EVOLUTION

In biology, evolution is the change in the genetic material of a population of organisms from one
generation to the next. Though the changes produced in any one generation are small, differences
accumulate with each generation and can, over time, cause substantial changes in the organisms. This
process can culminate in the emergence of new species. Indeed, the similarities between organisms
suggest that all known species are descended from a common ancestor (or ancestral gene pool) through
this process of gradual divergence.

The basis of evolution is the genes that are passed on from generation to generation; these produce an
organism's inherited traits. These traits vary within populations, with organisms showing heritable
differences (variation) in their traits. Evolution itself is the product of two opposing forces: processes
that constantly introduce variation, and processes that make variants become more common or rare.
New variation arises in two main ways: either from mutations in genes, or from the transfer of genes
between populations and between species. In species that reproduce sexually, new combinations of
genes are also produced by genetic recombination, which can increase variation between organisms.

Two major mechanisms determine which variants will become more common or rare in a population.
One is natural selection, a process that causes helpful traits (those that increase the chance of survival
and reproduction) to become more common in a population and causes harmful traits to become more
rare. This occurs because individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce, meaning
that more individuals in the next generation will inherit these traits.[2][3] Over many generations,
adaptations occur through a combination of successive, small, random changes in traits, and natural
selection of the variants best-suited for their environment.[4] The other major mechanism driving
evolution is genetic drift, an independent process that produces random changes in the frequency of
traits in a population. Genetic drift results from the role that chance plays in whether a given trait will
be passed on as individuals survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary biologists document the fact that evolution occurs, and also develop and test theories that
explain its causes. The study of evolutionary biology began in the mid-nineteenth century, when studies
of the fossil record and the diversity of living organisms convinced most scientists that species changed
over time.[5][6] However, the mechanism driving these changes remained unclear until the theories of
natural selection were independently discovered by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Darwin's
landmark work On the Origin of Species of 1859 brought the new theories of evolution by natural
selection to a wide audience.[7] Darwin's work soon led to overwhelming acceptance of evolution
among scientists.[8][9][10][11] In the 1930s, Darwinian natural selection was combined with
Mendelian inheritance to form the modern evolutionary synthesis,[12] which connected the units of
evolution (genes) and the mechanism of evolution (natural selection). This powerful explanatory and
predictive theory directs research by constantly raising new questions, and it has become the central
organizing principle of modern biology, providing a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on
Earth.
Notes:
The evidence provided suggests that over time, (quickjump: < 100,000 years) species change, small
insignificant changes over time, over this timespan the changes can become quite significant. Millions
of years perhaps for a monkey to become human? How about the evolution-old argument that if man
evolved from monkey, why do we still have monkeys? Should they not have been lost in evolutionary
drift? Extinction? Chicken and the egg?
 The Dinosaur

Dinosaurs (Greek δεινόσαυρος, deinosauros) were the dominant vertebrate animals of terrestrial
ecosystems for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until
the end of the Cretaceous period (65 million years ago), when most of them became extinct in the
Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event. The 10000 living species of birds may be classified as dinosaurs.

The term "dinosaur" was coined in 1842 by Sir Richard Owen and derives from Greek δεινός (deinos)
"terrible, powerful, wondrous" + σαῦρος (sauros) "lizard". It is sometimes used informally to describe
other prehistoric reptiles, such as the pelycosaur Dimetrodon, the winged pterosaurs, and the aquatic
ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, although none of these animals were dinosaurs. Through the
first half of the 20th century, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been slow,
unintelligent cold-blooded animals. Most research conducted since the 1970s, however, has supported
the view that dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for
social interaction. The resulting transformation in the scientific understanding of dinosaurs has
gradually filtered into popular consciousness.

The 1861 discovery of the primitive bird Archaeopteryx first suggested a close relationship between
dinosaurs and birds. Aside from the presence of fossilized feather impressions, Archaeopteryx was very
similar to the contemporary small predatory dinosaur Compsognathus. Research has since identified
theropod dinosaurs as the most likely direct ancestors of birds; most paleontologists today regard birds
as the only surviving dinosaurs, and some suggest that dinosaurs and birds should be grouped into one
biological class.[1] Aside from birds, crocodilians are the only other close relatives of dinosaurs to have
survived until the present day. Like dinosaurs and birds, crocodilians are members of Archosauria, a
group of reptiles that first appeared in the very late Permian and came to predominate in the mid-
Triassic.

Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early nineteenth century, mounted dinosaur
skeletons have become major attractions at museums around the world. Dinosaurs have become a part
of world culture and remain consistently popular. They have been featured in best-selling books and
films (notably Jurassic Park), and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media.

Notes:
As with the thoery of evolution, estimations on timeframes etc...one could theorize that if the dinosaur
was a ways back on the evolutionary wheel...they should no longer exist as they did then...this would
be impossible given the “Origin of Species”.
 If Evolution is NOT true...

If evolution is NOT true, there must be another reason for why things are the way that they
are...surely if science can to some greater or lesser degree prove Evolution, we must be able to use
science to prove something else with at least the same, greater or similar certainty. We would have to if
we are to prove evolution to be false. What other theories are on the table? First things first.
Evolution...as mentioned before, for evolution to be true, 1) Anything counter to evolution would have
to be false, 2) For species to change miniscule accounts with each iteration of generation, how many
generations would have to pass before a specific creature does not resemble its original? A generation
for a human is an arguable 40-60 years. A dog, 7-10 years, a masquito, 7-10 hours. In 1000 years, we
might have 200 human generations, in 10,000...2000 in 100,000...20,000 and so on. 3) In light of #2,
original species must be extinct, since how is it remotely possible for the majority of a species or a
percentage of a species to undergo these changes over generations when the rest (of that species)
remain exactly as they were originally? Do we have evidence that some species may not have evolved?
We do...much. But first, I would like it more if I were to show more evidence...besides the show-
stopper of why evolution cannot be true...

Evidence of Dinosaurs in modern world:

KJV: Job Chapter 40

16. Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the navel of his belly.
17. He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together.
18. His bones are as strong pieces of brass; his bones are like bars of iron.
19. He is the chief of the ways of God: he that made him can make his sword to approach unto him.
20. Surely the mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field play.
21. He lieth under the shady trees, in the covert of the reed, and fens.
22. The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about.
23. Behold, he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his
mouth.
24. He taketh it with his eyes: his nose pierceth through snares.

Consider this a history lesson. How could a man, presumably from the bronze age have any idea that
prehistoric creatures once roamed the earth, or be able to describe them in this much detail? Early
Bronze Age I 3300–3000 BC / Late Bronze Age II 1300–1200 BC. Dinosaurs are supposed to be
millions of years extinct. How about the Nile mosaic of Palestrina? Aparently made in the 1st century
BC-100AD, Included are perfect pictures of dinosaurs that can be identified as millions of years old
(We will include an image below). I have included some images of items that have been dated since
long before the term Dinosaur was coined, even long before any bones were ever identified. Even today
scientists place the wrong bones in the wrong place on the wrong dinosaur, to think that in the BC that
someone could know what they looked like, recognizable to us now even is mind boggling.
In light of the images above, we can see that people in the BC and AD have had some kind of contact
with, and suggests that some even have been domesticated to some greater or lesser degree. This is
impossible, if we consider evolution to be in any way an exact science. But this also puts radiocarbon
dating into confusion. My case against radiocarbon dating is quite simple. All carbon is of identical
age, created at the beginning of the universe. Some slight variences may have occurred in cellular
structure which would allow (as evidence has shown) for more recent accuracies, but to take an object
that is supposedly millions of years old and date that accurately is almost rediculous. Without having
access to this device to conduct proper studies, I would have to summize based on the materials that I
have that it is only accurate up to the time that other substances present, such as maybe dna, maybe
something else on this object connected with (or in the vacinity) it that is not old per sa...might give
readings for that object, yet not the older object. The further one goes back in time, suffice it to say, the
less accurate this method might become. Based on my studies of radiocarbon dating, when it was
showcased, it was tested on some items where the origin date was known, and they weren't very old.
Once this was proven correct, those in the scientific world have taken this device as the infallable word
of God.
Now back to the original discussion, for evolution to be validated, we would first have to prove that not
a single specimen that is claimed to be millions of years old is still present now or in recent history.
This has not been done, on the contrary, we have several proofs of identifiable so-called dinosaurs
considered extinct some for millions of years, some for hundreds of millions of years available for you
below. Considering the images below, this can be considered absolute proof that evolution cannot be
factual, in essence, in practice etc.
 Diplocaulus

Diplocaulus ("double caul") is an extinct genus of leponspondyl amphibian from the Permian

period of North America.

Diplocaulus had a stocky, salamander-like body, but was relatively large, reaching up to 1 metre (3.3 ft)
in length. Its most distinctive features were the long protrusions on the sides of its skull, giving the
head a boomerang shape. Judging from its weak limbs and relatively short tail, it is presumed to have
swum with an up-and-down movement of its body, not unlike cetaceans today. The wide head could
have acted like a hydrofoil, helping the creature glide through the water. Another possibility is that the
shape was defensive, since even a large predator would have a hard time trying to swallow a creature
with such a wide head.
 "Pterodactyl" Pterodactyl (disambiguation).Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs (pronounced /ˈtɛrəsɔr/, from the Greek πτερόσαυρος, pterosauros, meaning "winged lizard",
often referred to as pterodactyls, from the Greek πτεροδάκτυλος, pterodaktulos, meaning "winged
finger" /ˌtɛrəˈdæktɨl/) were flying reptiles of the clade or order Pterosauria. They existed from the late
Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period (220 to 65.5 million years ago). Pterosaurs are the
earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were formed by a membrane of
skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the legs to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Early
species had long, fully-toothed jaws and long tails, while later forms had a highly reduced tail, and
some lacked teeth. Pterosaurs spanned a wide range of adult sizes, from the very small Nemicolopterus
to the largest known flying creatures of all time, including Quetzalcoatlus and Hatzegopteryx.[1][2][3]

Pterosaurs are sometimes referred to in the popular media as dinosaurs, but this is incorrect. The term
"dinosaur" is properly restricted to a certain group of terrestrial reptiles with a unique upright stance
(superorder Dinosauria), and therefore excludes the pterosaurs, as well as the various groups of extinct
aquatic reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.
 Eoraptor was one of the world's earliest dinosaurs. It was a two-legged meat-eater that lived between
230 and 225 million years ago, in what is now the northwestern region of Argentina. The type species
is Eoraptor lunensis, which means 'dawn plunderer [from the Valley] of the Moon', denoting where it
was originally discovered (Greek eos/εως meaning 'dawn' or 'morning' and Latin lunensis meaning 'of
the moon'). Paleontologists believe the Eoraptor resembles the common ancestor of all dinosaurs. It is
known from several well-preserved skeletons.

One expert suggested this could be a mini-t-rex, however...long extinct.

 Credits:

Many of these images are available on many websites publically available to many/all. Much of the
data used is available from wikipedia.org. Author of this document is Jospeh Victor Dugas Jr. I can be
reached for comments/questions at victor_dugas@yahoo.com