Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 Introduction

For as long as the human race has existed, transportation has played a significant role by

facilitating trade, commerce, conquest, and social interaction, while consuming a considering portion

of time and resources. The primary need for transportation has been economic, involving personal

travel in search of food or work, travel for exchange of goods and commodities, exploration, personal

fulfillment, and the improvement of a society or a nation. The movements of people and goods, which

is the basis of transportation, has always been undertaken to accomplish those basic objectives or

tasks that require transfer from one location to another. (Garber, Nicholas J., Hoel, Lester A., 2012,

Traffic and Highway Engineering, 4th edition, p.3)

Traffic congestion is a daily occurrence in urban communities. Moreover, traffic congestion

is the crucial problem not only here in the Philippines but also around the globe. Hence, the pointed

intersection is one of the places that experiences traffic congestion. If this problem cannot be solved,

it may provide great impacts to the society. These impacts can be harmful to both economical and

environmental aspects. The economic effects of the traffic congestion are delays and increase in fuel

consumption. On the other hand, increase of gas emission and pollution are environmental effects of

traffic congestion.

The same situation happens on the intersection connecting M.C. Briones Street, Central

Nautical Highway and U.N. Avenue. This intersection is identified as national road connecting the

three roads from Lapu-Lapu and Northern part of Cebu to the capital city and vice versa. Due to the

high demand, the intersection is inevitably congested which makes the intersection’s traffic flow

slow.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Transportation

From the beginning of history, human have shown the importance of mobility to a society's

progress. Through transportation, civilization has been made. For a country to develop and progress,

transportation is a necessity. An efficient, proper, and extensive road transport has played a major role

throughout the history of any nation. Transportation played one of the most significant activities at

every stage of advanced civilizations. (Babu, Awari Mahesh, 2014, Risk Analysis on Urban Traffic

Mobility by using Principal Component Analysis and Casual Model Techniques, p.1)

Understanding the technological and economic complexity of transportation and their

significant effects on society is a large and interesting field of study. Transportation system for

moving persons or goods consists of three components:

(a) The vehicle is what moves people and goods. The vehicle consists of a container and

some type of motive power, either onboard or elsewhere.

(b) The guideway is what the vehicles move along. The guideway is composed of links and

nodes that together form a network. A sequence of links is called a route. A terminal is a node

where traffic is transferred from one vehicle to another.

(c) The operations plan is the set of procedures by which traffic and vehicles are moved over

the guideway, including schedules or timetables, crew assignments, and control systems.

(Boyce, David, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND PLANNING – Vol.I -

Transportation Systems, p.1, 2009). According to the Transportation Research Board of the

National Academies, congestion is the first identified issue in transportation. (Garber,

Nicholas J., Hoel, Lester A., 2012, Traffic and Highway Engineering, 4th edition, p.3)
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Different kinds of methods are used to collect relevant information regarding traffic congestion

in the intersection. These methods are useful to acquire necessary information to this project study.

Research Design

As per research design, this study is more dependent on the data gathered by the researchers.

The research concept is of quantitative nature because it depends on the accumulated data and

mathematical and computational techniques were used to acquire the right answers to the problems.

Research Environment

The T-Intersection connecting M.C. Briones Street, Central Nautical Highway and U.N.

Avenue is part of national highway. Being part of the national highway, the said intersection is also

affected by the increasing volume of traffic.

Vehicles passing through the T-Intersection are the contributors to the traffic condition along

this intersection. Just like any other roads, it is also suffers heavy traffic according to Traffic

Enforcement Agency of Mandaue (TEAM). Considering the nearby commercial establishments, there

is a possibility of having a heavy traffic to the intersection. So as to analyze the traffic volume, the

researchers considered the intersections before the said T-Intersection as the research environment.
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Data gathering was done in The T-Intersection connecting M.C. Briones Street, Central

Nautical Highway and U.N. Avenue. The results were presented in a tabular form for easy analysis.

Vehicular Count

The vehicles were divided into five categories. PUVs consist of private cars, SUVs, vans,

ambulance, and police cars. Jeep consists of Public Utility Jeepneys. Bus and truck consists of buses,

trailers, delivery trucks, heavy equipments, heavy vehicles, and fire trucks. Taxi consists of yellow

and white taxis. Motorcycle consists of motorcycles, tricycle, bicycles, and carts. Figure 6 to 11

represent the number of vehicles for Sunday, Figure 12 to 17 for Monday, Figure 18 to 23 for

Tuesday, Figure 24 to 29 for Wednesday, Figure 30 to 35 for Thursday, Figure 36 to 41 for Friday,

and Figure 42 to 47 for Saturday.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the researchers discussed the conclusion based on the result presented in the

previous chapter. Also, recommendations were suggested so as to improve the condition or status of

the area of study.

Conclusions

In the said T-Intersection, the level of service that is mostly experienced were LOS A, E, and F.

This means that some phases in the intersection experienced a stable flow because it is free-flowing.

Some phases experienced slow-paced flow and too much delay. The nearby commercial

establishment like pacific mall and the intersection being a National Road connecting North Bound

Area, Cebu down town area and Lapu-Lapu City affect the traffic volume of the area of the study.

A lot of people used private transportation because the vehicular count of each phase shows a

great number of motorcycles and private cars. In connection, the said vehicle takes a lot of space and

increases the traffic volume. A presentation of the Peak Hour Factor (PHF) exhibits some values

greater than 0.95 which describes a heavy traffic volume within the intersection. Another presentation

which is the volume capacity ratio shows that the traffic is stable and unstable which means that there

are phases that experience delay and start forming queue. Thus, the intersection needs to have

improvements.