c Heldermann Verlag Economic Quality Control

ISSN 0940-5151 Vol 21 (2006), No. 1, 77 – 86

Control Charts for the Log-Logistic Distribution

R.R.L. Kantam, A.Vasudeva Rao and G.Srinivasa Rao

Abstract: This paper deals with the log-logistic distribution as a life time model. Control
charts and the corresponding control limits are developed analogous to Shewhart-charts for
the process mean and process range. The proposed control limits are compared with those of
Shewhart in detecting out of control signals for various sample sizes.

1 Introduction
In classical Statistics confidence intervals for unknown parameters of a statistical popu-
lation play an important role. An application of confidence interval, when the random
variable follows approximately a normal distribution, is the origin of the well-known She-
whart control charts. Construction of control charts using the theory of confidence in-
tervals, when the random variable follows Inverse Gaussian distribution is considered by
Edgemen [3]. Edgemen justifies his assumption by noticing that relying on the central
limit theorem for non-normal processes is hazardous as the sample size in control charting
is usually less than 10. Moreover quality characteristics such as product life are always
better modeled by a probability distribution with non-negative support rather than a
normal distribution. Therefore, Kantam and Sriram [6] developed control charts to be
used when the process characteristic follows a gamma distribution. Log - logistic distribu-
tion is another distribution of a positive valued random variable often applied in survival
analysis. A number of problems with special reference to log -logistic distribution have
been studied in recent times. Some of these are - Ragab and Green [7, 8], Balakrishnan
and Malik [1], Balakrishnan et al [2], Guptha et al [4], and Kantam et al [6]. In this pa-
per control charts are developed for averages and ranges when the quality characteristic
follows a log-logistic distribution. The details of control charts for averages are presented
in Section 2. The construction of range charts follows in Section 3. Comparisons with
Shewhart’s control limits are performed in Section 4.

2 Control Chart for Averages

We know that the Shewhart X̄-chart is based on the 3σ limits of the normal
distribution.

σ
If (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) is a random sample of size n from N (µ.σ) then X̄ ∼ N µ, n , where
√
78 R.R.L. Kantam, A.Vasudeva Rao and G.Srinivasa Rao

µ is the process average, σ is the process standard deviation and the probability of the
event
 
σ σ
x | µ − 3√ ≤ x ≤ µ + 3√ (1)
n n

is 99.73%.

For fixing the limits µ is sometimes estimated by the mean of the sample and σ is estimated
in different ways either by the sample standard deviation or the sample range applying
various estimation methods. The estimated limits are used for deciding, whether the
variability of a process characteristic is still within the tolerable region or not. In fact,
the 99.73% confidence interval for the process mean of a normal distribution has become
the most often used tolerance region for a sample process variable. When the process
characteristic cannot be approximated by a normal random variable, the above outline
proceedings may nevertheless be useful for deriving estimators and control limits for non-
normal cases.

In this paper the log-logistic distribution is a regarded as an appropriate distribution for

a random lifetime. Let (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) be a random sample of size from the log-logistic
distribution with shape parameter β and scale parameter σ. Then the density function
and the distribution function are given by:
 
β x β−1
f (x) =
σ σ  2 for x ≥ 0, β > 1, σ > 0 (2)
β
1 + σx
 x β
σ
F (x) =  x β for x ≥ 0, β > 1, σ > 0 (3)
1+ σ

X
Setting Z = σ
gives a standard log-logistic distribution:
βz β−1
f (z) = for z ≥ 0, β > 1 (4)
(1 + z β )2
zβ
F (z) = for z ≥ 0, β > 1 (5)
1 + zβ

The mean and variance of standard log-logistic distribution for β = 3 can be obtained by
the following relation:
  k k
E Z k = Γ(1 + ) Γ(1 − ) for k = 1, 2 (6)
β β

yielding
E[Z] = 1.2167
(7)
V [Z] = 0.9529

Thus, the bias-corrected moment estimator of σ is immediately obtained:

Control Charts for the Log-Logistic Distribution 79

X̄
σ̂mom = (8)
1.2167

The distribution of X̄ is not analytically available. However, by the definition of scale

parameter the distribution of σ1 X̄ is independent of σ. Hence, we take σ1 X̄ as pivotal
quantity to simulate the sampling distribution of X̄, thereby finding its percentiles. Let
L, U be two limits such that
 
P  σ1 X̄ < L  = 0.00135
(9)
P σ1 X̄ > U = 0.00135

yielding

1
P L ≤ X̄ ≤ U = 0.9973 (10)
σ

The following procedure is used for determining L and U . We have generated 10,000
random samples of size n = 3, 4, . . . , 10 from standard log-logistic distribution with shape
parameter β = 3. For each sample we have calculated

• The mean of the sample X̄.

• The BLUE of σ (coefficients taken from Srinivasa Rao [9]).

• The MLE of σ by solving the following equation iteratively


n
ziβ n xi
− =0 where zi = (11)
i=1 1+ ziβ 2 σ

The calculated percentiles of X̄, BLUE, MLE over 10,000 samples are given in Table 5.
The percentiles of X̄ corresponding to 0.00135 and to 0.99865 are made use of to get the
control limits of an X̄-chart. Let these be respectively denoted by L and U . From (9)
using L and U we get the following probability statement:
P (Lσ ≤ X̄ ≤ U σ) = 0.9973 (12)

Lσ and U σ are taken as the 99.73% control limits (analogous to the 3σ limits of the
Shewhart charts) provided the unknown parameter σ is known by specification or by esti-
mation. In this paper, three estimators are applied namely moment estimator, best linear
unbiased estimator (BLUE), and maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). The control lim-
its to be used are obtained by repeated sampling, computing the corresponding estimates
and subsequently calculating some constants by the mean of the estimates for specified
method of estimation. For example, if σ is estimated by the bias corrected moment es-
timator for a sample of size n the control limits in (12) may be obtained for β = 3 and
β = 4 by the constants A∗2 and A∗∗2 , respectively, given in Table 1.
80 R.R.L. Kantam, A.Vasudeva Rao and G.Srinivasa Rao

For example for β = 3 the constants are defined as follows:

L
A∗2 = (13)
1.2167
U
A∗∗
2 = (14)
1.2167

Table 1: Constants for X̄-charts based on the moment estimator.

β=3 β=4
∗ ∗∗ ∗
n A2 A2 A2 A∗∗
2
3 0.3118 3.8611 0.4341 2.6525
4 0.3794 3.8290 0.4950 2.4718
5 0.4208 3.2426 0.5390 2.2335
6 0.4472 2.9127 0.5627 2.0500
7 0.4645 2.7607 0.5781 1.9590
8 0.4774 2.6919 0.5895 1.8848
9 0.5037 2.7426 0.6100 1.9145
10 0.5263 2.5692 0.6287 1.8671

Given a number of subgroups of a fixed size, say n, the overall mean x̄ ¯ of estimates of the
sub groups is calculated. The control limits for a X̄-chart for the log-logistic distribution
are obtained by means of the constants in Table 1 as A∗2 x̄
¯ and A∗∗2 x̄.
¯

If σ is estimated by the MLE the control limits are L M̄c and U M̄c , respectively, where M̄ is
the mean of the sub groups MLEs and c is the simulated sampling mean of MLE given in
L U
last column of Table 5. Let A∗2M and A∗∗2M represent the quantities c and c , respectively,
then the control limits are given by A2M M̄ and A2M M̄ . The constants A2M and A∗∗
∗ ∗∗ ∗
2M are
given below in Table 2.

Table 2: Constants for X̄-charts based on MLE.

β=3 β=4
∗ ∗∗ ∗
n A2M A2M A2M A∗∗
2M
3 0.3496 4.3294 0.4609 2.8166
4 0.4360 4.3787 0.5323 2.6586
5 0.4907 3.7361 0.5841 2.4206
6 0.5325 3.5904 0.6142 2.2378
7 0.5504 3.4387 0.6320 2.1419
8 0.5953 3.3339 0.6456 2.0644
9 0.6123 3.1249 0.6690 2.0996
10 0.6206 2.9595 0.6904 2.0505

BLUE is an unbiased estimator of σ and, hence, a bias-correction in (8) is not necessary.

The control limits are given by LB̄ and U B̄. The constants L and U in case of BLUE are
given below in Table 3.
Control Charts for the Log-Logistic Distribution 81

Table 3: Constants for X̄-charts based on BLUE.

β=3 β=4
n L U L U
3 0.3794 4.6979 0.4822 2.9464
4 0.4616 4.6358 0.5498 2.7457
5 0.5120 3.8981 0.5987 2.4810
6 0.5494 3.7046 0.6250 2.2772
7 0.5659 3.5357 0.6421 2.1761
8 0.6101 3.4167 0.6548 2.0937
9 0.6258 3.1937 0.6776 2.1266
10 0.6329 3.0181 0.6983 2.0740

Tables 1,2,3 can be used for obtaining the control limits of X̄-charts for three estima-
tors in case the log-logistic distribution is an appropriate one. Moreover, motivated by
the Shewhart chart, we suggest E[X̄] ± 3SE[X̄] as another possibility of defining control
limits for X̄-charts, although these limits do not guarantee that with 99.73% probability
there will be no false alarms. The limits are straightforward calculated from the simu-
lated sampling distribution of X̄. They are compared with those obtained in the earlier
methods as well as are compared with the earlier obtained ones and also with the normal
distribution situation. The results of the comparison are displayed in Table 7.

3 Range Chart
The control limits for a range chart assuming the standard density are determined by the
equation
P (L ≤ z(n) − z(1) ≤ U ) = 0.9973 (15)

or
P (σL ≤ Ri σ ≤ U ) = 0.9973 (16)

where Ri stands for the range of the ith sub group of size n. Provided σ is known, L
and U are given by the percentiles of the simulated distribution of range, and we get
the control limits from equation (16). As described in Section 2, we have simulated the
sampling distribution of the range of samples from the log-logistic distribution with shape
parameter β and sample sizes n = 3, 4, . . . 10. The percentiles of the range are given in
Table 6. The scale parameter σ in Equation (16) was estimated by the mean of all
ranges divided by (αn − α1 ), where αi stands for the value of the first moment of the ith
order statistic of the corresponding sample of size n from the log-logistic distribution with
shape parameter β. Thus, the control limits in (16) become αnR̄L−α1
and αnR̄U
−α1
, respectively.
Taking the αi s from Srinivasa Rao [9], and L and U from Table 6, the constants D3∗ and
D4∗ with
82 R.R.L. Kantam, A.Vasudeva Rao and G.Srinivasa Rao

L
D3∗ = αn −α1
U (17)
D4∗ = αn −α1

are displayed in Table 4 below. The values of Ri and R̄ have to be calculated from the
given sample data allowing to compute the control limits D3∗ R̄ and D4∗ R̄ for the range
chart.

Table 4: Constants for the Range Chart

β=3 β=4
n D3∗ D4∗ D3∗ D4∗
2 0.0012 12.0824 0.0013 8.9319
3 0.0270 9.6728 0.0308 6.9528
4 0.0663 8.7207 0.0733 6.1802
5 0.1060 8.2868 0.1280 5.9604
6 0.1551 8.0536 0.1691 5.3344
7 0.1848 7.7324 0.2080 5.0877
8 0.1985 7.2560 0.2176 4.9862
9 0.2091 7.0406 0.2344 4.9846
10 0.2229 6.8429 0.2606 4.8490

Note that the control limits given by Shewhart for range chart in the case of a normal
distribution are based on E[R] ± 3SE[R], although this interval has not a probability of
99.73%, when operating the in-control state. Following Shewhart’s suggestion, we have
studied the same control limits for the range chart of a log-logistic process distribution.
The limits are calculated taking the necessary moments of the order statistics from Srinivas
Rao [9]. The performance of the resulting range chart is compared with the Shewhart,
where the results are listed in Table 8.

4 Comparison with Shewhart-Charts

If the normal approximation is used as process distribution, the constants for computing
the control limits of an X̄ chart and and an R - chart are available in all standard text-
books on Statistical Quality Control with the notations A2 ,D3 and D4 . The performance
of the control limits presented in Sections 2 and 3 depends on the power, with which
the charts detect out of control state. This question is investigated here by a Monte
- Carlo simulation study. 10,000 samples of size n = 3, 4, . . . , 10 are generated from a
log-logistic distribution with shape parameters β = 3 and β = 4. For each sample the
traditional control limits of the Shewhart control charts namely x̄ ± A2 R̄ for the X̄-chart,
and D3 R̄, D4 R̄ for the R-chart are computed. The control limits under the assumption of
log-logistic distribution are obtained using the constants in Tables 1,2,3,4. Out of 10,000
samples the number of samples, for which the mean and the range fall outside the control
Control Charts for the Log-Logistic Distribution 83

limits of Shewhart and outside the control limits of our charts are counted. These counts
are given in Tables 7 and 8.

From Table 7, we see that the out of control signals for X̄-chart are less in the case of log-
logistic distribution with limits (9), when compared with the chart based on the normal
distribution, but largest for the charts with 3SE limits assuming log-logistic distribution,
which is due to the skewness of the log-logistic distribution.

The control limits for the range chart assuming the log-logistic distribution with the
99.73% probability limits as well as the 3SE limits lead both to less out of control sig-
nals, when compared with the charts based on the normal approximation. This may be
explained by the exactness of the moments of the range in log-logistic case.

5 Tables of Percentiles and Chart Performance

Table 5a: Percentile of σ-estimators for β = 3.
n Estimator 0.00135 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.95 0.975 0.99865 mean
3 Moment 0.3794 0.4977 0.5694 0.6327 0.7194 1.1081 2.1590 2.5789 4.6979 1.2173
3 MLE 0.4723 0.5366 0.5783 0.6188 0.6879 1.0157 1.7774 2.0205 3,0883 1.0851
3 BLUE 0.2916 0.3992 0.461 0.5269 0.6005 0.9508 1.6717 1.8866 2.7765 1.0055
4 Moment 0.4616 0.5529 0.6324 0.6925 0.7727 1.1234 2.0228 2.3520 4.6587 1.2192
4 MLE 0.4937 0.5495 0.5996 0.6437 0.7084 1.0074 1.6485 1.8252 2.6305 1.0587
4 BLUE 0.3573 0.4692 0.5252 0.5873 0.6590 0.9617 1.5661 1.7339 2.5056 1.0054
5 Moment 0.5120 0.6025 0.6750 0.7359 0.8049 1.1386 1.9443 2.2119 3.9453 1.2170
5 MLE 0.4859 0.5597 0.6116 0.6648 0.7297 1.0061 1.5435 1.6931 2.3009 1.0434
5 BLUE 0.4108 0.5077 0.5668 0.6229 0.6939 0.9721 1.4958 1.6298 2.2148 1.0044
6 Moment 0.5441 0.6453 0.7024 0.7532 0.8278 1.1410 1.8543 2.0980 3.5439 1.2085
6 MLE 0.5074 0.5813 0.6295 0.6762 0.7392 1.0015 1.4768 1.6120 2.1183 1.0318
6 BLUE 0.4597 0.5401 0.5981 0.6481 0.7130 0.9742 1.4396 1.5689 2.0437 1.0012
7 Moment 0.5652 0.6714 0.7280 0.7840 0.8521 1.1482 1.8202 2.0577 3.3589 1.2108
7 MLE 0.5190 0.6005 0.6510 0.6993 0.7553 1.0003 1.4418 1.5528 2.0982 1.0282
7 BLUE 0.4789 0.5729 0.6281 0.6754 0.7337 0.9773 1.4054 1.5170 2.0351 1.0025
8 Moment 0.5808 0.6917 0.7487 0.8032 0.8702 1.1557 1.7865 2.0080 3.2753 1.2104
8 MLE 0.5361 0.6161 0.6666 0.7116 0.7727 1.0013 1.4104 1.5157 1.9615 1.0249
8 BLUE 0.5012 0.5996 0.6512 0.6931 0.7534 0.9817 1.3819 1.4794 1.9130 1.0029
9 Moment 0.6128 0.7196 0.7730 0.8207 0.8832 1.1604 1.7596 1.9441 3.3369 1.2118
9 MLE 0.5499 0.6306 0.6851 0.7280 0.7812 1.0034 1.3746 1.4773 1.8491 1.0220
9 BLUE 0.5322 0.6149 0.6677 0.7116 0.7660 0.9856 1.3508 1.4459 1.8325 1.0028
10 Moment 0.6403 0.7357 0.7898 0.8367 0.8950 1.1661 1.7324 1.9060 3.1260 1.2115
10 MLE 0.5798 0.6481 0.6964 0.7410 0.7891 1.0032 1.3576 1.4442 1.8105 1.0198
10 BLUE 0.5557 0.6304 0.6794 0.7242 0.7754 0.9856 1.3340 1.4196 1.7890 1.0025
84 R.R.L. Kantam, A.Vasudeva Rao and G.Srinivasa Rao

Table 5b: Percentile of σ-estimators for β = 4.

n Estimator 0.00135 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.95 0.975 0.99865 mean
3 Moment 0.4822 0.5832 06438 0.6987 0.7688 1.0627 1.7229 1.9411 2.9464 1.1167
3 MLE 0.5082 0.6025 0.6440 0.6813 0.7446 1.0089 1.5337 1.6907 2.2325 1.0461
3 BLUE 0.4070 0.5126 05753 0.6304 0.6947 0.9739 1.4844 1.6282 21771 1.0041
4 Moment 0.5498 0.6326 0.6944 0.7465 0.8076 1.0698 1.6280 1.8029 2.7457 1.1168
4 MLE 0.5603 0.6175 0.6640 0.7122 0.7673 1.0034 1.4545 1.5700 2.0655 1.0328
4 BLUE 0.4701 0.5743 0.6230 0.6792 0.7393 0.9791 1.4138 1.5254 2.0240 1.0040
5 Moment 0.5987 0.6723 0.7307 0.7800 0.8352 1.0788 1.5700 1.7184 2.4810 1.1156
5 MLE 0.5666 0.6379 0.6862 0.7336 0.7881 1.0042 1.3848 1.4843 1.8682 1.0250
5 BLUE 0.5217 0.6075 0.6591 0.7081 0.7672 0.9857 1.3617 1.4540 1.8258 1.0035
6 Moment 0.6250 0.7046 0.7520 0.7941 0.8511 1.0784 1.5183 1.6554 2.2772 1.1110
6 MLE 0.5936 0.6564 0.7035 0.7425 0.7958 1.0008 1.3396 1.4306 1.7558 1.0176
6 BLUE 0.5623 0.6315 0.6866 0.7272 0.7812 0.9856 1.3218 1.4073 1.7071 1.0009
7 Moment 0.6421 0.7267 0.7717 0.8163 0.8692 1.0838 1.4920 1.6259 2.1761 1.1123
7 MLE 0.5965 0.6786 0.7229 0.7637 0.8095 0.9999 1.3157 1.3910 1.7433 1.0160
7 BLUE 0.5793 0.6618 0.7101 0.7498 0.7966 0.9873 1.2976 1.3733 1.7186 1.0019
8 Moment 0.6548 0.7435 0.7882 0.8309 0.8816 1.0863 1.4738 1.5908 2.0937 1.1121
8 MLE 0.6220 0.6946 0.7367 0.7745 0.8238 1.0009 1.2942 1.3649 1.6575 1.0142
8 BLUE 0.5999 0.6848 0.7272 0.7634 0.8119 0.9902 1.2800 1.3460 1.6342 1.0020
9 Moment 0.6776 0.7633 0.8067 0.8449 0.8914 1.0888 1.4529 1.5528 2.1266 1.1125
9 MLE 0.6385 0.7077 0.7530 0.7881 0.8309 1.0026 1.2695 1.3400 1.5857 1.0128
9 BLUE 0.6263 0.6971 0.7422 0.7783 0.8218 0.9925 1.2561 1.3217 1.5775 1.0020
10 Moment 0.6983 0.7735 0.8211 0.8557 0.8996 1.0919 1.4367 1.5270 2.0740 1.1123
10 MLE 0.6559 0.7200 0.7615 0.7983 0.8371 1.0024 1.2577 1.3174 1.5608 1.0115
10 BLUE 0.6458 0.7102 0.7510 0.7881 0.8289 0.9929 1.2450 1.3054 1.5518 1.0018
Table 6: Percentile estimates of the sample range.
β n 0.00135 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.95 0.975 0.99865 mean
3 2 0.0010 0.0087 0.0240 0.0446 0.0912 0.5290 2.4666 3.3275 9.7408 0.8156
3 0.0327 0.0985 0.1556 0.2184 0.3244 0.9165 3.1706 4.1719 11.6964 1.2201
4 0.0990 0.2148 0.3055 0.3877 0.5120 1.1692 3.6111 4.8259 13.2436 1.5154
5 0.1820 0.3477 0.4406 0.5352 0.6631 1.3602 4.0380 5.1771 14.5616 1.7361
6 0.2828 0.4257 0.5374 0.6445 0.7818 1.5215 4.2920 5.5557 14.0863 1.8946
7 0.3687 0.5249 0.6428 0.7483 0.8883 1.6555 4.7052 6.0334 14.7530 2.0620
8 0.4179 0.6087 0.7273 0.8395 0.9796 1.7790 4.8882 6.2280 15.7062 2.1988
9 0.4823 0.6852 0.8459 0.9200 1.0700 1.9077 5.0890 6.5468 16.7458 2.3410
10 0.5545 0.7528 0.8855 0.9888 1.1533 2.0032 5.3066 6.8314 17.0936 2.4612
4 2 0.0007 0.0067 0.0180 0.0353 0.0704 0.4033 1.6168 2.0535 4.9608 0.5611
3 0.0257 0.0752 0.1177 0.1696 0.2496 0.6857 2.0004 2.5341 5.7924 0.8409
4 0.0751 0.1662 0.2362 0.3056 0.3977 0.8663 2.2703 2.8589 6.3279 1.0352
5 0.1500 0.2667 0.3443 0.4159 0.5117 1.0015 2.5291 3.1085 6.9826 1.1815
6 0.2186 0.3306 0.4183 0.5001 0.6058 1.1125 2.6685 3.2944 6.8958 1.2906
7 0.2904 0.4069 0.4999 0.5801 0.6835 1.2016 2.8655 3.4961 7.1029 1.3968
8 0.3235 0.4697 0.5603 0.6510 0.7543 1.2854 2.9833 3.6397 7.4135 1.4831
9 0.3674 0.5375 0.6291 0.7132 0.8159 1.3660 3.0852 3.7563 7.8138 1.5678
10 0.4275 0.5875 0.6861 0.7637 0.8812 1.4301 3.1899 3.9237 7.9558 1.6419
Control Charts for the Log-Logistic Distribution 85

Table 7: Out of control signals of X̄-charts..

Log-logistic distribution Normal distribution 3 S.E. Limits
β n x̄
¯ LCL UCL out Prop LCL UCL out Prop LCL UCL out Prop
3 3 1.2173 0.3795 4.7003 27 0.0027 0.0000 2.4656 297 0.0297 0.2406 2.1940 479 0.0479
4 1.2192 0.4625 4.6685 27 0.0027 0.1190 2.3144 273 0.0273 0.4855 1.9529 616 0.0616
5 1.2170 0.5121 3.9461 27 0.0027 0.2189 2.2111 251 0.0251 0.6311 1.8029 868 0.0868
6 1.2085 0.5404 3.5200 23 0.0023 0.2932 2.1232 229 0.0229 0.7237 1.6933 1192 0.1192
7 1.2108 0.5624 3.3427 26 0.0026 0.3440 2.0772 233 0.0233 0.7945 1.6271 1524 0.1524
8 1.2104 0.5778 3.2583 26 0.0026 0.3861 2.0371 231 0.0231 0.8462 1.5746 1878 0.1878
9 1.2118 0.6103 3.3235 24 0.0024 0.4233 1.9985 208 0.0208 0.8877 1.5359 2200 0.2200
10 1.2115 0.6376 3.1126 27 0.0027 0.4553 1.9657 195 0.0195 0.9199 1.5031 2511 0.2511
4 3 1.1167 0.4848 2.9621 28 0 0028 0.2565 1.9769 222 0.0222 0.5333 1.7001 578 0.0578
4 1.1168 0.5528 2.7604 27 0.0027 0.3621 1.8715 193 0.0193 0.6792 1.5544 890 0.0890
5 1.1156 0.6013 2.4918 32 0.0032 0.4339 1.7973 169 0.0169 0.7659 1.4653 1256 0.1256
6 1.1110 0.6251 2.2775 28 0.0028 0.4876 1.7344 155 0.0155 0.8208 1. 4012 1689 0.1689
7 1.1123 0.6430 2.1791 27 0.0027 0.5270 1.6976 167 0.0167 0.8634 1.3613 2048 0.2048
8 1.1121 0.6555 2.0960 26 0.0026 0.5589 1.6653 162 0.0162 0.8942 1.3300 2408 0.2408
9 1.1125 0.6787 2.1299 29 0.0029 0.5842 1.6408 134 0.0134 0.9188 1.3062 2708 0.2708
10 1.1125 0.6993 2.0769 27 0.0027 0.6066 1.6180 142 0.0142 0.9380 1.2866 3013 0.3013

Table 8: Out of control signals of range charts..

Log-logistic distribution Normal distribution 3 S.E. Limits
β n x̄
¯ LCL UCL out Prop LCL UCL out Prop LCL UCL out Prop
3 2 0.8156 0.0010 9.8544 27 0.0027 0.0000 2.6646 427 0.0427 0 4.2259 149 0.0149
3 1.2201 0.0329 11.8028 26 0.0026 0.0000 3.1420 508 0.0508 0 5.2385 144 0.0144
4 1.5154 0.0998 13.1308 29 0.0029 0.0000 3.4360 571 0.0571 0 5.9893 143 0.0143
5 1.7361 0.1830 14.3055 29 0.0029 0.0000 3.6511 637 0.0637 0 6.5425 146 0:0146
6 1.8946 0.2938 15.2567 26 0.0026 0.0000 3.7964 683 0.0683 0 6.9193 138 0.0138
7 2.0620 0.3822 15.9921 25 0.0025 0.1572 3.9792 725 0.0725 0 7.3638 142 0.0142
8 2.1988 0.4393 16.0583 28 0.0028 0.3076 4.1252 748 0.0748 0 7.7213 135 0.0135
9 2.3410 0.4887 16.4539 30 0.0030 0.4300 4.2440 812 0.0812 0 8.1130 136 0.0136
10 2.4612 0.5465 16.7774 26 0.0026 0.5468 4.3568 855 0.0855 0 8.4390 137 0.0137
4 2 0.5611 0.0007 5.0117 26 0.0026 0.0000 1.8331 350 0.0350 0 2.3935 168 0.0168
3 0.8409 0.0259 5.8466 26 0.0026 0.0000 2.1653 396 0.0396 0 2.9479 165 0.0165
4 1.0352 0.0759 6.3977 28 0.0028 0.0000 2.3623 444 0.0444 0 3.3157 151 0.0151
5 1.1815 0.1512 7.0422 26 0.0026 0.0000 2.4989 513 0.0513 0 3.5869 159 0.0159
6 1.2906 0.2182 6.8846 27 0.0027 0.0000 2.5864 539 0.0539 0 3.7799 161 0.0161
7 1 3968 0.2905 7.1065 27 0.0027 0.1062 2.6874 607 0.0607 0 3.9853 164 0.0164
8 1.4831 0.3227 7.3950 27 0.0027 0.2062 2.7645 645 0.0645 0 4.1479 162 0.0162
9 1.5678 0.3675 7.8149 27 0.0027 0.2885 2.8471 669 0.0669 0 4.3162 156 0.0156
10 1.6419 0.4279 7.9616 27 0.0027 0.3661 2.9177 697 0.0697 0 4.4624 154 0.0154
86 R.R.L. Kantam, A.Vasudeva Rao and G.Srinivasa Rao

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R.R.L. Kantam and A.Vasudeva Rao G.Srinivasa Rao

Department of Statistics Department of Science and Humanities
Nagarjuna University DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology
Guntur-522510 Kancikacherla-522006
India India