und to result. TheSIn practice of writing the- dotts below i n all cases, is preferable.
Giroup 3.
*~18. In this group, the medial formi d(oes not begin and
end onl the same horizontal. line (see also these conlsontants inl
It will be seen that each letter of the' font begins and ends
99
necessitates a special set of types upon which all forms of consonants whlich mlay precede, in a. single outline, medial forms of
tlie type blases. The form s effected 1are 50 in number, being tlle
except \... 9 and,tlthus necessitating the manufacture and use of at least 50 type forms which would be superfluous were it not for tile peculiarity of three letters of this one
outl;ne, tlie first mnust 1be raised still higher on its base. Some
*., '. c,
c huchlc, /...
chuchuk, key.
(Group.s 4, and 5.
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10( N~ 1119
andand usually ma-kes- the ulpward stroke and then lifts fromt
the paper and- makes- the final stroke independ(ently. I n makning finial and,howvever, the point of the consonant is
retr-aced, almost the entire letter being made, with a, single curving downwvard stroke. Soinetinies, the point is omitted altogether. The re(le'r of Sulu mianuscripts will frequently f1i(1
For examples of connected wvith following letter, see Speciruiens of S"ulu Writing,-in Appendix I1.
Gro~up 6.
Groups 7 and 8.
or unconnected, start 'is made from the left and the loop 'is made
toward the right and upwards. The dot or- upright stroke is thent
added and lastly, the long horizontal finial stroke in the case, of
101
not. In the case of the latter, the portion to the left of the upright merely serves to connect wvith the following letter.
(Thouj '9.
(Iifficultv, hut. care mutst be t.aken to imake the 1001) of the mle(lizal forms angular-, so as to distinguish themn from the miedial
G;ro II) 1 0.
by the (leplit of the final stroke, ais w\-ell as by the diacritical.signs,. I ndt~ed, in Afr-ica,-i when these consonants are used in the
final formi, they usually bear no (liaicritical signs and are distinuguislied solely by their final stroke (W'. A~r, ('rami., I
Rein. b)), and by the facet that the long axis of the ioop of fin~al
be-iii the (brection of wvriting. But the (lots are never omlitted
inl Sulu.
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102
t~ 124
~ 124. The essential plarts of "K" il l all liphal-bets derived( from the Phoelic iail a e, a vertical stroke anld a secondary
stroke Ieeting the first olliquely. Ill tie olrdillary filial andl
unconnected forms off ', as nse(d ill Stllu, tie loblique stroke
is lost and tlese formls Iare liable to c(ioifsilln withll the correspolidill(g forils of T. o (aoid stli (Oliflioll thle ftill a1
Sulu. In Mala.y Ilowever, tlie oblique st.rlok( is frelqueltly retailled in both final an(d ullconltnec'tel formis, tlie lilnliture letter
being not tlhen IecessIry ill 1any (cas1, tlIo still solletilmes used.
Examples: eMalay^ j^ l), " /(i4ij' bb(5', ch(r-,rtcte. The Malay practice is sollletiltes followed in Sulu.
(;ro'tfp 12.
~ 125. seems to require little comilment. The lower portion of tle ui'conlnected folrm is deel)e, rl l1d larrowcer than the
(G)uJ)1 13.
sollltimlles tle loop is; 1iot closed, andrl thle mlelial formn is ilierely
\\ritt.t,, or
but care lmust be taken to lmake tlie final an1d deta(che(l forms
(rou 1d5.
7 Ar,
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104
[~ 128
Group 16..
in the case of tlhe mnedial forms of group 10 letters and tle filal
Group i7.
prop for the 7hanmzah (~ 8). In other positions, tihe dots al'l
always used. In Arabic, lowev\er, the dots nay also 1be omitted
~ 131. For certain purposes of Arabic graimmar, tile consonants of the Arabic alphabet are divided into two classes denominated solar letters and luncar letters as follows:
Lunar: ^ _ r i39 tr T - \
105
hlappens to begin withl one of thenm. The secolid group is called.) —f
case), legitn, with one of this group (Wri. Ar. (Gram., ~ 14 (a)
* *,..'
. * '~ Y
~1
1.
L 1 r ~,
r -::
i' '
Diphthongs.
~132. As a matter of fact, the pure diphithong. I-s we understand the term in English-two, vowvel sonn1(ls Pronounced as aI
short.) and the sec d element, one of the wveakf (~ F9) letters
placed in juxtaposition and joined in pronuinciation, exceptingwhen arranged as in the two diphtliongs mentione(I ogeiera~te(
wveak consonant.
306
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~ 1341
107
Combi
1. j)af
1. dawan
2. d(t)atn
). hat6 a 'ts
4. hata ').s
5. hbabal '
(;. hababa'
il ation
- hat
hal
(t'('S,,1,b.t'
Example
O, >
11
o 0/
~ 13)4. It will be observed that the peculiarities of the SuluArabic script are such that two vowels can not be written
will also be observed that in pronouncing the combination na;and (i, the vocal organs in gliding frolm one to the other, take
that this consonant is in fact pronounced, being likewise written in the Sulu-Arabic script, tho not in the Roman. These
hluww't, 1(0o(1, sonielti-nies plroniiOn ced ailmos.-t krahoi. But thispronunciation of kcahnwvi is ais rare a-,s thie o sound of dpapu
these vowel sounds, is such that in the glide fromi one to the
other, neither wv nor yj is produced. But as the Sulu-Anrabicscript does 'not permit of two v-owels lbeing' written togethier
without intervening consonant, recourse is had to ait weak coiixonant for exp~ressing the final1 vowvel of the diphithongr, and ant is
0 -~~~~~~~~~~
~137. To, render-more convincing the statements made uni(ter this 'heading, the student ineed only to make the following,
(experiments. Let him pronounce the comnbin ation'a and vni,:slowl-y aP distinctly, but witihout a break in the utterance,
tiyig to:pronounce -pure vowel sounds. Then -let him. pronouimbe, also'6 slowly -and dis'tinctly, the combinations at na aIn
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~ 139 ]
109
an1d uti have exactly the same, sounds as uwa and 'uwi. It is
each pair of vowels. Let hiin perform the same experiment with
Ma an1d i~a aid hie Nvill find it impossible to pronounce these combinlations without generating a y/ between ea~ch, pair of vowels.
~ 138. But if the same experinment be. tried with the coni1)inations ai and a'r, (and owvi), it will be found that deliberate
the two( vowels-awyi, a//t!aw, aytt (owyi, oyi)-he has utt ered
~ 1 39. Owing to the fflct that two \vowels can not be written
in immtediate sequence ini the Suilu-Arcabicl script and the coilsequ~ent necessity of employing wveak letters in these diphthongs,
an1d- owing also to the fact that the and L5of the diphthongs,
(consonlalts, some auth-orities havNe (ldeemed it n "dvisable, espe('ially as regards Amabic, to transliterate as aw, and
~ 139
vowel cllamcter of w'a' ald ya in these combinations. Theinvariable translitelrtion of and l. b/y w, anlld y Inay, ildeed,
in large part 1by tle insertioll, omission, shortening, lellgthening, or other modification, of the vowels. Note tle followinlg Aralbic verbal inflectionl.s (Wr. Ar. '(ralnm., 'lables xiv an(l xvi):
Perf., act., -
Perf., act.,
Perf., act.,
Perf., act.,
Root, th - w - r, bull (illustrates mutations of a, - i )..., 0.Sing., nom. case. thauran (thawr,?n), b1a1.
ill.
n1o va(-lid reason for violating English phonetics can be alIleged Consistency would seem rather to demand that an d L
ibear the jaz-~,nial-except, of' course, when such letters bear the
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112 [141
sabht' (~ 99 ns. I and 2), tho when used as letters of prolongati()n they bear no sign un~less it -be the maaddath (~ 102, n. 2 ).
When used as props for the hainzah, these two letters natur-ally~
bear the ham zn/h, and when used,as true consonants, they are
are therefore usedl in Arabic exbsvijin the two ptore diphthonqs uand-er discassi~on, i udicati ig b)y this distinctive treatment
recognized. It has therefore been considered advisable to ladhere to the practice of what seem to be the best authorities oni
practice of Englishi phonologists, and write, ai and aa in tr-ansliterating ti)e di phthongs in these pages.
~142. As wve have seen, then, if either of the pure diphthongs, ati or nat, when fainl, becomes placed lbefore any Aovowel
withiout intervening h(,6wm/z(h the final or Ls of these cornbinations regains its consonantal power. A~i + a = a'?u
rule for the use of hamzah before Sulu inflectional endings (suffixes) - which begin with vowels, such as -a, -i, -an, -inn, 'etc.
and suffix, sometimes niot. The ruile should probably be -to con
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~ 143 ]
113
vowAel. 'This hblowz(tb, like ha in analogous cases (~ 57), may oftell be ian original finall hamzah of tle stem, which Ihawzah, has
been lost except ill tliis medial position favorable for its pronunciation. In other cases, the insertion of the haizah may be a
o.-, - ~,.,
O -/ 0 0/
~ 143. As already indicated, the sounds nae, wi, it, and ia,
J^^~,-.r r
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114 [~ 14
will be adhered to in this work as bIeing more helpful to tlhe student. But inasmuch as the writilln of the / and ( // ill sul(l collibinations does not in tle least affect the prl)onunciiation, lS good
consonants ill a populiar systenl of writing Suu1 in Rolman letters-no more, indeed, than would be served by writing initial
h(tm'.Z(1lI in the Roman transliteration. It is therefore reco(nmendled that for popular utse, andl estpecially in all names, personal and geographical, the ablsove com(bi-lnations 1e transliterated
~ 144. The Arabic numnerical symlbols were adopted from In(lia. Since we obtained tlem via the Arabs, however, we call
'Indian"". But the Europeans considerably modified the symb)ols ob)tained from the Arabs, as will be apparent from a comparison of the Arabic and European forms:
Europealn: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (
and the numerical values correspond to that order. The copsoilants with numerical values indicated are here given in that
ancient order, known as the abjad, from the first four consonants (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 32):
1lS
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11 6
[ ~ 145
1.
-- I
10. 5
- 10
1 9. J
-- 10
2..2
11. s - 20
2().
-- 200.
_ t)
12J
- 30
21. 4300
2 L-r - 3(
4.
- 4- 1,.
>
5. -, 14.
- 50
23.
- 500
6- < 15.
-- 6() 24..
LX Z
- 600
7.
j I v 4 _ (,
( 17. - 80 26.
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- 700(
-- 800
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-- 9 18.
- 90 27.
_- 900
28. c
— 1000
the lesser-on the left. Such groups are usually distinguisled from the surrounding words by a stroke placed over thenm.
117
Ilave else wlerle etlltirely (lisa lppeared from0 the language. Except
the coputlative "'1)el: also i,/a, ni, wlich iin many o)tler Philip)pine languages iinite a(ljective with substantive. We are now
o >2
'u, tti, 6.
-s
g...,a l i,
J a,((/ 1.
tsB.'1"'9iW'( i
c i'
7a
8. Ix i hair-,
1.
0. -,
0. t tag-,
1.
Te n.
O 0,
09 A
I; *1
8 11 '>
L..,
ka(q)ftt(,),.40.
kti'mt(tl, 50.
* /- - -. -<^
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]a,(ta' e, 60.
kI(,,,atltCwan, 80.
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kasiyamr(a'; 90.
1i ls ' [~ 14i
Examples showing the use of numerical words with the ordlinaIry substantives: _ ta'lt, person; higi, seed'; I /"tr,,/".I
O/ /j
t t? > ^A
>,. O / O /t* O k9 I
~I o, c } o o
o.,/ /0 e 0'
o,., )O- \-
C 30 00
~ /o.- o -"o )
c /(, o.,
o /o o/ ). /
O / 0, 0 /o0, >c //
O /o / /O/ o /. / CO /
oo/o/- >o o ~ / j
shortened as in the casee of teu, 1,a t' i, three t. t(gka-, and /tal, are often writtel as separate word(s.
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~ 148 121
rhetorical punctuation, such as capital letter, period, comma, interrogation point, dash, etc. Many reliable Arabic grammars
is practically the only mark of punctuation appearing in lithograpled editions of the sacred book. Mddern Arabic printing
vogue in European languages. The period, parenthesis, bracket, brace, and asterisk, as well as (listintive type, are now commonly used by the periodical press employing the Arabic script.
The same marks have been utilized in the ittle Sulu which has
'* l:; d, ~' pf fagslis(('g (dua iban tunga'. at half past two
o clock.
14 8 8. ~3 l
the beginning and ending of sentences, or of entire conmmuniC~ations. A letter usually begins b)ttalta "Al word of MalayN
meaning end, takes the place of ~ ~57, n.) The full expression wvhen used, is for t mavivia 1 -kal'rrn, or for W;\lfor
\a a', Which indic,9es the eg'iiining of a Pew.sentence 6r subject., It is equivalent, therefore, to a paragraph sign, or full
stop axkd initial capitial letter. Na,(' is a much used word. Wlheii
two Sulus meet they say nta', wvell? Sometimes it mieans yes, or
of punctuation, it is untranslatable maai di dada'n i (fter that; or simply J A. mahuli, after,) next;
fasal (or p~asal, in its Sulu formi), an Arabic word meaning sectio~t oi. div-ision,) is often written. at the beginning of a.
paragra-ph o-.r chapterl. Arabic bab), gate, sometimes serve sthe, sam-ie purpose, es pecially in religious w-ritings. 'aiiiat (~ 117, n.) tanother Arabic wordl meaning sign, is frequently Written lbefore thre, superscription on a letter or envelope,
1 149. T~here are iii Sulm certain words (niot suffixes) which
1enlitics in (Areek- gramimar. In case tbl.e outlinie of such -preceding Nvord ends in \t~o l, de enclitic is, of course,
written (d-ose just as tho it were part of the word. When by the
-sa, which gives adverbial force; __-ba, whiceh gives enmphasig, a~nd'sometimies indicates wonder; and the possessive (instrumental) forms of the personal pronouns (Table VI). The
above-mentioned words are invariably enclitics anid should always be attach ed to th e outlines of the preceding words. \
~-bah (57).
'There is another class of wvords which miay or may not be joined to the preceding wor~d, according, appaently, to the whiim. of
are da, sometimes an emphatic and sometimes,an untranslatable expletive; ~ na, alreadg,, or an expletive; J pa,, yet;
125. ->. - f -
- '". *fi...,...
O2 ~ c. e o) /. c O.
t/,i r is still (some); or LL 2 pir-.si,,i 7T'.h, jr', or pinsil '1 i T'ablvjr, TabNjir's pencil.
\,> ) ), which do not connect with the following letter, the latter is written so close as to obviate all danger of mistaking the intervening space for a w6id' spac&. -But
are freely made. The last consopnant in the preceding,yllable or on the upper line, then las the final (or isolated)
'.-; i. i.t.
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126 [~149
Examples: ~~
0 0~ 7
In the above, the divisions in the Sulu-Arabic script-indicated in the transliteration by a hyvphen-of the words
th6 same, Table VIJ is inserted on pages 128 and 129. Thle
joined to the Qutline of the preceding word. These formes exprs possession, or when used wvith passive verbs, the derived
e.The forms in Parentheses in the column headed "With. preposition 1cars,* a~re never used but are inserted merely as probable
127
lope(d at the end of some of the enclitic and lkan forms, is ratler puzzling. It probably developed first in the kan foqim,
ias the result of an effort to bring out tlle long vowel clearly
2,i -.
your (plu.) knife; banmr,'aanyu or bauaa-.tanqi.l, for,banIrtwurataimo, ov r headvmen (~ 31). (onsequelltly, the following forms are ordinarily found in Sulu writilg:
(rdinary form.
~ n.^ -...
O...f \'knat
6 > -
A IS -2 t
^ -3Ctt-'nfat
for
for
for
for
for
'lhonetic form.
I e - t'i
i kita
-nata' t
)^
ma for
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TABLE VI.
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I- -ta(h itL,
- Ttabz re I
-, ~we I~ <
(including everyone)
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Jlcitadfhe J
&.1 ^katn'ta-fi
k~e Lt.(G; '- -2 '.1
I
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'1
~U
k"antt'II
nt
130
-tarni~ it for
k.ati'niy'u for
k(Ithtaniy It for
sila ~ for
[151
tanf.u
4; k(tfflt
lcnila
-vowels in question are certainly pv-onountmled short; also, ___.accuraitely represen ts1 the spoken SOUn~l so frequently writteii
from nimany foreign languages including Arabic, Persian, Hin(lustalli, Dutcll, English, Portuguese, Spanishl, Malay, Bisayan,
and Tagalo. By far the greater part of the non-Pbilippine.vords in Sulu are from the Malay-by this being meant modernl
Malay, not those ancient roots common lto all Malayan languages.
(loubt thle base upon which a large Malay vocabulary was grafted.
to tlhat of Cebu. It furnished the inflections, pronouns, numerical words, Words indicating the parts of the body, indigenous
trees, animals, fislles and seafaring ternls. Tllhe (modi4) Malay element, which came in with Islam, has furnished the terms
governmental, and many abstract terms, socialf titles, complimllents, terms relating to writing and agriculture, and in general
those new words required by a people developing along commnercial and agricultural lines. Most of the words from non-Philippinle'fanguages, have come thru the.,Malay. ".
131
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132
6). [ ~ 150
vowel signs are almost never written, the weak. consonants beiin&quite freely used lo indicate the short v-owel sounds, especially
when the latter are accented. Mlany Malay wvords, now a,-II
Other anomalies of MN-alay spelling Wvhich, unfortunately, Sometimes appear in Sulu a-re: the writing of final shiort v or i Its
in Sulu —ordinarily only in case of contractions and in adopted, foreign words. Such are: tag, call, for s. tawavi;
a 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
o, o -< e
~~~~~o -~~~~~.^~ ~ ^1
Sulu either directly or thru the Malay, have been recast into
o eo
(ran; Spanish medias, stockings, becomes.S mijas; Sanskrit shighrta, speedily, becomes g sigla'. But in the case
spelling is not infrequient even tho this spelling is, to the Sulus,
n o. -uA
ma'Wn, anotller prope'r 1natme, is pronounced 1.T\;sm, a,;.shara', law., is pronounced \ sara'; etc. But when
written Iby the less educated, these words are frequently spel-.
words adopted into Snlu, tho in the case of an entire phrase, the
~ 155. -.Suli is, indeed, much closer to Aral)ic, orthograplically, than is Malhay. Tlhis is due to two reassonls. First, the
tihere hlas been less time for internal development and evolution.
In the second place, writing lias not been, in the past, a popull:a
read the Koran. Tlhey therefore had constanltly before tlhemr the
correct Arabic forms of the words in question and quite naturally used tlhee forms in writing.
custom and the spelling of the Koran. Simplification of the Arabic spelling must be the result, nevertheless, if the present trend
T1he correct principles to be followed in writing the SullArabic script have been set forth in the preceding pages, in so
see just wlhat is meant b)y "chaotic' 'in this connection, three
and the same nunibers repeated in the proper place in the print.
(td Sulu-Arabic script, and in the transliterations. The transliterated Sulu is in accord with the spelling recommended for
popular use (~ 193). Words which are superfluous in the translation are placed in parentheses ( ), while words inserted to
translations give a nore accurate idlea of the genius of the language, than would a more literary trendering.
35
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136
Etching of Original.
//' * -- -I' ~
e1 4 /
lines 5 and 7;in line 5, di' and d are confused, the one to the
lines 5 and 7; in line 5, di' and di are confused, the one to the
ya, hata'as, and alif; etc. It will help the student to bear in
and spelling. The Koran might serve this purpose, but its translation into the vernacular is forbidden as impious. Without a
flis '
idallV
I1k s
^ -
italbapgaAl
iln1) 'itul'
- O A0 -a
1 bipinarniut
O // o / o, /,
0o 0o > o 9^9,
o)0
to
1uk111
UJs, 0-a.4
'a. wamik
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r,,
'(l\ (l;Il
yOU coming with (of-)the one-who-took [the horse] without knowv1 -baya'ku.' Xa' harap tu'ud aku. kaimu. Taminait.
1I. e., "Such result must conic about thru consultation withi you.'
fl. e. "You come here to-morrow in company withi th~e man who
M~alay -art.. This system devotes the first sentence to giving the(
and his residence. Then, comes the body of the let-ter, usuaflly
lcaimu, I have entire, cunfidence infl: you. Last of all, after the
Eiching of OrigiLnal.
%w;6p P /0 0
^ ^ i^ ^ 1~~~~~10w A
#0 0 "OO O 'v0 40 1 Jr AO
QN ~~~~~ a.~~
14%BW0
c0 # 'lo 'Af, r?
P.
',o~r*.?.~'r Alt A i
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140
Correct Printing.
c I-,
010
L-AA
11. 0 1-1 I
o -- -. 4, o *,, -, ~
o, o / f,,#/ o
^\ iL5\^1^~~-J
S, -.SJ L J93 i
o o - o. — c,. t0 0 0(
- -s~4q/,,,
^O > -~ C /
01'
e\
0,P4
-a 0 O, C -
0~~~~~~~
FJ!j~ ~
11 A,>(
o-
O,, -
/A
00 G 0,
O) 64s
0-
a -- 0 0 -- 0o
o0, O O
~? *C(.:~0 - t a \- i: _L;, )
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o- -o / /o, -, / O D, ~ / o
Transliteration and Translation....... l)bafig gmui makasa'gid, di' makabatal.a Ampa..........if' there-be touching, [that is] not prohibitable..But
putusnitl, iban sing. di'inna ifig tampat 5)kiabuttaficovering-of-it, and.. (of-the) wherever the pla-ce having-beEn-ociaf, iban sig di'innla ing kiastirsuiatan karna'
[it is]. tte I-,.ectly thi childreO ' / unclean so, 'let[-them-] not
'Nea liere gives indefinite serse. fPossessive prondlnus also express age.cy.
^?
- %\
^4.^V;
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>fj/' ) ' { "A'/ */ //r.^!f<: /^ i4 /'I A'AA J
O~lO
^^ ^3^"^.^ ^/ ^ ^ ( ^ -.^C
Note. Specimen No. 3, like tlhe other specimens reproduced in this appendix,
is taken from the' daily life of the Sulu people. It is a letter sent by a powerful Datu to
the Governor, and is naturally more formal tlan specimen No. 1. The Datu calls hirnself the son of the Governor,which is a diplomatic way of recognizing the superior rank
of the addressee. Often in Sulu letters, the name of the writer is coupled with many
expressions of good will, while lofty, flattering terms are devoted to the person addressed.
The writer has "a white heart without spot, limpid without turbidity"; the letter is "a
mark of confidence, a sign of affection without any dislike"; and it goes to "the august
presence of X — sitting in comfort in his mansion", tho the latter be a hut.
The last line is not voweled, but consists of stereotyped expressions, and for
C 2Vs LyQC X ^~ ) _ - 9 j
V, <.c- V.. s,
J) \, ts# C f -a
o / - o -. o ^ o o^. ^ o ~. s > c,
p~eople, same-also possibly if even animals were in-front of-thebulu sinapafignila yan.11 Am pa mata'ud tu'ud h ha'yup,
kaku'. Mahuli IO)sala-mdu'a dakuirnanakukaimuI' iban ha'to-m-re. Next peace invoke then I upon-you and uponamia'ku,' iflg Gubnur, Kurnir Istibar. Intfiha-'u 1-kalam.~
1J. e., III request that this be forbidden because they shoot indhscriininately at the tree trunks, even in front of peoples' houses.
is desirous of more practice in reading Sulu, not mnuch printed material is avlailable. Withi the eixcep~tion of various cireulars, and la-ws, the following is a. complete list of Sulu publications in the Sulu.-Arabic characters:
Sulu Reader finr the Puvblic Schools (f thie Morvo TY)?'i-n cc,
newspaper in Englishi and Sulu published at Zamboanga, P. 1L, by thie ({over'nment. of thie Moro Province,
during 1 91 1.
A Phonetic Alphabet.
soundl of the Philippine languages by means of a separate charaicter o)f unvarying puower, has led to much confusion. The present method-if such it can be called-is a, mixture of Spanishi,
*j; 11,a Spanish 11 (ly), or a true double 1, like Il-i (141) in 'small,
147
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148
Ph 1onetic Alphabet.
a in "sofa";'ampa, but.
ch in "church";chuchzilc, kcey.
e in ''met"; babaye(B),wiomani.
k in "kink"; bukun, no t.
Pure Diphthongs:
the Philippine languages, occurs at the end and in the middle of words as well. It is not written in the Roman alphabet
Note 3. Both f and v, when occurring in native Philippine languages, seem to be pure labials, not labio-dentals as
the two lips, not between the upper teeth and the lower lip.
The foregoing alphabet provides a character for every ordinary sound of the Philippine languages. It has been suggested that the sound of French j in jour (z in "azure") should be
the latter sound should be that assigned to j in a Philippine alphabet (~ 32). The Moros pronounce j in "jest" very plainly,
but the same words, when occurring in the North, are usually
pronounced as dy. Thus Sulu gaja, elephant, and raja, king, become gadya and ladya in Tagalo-another proof that the Philippine j has an initial d sound.
It has been further suggested that the Philippine orthography should not recognize any diphthongs. The author be
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150
lieves that the pure diphthongs, an, ai and oi, appear with great
consonants, i. e., an, ai, and oi-not aw, ay and oy. Wand y
alphabet, especially when u and i are already employed to express the same vowel sounds. By so. doing, one incurs the very
fault-more than one sound expressed by the same characterwhich it is the purpose of a phonetic alphabet to avoid.
Note, Notice that in the Phonetic Alphabet, ng is pronounced as in "ingrow"; ing as ng in "singer"; ngg as ng in
in Philippine names be not marked as pronounced in 'accordance with some established rules, it may always be pronounced in any one of the three ways first indicated, as,
Sindangan; Sanga-Sanga, pronounced Sangga-Siigga: occasionally, it may have five variations, as in "Pange", below.
Pangilian.
Ir
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Paflgi'an
Pan-ggihan Hanipaan.I
Pafiggi' an
Pafighihan
Patighi'an
Pangihan
Pangi 'an
Panhihan
Panhi'anF
1. Hanipan
2. llanipa'an
3. Anipan
4. Anipa'an
1.
2.
3.
* I 1.Paflge
2. Panigge
Pange. 1 3. Pange
1 4. Panlghe
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5. Panhe
Hingaftingan.
4.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1 7.
L1i8.
Hifigatuflgan
Hifigatufiggan.
Hinigatungan
Hifiggatuffgan
Hifiggatufiggan.
Hifiggatungan
Hingatunigan
Hingatut'ggan
Hingatungan
Ifigatufigan
Ifigatuniggan
In-gatungan
Ifiggatuflgan
Jfiggatuflggan
Ifiggatungan
Ingatufigan
INDEX
Note: Arabic numerals indicate sections; Roman numerals, tables; "n. ", note; "Ap.", Appendix. Table I begins on
page 18; table II, on page 44; table III, on page 62; table IV,
hamzah, 18.
122, IV, V.
letter, 148.
Alif,
59.
Power,
ns. 1, 2, and 3, 70 n. 2,
in lamalif, 63.
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in lamalif, 62.
106 n. 1; in perpendicular
Alphabet,
152
153
Al1phabet, continued.
Sulu, 11-12.
abjad order, 1.45, 146; aftgica not in, 109; case endings
1, 2 and 3; perpendicular
in Sulu, 152-154.'
76 n., 97 n. 3, 106 n. 1.
147.
147.
99; transliteration, 9, 1,
Consonants,
3; list of, 10; more important than vowels, 14; maddali with, 102 vis..1, 2 and
3; of prolongation, written
n., 97 n. 2.
I and n., 1.6; new, 2; order in alphabet, 15; "initial" 'medial", ''final''
dual names.
121, IV, V.
i1)anmnnah,name,78;see"dapa'n".
106 n. 6.
68..
transliteration, I,I,8,9
V, 115.
Diacritical signs, 74, 11.4; imperfectly written, 117; o-.mitted with shin used as
ing, 9.
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''d apan''.
I. and 2.
of words, 149 n. 2.
Sulu, 152.
tanwnn
see ''hababa'
152, 153.
III; writhiig,.105.
122, IV, V.
70 n.- 3.
transliteration, I, I V, 8, 9,7
7 0 n. 4; waslah pronounced
III.
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sabta', 100.
Efa'mzzah,
Name, 18.
70 n. 6.
Writing,
n. 6.
102 n. 2.
thong,.70 n. 1, 72 n.,
Malay, 153.
written in Arabic, 69
n. 3, 106 n. 2.
after prefixed prepositions, 70 n. 3; after verbal, nomina~l and adjectival prefixes, 70 ns. 4,
69 D. 1, 97 ni. 1.
70 ns. 4, 6.
hamnzah, 70 n.- 3.
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from, 144.
otrepeated by anglea,
4 patai''.
106 n. 6.
n. 1; transliteration 1, IV;
3, 106 n. 1.
Jhaddah,
Name, 102.
of prolongation followed
by haikamzh, 102 n. 2.
126, IV, V.
transliteration, 1, TV; writing, 117, IV, V; form, 31;,ny used for, 31, 1.51.'
51, I; transliteration,50, 9,
117.
pan"
156.
hamztah, 70 n. 3
indeterminate sound of
vowel, 81.
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Padia 155.
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tion, 147.
composition, 148.
Patai (jazmnah, sn/cntn), namne,.96, III; power, 96; transliteration, 95, Ill; writing,
and ya of prolongation in
a. nd ya of diphthongs, 141
147
Prefixes, continued.
repeated by any/ca, 11 2.
of before hamnzdh, 70 n. 3;
l.-an, with personal pronouns, 150, IV; ni, optional enclitic, 149..
conson~ants, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9;
of doubled consonants, 9- 9;
A p. L.
9, 54.
115.
1; principles to be followed
Name, 99.
see sabtw'.C
tran~sliteration, I, IV, 8, 9,
160
Shin, continued.
54;writing, 120A,117,,IV.V
4, 6; power, 41, I; transliteration I, 54, IV; writing, 120, IV, V.,Solar letters, 131, 97 n. 3, 106
and n. 1.
waslah, 106.
Stem, definition, 109; afiglea, repeats., 110-113; ha reappears at end of, 57; ham~zah,
prefixes modify, 70 n. 4,
n. 3.
Jpatai.
Sulu-Arabic".
6; indeterminate sound of
vowel, 81.
transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54,
152.
see sabtn'.
signs in, 7 4.
digra~phs, 9-.
V~owels,
in Sulu.' 2, 5; related to
"lvowel'' stems, 70 n. 4;
''ha ta'as''s
writing, 1.07.
i1'au (w),
61.
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with sabht', 99 n. 1; in
in diphthongs, 132-143.
Ya (y),
59.
in diphthongs, 132-142;
in diphthongs, 132-143.
n. 2, 14 1.
I;
Ia
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I
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