ASSIGNMENT III

CONCRETE LAB MANUAL

SUBMITTED TO

ENGR. USAMA KHAN

SUBMITTED BY

UZAIR MUKHTATR

BSCET01183135

SEMESTER 2ND

18th February, 2019

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 Table of contents

LEGEMD
1.SLEVE SETS
2.WEIGHING BALANCE
3.CAPPING APPARATUS
4.VICAT APPARATUS
5.PYCNOMETER
6.CEMENT MORTAR CUBES
7.AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE APPARATUS
8.SLIMP CONE TEST APPARATUS
9.THERMOSTAT OVEN
10.COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE
11.AGGREATE COMPACT VALUE APPARATUS
12.SPECFIC GRAVITY APPARATUS
13.SIEVE SHAKER
14.CUTTER + WORKING AREA
15.BEAM LOAD APPARATUS
16. SAMPLE TRAYS
17.VIBRATING MACHINE
18.WASHING AREA
19.SINK 1
20.SAFETY EQUIMENT
21.COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE
22.DUMPING AREA
23.COMPECTION FECTOR APPARATUS
24. COMPECTION FECTOR APPARATUS
25.SINK 2
26A.SARGODHA CRUSH
26B.MARGALLA + SARGODHA CRUSH
26C.MARGALLA CRUSH
26D.MARGALLA CRUSH
27.RAPID CURING TANK
28A.RAVI SAND
28B.LAWRENCEPUR SAND
28C.CHENAB SAND

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1. Sieve sets
A mesh strainer, also known as sift, commonly known as sieve, is a device for separating wanted elements
from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven
screen such as a mesh or net or metal. The word "sift" derives from "sieve". In cooking, a sifter is used to
separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them.
A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid.

Figure 1: Sieve sets

2. Weighing balance
A weighing scale (or weighing balance) is a device to measure weight or mass. These are also known
as mass scales, weight scales, mass balance, weight balance, or simply scale, balance, or balance scale.

Figure 2: Weighing balance

3. Cylinder capping apparatus
They are used to assure plane end surfaces perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder during the capping. Base
and capping plate machined from steel. Guide is machined from cast aluminum or steel. It is protected against
corrosion.

Figure 3: Cylinder capping apparatus

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4. Vicat apparatus
Vicat Apparatus is designed to determine the initial and final setting time of cement and mortar paste.

Figure 4: Vicat apparatus

5. Pycnometer
It is termed as a glass bottle affords with a conical top and its capacity is vary from 500 to 1000 ml. There is
a small hole of 5 mm in diameter at it apex provide at the top of the conical cap. Cap can be screwed onto the
glass bottle. To avoid leakage of water, a rubber washer id provided between the conical cap and the rim of
the bottle.

Figure 5: Pycnometer
6. Cylinder moulds
The concrete Cylinder Moulds have been manufactured from either hard plastic or steel and comply to the
related standards. The moulds have a two part and clamp attached base plate cast iron, and are extremely
durable, corrosion resistant and simple to clean. We sell both Utest concrete cylinder moulds and PCTE
branded concrete cylinder moulds.

Figure 6: Cylinder moulds

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7. Aggregate crushing value apparatus
Aggregate crushing value test on coarse aggregates gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate
crushing under gradually applied compressive load.

Figure 7: Aggregate crushing value apparatus

8. Slump cone test apparatus
Slump cone are constructed of rugged plated steel or high-density plastic, and meet ASTM and AASHTO or
BS standards. Plastic and steel slump cones are rust resistant, and available in inch or metric dimensions. They
can be secured by standing on the integral foot tabs or clamped in the slump test base for additional stability.

Figure 8: Slump cone test apparatus

9. Thermostat oven

An oven thermostat is a switch that opens and closes in response to the temperature it senses. It is typically
found in the control panel, where a liquid-filled temperature-sensing bulb senses and maintains the internal
oven temperature by cycling heat on and off.
 Oven types
a) Heavy Duty Ovens
b) Standard Digital Ovens
c) Hot Box Ovens
d) Wax Melting Ovens
e) High Temperature Ovens
f) Materials Testing Ovens
g) Soil Drying and Aggregate Ovens
h) Drying Ovens
i) Dual Purpose Incubator/Ovens/Sterilizers

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 Figure 9: Thermostat oven

10. Compression testing machine

Compression Test machines are universal testing machines specially configured to evaluate static compressive
strength characteristics of materials, products, and components. Our compression test machines measure
characteristics such as ultimate compression strength, yield strength, deflection and modulus.

Figure 10: Compression testing machine

11. Aggregate impact value apparatus

The Aggregate Impact Value Testing Apparatus, meets with BS 812, it is robustly designed to determine the
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of aggregates which provides a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate to sudden shock or impact. The counter fitted to the machine automatically records the number of
blows delivered to the sample, manufactured from heavy duty plated steel to resist corrosion.

Figure 11: Aggregate impact value apparatus

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12. Specific gravity apparatus

The Specific Gravity Frame is used in conjunction with a suitable electronic balance for specific gravity
determination of fresh and hardened concrete and aggregates.

Figure 12: Specific gravity apparatus

13. Sieve shaker

A sieve shaker or sieve stack to expose the particles in a sample to all the openings in each sieve in a stack.
A sieve stack is the result of fitting each sieve to be used in a given particle size analysis into the one above.
The sieve with the largest mesh holes is at the top with each subsequent sieve of a tighter mesh size than the
one above it. A sieve stack can consist of anywhere between 1 and 18 sieves. The number and mesh sizes of
the sieves in a sieve stack are dictated by industry/application standards or the stated production standards of
specific products.

Figure 13: Sieve shaker

14. Cutter + working area

A place equipped for experimental study in a science or for testing and analysisA laboratory is a facility
that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments,
and measurement may be performed.

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 Figure 14: Working area
15. Beam load apparatus
Bench mounted beam apparatus to allow students to investigate the deflections and reactions in simply
supported and cantilevered beams.

Figure 15: Beam load apparatus

16. Sample trays

A tray is a shallow platform designed for the carrying of items. It can be fashioned from numerous materials,
including silver, brass, sheet iron, paperboard, wood, melamine, and molded pulp. Trays range in cost from
inexpensive molded pulp trays which are disposable, to inexpensive melamine trays used in cafeterias, to mid-
priced wooden trays used in a home, to expensive silver trays used in luxury hotels. Some examples have
raised galleries, handles, and short feet for support.
Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off them. They are made in a range of shapes
but are commonly found in oval or rectangular forms, sometimes with cutout or attached handles with which
to carry them.

Figure 16: Trays

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17. Vibrating machine
Vibration machine is used for the preparation of mortar cubes for the determination of compression strength
of ordinary and rapid hardening portland cement, low heat portland cement, portland bleast furnace cement
and high alumina cements.

Figure 17: Vibrating machine

18. Washing area

Safety is of utmost importance in the labs. Remove gloves and wash your hands after working with hazardous
materials and before working in a Clean Area. Do not rely on hand sanitizers to clean your hands. A range
of materials and tools are used in these clean-up operations. Clean the equipment thoroughly with soap and
water for basic cleaning. You may need to use a wire brush to remove some residue. Rinse with purified
water to ensure that all soap residue is removed.

Figure 18: Washing area

19. Sink 1

A sink is a large fixed container in a kitchen or may be in labs, with taps to supply water. It is mainly used for
washing dishes or washing hands.

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 Figure 19: Sink 1
20. Safety equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment
designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment
include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment
may be worn for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and
other recreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and
"protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields or masks, and others. The purpose of personal
protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering controls and administrative
controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are
hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the source and may
result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.

Figure 20: Safety equipment’s

21. Compression testing machine
Compression Test machines are universal testing machines specially configured to evaluate static compressive
strength characteristics of materials, products, and components. Our compression test machines measure
characteristics such as ultimate compression strength, yield strength, deflection and modulus.

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 Figure 21: Compression testing machine
22. Dumping area
A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump or dumping ground and historically
as a midden[1]) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. It is the oldest form of waste
treatment (although the burial part is modern; historically, refuse was just left in piles or thrown into pits).
Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many
places around the world.

Figure 22: Dumping area

23. Compaction factor apparatus

The ratio of the weight of partially compacted concrete to the weight of the concrete when fully compacted in
the same mould. The Compacting Factor Apparatus is used to determine the compaction factor of concrete
with low, medium and high workability. Comprising two conical hoppers having a hinged trap door attached
to the lower end of each hopper, allowing the concrete sample to flow freely into the cylindrical mould. The
hoppers and the mould are mounted onto a rigid steel frame and are easily removable for cleaning.

Figure 23: Compaction factor apparatus

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24. Sargodha crush
Sargodha crush possess the following properties;

 Greener in color
 High strength
 Usually elongated particles
 Sargodha aggregates have minimum crushing value of 17.9% and are therefore, the strongest among all.

Figure 24: Sargodha crush

25. Margalla crush

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Margalla aggregates have the lowest bulk density (1508 kg/m ) and the highest voids (45.56%). Margalla
aggregates have higher water absorption value than Barnalla aggregates. Barnalla aggregates have
approximately the same water absorption as Sargodha aggregates (1.04%). Margalla crush quarry is
considered to be the best aggregates for the pavement construction. The source and consensus properties vary
throughout the quarry. One cannot rely only on testing the physical properties from the single source. This
study presents the results of mechanical and physical properties of twelve aggregate sources selected from
margalla aggregate crush quarry. Margalla aggregates have maximum crushing value of 29.8%. Margalla and
Barnalla aggregates have higher compressive strength as compared to concrete specimens made with
Sargodha. Margalla aggregates have the highest flexural strength
Table: Strength properties of concrete specimens incorporating various coarse aggregates
Sample Compressive strength Splitting tensile strength Flexural strength (MPa)
(MPa) (MPa)

Margalla Crush 26.30 2.25 4.90

Sargodha Crush 21.10 2.00 4.78

Figure 25:Margalla crush

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26. Flakiness and elongation gauges

Elongation gauges Used to determine the Elongation Gauge of the Aggregate. Aggregate particles are
considered elongated when their length is more than 1.8 of the nominal size. It consists of a hard wood base
with vertically mounted metal studs as specified in the IS.

Figure 26: Elongation gauge

Flakiness Gauge used to determine the flakiness index of the aggregate. The aggregate particles are to be
considered flaky, if their thickness is less than 0.6 of their nominal size.

Figure27: Flakiness gauge

25. Cement

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to
bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together.
Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete.
Cement is the most widely used material in existence and is only behind water as the planet's most-consumed
resource.
Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based, and can be
characterized as either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the cement to set in the presence
of water
Non-hydraulic cement does not set in wet conditions or under water. Rather, it sets as it dries and reacts
with carbon dioxidein the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.
hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction between the
dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble
and so are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack. This allows setting in wet conditions or under
water and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic
cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash (pozzolana) with added lime (calcium oxide).

 Portland cement

Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world. This cement is
made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C in a kiln, in a

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process known as calcination that liberates a molecule of carbon dioxide from the calcium carbonate to
form calcium oxide, or quicklime—which then chemically combines with the other materials in the mix to
form calcium silicates and other cementitious compounds. The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is
then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make ordinary Portland cement, the most
commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient
of concrete, mortar, and most non-specialty grout. The most common use for Portland cement is to make
concrete. Concrete is a composite material made of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a
construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape, and once it hardens, can be a structural (load
bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white.

Figure 28: Cement

26. Lawrencepur sand

Lawrencepur sand has been successfully utilized as adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from industrial waste
effluents. Effects of pH, shaking speed, contact time and amount of adsorbent were studied. FTIR was used
to study basic surface characteristics. Different adsorption models were employed to calculate adsorption
capacity. Optimum conditions for Cr(VI) uptake by lawrencepur sand were 3.5g/100ml adsorbent dose, pH
6,shaking speed 200rpm. It has been concluded that lawrencepur sand can be used as low cost adsorbent for
removal of Cr(VI) from waste water. F.M > 2.0. Coarse sand. Good for concrete works.

 Fineness modulus
It is the cumulative percentage retained on standard sieve 150μm or sieves No 100 and above divided by 100.
It is a single factor or an empirical number which we get from the results of sieve analysis. The value of FM
will not change if we add non standard sieves in standard set of sieves.

Figure 29: Lawrencepur sand

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27. Chenab sand

F.M >1.0. Good for mortars. Better than ravi sand

Figure 30: Chenab sand

28. Rapid curing tank

It mainly used to fast water curing of cement in 24 hours and get compression and flexural strength instead of
3days, 7days, 15days curing by moisture curing method.

Figure 31: Rapid curing tank

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