Read the article and write down the main topics and key details in a google doc.

Write a summary in
the google doc as well, and then submit the google doc on google classroom. It will be a good review
for MCAS, as this was is what most struggled with on the quarterly!

Main topics:
The main topics of this article are ¨Mendel Theorized About Inherited Characteristics¨, ¨Genes Not
Formally Identified¨, ¨From Genes To RNA To Protein¨, ¨Genes Encode Certain Characteristics In Plants
And Animals¨, ¨Are There Specific Genes?¨ These are the main topics of this article.

Key details:
The key details of this article are:
1. The effects of genes – inherited characteristics – were observed before we understood genes.
2. Offspring has features from both parents
3. Gene was first used in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen
4. Thomas Morgan- discovered genes were close together
5. Oswald Avery- showed that an enzyme that chews up DNA could destroy genes.
6. DNA was found in the form of a double helix. It was made of two matching strands that formed a spiral chain.
7. DNA could be "transcribed" into ribonucleic acid (RNA),
8. RNA could be "translated" into protein
9. Rather, the order of blocks is decided by the sequence in the DNA, through a special code called the genetic code.
10. Genes are stretches of DNA that might create a tool or a characteristic, such as a red color in the pea flower.
11. Thousands of genes in chromosomes
12. a gene is a union of strings encoding a set of working products.
13. Uncertain how many genes we truly have
14. 20,000 genes encoding proteins and perhaps as many encoding working RNAs. W
Wilhelm Johannsen to refer to "determiners" by which many characteristics are "specified."

Summary:
The definition of a gene, is still confusing to this day, and this is due to our knowledge evolving,
over time. However, Gregor Mendel had some theories about inherited characterizes. It didnt take long
for him to experiemnet, in 1850 he discovered that characteristics are inherited, from parents to
offsprings. Shortly after, Mendel, also discovered that those characteristics could blend together, or that
certain characterstic can be more noticeable than other features. But, the word gene was never used until
1909 by Wilhelm Johannsen, when he used the word genee to refer to "determiners" by where many
characteristics were specified. Shortly after in 1915, Thomas Morgan discovered that various genes are
co-inherited, he was the one to come to conclusion that genes were close together. Years after Oswald
Avery, than discovered what genetic material was DNA. It took 13 years for scientists to figure out that
DNA was made up of a double helix. This was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick. Now,
RNA can be called ¨protein¨ and can be considered protein building blocks. Anyway you must be
wondering what does this have to do with DNA and genes? Well a gene is technically a stretch of DNA
which encodes RNA. Genes not only are in humans they are in plants and animals. Plus, those genes are
sections of DNA from a chromosome which has pros or cons for animals and plants. Now that we have
that covered, their is no real answer to how many genes we have, only suggestions, to how many we may
have which we estimate to be around 20,000.