Open Journal of Environmental Biology eertechz

SA Shafiei Darabi1, A Almodares1* and Research Article

M Ebrahimi2
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Phytoremediation Efficiency of
Department of Bioinformatics and Department of
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in
2

Biology, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

Dates: Received: 26 December, 2015; Accepted:
21 January, 2016; Published: 27 January, 2016 Removing Cadmium, Lead and
Arsenic
*Corresponding author: A Almodares, Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan,
Isfahan, Iran, E-mail:

www.peertechz.com
Abstract
Keywords: Sorghum; Cadmium; Lead; Arsenic;
Wastewater; Absorption coefficient Heavy metals are a significant problem in municipal wastewater, in soil accumulation and are costly
to remove in order to facilitate water use in irrigation. Wastewater, with three heavy metal cations and an
anion, was employed in irrigation during the Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench growth period. Results show
that the absorption coefficient or bioaccumulation ability of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is relegated
to certain heavy metals and their concentrations, but not at all to plant tissues in dry ash weight (DAW)
scale. Heavy metals absorption was determined in the following order: cadmium = lead > arsenic, and
while tissue accumulation based on DAW was equal for cadmium and lead, based on dry weight (DW)
all three ions differed. The soil’s ability to accumulate heavy metal ranked as follows: cadmium > lead
> arsenic by wastewater quality in this experimvent. These results change many previous ideas about
decreasing the transportation of heavy metals from root to shoot or other organs in plants. With low
cadmium and lead concentration in irrigation, sorghum is a good plant for remediation; however, in high
concentration this plant benefits from arsenic remediation. Soil is a critical parameter for wastewater
phytoremediation. This topic merits further research.

Introduction Heavy metal hyper accumulating plants can absorb and

Wastewater is a new water resource for agriculture and green
space. However, wastewater carries pollution of many types, such
as heavy metals, synthetic materials and coliform bacteria. Heavy
metals are not biodegradable in the environment. When accumulated
in ecosystems, heavy metals are very harmful even if present in low
concentrations [1].
Soil’s ability to accumulate heavy metals is very important in soil
pollution. Deposition of solutes in water or soil may occur at different
pH in varying concentrations of many compounds, such as sulfates.
This process reduces the soil’s heavy metal content and its rhizosphere
concentration through leaching and irrigation runoff [2].
Human activity distributes in the environment numerous toxic
heavy metals; this includes industrial and urban activity, as well as
agricultural pesticides. Cadmium is a contributor or the primary
agent in toxic heavy metals, because it has a different source for
environment disruption and high toxicity, as delineated in numerous
research articles [3,4]. Lead is another toxic heavy metal, present in
rising proportions in wastewater because it is a component in vehicle
fuels, especially in urban settings [5]. Arsenic is yet another heavy
metal, possessing a negative ionic charge, leading to differing actions
or interactions in soil and root absorption.
Plant remediation/phytoremediation is a leading method for
soil decontamination. Plants’ roots, soil and sewage can be treated
through degradation, absorption, storage or transfer of polluted
reagents [6].
accumulate high levels of toxic ions in their tissues, and then can be
used as toxic ion remediators. Plants vary in their ability to detoxify
different ions in heavy metals from soil and water, so that each hyper
accumulator plant may accumulate any heavy metal more than others
and be more suitable for any heavy metal ion remediation [2].
Plants used in phytoremediation may produce hazardous biomass
with high levels of toxic material, rendering them unusable in food or
livestock. Consequently, the selection of plants with high remediation
ability and economic value is vital to phytoremediation.
Sorghum is a core agricultural plant in tropical areas. It is the fifth
most consumed cereal in the world, used as food, animal feed and
biofuel [7]. Sorghum can grow through wastewater irrigation, and
has many remediation properties in soil pollution [8].
The aim of this research is to investigate the practical remediation
ability of sorghum on heavy metal–polluted wastewater to improve
an actual method for sewage usage.
Material and Methods
Culture conditions
3–5 seeds of sorghum were cultivated in pots 30 cm high (15
kg) in 16 h light and 8 h dark photoperiods, at 28 oC and 18 oC,
respectively. The pots were irrigated 3 times a week during a 12-week
growth period.
Soil analysis
Soil samples were taken from all treated pots (100 gr),

Citation: Shafiei Darabi SA, Almodares A , Ebrahimi M (2016) Phytoremediation Efficiency of Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench in Removing Cadmium, Lead
and Arsenic. Open J Environ Biol 1(1): 001-006.
001
Shafiei Darabi et al. (2016)

homogenized and used for analysis after cultivation. Soil analysis Table 2: Wastewater parameters. The analysis shows that pH and ionic
comprised base soil analysis under standard methods (Table 1). concentration are high.
No. Parameter Value Dimension
Wastewater treatment 1 pH 8.3
1500 l municipal wastewater was disinfected by activated oxygen, 2
Water hardness
832 ppm
and stored in a cool and dark condition during growth periods. (Caco3)
3 Ca 128 ppm
Different organic, salt and ionic parameters of wastewater were
4 CL 700 ppm
analyzed by standard methods (Table 2). 1 gr of cadmium chloride,
Total alkalinity
lead nitrate or sodium arsenate was added to 1 l distilled water. 1 5 323 ppm
(CaCo3)
ml of each stock was added to 100 ml of municipal wastewater and
6 Mg 122 ppm
produced the treatment, “10 mg”. 10 ml of this solution was added
7 SO4 670 ppm
to 100 ml value of wastewater and produced the treatment called,
8 NO3 5.7 ppm
“1 mg”. 10 ml of this solution was added to 100 ml with wastewater
9 NO2 0.06 ppm
to produce the treatment named, “0.1 mg”. Each treatment was
10 NH4 28 ppm
immediately used in irrigation.
11 PO4 2.2 ppm
Acidic digestion 12 EC 3930 µs/cm
13 Salts 2 %
Plants undergoing cadmium and lead treatment were collected
14 Na 520 ppm
and divided into root, stem, leaf and seed portions. The samples were
15 K 18 ppm
dried at 80 °C and heated in a furnace set at 550 oC for 5 h. 100 mg of
16 COD 55 ppm
the ash was mixed with 5 ml HCL 2 normal and heated in 80 0C for 2
17 BOD5 21.3 ppm
h after resting for one night. In the arsenic treatment, 100 mg of ash
18 Turb 4 NTU
was mixed with 2 ml of concentrated H2O2 and heated to 80 oC for 1
19 TDS 2080 mg/lit
h, then mixed with 3 ml concentrated HNO3 and rested one night.
20 Temperature 20 °C
Soil samples from each treatment were powdered after drying
and heated at 550 oC for 5 h. 1 gr of soil was mixed with 3 ml HCL 2 AC of irrigated soil, irrigated plant and plant in soil were
normal and 3 ml concentrated HNO3 then heated at 80 oC for 1 h and calculated. The AC of different heavy metals in plant was compared
rested one night. All samples were filtered and injected into an atomic per Eq. (2) (Table 6):
absorption set, Varian AA240 FLAME a model.
Equation 2:
Absorption coefficient plant heavy metal A content(ppm / DAW)
Absorption coefficient (AC) is a measure of the ability of plant or soil heavy metal A content(ppm / DW)
two ions AC comparison =
soil to accumulate heavy metals or ions, or to accumulate in a specific plant heavy metal B content(ppm / DAW)
site. This can be calculated by dividing the ion concentration of two soil heavy metal B content(ppm / DW)
samples, such as plant and soil. For example, the AC of plant on soil
was calculated by Eq. (1): Statistical analysis
Equation 1: SPSS 20 software (SAS Corp., Chicago, USA) was used in
plant heavy metal content(ppm / DAW) statistical analysis. Normal distributions of data, independence or
Absorption Coefficient ( AC ) = randomness, were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (1-sample
soil heavy metal content(ppm / DW)
K-S), and the RUN TEST, respectively. Comparison of meaning in
different treatments was calculated by One-Way ANOVA and LSD
Table 1: Soil parameters.
as post hoc option. Multivariate analysis utilized the ANOVA test.
NO Parameter Value Dimension

1 Texture Loam
Results
2 Clay 19 % Plant heavy metal accumulation
3 Silt 30 % Three treatments of irrigation wastewater with 10, 1 and 0.1 ppm
4 Sand 51 % cadmium chloride with three repeats were used in the cadmium
5 Moisture (SP) 45 % treatment. Plant cadmium content increased with wastewater
Electrical cadmium concentration (Table 3). One-way variance analysis
6 13.6 ds/m
exchange (EC) (ANOVA) demonstrated that the difference of all groups was
7 pH 7.9 significance (P < 0.5).
Total neutralizing
8
value
21.5 % Lead remediation was analyzed by three concentrations of lead
Organic Carbon acetate in wastewater. No variation was observed among the three
9 1.3 %
(O.C.) groups of treatment based on ANOVA analysis. On the other hand,

Citation: Shafiei Darabi SA, Almodares A , Ebrahimi M (2016) Phytoremediation Efficiency of Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench in Removing Cadmium, Lead
and Arsenic. Open J Environ Biol 1(1): 001-006.
002
Shafiei Darabi et al. (2016)

Table 3: Soil and plant heavy metal accumulation in sorghum.

Irrigation Soil (ppm/ DW) Plant (ppm/ DAW)
(ppm) Cadmium* Lead* Arsenic Cadmium* Lead Arsenic*
10 123 ± 5 12.5 ± 0.5 6.6 ± 1.5 238 ± 33 183 ± 43 18 ± 7

1 37 ± 2 10.5 ± 0.5 6.3 ± 1.5 123 ± 28 180 ± 39 17 ± 5

0.1 5±1 8.5 ± 0.5 4.8 ±2.2 75 ± 5 117 ±29 1.6 ± 1.3

Control 0 0.63±0.15 0.47±0.09 0 19 ± 2.6 0.86±0.05

Total 55 ± 52 10.5 ± 1.7 5.9 ± 1.7 145 ± 75 160 ± 46 12.5 ± 9

* The difference of means between groups (10, 1, 0.1 and control) of this column is significant at the 0.05 level.

when the concentration of lead increased 100 times in irrigation, no

100.0
change occurred in plant lead accumulation (Table 3).
90.0
LSD analysis of three concentrations of sodium arsenate in plant 80.0
showed that the 1 ppm and 10 ppm treatments had higher arsenic 70.0
levels than 0.1 ppm treatment (P < 0.05). On the other hand, when cadmium 60.0
arsenic concentration increased in irrigation, plant arsenic rose only lead 50.0
within a limited range (Table 3). 40.0
Arsenic
30.0
Comparison among the three heavy metals’ accumulation in
20.0
sorghum yielded the following order: cadmium > lead > arsenic in
10.0
high heavy metal concentration in irrigation (10 ppm); however,
0.0
in low concentration (0.1) the order changes to lead > cadmium > seed leaf stem root
arsenic.
Soil heavy metal accumulation
Figure 2: Comparison of tissues’ heavy metals base in DW with 10 ppm
Since heavy metals are imported with irrigation to farm or irrigation treatments.
agriculture, understanding the extent of the soil’s heavy metal
accumulation ability is imperative. Table 3 shows the heavy metal based on dry ash weight (DAW) and dry weight (DW) of tissue. The
content of soil and its variation between different treatments. cadmium and lead content of all tissues in DAW were equal, but this
Although heavy metal concentrations change 100 times in irrigation,
was not the case with arsenic. Roots accumulate arsenic more than
soil heavy metal content does not vary in arsenic and is very low in
other tissue based on DAW (P < 0.05).
lead (10.5 ± 1.7 ppm). In cadmium, with an increase in heavy metals
in irrigation, soil can accumulate cadmium in high concentrations, In DW, there are significant variations between organs, so that
shown in a saturated curve (Figure 2). root has more accumulators and the stem accumulates fewer ions
than other tissues, in the following order: root > or = leaf > or = stem
3Tissue treatment
= seed. All three ions had the same pattern (Table 4).
Root, stem, leaf and seed of plant were separated and analyzed
Runoff
To investigate the likelihood of deep soil or groundwater
Soil/Irrigation pollution through irrigation, pots that had been irrigated by 10
140 p.m. heavy metals during the growth period were leaching out by
120 untreated wastewater at the end of the experiments. The runoff was
100 collected and analyzed in three repeats. Results show, although the
y = 25.66ln(x) + 55.278 80 soil concentration in cadmium treatment is higher than that of lead
R² = 0.9327 and arsenic, its concentration in runoff was below 1 ppm (Table 5).
60

40 Absorption coefficient
20 The remediation of water and soil by soil and plant were calculated
0 by absorption coefficient parameter. Results showed that soil could
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
-20 remediate heavy metals of wastewater in low concentration. Plant
AC was very high for lead and cadmium based on irrigation (1136
and 750, respectively). Although plant can concentrate these toxic
Figure 1: Cadmium curve accumulation in soil. X axis is irrigation treatment ions from 2–18 times in its soil concentration based on DAW, these
and Y axis is the cadmium concentration in soil (ppm/ DW). ability is greater in low concentration. Consequently, the absorption

Citation: Shafiei Darabi SA, Almodares A , Ebrahimi M (2016) Phytoremediation Efficiency of Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench in Removing Cadmium, Lead
and Arsenic. Open J Environ Biol 1(1): 001-006.
003
Shafiei Darabi et al. (2016)

Table 4: Tissues’ heavy metal content in DAW and DW. The increase in soil and plant cadmium content can be plotted in
Cadmium Lead Arsenic
a logarithmic curve from 0.1 to 10 ppm of treatment in wastewater
Tissues (data not shown), as reported by researchers [14]. The lead content
DAW DW * DAW DW * DAW * DW *
Root 241 ± 67 90 ± 34 195 ± 73 78 ± 29 31 ± 10 12 ± 4
of soil and plant did not increase and had poor correlation with
lead irrigation concentrations. Most concentration observed in 0.1
Stem 225 ± 65 4.7 ± 1 143 ± 49 2.5 ± 0.9 10 ± 2 0.16 ± .05
treatments was comparable with cadmium treatment. Moreover,
Leaf 240 ± 51 42 ± 2 274 ± 70 54 ± 14 17 ± 2 3.4 ± 0.4 when lead concentration changed 100 times in irrigation, soil content
Seed 250 ± 56 17 ± 3.4 170 ± 139 26 ± 20 14 ± 2.5 1 ± 0.2 changed 0.3 times (y = 0.868ln(x) + 10.5, R² = 0.941), and then
Average 239 ± 52 38 ± 37 195 ± 92 40 ± 33 18 ± 9 4±5
the plants’ concentration of lead in different treatment is the same
(P>0.05). Since lead is detectable in runoff despite cadmium (Table 6),
*Significant at 95%
it seems that as it exited the pots, and the results were not compatible
with many researchers’ reports that lead can concentrate in first level
Table 5: Runoff collected after cultivation at 10 ppm. of soil without being diffused to groundwater [15]. Similar to lead,
Soil soil arsenic is constant in different treatments and is detectable in
Treatment Runoff (ppm)
(ppm) runoff, although this runs opposite to other researchers’ reports; soil
Cadmium 123 ± 5 0.00* arsenic concentrations increase with changes to irrigation arsenic
Lead 8.5 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.76 content [16]. Since the solution properties or sensitivity of cadmium,
lead or arsenic differs in water or soil, such differences may relate to
Arsenic 4.8 ± 2 4 ± 2.6
many other parameters of soil or wastewater, such as sulfate and pH
*: not detectable (<0/1 ppm)
(Tables 1,2) [17]. This can result in the dissolution or precipitation
of these ions when added to wastewater; this can be observed in
coefficient of cadmium in low concentrations in soil is equal to that lead by examining the changes in the transparency and shininess of
of lead, and reduces with increases of soil concentration. At low wastewater. Then the dissolution of ions reduces ion interaction and
concentration, the ability of plant in arsenic wastewater remediation activity with soil particles and exits the soil by leaching.
is greater than in high concentration in irrigation, because the soil
This result demonstrates that the wastewater has the definite heavy
possesses high AC in low irrigation arsenic concentration.
metal capacity based on its chemical properties, and may be managed
This result shows AC displays variation based on heavy metal for agricultural purposes by limiting heavy metal concentration.
type and its concentration.
Tissue analysis of sorghum based on DAW showed that the
Discussion content of cadmium or lead is equal in all parts of plants and that ions
distribute normally in all tissues or organs. However, these results do
Wastewater is a new source of irritation, but carries pollutants
not appear based on DW as reported by previous researchers. Based
such as heavy metals that cannot be degraded in the environment.
on DW, the cadmium and lead are distributed in different tissues in
Phytoextraction is a biological method for cleanup of heavy metal this order: root > or = leaf > or = stem = seed.
polluted soils. This process is a feature of many plants, so that many
researchers have suggested that plants can accumulate rare heavy Since stem and seed in sorghum are the carbon storage organs
metals such as cadmium up to 0.01% DW as phytoremediator or [18], results show that the storage of heavy metals in sorghum is
hyper accumulator [9]. Numerous plants were identified as hyper related to ash or macro elements content, but not to carbohydrate or
accumulators but most of them are not used in agricultural or industrial tissue type. The different tissues had the same power in heavy metals
applications, or are harmful to health after cultivation in polluted soil transport or storage; previous reports in variations between organs
[10,11]. Since this method is both costly and produces polluted waste, may relate to consideration of storage molecules in the cell. These
the selection of plants is very important. In this research, we chose results change many previous ideas in decreasing the transportation
to work with sorghum, which can absorb various heavy metals and of cadmium from root to shoot or other organs [19-21], because most
of them calculate cadmium concentration based on DW, the carbon
has different usages in food or bioethanol production [12]. With this
storage of plant may reproduce any mistake in this process.
information, we know that the polluted plant after remediation can
be used in bioenergy. Previous research shows the distribution of arsenic in agricultural
plants such as onion, cauliflower, rice, brinjal and potato found in the
The ability of soil to accumulate heavy metals is very important
following order: roots > stem > leaves > seed or edible parts [22], but
in soil pollution remediation and plant heavy metal uptake. This
this order in sorghum is in fact root > leaf = seed = stem based on DW.
is related to soil properties and compounds [13]. In this research,
As previously mentioned, in cadmium and lead, stem of sorghum is
lead and arsenic soil content was constant when concentration
a carbohydrate or storage part of the plant. This result confirms that
of treatment increased in irrigation, but in cadmium the soil can
heavy metal accumulation does not result in any change in coloration
increase its heavy metal content parallel with treatment (Figure 1). with carbohydrate stored in its physiological state.
Subsequently, the heavy metal content of soil had significant variation
and is a parameter in plant heavy metal accumulation and its toxicity In sorghum, root accumulates more arsenic than other tissues,
(Table 3). based on DAW. This result has been reported by previous researchers

Citation: Shafiei Darabi SA, Almodares A , Ebrahimi M (2016) Phytoremediation Efficiency of Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench in Removing Cadmium, Lead
and Arsenic. Open J Environ Biol 1(1): 001-006.
004
Shafiei Darabi et al. (2016)

Table 6: Absorption coefficient of soil, plant and heavy metals on irrigation treatment and other factors.

Plant / soil
Soil/ Irrigation Plant/Irrigation Plant/soil
Irrigation treatment Plant / soil

Cd Pb As Cd Pb As Cd Pb As Pb/Cd Pb/As Cd/As

Mean 0 126 90 .00 5739 147 .00 44 1.4 .00 32 .00
0.0
Std. Deviation 0 4 4 .0 947 14 .00 5.6 .37 .00 6.8 .0
Mean 51 85 48 750 1136 33 14.8 13.3 0.7 0.9 30.8 37
0.1
Std.Dev. 10.4 5.0 22.5 50.0 251.1 35.9 2.3 2.2 0.7 0.2 18.9 25.3
Mean 37.3 10.5 6.3 123.7 180 15.2 3.3 17.2 2.5 5.5 7.1 1.5
1.0
Std.Dev. 2.1 0.5 1.5 28.3 39.9 3.6 0.7 4.1 0.9 2.1 1.2 0.7
Mean 12.3 1.3 0.7 23.8 18.3 2.0 1.9 14.6 3.1 7.8 5.0 0.7
10.0
Std.Dev. 0.5 0.1 0.2 3.3 4.4 0.2 0.3 3.3 0.7 2.3 1.8 0.1
Mean 33 32 18.4 299 445 16.9 6.7 15.1 2.1 4.7 14.3 13.1
Average
Std.Dev. 18.0 39.8 25.2 342.1 538.6 22.7 6.2 3.3 1.3 3.4 15.6 22.0

for other agricultural plants [23]. This refers to excess or different
mechanisms of arsenic storage in root compared with other tissues
and other ions (cadmium and lead). These results show different root-
shoot heavy metal pattern distribution between arsenic and cadmium
or lead, although the main pattern among the four tissues in three
ions is the same based on DW in the following order: root > or = leaf
> or = stem = seed, and is related to hydrocarbon storage.
Many researchers revealed that in many plants, such as Oryza
sativa, arsenic produces a thin plaque out of rhizoderm of root with
Fe hydroxide as a cover [24]. This cover reduces arsenic absorption
by the root and increases local arsenic content of root (apoplastic
arsenic) compared with other tissue. Similarly, sorghum’s low ability
to accumulate arsenic in the same soil concentration compared to
lead and cadmium and the high content of root arsenic compared to
other tissue in DAW may be related to this phenomenon.
In soil with constant arsenic, the AC or plant/soil arsenic uptake
increases when arsenic in irrigation change that not observed in
cadmium or lead. However, this difference may relate to direct
adsorption of arsenic from wastewater as a plaque on the surface of
root as mentioned by many researchers [24], before exchange with
soil or exiting rhizosphere will occur as runoff.
Bioaccumulation ability of heavy metals
shows the similarity of cadmium and lead transporters, as reported
by many previous researchers. This suggests that lead may uptake by
nonselective cation channel related to very high potential membrane
[26], and low affinity protein transporters can mediate K+, Na+, Ca+,
lead and cadmium uptake [27].
Moreover, the descending saturation curve of cadmium AC or
plant/soil absorption in various irrigation differs from diffusion or a
non-energetic transportation curve (Figure 3). Therefore, cadmium
needs a carrier or protein active site for transport across membranes,
and accumulation in plant with high efficiency in low concentration.
Conclusion
This research demonstrates that with low pollution in municipal
wastewater, sorghum is a good plant for remediation and can absorb
high levels of cadmium and lead, so that with no cultivation these
ions can accumulate in toxic level in soil or leak deep into soil or
groundwater. However, the harvested plant can accumulate a high
level of heavy metals, which then must be used as non- foods or
livestock such as bio energy.
The variation of absorption coefficient of cadmium and lead and
their tissue accumulation patterns was differ from arsenic in sorghum
so that each heavy metal has a distinct behavior base on its properties.

Results show the AC or bioaccumulation ability of heavy metals

cadmium - coefficient plant/soil
in sorghum changes through many factors, such as the types of ions
and their concentration. Therefore, in low concentration of heavy 20.0
metals in irrigation, AC is ordered as follows: cadmium = lead > 18.0
y= 4.5138x-0.442
16.0
arsenic (Table 6). R² = 0.9037
14.0
Based on irrigation treatment, the soil and plant AC equation 12.0
curve descended in cadmium, lead and arsenic (data not shown). 10.0
These equations showed that bioaccumulation rate or ability was 8.0
6.0
inversely related to ion concentration (Table 6), as mentioned
4.0
by many researchers [25]. On the other hand, the most effective 2.0
phytoremediation takes place in low concentrations, because when 0.0
high coefficient absorption for soil and plant was shown in this range, 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
groundwater was more protected.
Since lead and cadmium content is related to DAW in all tissues Figure 3: Absorption coefficient of cadmium in sorghum based on irrigation
(Table 4), it may be suggested that these ions uptake with cationic treatments. With increased cadmium in treatment, the absorption coefficients
of plants are reduced.
and nonspecific or common transporters in plant. This finding

Citation: Shafiei Darabi SA, Almodares A , Ebrahimi M (2016) Phytoremediation Efficiency of Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench in Removing Cadmium, Lead
and Arsenic. Open J Environ Biol 1(1): 001-006.
005
Shafiei Darabi et al. (2016)
In high levels of pollution, soil accumulates high levels of cadmium
and the toxicity of soil increases with less groundwater pollution
compared to lead and arsenic, as reported by many researchers
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Office of Graduate Studies,
University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Special thanks are extended to
the Qom Provincial Directorate of Environmental Protection and the
Municipality of Qom, Iran, for many set analyses.
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Citation: Shafiei Darabi SA, Almodares A , Ebrahimi M (2016) Phytoremediation Efficiency of Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench in Removing Cadmium, Lead
and Arsenic. Open J Environ Biol 1(1): 001-006.
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