Ans-1.

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable

form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually
metals) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.
Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions. Corrosion is a galvanic process
by which metals deteriorate through oxidation—usually but not always to their
oxides. ... We also examine the chemical basis for some common methods for
preventingcorrosion and treating corrodedmetals.

Mechanism of Rusting of Iron Electrochemical Theory

of Rusting
The overall rusting involves the following steps,
(i) Oxidation occurs at the anodes of each electrochemical cell. Therefore, at
each anode neutral iron atoms are oxidised to ferrous ions.

At anode :
Thus, the metal atoms in the lattice pass into the solution as ions, leaving
electrons on the metal itself. These electrons move towards the cathode
region through the metal.
) At the cathodes of each cell, the electrons are taken up by hydrogen ions
(reduction takes place). The ions are obtained either from water or from
acidic substances (e.g. in water

or

At cathode :
The hydrogen atoms on the iron surface reduce dissolved
oxygen.
Therefore, the overall reaction at cathode of different electrochemical cells
may be written as,

(iii) The overall redox reaction may be written by multiplying reaction at

anode by 2 and adding reaction at cathode to equalise number of electrons
lost and gained i.e.

Oxi. half reaction :

Red. half reaction :

Overall cell reaction :

The ferrous ions are oxidised further by atmospheric oxygen to form rust.

and

It may be noted that salt water accelerates corrosion. This is mainly due to
the fact that salt water increases the electrical conduction of electrolyte
solution formed on the metal surface. Therefore, rusting becomes more
serious problem where salt water is present

Ans.2 Anabsolute configuration refers to the spatial arrangement of the

atoms of a chiral molecular entity (or group) and its stereochemical description
e.g. R or S, referring to Rectus, or Sinister, respectively. ... Absolute
configurations are also relevant to characterization of crystals.
And.3 Coordination isomerism is a form of structural isomerism in which the composition of
the complex ion varies. In a coordination isomer the total ratio of ligand to metal remains the
same, but the ligands attached to a specific metal ion change. Ionization isomers can be
thought of as occurring because of the formation of different ions in solution.
Ionization isomers are identical except for a ligand has exchanged places with an anion or
neutral molecule that was originally outside the coordination complex. The central ion and the
other ligands are identical. For example, an octahedral isomer will have five ligands that
are identical, but the sixth will differ. The non-matching ligand in one compound will be outside
of the coordination sphere of the other compound. Because the anion or molecule outside the
coordination sphere is different, the chemical properties of these isomers is different.
Ans.4 It is because the water below the waterline ispoorly oxygenated and acts as an anode.
The metal above the waterline is highly oxygenated and acts as a cathode.
Hence corrosion of metal below the waterline takes place. Inter granular Corrosion: This type
of corrosion generally occurs in alloys.

Ans.5 Steel contains iron which is higher in electrochemical series. So it acts as anodic and gets

corroded, while copper as lower in electrochemical series and copper acts as cathode and

gets protected. In this case anode area is very small than cathodic area hence steel bolt

completely corroded in short time i.e. Copper equipment loses its bolt after sometime.

Therefore a copper equipment should not possess a small bolt.