Use of Discrete Fiber in Construction

A seminar report submitted by

SYED MUSTAFA QUADRI
16M25A0129
In fulfillment for the award of the degree of
B.TECH in CIVIL ENGINEERING

At
Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology

Department of Civil
Himayathsagar, Hyderabad,
April 2019

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ABSTRACT:

Shrinkage cracking of concrete is a major problem in plain cement
concrete pavements especially in tropical regions. To overcome shrinkage
cracking of plain concrete, sometimes the addition of synthetic fiber to
the concrete mix is suggested. This paper briefly discusses the effects of
addition of polypropylene discrete and fibrillated fiber on the properties
of a paving grade concrete mix of 48 MPa compressive strength at 28-
day. Six concrete mixes with fiber dosages 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% by
volume fraction besides the control concrete mix were manufactured.
Discrete and fibrillated polypropylene fiber was used in this study. The
properties such as settlement, compressive strength, drying shrinkage,
and abrasion resistance of the concrete were evaluated. The study
suggested a significant reduction in settlement and drying shrinkage
without significant change in compressive strength for the concrete
mixes reinforced with fiber. Further, an improved abrasion resistance for
the concrete mixes reinforced with fiber was also observed.

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 I.INTRODUCTION

The weak matrix in concrete, when reinforced with steel fibers,

uniformly distributed across its entire mass, gets strengthened
enormously, thereby rendering the matrix to behave as a
composite material with properties significantly different from
conventional concrete. Because of the vast improvements
achieved by the addition of fibers to concrete, there are several
applications where Fibers Reinforced Concrete (FRC) can be
intelligently and beneficially used. These fibers have already been
used in many large projects involving the construction of industrial
floors, pavements, highway-overlays, etc. in India. The principal
fibers in common commercial use for Civil Engineering applications
include steel (SFRC/SFRS), glass, carbon and aramid. These fibers
are also used in the production of continuous fibers and are used
as are placement to reinforcing steel. High percentages of steel
fibers are used extensively in pavements and in tunneling. This
invention uses Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON). Fibers in
the form of mat are also being used in the development of high-
performance structural composite. Continuous fiber-mat high
performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRCs) called Slurry
Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) issued in the production of High
performance concrete. Use of basalt fibers are picking up in
western countries. Steel fibers are also used in the production new
generation concretes such as Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC),
Ductile and Compact Reinforcing Concrete (CRC). Properties and
applications of SFRC and some of these new generation fiber
concrete materials are discussed.

1. Actuality of the subject matter
In the last thirty years, it began widespread use of steel fiber-reinforced
concrete. Its best qualities are to increase the tensile strength and high
fracture toughness, because the fibers provide effective resistance to the

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cracks (in the axial direction of the resistance to the fibers). The fibers
used as a thin wire diameter of 0.1 plus or minus 0.5 mm. The wire is
divided into segments of 10−50 mm. According to Y. M. Bazhenov fiber
diameter of 0.3 m and a length of 25 mm provides better results [1]. In
[2] we can see the results of research of steel fiber reinforced concrete
with a fiber amorphous with high corrosion resistance. It is important
that the reduction of fiber diameter to 0.1 mm leads to increase of
separation stops. Deformation occurs through a mechanism of
accumulation of damage with progressive reduction of resistance,
sensitivity to stress concentration and the like. For steel fiber-reinforced
concrete is usually used not anodized steel fiber due to the risk of
corrosion. Its ultimate load is close to the boundary of the crack
resistance. Studies carried out in France, Switzerland, Netherlands,
Poland, United States, as well as studies by Russian scientists A. V.
Akulicha, V. V. Mozgovoj, I. P. Gamelyak, Ya. N. Kovalev, A. E. Merzlikin, V. I.
Solomatova shown that particulate reinforcement asphalt discrete
segments of chemical fibers can improve the rheological, physical and
mechanical properties. It reduces the risk of asphalt concrete pavement
deformation. Introduction to the asphalt mix of asphalt concrete
dispersed reinforcement enhances the shear strength at 50 °C at
25−30%, and the tensile strength at low temperatures 40−80%.
Improved of deformability at temperatures below zero reaches
90−200%, and the greatest impact it has on the fatigue strength
(improvement of up to 200−500%) [3−6].

2. Problem solution
In contrast, for steel fiber reinforced concrete with an amorphous fiber of
no such danger. Furthermore, the use of amorphous steel fiber
reinforced concrete with a fiber carrying capacity increases the structural
elements of 1.5 times and increases the service life, as compared with
conventional steel fiber concrete with steel fibers. Application of steel
fiber-reinforced concrete in road paving materials consumption

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decreases by 40%, and the cost − 14.4% [73]. It should be noted that for
today the developed a variety of means for controlling the properties of
steel fiberreinforced concrete. Get the necessary characteristics of the
steel fiber reinforced concrete can be achieved by selecting the volume
fraction of fibers, the ratio of fiber length to diameter [8]. Features
concrete except for fiberboard Reinforcement depends on the brand and
cement activity, its physical and-chemical characteristics, the amount of
aggregate performance, but primarily on the composition and grain size.
Glass, basalt and other can be used like non-metallic fibers. The glass
fibers have a diameter of ten micrometers and a length of 20−40 mm.
They have high tensile strength (1500−3000 MPa) and the modulus of
deformation is higher than in the cement paste. Temperature coefficient
of linear expansion coefficient of glass is close to the cement stone.
However, the glass is rapidly destroyed by the action of the alkaline
cement environment, so it is necessary use binders or special measures
to prevent the glass fibers in concrete from corrosion. These measures
include the use of aluminous cement in concrete, the various additives in
the concrete, connecting the alkali impregnation of concrete polymer.
Thus, in [9] emphasizes that the commercial use of steel fiber-reinforced
concrete been constrained the absence fiber, resistant to alkaline
environment of portland cement. In another work [6] describes the
various types of glass, which differ in their chemical composition. It is
emphasized that the most widely production of three types of glass
fibers: E-fibers are alkali-free, having a lack of resistance to acidic
environments; С-low-alkali fiber with high resistance and type А-fiber
alkaline with high chemical resistance. Technological simplicity of the
external fiberglass reinforcement device makes very effective use in the
amplification of his designs, especially in the presence corrosive
environments.
2.1. Improvements of concrete properties through the introduction of
fibers

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In [10] carried out a special technique of longevity research glassfiber
reinforced and change its physical and mechanical properties over time.
This technique was used in [11] in the study of the folding glassfiber
reinforced folded elements by prolonged exposure to stress. Fold
Glassfiber reinforced elements from deformations under prolonged
exposure to loads calculated from their working conditions without
cracking, as over time the strength of the element is reduced by 10−30%
depending on the relative humidity. Increase fiber volume content more
than 1.5% causes a rapid growth of creep deformations in the
compressed zone and increase the deflection element. And in the tensile
zone − a slower development of creep deformation. In recent years,
extensive research has begun using fiber basalt fibers. The starting
material for the basalt fibers are rocks − basalts, which are fine-grained
volcanic rocks of volcanic origin. Basalt fiber is produced by melting
basalt rock fibers and stretching the resulting melt. Durability of basalt
fiber diameter of 8 microns and 16 are respectively 1.500 and 2.600 MPa
and a density of 2.8−3.3 g/cm3. Investigation of the properties of basalt
fibers showed their chemical resistance to acids and alkalis. [10] The
feasibility of using basalt fiber-reinforced concrete in the construction of
airfield pavements and proved D. V. Kurakov [11]. Research of reinforcing
concrete slabs with synthetic fibers discussed in [11]. Here are the final
conclusions from the experience of the use of fiber-reinforced synthetic
fibers, low volume of synthetic fibers in concrete helps in the support of
concrete shrinkage cracking. The use of synthetic fibers in concrete slabs
provides a long service life. Recently, various commonly used
combinations of fibers. For example, metal and plastic, metal and basalt.
For example, in [11] gives an overview of research on the reinforcement
of cement slurries by using a combination of mineral wool. This improves
the strength polyethylene hardness improving material. The introduction
of fiber − an important step, as the concrete mix with the fibers exposed
to clump and fibers may form in concrete mix “clumps” that worsens
their quality and does not achieve a proper seal material in the product.
To prepare the mixture using various techniques: lead fiber least in the

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pre-mixed mixture of cement, water and aggregate, or fillers were mixed
first and the fiber, and then add cement and water.
2.2. Test with basalt fibers
Based on the above brief review of the use of different kinds of fiber
reinforced concrete in the construction it can be concluded that the use
of dispersed fibers in the manufacture of concrete for the construction of
roads and bridges are not fully understood; in Ukraine, this material is
not used, so more research is needed. The tasks of the research were:
• selection of fiber-reinforced concrete for bridge and road construction;
• determination of physical and mechanical properties of fiber concrete
with different types of fiber;
• development of technological requirements for use in road
construction. Research Methodology.
To prepare the fiber concretes mixtures used the following materials:
• various fiber;
• portland 500 M (TO PC) Balakleyskoho plant density and normal
Portland cement M 400 Amvrosiyevskoho plant, with normal density of
26%;
• dnipro river sand module size mR = 1.49, containing silty clay and often
− 2%, the bulk density of 1280 kg/m3;
• sand quarry “Ihnatpol” Zhytomyr region mR = 2.61, content of silty and
clay particles 1.2%;
• Hnivansk, Urytsk and Kremenchug quarries crushed stone 5−20 and
20–40 mm. Chemical additives: plasticizers used additive manufacturing
company “Stahema” (Slovenia). In carrying out operations used standard
methods. Physical and mechanical properties of the samples was
determined after curing for 7 and 28 days. Before the study the
properties of fiber concrete based on the number entered in a mixture
of fiber were identified fiber technology introduction in the concrete mix.
The literature describes various methods of this important process, but
the most common are:
1. Fiber introduced as a last resort to pre-mixed mixture of cement,

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water and aggregates;
2. At first mixed fillers and fibers, and then add cement, water and
additives. The impact of the method and order of adding fiber to the
physical and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete has been
studied for reinforced concrete from basalt fiber. Was this used concrete
control structure: cement М500 – 650 kg; sand – 1300 kg; water – 280 l.
In preparing fiber concrete used basalt fiber thickness of 0.2 mm, length
10 mm. The test results of samples produced by the aforementioned
technological methods are shown in Table 1. As can be seen from Table
1, entry basalt fiber technology in the concrete mix is virtually identical,
so further research basalt fiber concrete carried out the first method,
fibers were introduced in the l turn to pre-mixed concrete.

In preparing concrete with basalt fiber in the concrete mixture were

added fiber in varying amounts as a percentage of the mass of concrete.
Test results from a basalt fiber concrete compressive, bending shown in
Table 2.

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According to the results of tests given in Table 2, it can be concluded that
the samples in the amount of two percent of fiber, have higher
compressive strength and bending than the control samples as examples
of fiber introduced in an amount of 4% and 6% of the weight of concrete.
The same pattern is observed when tested beams 100 × 100 × 400 mm
size of coarse fiber concrete with basalt fiber (control composition:
cement brand 500−350 kg gravel fractions 5−20 − 1194 kg sand − 600 kg
of water − 220 liters), aged 28 days with a fiber length of 50 mm at 2%
and 4.5% of the weight of concrete. Test results beams compressive and
bending are shown in Table 3.

As shown in Table 3, with coarse fiber concrete beams with basalt fiber in
an amount of 2% of the mass of concrete with compressive strength at
16% and at a bend 20% more than the beams with basalt fiber in an
amount of 4.5% by weight of concrete. The introduction of fiber
compared to control samples can significantly increase the strength (in
compression by 17% and 38% curve). Thus, studies of basalt fiber

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concrete fiber show that the number of overdose fiber per unit mass of
concrete, affects the strength characteristics of the fiber-reinforced
concrete. Research shows that the introduction of basalt fiber both fine
and coarse in fiber concrete, increases the ratio of Rbend/Rcomp (Tables
2–3) that characterizes improving crack resistance of the composite.

Before the study of metal fiber concrete fiber, similar to basalt fiber-
reinforced concrete, was held last test in compression and bending after
the introduction of fiber various technological methods. The test results
of steel fiber concrete with different number of metal fiber to the mass
of concrete, are presented in Table 4.

As we see, the strength of the samples almost regardless of the

technology introduction of metal fiber concrete mix, so further
study of steel fiber concrete carried out the first method. In the
study of coarse fiber concrete with different types of metal fiber
used such control compositions:
• the cement grade M-500 − 350 kg;
• crushed stone fractions 5−20 − 1194 ru;

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 • sand − 600 kg;
• water − 220 liters.
The test results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 shows that the greatest effect on strength, both

compressive and bending, metal fibers give FPL 30/0.6 in an
amount of 4.5% of the weight of concrete. The strength of the
concrete samples fiber FPL 30/0.6 in an amount of 4.5% increase
compared to control samples, as follows: compression − 17%
Bending − 27%. The strength of the fiber concrete fiber sample in
an amount of 1.6% by weight of concrete, bending increased by
18%, and the compressive practically unchanged (0.3%). The use of
metal fiber FZ 30/0.6 gives a smaller increase in the strength of the
fiber-reinforced concrete samples compared to control. Thus, the
use of fiber FZ 30/0.6 in an amount of 4.5% of the mass of concrete
provides compressive strength increase − 11%, on a bend − 22%.
For the same fiber FZ 30/0.6 at 2% of the weight of concrete
under: compression − 5%, bending − 9%. Thus, the use of metal
fiber reinforced concrete FPL 30/0.6 allows a little more strength,
both compressive and bending than with metal fiber FZ 30/0.6.
In addition, the research was conducted coarse fiber concrete with
metal fiber concrete using this control structure:
• Cement brand M400 − 400 kg;
• Sand − 620 kg;
• Crushed fr. 5–20 − 770 kg;
• Crushed fr. 20−40 − 420 kg;

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• Water − 148 liters;
• Plasticizing additive “Eta” − 1.5 kg;
• Additive “Zeta” − 0.05 kg
• Mobility mix P 12.
Beams of coarse fiber concrete 100 × 100× 400 mm in size were
tested at 28 days.

The test results are shown in Table 6.

Based on the data presented in Table 6, we can conclude that

the introduction of metal fiber significantly improves the physical
and mechanical properties of concrete. Thus, compressive strength
and bending, as compared with control samples of reinforced
concrete with metal fiber FPL 30/0.6 increased respectively by 16%
(compression) and 22% (bending), and with every fiber FZ 30/0.6 −
12% (compression) and 14% (bending).
In the study of fine metal fiber concrete with fiber concrete was
used the following composition:
• Cement brands M 400 − 620 kg;
• Sand (FIBC = 2.49) − 1250 kg;
• Water − 251 liters.
Research conducted at balls 100 × 100 × 400 mm in size at 28 days.
Number metal fiber assumed rate of 98.4 kg.

The test results are shown in Table 7.

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 As seen from the test results presented in Table 7, the
introduction of metal fiber (L = 10 mm O = 0.3 mm) greatly
increases the strength of concrete and value Rzh/Rst.

2.4. Test with polyamide fibers

In the study of coarse fiber concrete with polyamide fiber used
such control compositions:
• cement brands M 500 − 440 kg;
• sand − 630 kg;
• gravel fractions 5−20 − 750 kgs
• plasticizer Viscocrete − 1,2 kg;
• water − 190 l;
• P3 mobility mix.

Investigation conducted on beams 100 × 100 × 400 mm in size at
28 days. Properties of fiber-reinforced concrete with polymer fiber
are shown in Table 8.

Based on data from Table 8, we can conclude that the greatest

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growth is the use of fiber in an amount of 1.4% by weight of
concrete − compression 15%; Bending − 25%. Increasing the
number of fibers to 2.0% leads to reduced strength fiber-
reinforced concrete (compression − 7% curve − 11%). In addition,
the number of such suboptimal fiber, observed the emergence of
“lumps”. All are brand Fibre for 200 F frost resistance, water
resistance W6.

II.LITERATURE REVIEW
K. Vamshi krishna1, J. Venkateswara Rao “Experimental study on
behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete for rigid pavements” This
paper deals with experimental investigation on mechanical
properties ofM20grade concrete by incorporating polyester fibers
in the mix. Polyester fibers of 0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4% by weight of
cement are added to the mix. A comparative analysis has been
carried out for conventional concrete to that of the fiber
reinforced in relation to compressive, split tensile, flexural
strengths. As the fiber content increases compressive, split tensile
and flexural strengths are proportionally increasing. It is observed
that 0.3% fibers by weight of cement is the optimum dosage. It is
found that with0.3%fiber content results in 20% reduction of
pavement thickness

S.A Kanalli, Ramu Palankar, Bharath Kumar, Praveen Kumar,
Prakash S.K“Comparative study of polymer fibre reinforced
Concrete with conventional concrete pavement” Road
transportation is undoubtedly the lifeline of the nation and its
development is a crucial concern. The traditional bituminous
pavements and their needs for continuous maintenance and
rehabilitation operations points towards the scope for cement
concrete pavements. There are several advantages of cement
concrete pavements over bituminous pavements. This paper

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emphasizes on POLYMER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
PAVEMENTS, which is a recent advancement in the field of
reinforced concrete pavement design. A comparative study of
these pavements with the conventional concrete pavements has
been made using Polypropylene fiber waste as fiber reinforcement.

Chintan Patel, Kishan Patel, Prof. Manjurali,I. Balya, Prof. Vikrant A.
Patel “Performance Evaluation of Polymer Fiber “RECRON-3S” in
Pavement Quality Concrete” Road transportation is undoubtedly
the lifeline of the nation and its development is a crucial concern.
The traditional bituminous pavements and their needs for
continuous maintenance and rehabilitation operations points
towards the scope for cement concrete pavements. There are
several advantages of cement concrete pavements over
bituminous pavements. But, there are also some problems
outcomes with concrete pavement like micro-shrinkage, cracking,
and low water permeability. To overcome this kind of problems,
the secondary construction material “Recron-3S” is preferable to
add in concrete for making stronger and batter road pavement.
Present paper focuses how the compressive and flexural strength
of the Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) increases using Recron-3S
fiber with compression test of the concrete. The testing results of
the prepared sample cube with Recron-3S has compared with
other samples which is without the mixture of the Recron-3S

Nitin Kumar,Sangeeta“A Review study on use of Steel Fiber as
Reinforcement Material with Concrete” Reinforcement is defined
as the process of mixing various materials whether chemical,
natural or Artificial for improving the strength and durability of
parent substance. Now a days there exists many Reinforcement
techniques for improving the strength of Hose materials which
lacks load carrying and less Durable capacity. Use of steel fiber to
enhance the strength and reduce maintenance is an effective

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technology Established in recent times. Fiber reinforced polymer
(FRP) application is very effective way to Repair and Strengthen
structures that have become structurally weak over their life span.
FRP repair system provides an Economically viable alternative to
traditional repair system and material.

N.Sagaresan Fracture in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete is
accompanied by excessive cracking. Numerical analysis of concrete
fracture is either based on smeared crack method or discrete crack
method. Smeared crack methods are computationally less
challenging than the discrete crack method. However, this
simplicity brings loss of accuracy. We propose a novel simplified
and highly efficient meshless method for discrete cracks and study
fracture of concrete. The method exploits the advantages of
smeared crack method and maintains the accuracy of discrete
crack method. The discrete crack is modeled by set of discrete
crack segments placed through the entire domain of influence of a
node. We use Neo-Hooke material in the bulk material and
cohesive zone model once discrete cracks occur. We demonstrate
the accuracy of the proposed mesh-less discrete crack method for
complex problems involving mode-I and mixed mode failure.

III.MATERIALS AND IT’S APPLICATIONS

(a)High-performance composite infrastructural systems utilizing

advanced cementitious composites This system is a partially cast-
in-place high-performance composite frame system (HPCFS)
developed by selectively using high-performance materials,
including Continuous fiber-mat high performance fiber reinforced
concrete (HPFRCs) called slurry infiltrated mat concrete (SIMCON),
Discontinuous fiber HPFRCs called slurry infiltrated fiber concrete
(SIFCON),and high-strength, lightweight aggregate fiber reinforced
concrete (HS-LWA FRC).A controlled quantity of high-range water-

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reducing admixture (super plasticizer) may be used for improving
the flowing characteristics of SIFCON. All types of steel fibers,
namely, straight, hooked, or crimped can be used. Proportions of
cement and sand generally used for making SIFCON are 1: 1, 1:1.5,
or 1:2. Cement slurry alone can also be used for some applications.
Generally, fly ash or silica-fume equal to 10 to 15% by weight of
cement is used in the mix. The water-cement ratio varies between
0.3 and 0.4, while the percentage of the super plasticizer varies
from 2 to5% by weight of cement. The percentage of fibers by
volume can be anywhere from 4 to20%, even though the current
practical range ranges only from 4 to 12%. SIMCON can also be
considered a pre-placed fiber concrete, similar to SIFCON.
However, in the making of SIMCON, the fibers are placed in a “mat
form” rather than as discrete fibers. The advantage of using steel
fiber mats over a large volume of discrete fibers is that the mat
configuration provides inherent strength and utilizes the fibers
contained in it with very much higher aspect ratios. The fiber
volume enhance, be substantially less than that required for
making of SIFCON, still achieving identical flexural strength and
energy absorbing toughness. SIMCON is made using a non-woven
“steel fiber mats” that are infiltrated with a concrete slurry. Steel
fibers produced directly from molten metal using a chilled wheel
concept are interwoven into a 0.5 to 2 inches thick mat. This mat is
then rolled and coiled into weight sand sizes convenient to a
customer’s application (normally up to 120 cm wide and weighing
around 200 kg).As in conventional SFRC, factors such as aspect
ratio and fiber volume have a direct influence on the performance
of SIMCON. Higher aspect ratios are desirable to obtain increased
flexural strength. Generally, because of the use of mats, SIMCON
the aspect ratios of fibers contained in it could well exceed 500.
Since the mat is already in are formed shape, handling problems
are significantly minimized resulting in savings in labor cost.
Besides this, “balling” of fibers does not become a factor at all in

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the production of SIMCON.

(b) Carbon fiber based linear reinforcing elements Due to their light
weight (about one fifth that of steel), high tensile strength (higher
than steel) and good overall environmental durability, carbon fiber
based tendons and cables are increasingly being used for
reinforcement of concrete structures in Japan. The reduction in
weight facilitates better handling and easier field installation
compared to steel. These elements also cause significantly less sag
under their own weight, which increases load capacity while
enabling the construction of longer bridge spans. Lead line
reinforcing elements are circular rods that are pultruded using uni-
directional carbon fibers at 65% fiber volume fraction with an
epoxy resin. The rods have a specific gravity of 1.6, a relaxation
ratio of 2-4% at 20°C, and a coefficient of thermal expansion of
0.68 x 10-6 /°C in the longitudinal direction. The rods have a tensile
modulus of 147 GPa and 1.5 to 1.7% elongations at break. Rods are
available in a number of diameters with four major surface types.

(c)Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) Concrete is the most
widely used structural material in the world with an annual
production of over seven billion tons. For a variety of reasons,
much of this concrete is cracked. The reason for concrete to suffer
cracking may be attributed to structural, environmental or
economic factors, but most of the cracks are formed due to the
inherent weakness of the material to resist tensile forces. Again,
concrete shrinks and will again crack, when it is restrained. It is
now well established that steel fiber reinforcement offers solution
to the problem of cracking by making concrete tougher and more
ductile. It has also been proved by extensive research and field
trials carried out over the past three decades, that addition of steel
fibers to conventional plain or reinforced and prestressed concrete
members at the time of mixing/production imparts improvements

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to several properties of concrete, particularly those related to
strength, performance and durability. The weak matrix in concrete,
when reinforced with steel fibers, uniformly distributed across its
entire mass, gets strengthened enormously, thereby rendering the
matrix to behave as a composite material with properties
significantly different from conventional concrete. The randomly-
oriented steel fibers assist in controlling the propagation of micro-
cracks present in the matrix, first by improving the overall cracking
resistance of matrix itself, and later by bridging across even smaller
cracks formed after the application of load on the member,
thereby preventing their widening into major cracks The idea that
concrete can be strengthened by fiber inclusion was first put
forward by Porter in 1910, but little progress was made in its
development till 1963, when Roumaldi and Batson carried out
extensive laboratory investigations and published their classical
paper on the subject. Since then, there has been a great wave of
interest in and applications of SFRC in many parts of the world.
While steel fibers improve the compressive strength of concrete
only marginally by about 10 to 30%, significant improvement is
achieved in several

(d)Mix Design for SFRC Just as different types of fibers have
different characteristics, concrete made with steel fibers will also
have different properties. When developing an SFRC mix design,
the fiber type and the application of the concrete must be
considered. There must be sufficient quantity of mortar fraction in
the concrete to adhere to the fibers and allow them to flow
without tangling together, a phenomenon called ‘balling of fibers’.
Cement content is, therefore, usually higher for SFRC than
conventional mixes Aggregate shape and content is critical. Coarse
aggregates of sizes ranging from 10 mm to 20 mm are commonly
used with SFRC. Larger aggregate sizes usually require less volume
of fibers per cubic meter. SFRC with 10 mm maximum size

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aggregates typically uses 50 to 75 kg of fibers per cubic meter,
while the one with 20 mm size uses 40 to 60 kg. It has been
demonstrated that the coarse aggregate shape has a significant
effect on workability and material properties. Crushed coarse
aggregates result in higher strength and tensile strain capacity.
Fine aggregates in SFRC mixes typically constitute about 45 to 55
percent of the total aggregate content. Typical mix proportions for
SFRC will be: cement 325 to 560 kg; water-cement ratio 0.4-0.6;
ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate 0.5-1.0; maximum
aggregate size 10mm; air content 6-9%; fiber content 0.5-2.5% by
volume of concrete. An appropriate pozzolan may be used as a
replacement for a portion of the Portland cement to improve
workability further, and reduce heat of hydration and production
cost. The use of steel fibers in concrete generally reduces the
slump by about 50 mm. To overcome this and to improve
workability, it is highly recommended that a super plasticizer be
included in the mix. This is especially true for SFRC used for high
performance applications. Generally, the ACI Committee Report
No. ACI 554 ‘Guide for Specifying, Mixing, Placing and Finishing
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete’ is followed for the design of SFRC
mixes appropriate to specific applications.

IV.CONCLUSION

(i)The performance of the thinner SFRC slabs on the ground is
found comparable to thicker plain concrete slabs. Accordingly, a 25
percent thickness reduction is possible by incorporating 30 kg/mP
3 P of hooked end steel fibers. (ii)The extended design approach
resulted in SFRC slabs that are equivalent to the plain concrete slab
under in-service traffic loading. This approach can serve as an
interim design approach for SRFC roads while our understanding of
the behavior of SFRC roads evolves and more advanced methods
are developed. Following conclusions are drawn based on the

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previous & present experimental study on SFRC and new
generation high performance fiber reinforced concrete:
1. The growth of the amount of research and applications of steel
fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and high performance concrete
has been phenomenal in the past seven or eight years. High
performance concrete has become widely accepted practically on
all continents.
2. A generalized definition of high performance concrete seems to
have been accepted by the engineering community. Such a
definition is based on achievement of certain performance
requirements or characteristics of concrete for a given application
that otherwise cannot be obtained from normal concrete as a
commodity product. In many applications use of fiber is
mandatory.
3. Much of the application of HP-SFRC remains in the areas of long-
span bridges and high-rise buildings. It is used more for bridges
than buildings in Europe and Japan, while more buildings than
bridges used HPC in the U. S. However, the situation is changing.
Use of HPC in buildings is increasing these days.
4. Increasing emphasis is being placed on concrete durability than
its strength. In many applications, high strength concrete is used
only because of its high durability quality rather than the need for
its strength.
5. Much research continues to be focused on the mechanical
properties of high and very-high-strength concretes with and
without fibers and their structural applications. The results of this
research are being incorporated into various national codes of
practice. However, more information is needed on the behavior of
the concrete at its early age and its relationship to the long-term
performance.
6. The Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) and the delivery
system for non-metallic fibers developed are two significant recent
developments in the area of high performance fiber reinforced

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concrete.
7. There has been significant interest and development in the use
of continuous fiber reinforcement for improving the behavior of
concrete. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) or sometime also
referred to as Fiber Reinforced Plastic are increasingly being
accepted as an alternative for uncoated and epoxy-coated steel
reinforcement for prestressed and non-prestressed concrete
applications.
8. Compact Reinforced Concrete and Reactive Powder Concrete
(Ductal) have gained popularity in western countries.
9. Finally the use of this high performance new generation fiber
concretes in India is only in laboratories and in research centers. It
will take many years to see in practice.
10. Improving the physical and mechanical properties of concrete
happens with the introduction any type of fiber. Metal fibers,
compared to polymeric basalt and give strength increase of
approximately 25%. Basalt and polymer 15−20%.
11. For each type of fiber, there is an optimal amount. If the
greatest effect on strength makes fiber-reinforced concrete with
metal fiber in an amount of 4.5% of its weight, the optimal number
of basalt fiber − 1%, polyamide fiber – 1%. “Lump” in tests with all
kinds of fiber, the optimal number of them have been observed.
12. The method of entering is not essential and does not affect
strength performance fiber concrete.
13. Thus, for each design must use the fiber concrete that best
suits the requirements of engineering and material possibilities of
the customer. The best use of fiber-reinforced concrete should be
considered in areas that are stretching at a bend.

V.REFERENCES

1]P. N. Balaguru and S. P. Shah. 1992. Fiber Reinforced Cement

Composites. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992.

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[2]ACI Committee 544. 1982. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.1R-82). Concrete International, May,
Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 9-30.
[3]Nataraja, M. C., Dhang, N and Gupta, A. P (1999)., ‘Statistical
Variations in Impact Resistance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Subjected to Drop Weight Test’,Cement and Concrete Research,
Pergoman press, USA, Vol. 29, No. 7, 1999, pp.989-995.
[4]A.V.S.Sai. Kumarand B.Krishna rao (2014) A Study on Strength of
Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Cement With Quarry Dust
And Metakaolin. ISSN: 2319-8753, PP 10467-10403
[5]. Nataraja, M. C., Dhang, N and Gupta, A. P (1999). ‘Stress-strain
Curves for Steel fiber Reinforced Concrete in Compression’,
Cement and Concrete Composites UK, Vol. 21, No. 5/6, 1999, pp.
383-390.
[6]Nataraja, M. C., Dhang,N and Gupta, A. P (2000)., ‘Toughness
Characterization of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete by JSCE
Approach’, Cement and Concrete Research, Pergoman press, USA,
Vol. 30, No. 4, 2000, pp. 593-597.
[7]Nataraja, M. C., Dhang, N and Gupta, A. P (2001). ‘Splitting
Tensile Strength of Steel fiber Reinforced Concrete’, Indian
Concrete Journal, Vol. 75, No. 4, April 2001,pp. 287-290.
[8]K. Vamshi krishna1, J. Venkateswara Rao“Experimental study on
behavior of fiber reinforcedconcrete for rigidpavements
[9]Nitin Kumar, Sangeeta “A Review study on use of Steel Fiber as
Reinforcement Material with Concrete”
[10]ACI Committee 544. 1990. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber
Reinforced Concrete.ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 5,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 22 pp.
[11]Chintan Patel, Kishan Patel, Prof. Manjurali, I. Balya , Prof.
Vikrant A. Patel“Performance Evaluation of Polymer Fiber
“RECRON-3S” in Pavement Quality Concrete”
[12]ACI Committee 440. 1996. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber
Reinforced Plastic (FRP) for Concrete Structures (ACI 440R). ACI

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Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 5, American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, MI, 68 pp.
[13]Nataraja, M. C., Dhang, N and Gupta, A. P (2000)., ‘A Study on
the Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Subjected to Splitting Test’,
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Teheran, Iran, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan.
2000, pp. 1-11

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