CBD222 CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY
ODUETSE MANOKOLA 20170050DCE
BOIKI RABEWU 20170046DCE

TSHEPISO MOGAETSHO 20170040DCE

KEALEBOGA PHIRINYANE 20170063DCE
MPHO MODISE 20170056DCE
 CBD222 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

QUESTION 1
NATURALLY QUARRIED STONES
These are Stones that occur in the form of natural rock masses or layers on the surface which give
can give any space an original appeal. the stones are extracted from these natural rock masses in
different sizes. The methods of extraction depend upon the type of the rock encountered at the
quarry and also it depends on the purpose intended for the rock. There are two common methods
used for extracting the natural namely quarrying by digging and quarrying by blasting. When the
rock is hard and un-fissured quarrying is done by blasting method. Blasting is the process of
loosening hard and closely packed material by the use of dynamite. Natural rock resembles
different shapes and sizes and they are often heavy. Natural stone is authentic and genuine and
provides a great deal of color in color and consistency because of their authentic nature, superior
presentation and durability, natural rock veneers are the overall best choice for indoor, outdoor
and landscaping project in construction.

Natural Stone (Pros)

 More durable than manufactured stone because its less porous
 Lower maintenance costs since it can be pressure washed
 Color does not fade but ages in a natural, attractive manner
 No efflorescence
 Exceptional unmatched color vibrancy that will actually look better over time
 It does not contain harmful man-made chemicals
 Provides you with the authenticity of real stone
 Natural stone will add real long-term value to your home

Cons

 They are very expensive

 Heavy which makes it a bit difficult to install
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ARTIFICIAL STONES OR CAST STONES

Artificial stones are common building material that seeks to mimic the appearance of natural,
quarried stone like granite and limestone. Although more similar to concrete and other man-made
materials, the product is commonly referred to as cast stone, particularly by cast industry
advocates, in order to make it seem more closely related to natural material. They are cementitious
products made from fine and coarse aggregates, Portland cement (a combination of calcium,
silicon, aluminum, iron, and other ingredients),3 sand, mineral oxide color pigments, chemical
admixtures, and water. Two processes are typically used to produce cast stone: the vibratory dry
tamping (VDT) method and wet casting.

Artificial stones advocates believe that it has several advantages over quarried stone. First is color
range and control. Almost any color can be created and reproduced across the entire building
design. When a building owner or architect wants a color outside the range of natural stone and
demands strict control on color variation, cast stone is often the specified material.

Beyond color, cost is another popular reason to choose this stone. According to cast stone experts,
it costs less to create than it does to quarry and cut natural stone.5 But there are inconsistencies in
this claim.

Applications for cast stone are as wide and varied as quarried stone. From a simple window sill to
complex architectural elements, cast stone can meet a variety of design needs. Architects and
masons have found many uses for cast stone. But all seek to replicate the use of natural stone.

Artificial Stones (Cons)

 Color will fade and or discolor over time in an unattractive way
 Hard to clean because of its inability to withstand pressure washing or manual scrubbing
 Manufactured stone is composed of harmful man-made chemicals

 Deterioration over time, poor durability to natural elements such as wind, water and
sunlight

 Develops unattractive efflorescence (whitish crystalline deposits, sometimes referred to as

“whiskers”)
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QUESTION 2
BASEMENT
A basement is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the
ground floor. They are generally used as a utility space for a building where such items as the
boiler, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-conditioning system are located;
so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution
point.

RETAINING WALL AND RAFT BASEMENT

The basement has relatively rigid walls used for supporting the soil mass laterally so that the soil
can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to
restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical
slope) with a mat foundation, which is essentially a continuous slab resting on the soil that extends
over the entire footprint of the basement, thereby supporting the building and transferring its
weight to the ground. Usually constructed by the open cut construction method.

BOX AND CELLULLAR FONDATION

The format of the foundation also consists of the raft foundation forming the floor of the basement
and the internal walls are used or they transmit the loads to the raft foundation and also divides the
basements into cells

PILED BASEMENTS
With these basements the superstructure loads are carried to the basement floor by the columns
then further transmitted to the ground through the pile caps and bearing piles. The method is mostly
used on soils with low bearing capacities.
 CBD222 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

QUESTION 3
RECTANGULAR FRAMED STRUCTURES
Rectangular framed structures are a series of upright and horizontal members. They are set a right
angle to each other to provide support for the floors, walls and roof. The uprights are called
columns. The horizontal members are called beams. The structural frame carries the total load of
the building and transfers it to the foundation. Rectangular frames are usually made from steel but
they may also be made from concrete
They are used for multi-storey buildings such as:
 Office Blocks
 Large Schools
 Hotels
 Hospitals

or other similar buildings where a multi-storey structure is required. The floor space will
incorporate a large number of columns.

Construction, erection and fixing

 Framed structures are easily erected from pre-cast members such as beams and columns.
These members are easily connected together in the correct sequence to form the structural
framework. During construction the cranes are used to lift the members to where they are
needed.

 Cladding is fixed over the framework, or infill panels are placed between its members, to
totally enclose the space within the building.

PORTAL FRAMED STRUCTURES

These are structures that for a single storey construction covering a large open area within a
structure normally for areas that require large unobstructed floor space like in factories, shopping
centres and warehouses, and they are designed in a way that there will be no intermediate columns.
They are usually made from steel, but can also be made from concrete or timber.

The knee and the ridge joint for these structures gusset pieces to strengthen increase the bolt area
for the ridge joint and used to increase strength, give greater bolt area and prevent deflection under
load at the knee joint to support the roof loads and prevent bending.
 CBD222 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Considering the stability aspect in these structures diagonal bracing is widely used to help
strengthen the framework and prevent movement. Cladding rails for attaching the external metal
cladding panels to are fixed horizontal or vertical on the way the cladding panels are fixed.

TIMBER FRAMED STRUCTURES

Traditional timber frame construction is the practice of creating framed structures of wood to build
residential and other structures. The spaces between the timber frames is filled with insulation or
other materials, which ensures its durability. Timber is an easily worked material able to
accommodate a wide variety of designs and applications. Its environmental credentials are lauded
by designers, architects and eco professionals as one of the only renewable construction materials.

They transmit their loads onto the foundation through a common sole or base plate. Timber framed
houses are usually made in factories into large wall sized units which make economic use of
materials. The manufacturing process is not affected by inclement weather. The most common
used methods of erecting these structures are the Balloon and Platform method.

With the Platform frame method each storey is framed up as a separate operation making use of
each floor as an erection platform and the balloon method the building is fabricated from wall
sections two storeys high. It is not used for three storey structures.
 CBD222 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

QUESTION 4
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF DOMESTIC FLOORS
1 Provide a level surface with sufficient strength to support the imposed loads of people and
furniture.
2. Exclude the passage of water and water vapor to the interior of the building.
3. Provide resistance to unacceptable heat loss through the floor.
4. Provide the correct type of surface to receive the chosen finish.

COMPONENT OF DOMESTIC FLOORS

1. Hardcore
a suitable filling material to make up the top soil removal and reduced level excavations. It should
have a top surface which can be rolled out to ensure that cement grout is not lost from the concrete.
It may be necessary to blind the top surface with a layer of sand especially if the dampproof
membrane is to be placed under the concrete bed.

2. Damp-proof Membrane
an impervious layer such as heavy-duty polythene sheeting to prevent moisture passing through
the floor to the interior of the building.

3. Concrete Bed
the component providing the solid level surface to which screeds and finishes can be applied.
 CBD222 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

REFENCES
Bangash, M. (1992). Structural details in Concrete. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Barry, R. (1999). The Construction Of Buildings. Blackwell Scientific , 50-62.

Building Construction handbook 11th Edition2016Taylor and Francis

Chudley, R. (2013). Building Construction handbook.

Cotgrave.R.M. (2004). Construction Technology( industrial and cormecial buildings). China:

McGraw-Hill Companies.

Harris.C.M. (2006). Dictionary of Architecture and Construction 4th Edition. Tokyo: Blackwell

Scientific.

Roy Chudley, R. G. (2006). Construction Technology. Prentice Hall.

Sheikh, M. R. (2003). foundation of structures. Disaster Resilience and Engineering , 59-60.

www.understandconstruction.com. (2017). Types of construction. Undestanding Building

construction .