A

ECD LAB PROJECT

REPORT
on

“Laser Light Security System”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Submitted by

1. MOHAMMAD FAHAD (1513331111)

2. ASHUTOSH KUMAR SINGH (1513331061)

Under the Supervision of

Mrs. Nidhi Sharma
(Asst. Professor ECE)

Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida (UP), India

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow (UP), India

November – 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Aim 1
2. Components Required 1
3. Theory 1
3.1 Major Components 2
3.2 Circuit Diagram 6
3.3 Working 6
4. Software Simulation 7
5. Hardware Implementation 8
6. Result 9
7. References 9
AIM:
Design and Implementation of Laser light security system.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Following components used in this project.
 1 x LDR (Light Dependant Resistor)
 1 x LED (Light Emitting Diode)
 1 x 2N7000 NMOS
 1 x 100 ohm resistor
 1 x 6.8k ohm resistor
 1 x Buzzer
 1 x Laser Pointer
 1 x 9v Battery with holder
 1 x Switch
 PCB

SOFTWARE USED:
Proteous 8 Professional
Version: 8.7

THEORY:
Laser based Security System is a type of security and alarm system that uses laser light and a light
sensor. A security system protects our homes, offices, banks, lockers etc. from intrusion and
unauthorised access. There are different types of security systems available and laser based security
system is an important and efficient type.
A Laser security system can acts as a standalone system, which makes some sound or noise when it
detects any irregular activity, or can be part of a much bigger security and home automation system.
In this project, we have designed a simple lased based security system, which acts as a tripwire like
security system and triggers an alarm when the laser in interrupted.

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MAJOR COMPONENTS:

1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

The LDR acts as a light sensor in this project. As the intensity of the light falling on the LDR increases,
the resistance of the LDR decreases and vice – versa. The LDR is used in combination with the laser
to form the light sensor and source.

Fig 1: LDR Fig 2: Relation between intensity and resistance

2. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

It is an electronic device which glows up when current is passed through it. A light-emitting diode
(LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.
The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single
wavelength.

Fig 3: LED and its Symbol

3. 2N7000 NMOS
2N7000 is an enhancement-mode (normally-off) transistor that utilizes a vertical DMOS structure and
well-proven silicon-gate manufacturing process. This combination produces a device with the power
handling capabilities of bipolar transistors, and the high input impedance and positive temperature
coefficient inherent in MOS devices. Characteristic of all MOS structures, this device is free from
thermal runaway and thermally-induced secondary breakdown.

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 Fig 4: 2N7000 and its Symbol

4. Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Resistors
are used for many purposes

Fig 5: Resistor and its Symbol

5. Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or
piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of
user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Fig 6: Buzzer and its Symbol

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6. Laser Pointer
Laser Pointer acts as the main source of light in this project. We have used a small laser pointer with
an output power of less than 1mW. The laser pointer emits red light and the wavelength of the laser
output is between 630 nm to 680 nm

Fig 7: Laser Pointer

7. Battery and its Clip

When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to
an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to
an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be
completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement
of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

Clip: It is the thing with two studs on it, it provides an electrical connection to the battery.

Fig 8: 9V Battery and its Clip

8. Push Switch
A push button is a momentary or non-latching switch which causes a temporary change in the state
of an electrical circuit only while the switch is physically actuated. An automatic mechanism (i.e. a
spring) returns the switch to its default position immediately afterwards, restoring the initial circuit
condition. There are two types:

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 A push to make switch allows electricity to flow between its two contacts when held in. When
the button is released, the circuit is broken. This type of switch is also known as a Normally Open
(NO) Switch. (Examples: doorbell, computer case power switch, calculator buttons, individual
keys on a keyboard)

Fig 9: Push to make switch symbol

 A push to break switch does the opposite, i.e. when the button is not pressed, electricity can flow,
but when it is pressed the circuit is broken. This type of switch is also known as a Normally
Closed (NC) Switch. (Examples: Fridge Light Switch, Alarm Switches in Fail-Safe circuits)

Fig 10: Push to break switch symbol

9. PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive
substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and
mechanically fasten them to it.

Fig 11: PCB

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Circuit Diagram:
The circuit diagram of laser light security system is given below-

Fig. 12. Circuit Diagram

WORKING:
This circuit is based on LDR (Light Depended Resistor), a variable resistor in which the resistance
varies according to the light intensity falling on it. The LDR and resistor R2 forms a potential divider
network, which is the main part of our security alarm circuit.

We have already discussed about how transistor acts as a switch, the same principle is used here. The
voltage drop across the LDR is used to drive the transistor switch. When the voltage drop is above cut
in voltage (0.6V), the transistor is turned ON.

LDR has low resistance (mΩ range) in the presence of light and high resistance (MΩ range) in the
absence of light. In our security alarm, a LASER light is allowed to fall on the LDR continuously.
Light from other sources should not be allowed to fall on the LDR. In this situation, the resistance
offered by LDR is too low, since the LASER light is continuously allowed to fall on the LDR surface.

Thus the voltage drop across the LDR is also low [V=IR (Ohm’s law)] which is insufficient to turn
ON the transistor, so the transistor remains in OFF state.
When a person (eg: thief) makes a block to the continuous flow of LASER beam, then the light falling
on the LDR gets blocked. Thus its resistance increases to a high value in the order of MΩ range

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(According to Ohm’s law V=IR). While resistance increases the voltage drop also increases, when
this voltage drop exceeds the cut in voltage of the silicon NPN transistor (2N7000), it will turn ON.

Then current from Vcc starts flowing to ground via the buzzer and transistor, which makes the beep
sound. The beep sound from the security alarm gives the indication of some security failures.

SOFTWARE SIMULATION:
The software we have used for the simulation of our lab project is “Proteous 8 Professional”. The
software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to create schematics and
electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. The simulation result of the circuit is shown
below.

Fig.13: Simulation of the Laser light Alarm.

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HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:
The circuit was implemented on PCB with the help of soldering The circuit is driven with the 9V
battery.
The hardware result obtained is same as the simulation result was, which is shown below.

Fig. 14: Hardware implementation of circuit

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RESULT:
The ECD lab project i.e., Laser light security system has been design and implementation properly.
And the simulation of the circuit on software has also been performed successfully and hardware
implementation is also done.

REFERENCES:

[1] https://www.electronicshub.org/laser-security-system/
[2] https://www.slideshare.net/123xyz123/laser-security-system
[3] https://blog.prayogindia.in/make-laser-light-security-alarm/
[4] Digital Electronics : An Introduction To Theory And Practice by William Gothmann
[5] Digital Electronics by John Morris