Extensive survey project 2017-2018

ABSTRACT

The extensive survey project is the project work prescribed by the Visveswaraya
Technological University for the sixth semester students of Civil engineering, to acquire a
practical knowledge and application of theory and overcome the difficulties that could
arise in field during surveying. And also learn the use of different survey instrument and
to develop the team spirit at work. It also helps to develop the confidence in handling of
project. The department of civil engineering , Bangalore Institute of Technology is
planned to conduct, Extensive Survey Project work at Sri Ghati Subramanya
Doddaballapur taluk ,Bangalore rural district which is 70 Km away from Bangalore and
collecting survey data to design the following
1. To design irrigation tank to store water and supply water to agricultural lands. To design
the tank, suitable site to construct a bund is located by conducting Reconnaissance and
preliminary and final survey. Detail calculation is done for the required earth work.
Considering the rainfall and catchment area, water that can be stored in the tank is
estimated. The water collected is feed to the agricultural land by locating and designing a
suitable canal from the left bank of the bund.
2. A proposal is designed to supply water to PALPAL DINNE village by conducting survey
to locate the source, designing pipe line ,treatment plant, and overhead water tank. Pipe
line layout for village. And also design of sanitary system by conducting required survey
for laying pipeline and treatment plant for disposal of sanitary waste.
3. In highway project, the alignment is located between two given points at a distance of
1.5km. Reconnaissance is done along the alignment. It is located on the ground taking
longitudinal and cross- sectional details. Horizontal and vertical curves are designed by
fixing the gradients. Pavement is designed by taking the soil details. An estimation of
materials and constructions is prepared.
4 A proposal is designed to restore the existing water tank near PALPAL DINNE. Village.
The existing capacity of the tank is estimated and improved capacity of the tank is
calculated by raising the existing bund to a suitable height.

Department Of Civil Engineering 1

5. Town/housing / layout planning: Residential townships are being developed for providing
housing facilities to ever, growing population. This project is an attempt to plan and
design the layout according to bylaws and regulations of the governing authorities like
city municipal councils, BDA/BMRDA Panchayath etc.
The main objective is to apply a practical knowledge in various stages of the
project including
 Feasibility studies
 Governmental approvals – environmental impact assessment
 Scientific planning and design of various infrastructures of the layout like the Residential
units,
Commercial units, Water supply lines, Sewerage lines, Roads networks Rain water
harvesting units, and, including civic amenities.
CHAPTER 1:
NEW TANK PROJECT
Irrigation is the process of artificially supplying water to soil for rising crops. India is
basically an agricultural country and its economy depends on the agricultural output to a
great extent. Water is normally supplied to the plants by nature through rains. In order to
get the maximum yield, it is essential to supply the optimum quantity of water and to
maintain correct timing of watering. This is possible only through a systematic irrigation
system that is collecting water during the periods of excess rainfall and releasing it to the
crop as and when required. So this can be achieved by constructing a tank. Tanks are
basically small reservoirs built of earthen walls across the rivers, streams and drainage
channels to impound and store water to irrigate fields through channels. The word tank is
often used in common parlance to describe small irrigation reservoirs or minor irrigation
tanks. As academic requirements in respect of extensive project work prescribed by the
university it is proposed to conduct survey and to design a new irrigation tank

1.1 Need for Irrigation

The need for irrigation can be summarized in the following four points:
1. Less rainfall:
When the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial supply of water is
necessary. In such a case, irrigation system should be developed at the place where more
water is available and then, the means to convey water to the area where there is
deficiency.
2. Non-uniform rainfall:
The rainfall in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the crop period. During
the early periods of the crop rains may be there, but no water may be available at the end,
with the result, that either, the yield may be less or the crop may wither. But the
accumulated or stored water during the excess rainfall period may be supplied to the crop
during the period when there may be no rainfall, but there is a need for watering.
3. Commercial crop with additional water:
The rainfall in a particular area may be just sufficient to raise the usual crops, but more
water may be necessary for raising commercial or cash crops, in addition to increasing
the annual output by adopting multiple cropping patterns distributed throughout the year.
4. Controlled water supply:
By constructing a proper distribution system, the yield of crop may be increased.
Application of water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation increases the efficiency
of growth of crops.
1.2 Study area

Sri Ghati Subramanian located at The Latitude 13.4086° N, Longitude 77.5285° E

Doddaballapur taluk, Bangalore rural district Karnataka, India. Which is 56 Km away
from Bangalore. The new tank project is located at Melina juganahalli, Kelagina
Juganahalli.

1.3 Technical Aspects of a Project

The design and construction of any project such as dam, road alignment requires a
thorough investigation of the site as regards to its stability and feasibility. The preliminary
investigation starts from the reconnaissance work, study of top sheets, proposal of
alternate sites etc. The second stage work of investigation includes the survey work at the
site in order to collect the data necessary for the design of project elements, preparation of
drawings, estimates etc. the office work is confined to the designs, drawings and
estimates of the project.

1.4 Methodology
The whole project is presented in four parts. The first part deals with the study of the
project area. It includes rainfall, climate, and topography and crop pattern of the region.
In second part presents the detailed survey work at the site including LS and CS of the
bund capacity contour, canal alignment. In the third part the design of bund or
embankment? The fourth part describes the design of canal land design of sluice gates.
1.5. INVESTIGATION AND STUDIES
1.5.1 : Topography of Catchment Area
Catchment area is the extent of geological area on the upstream side of project site which
drains the surface water flows due to rainfall on that area to the valley across which the
project is envisaged.
The study area consists of the catchments situated in a comparatively small area with the
maximum distance between two points of the study area being about 60 km. Geology are
very variable. The study area, consists of, quartzite, and sedimentary rock with tertiary
and quaternary volcanism. It consists of sandstone, marl, and limestone. All catchment
within the study area belong to the same climatic region (temperate humid), Precipitation
ranges from to 824mm/year.
Elevation ranges from about 49.35m above mean sea level to 846.645MSL.Most of the
catchments are rural with little urbanization. The proportion of forest varies between 14%
and 95catchments, over 70% of the surface area is forested.

1.5.2 : Catchment of the study area.

For calculation of the catchment area Topo Sheet No: D43-R11 Fig.1.1 is used and its
scale is 1:50000. The catchment area is delineated with the help of contours on Topo
sheet and area is obtained by importing Topo sheet with given scale in to AutoCAD
software.
The catchment area is the intercepted catchment area. The total catchments area
calculated for the proposed site is 18.90sq km.
Classification of catchment area

1. Independent catchment area

2. Intercepted catchment area

Since the catchment area of the project is a part of the total catchment area the extent
which is the catchment area of existing Visveswariah pick up storage located within the
total catchment area of the project site. Catchment area comes under intercepted
catchment area

Classification of catchment area based on topography as follows

1. Good catchment

2. Average catchment

3. Bad catchment
 The present catchment considered as average catchment since it is with moderate slopes,
little rocky out crops, partly cultivated lands and semi pervious soil.

1.6 SURVEY DETAILED STUDY

Detailed survey has been carried out throughout the study area, using digital Survey
instrument Total Station.

1.6.1 Objectives of the Project:

1. To recognise the suitable site for construction of earthen dam.
2. To find out reservoir submerged area, capacity of reservoir.
3. To determine height of the bund and calculation of earthwork, revetment.

4. To align the canal and determine the cutting and filling along the length of the canal.
5. To design the. i. Design of surplus weir with apron ii. Design of tank sluice. iii .Design of
canal drop.

1.6.2 Investigations and Surveys

The surveys are carried out to collect field data to obtain all information needed for actual
design of components of the project. The survey extends over the site selected for the
work sufficiently beyond their area so that alternative proposals can be studied.
a) Reconnaissance
The reconnaissance survey is conducted in the following sequence:
1. Study of topographical survey sheets, geological and meteorological maps.
2. Ground reconnaissance.
3. Final reconnaissance of inaccessible and difficult stretches.
Study of Survey Sheets, Maps, Etc:
Reconnaissance begins with the study of Topo map which are required for preliminary
investigation for a project and to demarcate the catchment area at the project site .Topo
Sheet No: D42-R11 in fig no 1.1 is referred for the current project.
Survey maps are useful in locating the catchment and submersion areas and to identify
the extent lands benefited and submerged these maps are also necessary for initiating land
acquisition. The village maps of Melina juganahalli, Kelagina Juganahalli Lagumenahalli
were referred.
Ground Reconnaissance:
The various alternative routes found feasible as a result of map and further examined in
the field by ground reconnaissance. As such, this part of the survey is an important link in
the chain of activities leading to selection of the final route.
 b) Preliminary Surveys
With the help of the Topo sheets, the availability of site for locating the bund and
appurtenant works shall be studied and after establishing its suitability preliminary
surveys are taken up.
The preliminary surveys consist of reconnaissance of the area keeping in view of the
followings:
1. Suitability of site for locating the bund, surplus sing arrangements etc.
2. The site should afford sufficient yield and should have command area with least
submersion area.
3. Preliminary survey will facilitate arriving at a rough cost and assessing the viability of the
project.

c) Final Location and Detailed Survey:

Detailed surveys are carried out at the finally selected site to facilitate preparation of
designs,estimates,etc., to establish the technical and financial feasibility of the project.
Selection of site for earthen bund:
The best site for locating the bund or dam shall be selected by considering the following
aspects
1. It shall be one, which has ridges on both the flanks of the stream the site shall be suitable
for locating the bund and surplus sing arrangements.
2. The foundation for the bund and surplus sing arrangements should be suitable.
3. The site should be preferably below the confluence of two or more valleys to take
advantage of water availability from the different valleys.
4. The topography of lands upstream of the proposed site shall provide good storage without
disproportionate submersion of lands.
5. The materials like soils, stones, jelly, and sand Etc, suitable for construction shall be
available in sufficient quantities and within reasonable leads.

Establishment of Bench marks:

Benchmarks are to be established in the project area at every one-Km interval and
preferable connected to the nearest G.T.S benchmarks Bench marks shall be preferable
located on either flanks of the dam, water spread area and the irrigation channels for
carrying out the levels of makalidurga railway station 846.645, culvert at NTP site
797.295, 25/2 km stone near NTP right bund 812.225.
Surveys for the bund or dam site:
Alignment of Centre line of proposed bund, longitudinal section, cross section, block
levelling at sluice point and waste weir point, canal alignment longitudinal section and
cross section of canal.
 Levels at bund or dam site:
Since levelling work done by total station random points are taken at NTP site.
Levels for canal:
Levelling work is carried from sluice bed level up to approximate length of 500m.
Levels for water spread area:
This is required to compute the storage capacity of the reservoir by drawing contour lines
at suitable intervals and to assess the area of lands. The block levels of the water spread
area are to be taken at 1m intervals up to top level of the bund. Ground reconnaissance
discloses certain difficult stretches, which will for detailed examination. Ground
reconnaissance discloses certain difficult stretches, which call for detailed examination.

1.7. COLLECTION OF DATA

1.7.1 Rain fall data
Records of rain fall data are maintained at taluk level offices and also at director of
statistics and planning. These records give the account of rain fall at different rain gauges
stations distributed

In the catchment area and command area these will be a basic data in computing the yield
from the catchment and working out the water requirement of crops. For the present work
the rain fall data is obtained from the Meteorological department of India, and the Gram
panchayath office of S.S. Ghati.

1.7.2 Hydro meteorological Data:

Data on temperature, wind velocity, pan evaporation etc. At several Hydro meteorological
stations are being collected and maintained by W.R.D.O.These data are use full in
determining evaporation losses and working out crop requirement.

1.8 HYDROLOGY
1.8.1 Assessment of yield:
The yield is mainly dependent on the quantity and distribution of rain fall in the
catchment area of the project. Besides following factors affect the yield.
1. The conditions of the area as regard geological formation, permeability of soil surface
slopes, wind, temperature and humidity.
2. The nature and quantity of vegetation in the area.
3. Humidity of the surface and subsurface in the area at the time of rain fall and existence of
surface water.
A long term gauge data of a stream or river at the project site enables a reasonable
assessment of yield at the site at the desired dependability. However in case of small
streams which are not gauged the yield will have to be computed based on individual rain
 fall data of influencing rain gauge stations within or outside the catchment area of the
project.

1.9. CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

The quantum of water required for raising a crop in its base period during a cropping
season is called crop water requirement.
1.9.1 Estimation of water requirement of crops
The water requirement for the village depends upon the type of the crop grown in the
village, cultivable command area of the crops, duty, delta and base period of the
respective crops.
Following methods are adopted for estimation
1. Duty method
This method is adopted for small tanks
2. Consumptive use for major tanks

Duty:
Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between the
area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire
period of growth of that crop.
Delta:
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period from the day
of sowing to harvesting.
Crop period:
Crop period is the time, in days, that a crop takes from the instant of its sowing to its
harvesting.
Base period:
Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time of first
watering for sowing the crop, to the last watering before harvesting.

Relation between Base, Duty and Delta

Where, ∆ - Delta of the crop in m

B– Base period of the crop in days
D – Duty of the water in hectare/cusec
 Gross command area:
An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The canal
usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from it, on both side, due to
gravitational action only up-to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying under
the canal system, the irrigation can be done only up-to the drainage boundaries, which
can be commanded or irrigated by a canal system and this area is called Gross Command
Area.
Cultivable command area:
The gross command area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local ponds,
villages and other areas as habitation. These areas are known as uncultivable areas. The
remaining area on which crops growth, including water consumed by accompanying
week growth is called Cultivable Command Area. This is usually taken as 75% of the
Gross Command Area.
Consumptive use:
Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water consumed by evaporation &
transpiration during the crop growth, including water consumed by accompanying weed
growth.
The following duty shall be adopted for small tanks as per irrigation department of
Karnataka.
Table 1.1: Strangers recommendation for Duty
Sl. Monsoon Type of Duty
No Rain fall Crop Kharif Rabi
1 Up to 30‖ Wet 6 Acres per 3 Acres
Mcft per
72acers per Mcft
cusecs 36 acers
per
cusecs
Semidry 20 Acres per 12
Mcft Acres
208 acers per
per cusecs Mcft
120
acers
per
cusecs
2 30‖ and above Wet To be 3 Acres
estimated by per
consumptive Mcft
use method
 Semidry Should not 12
be proposed Acres
per
Mcft

Bibliography
1. ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY by SUBRAMANYA.K; Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi-
2008(Ed).
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES By S.K GARG,
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
2. ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY by SUBRAMANYA.K; Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi-
2008(Ed).
3. IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES By S.K GARG,
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.

4. ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY by SUBRAMANYA.K; Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi-

2008(Ed).
5. IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES By S.K GARG,
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.

6. ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY by SUBRAMANYA.K; Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi-

2008(Ed).
7. IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES By S.K GARG,
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
1.1 Water Requirement of the Crops:
Rabi crop:
Table 1.2: Water requirement of Rabi crop
BASE
DELTA(Δ) AREA (A) VOLUME DUTY DISCHARGE
CROP PERIOD
In m hect m3 hect/cums cums
(days)
WHEAT 150 0.4 25 100000 3240 0.0077
TOTAL 25 100000 0.0077

Kharif Crop: Table 1.3: Water requirement of Rabi crop

BASE
DELTA(Δ) AREA (A) VOLUME DUTY DISCHARGE
CROP PERIOD
In m hect m3 hect/cums cums
(days)
JOWAR 140 0.3 42 126000 4032 0.0104
TOTAL 126000 0.0104
1.2 Computation of water requirement
To calculate the yield at the site:-
Is found to be 18.9sq.km...The average annual rainfall recorded is found to be 82.71cm.
The average rainfall of a bad year may be taken as 2/3 to ¾ of mean of annual rainfall.
Taking it to be ¾ the bad year‘s rainfall 3/4x82.71=62.03cm. Assuming the run off co-
efficient for the concerned catchment area to be 20% average rainfall.
Therefore Annual yield= (20/100) x62.03 =12.406
Annual yield from catchment = [18.9x10002] X [12.406/100]
= 2.34X106 m3.
Assuming 10% of evaporation loss and 10% of seepage in reservoir= 80/100 x 2.34 x 10 6
Use full Water from catchment area = 1872000.0m³
Volume of that can be stored in tank = 2.34 x 106m³

1.3 : Capacity of Tank

1. Criteria for fixing the capacity of tank
The gross yield of water available at the tank site is assessed. The balance yield at site is
arrived by deducting the total requirement of water for the upstream and downstream
committed project from the gross yield. The net yield is then arrived after accounting for
the dead storage and evaporation losses.
2. Computation of capacity of tank
The contours, preferably at one meter interval, are to be drawn on block level plan of
water spread area of tank. Besides sill level, F.T.L, M.W.L, and T.B.L, contours are to be
specifically drawn. The area of successive contours is measured and the capacity is
worked out from the Prismoidal and trapezoidal formula and maximum value is
considered among below formula:
V = (h)*(((A0+an)/2) +A1+A2+A3+......An-1) capacity between successive contours
A1, A2 are the successive areas in m2
h = contour intervals in m
The values are tabulated in a CAPACITY TABLE and the total capacity is the cumulative
Capacity of all successive contours.

1.4 Calculation of Reservoir Capacity

Table 1.4: Calculation of volume from contours
Area of Contour contour
contour(m²) value(m) Interval
196.835 802 1
2525.5948 803 1
4431.6092 804 1
5553.1579 805 1
6914.6617 806 1
10726.9614 807 1
14562.3751 808 1
16510.1302 809 1
19619.0858 810 1
23739.3747 811 1
27457.8926 812 1
33318.3567 813 1
39329.3432 814 1
43965.0048 815 1
44440.9314 816 1
46303.2499 817 1
Prismoidal formula
volume 224511.0667 m3
Trapezoidal formula
volume 224451.6324 m3
1.5 Evaporation Losses:
Evaporation losses are generally considered at 10 percent of gross storage for small tanks.
Following table shows the evaporation loss for major tanks
Table 1.5: Evaporation losses

S Month Evaporati S Month Evaporati

L on L on
In mm In mm
1 January 101.6 4 April 228.6
2 Februar 101.6 5 May 224
y
3 March 117.8 6 June 177.8
7 July 152.4 1 October 127
0
8 August 152.4 1 Novemb 101.6
1 er
9 Septemb 152.4 1 Decemb 101.6
er 2 er

1.6 Filling of tank : Depending of the extent of rain fall in the area the capacity
of small tanks is fixed as noted below

Table 1.6: Filling of Tank

Annual Rainfall No. of Fillings
Less than 64cm 1.00
64 to 89 cm 1.50
More than 90cm 2.00

Live Capacity of Tank =

Gross Capacity of Tank =Live capacity + only one requirement of dead storage
evaporation losses irrespective of number of fillings.
As per minor irrigation department of Karnataka for minor tanks Strangers condition is
preferred
 Cumulatve volume m³
300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

0
800 805 810 815 820
Contour RL in m

Graph of Cumulative volume v/s RL.

From the graph Take RL of FTL of bund = 814.000m

1.7. DETAILS AND DESIGN COMPONENTS OF THE BUND

1.7.1 Details of the Bund:

Top bund level = 817.000m
Maximum water level = 815.000 m
Full tank level = 814.000 m
Sluice bed level = 805.090 m
Height of the bund from lowest point on reservoir = 16.00 m
Length of the proposed earthen Bund = 308.860 m

Table 1.7: Top width and side slopes of the bund as per stranger’s recommendation
Height Top
Maximum D/s U/s
of dam width
freeboard in Side side
in (A) in
meters slope slope
meters meters
Up to
1.2 to 1.5 1.85 1.5:1 2:1
4.5
4.5 to
1.5 to 1.8 1.85 1.75:1 1.5:1
7.5
15 to
2.1 3.0 2:1 1.5:1
22.5
 Downstream Side slope of the bund = 2:1
Upstream Side Slope of the Bund = 1.5:1

Top width of Bund:-

The top width of the bund should be least of the following:

Table 1.8: Top width of the bund according to stranger’s recommendation are:
Height of dam above
foundation level [m] Top width of bund [m]
up to 4.5 1.8
4.5 - 7.5 1.85
7.5 - 15 2.5
15 - 22.5 3

Table 1.9: Top width of bund are selected as per this recommendations.
Height of dam above
foundation level [m] Top width of bund [m]
15m T = 0.2 x [Z+3]
30< T = [0.55 x √Z] + [0.2*Z]

>30 1.65 x √[Z+1.5]

T = 0.2 x [Z+3]

T = 0.2 x [15.42+3]

T = 3.68 M say as 4.0 m

 Top width of the bund should be minimum 3m wide.

The top width of the bund is taken as T = 4.0 m.

1.4: Design of Cross Section of Channel
Let A= cross sectional area of the canal

V= Velocity of flow

Q= Discharge

Q= AV

For a non-silting and non-scouring canal, velocity of 0.5m/sec. For bed slope of 1:2000 is
taken.

Assuming 20% losses in the canal

Q= 0.02353+ [[20/100]*0.02353]

= 0.028236m3/sec.

Area of cross section A= Q\v

= 0.028/0.5

= 0.056 m2

Assuming the side slope of canal as 1.5:1 as most economical for a most economical
Trapezoidal section:

Half of the top width = sloping side

(B ((2nd)/2) = nd2+d2

(B+ ((2x1.5xd))/2= 2d (1.52+1)

b+3d =3.6d

b=0.6d...................1

For the most economical trapezoidal section the hydraulics mean depth:

m=d/2

m= Area/wetted perimeter

Wetted perimeter = b+2dn2+1

=d/2 x (0.6d+2d (1.5)2+1)

A = 2.1d2
 0.056 = 2.1d2

d2 = 0.026

d = 0.163 m say 0.2m

Assuming a free board of 0.45 m

Over all depth of the canal = depth of flow + free board

= 0.2 + 0.45

= 0.65 m

Bottom width = 0.6d

= 0.12 m say 0.2 m.

Note: Canal drop is essential at which design of low head structures up to 5-10mtrs drop
in elevation for dissipating scouring action in canal bed.

1.5.1: EARTHWORK CALCULATION

Table 1.10: Earth Work Calculation
Mean
Chain Depth S1d
Slno depth S2d (m) Breadth Area Length(m) Qty(m3)
age (m) (m) (m)
(M)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 10 5.39 2.695 4.0425 5.39 13.4325 23.49029375 10 234.9
3 20 5.84 5.615 8.4225 11.23 23.6525 77.63439375 10 776.34
4 30 5.91 5.875 8.8125 11.75 24.5625 83.90234375 10 839.02
5 40 7.24 6.575 9.8625 13.15 27.0125 101.9535938 10 1019.5
6 50 6.13 6.685 10.028 13.37 27.3975 104.9461438 10 1049.5
7 60 7.15 6.64 9.96 13.28 27.24 103.7168 10 1037.2
8 70 8.42 7.785 11.678 15.57 31.2475 137.2008938 10 1372
9 80 9.32 8.87 13.305 17.74 35.045 173.164575 10 1731.6
10 90 7.56 8.44 12.66 16.88 33.54 158.4188 10 1584.2
11 100 7.43 7.495 11.243 14.99 30.2325 128.2862938 10 1282.9
12 110 7.9 7.665 11.498 15.33 30.8275 133.4763938 10 1334.8
13 120 9.97 8.935 13.403 17.87 35.2725 175.4498938 10 1754.5
14 130 13.02 11.495 17.243 22.99 44.2325 277.2162938 10 2772.2
15 140 14.69 13.855 20.783 27.71 52.4925 391.3517938 10 3913.5
16 150 15.23 14.96 22.44 29.92 56.36 451.4928 10 4514.9
17 160 15.03 15.13 22.695 30.26 56.955 461.124575 10 4611.2
 18 170 15.14 15.085 22.628 30.17 56.7975 458.5651438 10 4585.7
19 180 14.61 14.875 22.313 29.75 56.0625 446.7148438 10 4467.1
20 190 13.1 13.855 20.783 27.71 52.4925 391.3517938 10 3913.5
21 200 11.91 12.505 18.758 25.01 47.7675 323.6762938 10 3236.8
22 210 11.79 11.85 17.775 23.7 45.475 293.139375 10 2931.4
23 220 11.61 11.7 17.55 23.4 44.95 286.3575 10 2863.6
24 230 11.05 11.33 16.995 22.66 43.655 269.965575 10 2699.7
25 240 10.61 10.83 16.245 21.66 41.905 248.575575 10 2485.8
26 250 8.67 9.64 14.46 19.28 37.74 201.1868 10 2011.9
27 260 6.39 7.53 11.295 15.06 30.355 129.346575 10 1293.5
28 270 5.97 6.18 9.27 12.36 25.63 91.5567 10 915.57
29 280 4.92 5.445 8.1675 10.89 23.0575 73.66404375 10 736.64
30 290 3.9 4.41 6.615 8.82 19.435 51.674175 10 516.74
31 300 2.17 3.035 4.5525 6.07 14.6225 28.25964375 10 282.6
32 308.86 0 1.085 1.6275 2.17 7.7975 6.40014375 10 64.001
Total Volume 62833

1.5.2: Size stone masonry calculation:

1.5.2.1: From T.B.L to Ground level

Table 1.11: Size Stone Masonry Calculation from T.B.L to Ground level

Chain Reduced Mean

Sl.no age level M.W.L Depth depth Breadth Area Length Qty
1 0 817 815 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 50 810.87 815 4.13 2.065 2.288333333 4.014704167 50 200.74
3 100 809.57 815 5.43 4.78 3.193333333 11.45606667 50 572.8
4 150 801.77 815 13.23 9.33 4.71 29.43615 50 1471.8
5 200 805.09 815 9.91 11.57 5.456666667 40.82281667 50 2041.1
6 250 808.33 815 6.67 8.29 4.363333333 24.71801667 50 1235.9
7 300 814.33 815 0.67 3.67 2.823333333 8.116816667 50 405.84
8 308.86 817 815 0 0.335 1.711666667 0.554704167 10 5.547
Total Volume 5933.8
 1.5.2.2.: From Ground level to Hard Rock level

Table 1.12: Size Stone Masonry Calculation from Ground level to Hard rock level

Sl Reduced
no Chain age level Depth Mean B C (B/2) Area Length Qty
1 0 817 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 50 810.87 808.87 1 2.2883 1.144166667 1.71625 50 85.8125
3 100 809.57 807.57 2 3.1933 1.596666667 4.79 50 239.5
4 150 801.77 799.77 2 4.71 2.355 7.065 50 353.25
5 200 805.09 803.09 2 5.4567 2.728333333 8.185 50 409.25
6 250 808.33 806.33 2 4.3633 2.181666667 6.545 50 327.25
7 300 814.83 812.83 2 2.8233 1.411666667 4.235 50 211.75
8 308.86 817 815 2 1.7117 0.855833333 2.5675 10 25.675
Total Volume 1652.49

1.6: CALCULATION OF EARTH WORK

Table 1.13: Earth Work Calculation for Canal

Mean
Sl.no Distance Depth depth Bed SD Area Length Quantity
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 30 0.6 1.95 1.755 0.54 2.295 30 68.85
3 60 0.58 1.95 1.755 0.5046 2.2596 30 67.788
4 90 0.57 1.95 1.755 0.48735 2.24235 30 67.2705
5 120 0.55 1.95 1.755 0.45375 2.20875 30 66.2625
6 150 0.53 1.95 1.755 0.42135 2.17635 30 65.2905
7 180 0.52 1.95 1.755 0.4056 2.1606 30 64.818
Total Volume 400.2795
1.7. DETAILED AND ABSTRACT ESTIMATION OF
EARTHWORK

Table 1.13: Calculation of Salient Features of the Project

Details of Site

Location of the Project
Distance from the Bangalore
Distance from Development
Nature of the Project
Type of the Bund
Details of the Reservoir
Total Catchment Area of the
Tank
Area to be Irrigated
Proposed crop pattern
Length of bund
Top Width of the Bund
Maximum height of bund
Top level of bund (TBL)
Maximum water level
(MWL)
Full tank level (FTL)
Lowest bed level (LBL)
Upstream Slope
Downstream Slope
Upstream Revetment
Sluice Level
Melinajuganahalli, Kelagina
Juganahalli.
: SS Ghati
: 60 km
: 2 km from Ghati
: New Tank Project
: Earthen Bund
: 18.9 sq. Km
: 150 hectares
: Crops and Vegetables
: 308.06m
: 4.00 m
: 15m
: 817
: 815
: 811
: 801.300 m
: 1.5 :1
: 2:1
60 cm thick Stone Revetment
: with gravel backing
: 801
 Details of Waste Weir
Type : Broad Crested Weir
Full tank level (FTL) : 814
Length of Weir : 47.2 m
Top Width of Weir : 1.6 m
Bottom Width of Weir : 3.3 m
Details of Plug Sluice
Height of the Plug : 1.2 m
Bottom Diameter of the Plug : 0.2 m
Details of the Canal
Channel off taking RL : 805.090 m
Longitudinal Gradient of the
bed : 1 in 2000
Bottom Width of the
Channel : 0.5 m
Depth of the water : 0.2 m
Side slopes : 1.5 : 1
Free Board : 0.4 m
 WATER SUPPLY
AND
SANITARY PROJECT
CHAPTER-2 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential component in order to sustain life on earth. It is essential for human
beings, animals and plants for survival. Humans use water for various purposes like
domestic use, industrial use, agricultural use etc. Water is known to be universal solvent
which makes it really easy to get polluted with various chemicals and particles. This
makes the water unfit for consumption. Naturally, water is available in abundance stored
in ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans etc. but majority of it is unfit for use and requires
treatment. Rain proves to be one the most prominent sources of fresh water available to
mankind in the form of rain drops or snow. But rainfall is distributed unevenly
geographically and isn‘t sufficient to fulfil all the needs of growing population throughout
the year. This generates a need to create systems which have the ability to provide potable
water to each and every household during the course of the year to meet their water
demands.
The role of engineers, hence, is to solve this problem in the most efficient and effective
manner by the collection of suitable data that will be required for appropriate design of
tanks, pipes and to create the schematic plans and estimates of the entire project. Proper
planning will ensure minimum operational problems and being cost effective at the same
time.

From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water required for their need
must be invariably free from all type of impurities whether suspended or dissolved in
water and no risk should occur to the health of the public as a result of any water
contamination.

2.1.1 Necessity of planned water supply

From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water required for their need
must be invariably free from all type of impurities whether suspended or dissolved in
water and no risk should occur to the health of the public as a result of any water
contamination.

A public water supply or water works system has to be both from the point of view of
providing an adequate and reliable supply of water catering to all the public need
ensuring that the supply so made are not only potable but also fully protected against
every infection which might otherwise pollute water and cause outbreak of disease.

The planned water supply scheme should not only help in supplying
wholesome water to the people for drinking cooking, bathing etc.., so as to keep disease
 away and there by promoting better health but it should also help in supplying water for
fountains, garden etc. Thus helping in maintaining better sanitation and beautification of
surrounding thereby reducing environmental pollution .The schemes should therefore
help in promoting wealth and welfare of the entire humanity as a whole.

2.2 Objectives of water supply project:

1. The main objective of water supply project is to provide safe drinking water to the
community. To protect the community from water bound diseases like cholera, typhoid,
pneumonia, jaundice, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, etc.
2. To have efficient distribution network.
3. To prevent the water losses from transportation and theft.
4. To preventing the contamination of water during the process of transportation, storage,
and distribution.
5. To share the resources equally and efficiently.
6. To reduce the wastage of water and increase the conservation of water sources.
7. It helps in estimating the water Quality, estimating the degree of contamination, To
determine the type and degree of treatment and also cost of treatment.

2.3 Location:
Water supply project is to be proposed at PalPal Dinne village (13°23'18.28"N
77°32'24.40"E). SS Ghati Grama panchayat, Doddaballapura taluk, Bangalore Rural
District.

2.4 Source:
Identification of surface water body (Ghatti lake) is to be treated and supplied to meet
the demand of the Palpal Dinne village. The site conditions are suitable for the
construction of the treatment plant opposite the source. The water needs to be conveyed
from the treatment plant to the overhead tank of Palpaldinne village is at a distance of
1km from PalPal Dinne village and 2.5km from SS Ghatti.
 Fig:2.1 source (SS Ghati kere)

2.5 Project Execution and Design Period:

1. Project Execution Period

The time lag between preparation design, tendering, Construction and Completion/

Commissioning of proposed scheme should not exceed as specified under

Table 2.5.1 Project Execution Period

i). Mini pipe water supply scheme 01 years

ii). Standalone water supply scheme 1 to 02 year

2 to 03 years
iii). Multi village water Supply
scheme
2.Project Design Period

Project components may be designed to meet the requirements of the following design
period. TABLE:2.5.2

Sl Items Design period in years

no
1 Source
a. Surface 30
b. Ground Water 20
2 Intake works 20
3 Pumping
i. Pump house (Civil works) 20
ii. Electric motors and pumps 10
4 Water Treatment Units 20
5 Pipe connection to several treatment 20
units and
other small appurtenances.
6 Raw water and clear water conveying 20
mains
7 Clear water reservoirs at the head
works,
20
balancing tanks and service reservoirs
8 Distribution system 20

2.6 Water quality management:

It is done in order to conserve the resource so that the resource can be shared and
extended for the future generations. It is essential to ascertain whether.

1.The water meets the drinking water quality.

2.To evaluate the water quality.
3.To compare the water quality with the standards.
4.To define the degree of treatment, cost of treatment, also the cost of technology.
2.7 Characteristics of water:

1. Physical characteristics:

1. Turbidity
2. Colour
3. Taste
4. Temperature.

2. Chemical characteristics:
1. Total solids and suspended solids
2. pH value
3. Hardness
4. Chlorides
5. Nitrogen
6. Manganese
7. Other metals and dissolved gases

3. Biological characteristics: These include bacteria and other microorganisms.

2.7.1 Drinking water quality standards:

Table-2.7 Drinking water quality standards

Characteristics Impurity Permissible limits
Physical Turbidity 5-10mg
Colour 10-20mg
Taste and odour Threshold between
1to 3
Chemical Total solids 500-1000mg/ litre
pH values 6.0-8.0
Hardness 75-115ppm
Chloride 250mg/ litre
Nitrogen 45mg/ litre
Iron 0.3mg/ litre
 Manganese 0.05mg/ litre
Lead 0.05mg/ litre
Arsenic 0.05mg/ litre
Selenium 0.05mg/ litre
Barium 1.0mg/ litre
Cadmium 0.01mg/ litre
Chromium 0.05mg/ litre
Silver 0.05mg/ litre
Copper 1-3mg/ litre
Zinc 15mg/ litre
Magnesium 125mg/ litre
Sulphate 250mg/ litre
Fluoride 1.5mg/ litre
Cyanide 0.02mg/ litre
BOD Nil
Phenolic substance 0.01mg/litre
Biological Coli-form bacteria Should not exceed 1
coli form for 100ml
of water sample( by
test performed with
membrane filter
technique )
1Mµ c/ litre
10Mµ c/ litre

Radiological α-emitters
β-emitters
 2.8 Water quantity management:
Water quantity management is important when there is an increase in population or a
population explosion. Increase in migration of people to a certain development area due
to job opportunities, quality education, religious/cultural activities, natural disasters in the
neighbouring areas, due to commercial or industrial interest or due to economic policies
which causes increase in demand for water and rapid depletion of the supplies. This
increase in demand forces us to alternate sources of water there by leading to ground
water exploitation altering the quality of the ground water and polluting the surface water
also.

In order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality of drinking water,
it becomes almost imperative in a modern society, to plan and build suitable water supply
schemes, which may provide potable water to the various sections of the community in
accordance with their demands and requirements. The provision for such a scheme shall
ensure a constant and a reliable water supply to that section of the people for which it has
been designed. Such a scheme shall not only help in promoting hygiene and public health,
also supplying water for fountains, gardens, etc. for beautification of the surroundings,
but also shall ensure safety against fire by supplying sufficient quantity of water to
extinguish it. The existence of such a water supply scheme shall further help in attracting
industries and thereby helping in industrialization and modernization of the society,
consequently reducing unemployment and ensuring better living standards.

Water quantity management consists of the following:

1. Identification of the water source.

2. Suitability of water for drinking purpose.
3. Reliability.
4. Volume of water available throughout the year.
5. Economics.
2.9 Water supply project at Palpal dinne:
1. Map study: Whenever topographical maps are available they are used to find suitable
sites for distribution, water treatment units, storage etc.

2. Reconnaissance: An appropriate site for treatment plant is chosen with the help of
topographic map and a rough survey is conducted to collect the maximum possible
information.

Surveys conducted for designing water treatment units for a particular area are:

1.Block levels at treatment plant site

2.Block levelling at storage plant
3.L/S along proposed pipeline
4.Alignment along proposed pipeline

Equipment‘s used:
1.Prismatic compass with stand
2. Levelling instruments and staff.
3.Tape, chain, arrows, ranging rod etc.
Procedure:

1.Survey is to be conducted from the source to distribution site.

2.Block levels of treatment plant:(opposite to source)

3.The selection of site for water treatment plant should be such that it should serve its
purpose in the most efficient and economical manner.

4.Block levels are done to know the elevation and depression of area so as to locate
various units by which gravity flow can be permitted through them.

Equipment used:

1.Automatic level/ Dumpy level

2.Levelling staff
3.Tape and chain
4. Ranging rods and arrows etc.
Water treatment site is defined with respect to permanent objects. The block is then
divided into squares of 5mx5m grid. The reduced levels of the corners of each block are
determined and contours are drawn.

2.10 Types of demands:

The types of demand for a community can be classified into

1. Domestic demand
2. Industrial demand
3. Commercial demand
4. Fire demand
5. Demand for compensatory losses
2.11 Break up for various water demand:

Table-2.11 shows Various demands of water

Demands Water in Lpcd (litre per capita
demand)

Domestic demand 135

Industrial demand 40

Commercial demand 25

Fire demand 15

Compensatory loss 55

Total water demand 270

2.12 Population forecasting:

Estimation of population is very much essential for an infrastructure project. The
population of a town or a city does not remains constant and keeps on varying from time
to time. The various methods which are generally adopted for population forecasting are
described below.

1. Arithmetic increase method :This method is based upon the assumption that
the population increases at a constant rate; i.e. the rate of change of population with time
is a constant.
2. Geometric increase method: In this method, as per the decade percentage
increase or percentage growth rate (r) is assumed to be constant, and the increase is
compounded over the existing population every decade. Hence, this method is also
known as uniform increase method.
3. Incremental increase method: In this method, per decade growth is not
assumed to be constant as in previous methods, but is progressively increasing or
decreasing, positive or negative.
4. Decreasing rate of growth method: In this method, the average decrease in
the percentage increase is worked out, and then it is subtracted from the latest percentage
increase for each successive decade.
 Simple graphical method: In this method, a graph is plotted from the available data,
between the time and population. The curve is smoothly extended up to the desired
1year.
Table 2.12.1 Details of population in ‘PalpalDinne’ village

Year Population Increase in % increase in Incremental

population population increase in
population

1985 2000

1995 2600 600 30

2005 3100 500 19.23 -100

2015 3800 700 22.58 +200

∑=1800 ∑=71.81 ∑=100

Avg (x)=600 Avg (g)=23.94 Avg (r) =50

5.
1. Arithmetic increase method:
Pn= (P+nx) (1)

P(2035) = 3800+2*600 = 5000

2. Geometric increase method:

Geometric average = 23.94

Pn= P(1+Ig/100)n (2)

P(2035) =3800(1+23.94/100)2

P(2035) = 5838

3. Incremental increase method:

Pn = P+nI+r*n(n+1)/2 (3)

P(2035) =3800+(2*600)+50*2(2+1)/2
 P(2035) = 5150

Therefore, increase in population by the year 2035 through Incremental increase method
is 5150.

Considering the population of SS Ghatti as 2000, so the new increase in population by the
year 2035=2000+5150=7150.

2.13 Flow chart of water treatment process:

SOURCE Primary
Screening Aeration
Sedimentation

Coagulant

Coagulation

Flocculation

Secondary
Sedimentation

Filtration

Distribution Storage Disinfection

2.14 Intake structures
Intake is a well type masonry or concrete structure, whose function is provide clam and
still water, free from floating matter for water supply schemes. Its main purpose is to
provide still water conditions so that comparatively pure water may be conveniently
collect from the source.

Fig:2.2 Intake structure

2.15.Types of Intake Structures:

1. River intake
2. Reservoir intake
3. Lake intake
4. Canal intake

River Intake Structures:

1) It is a type of intake which may either located sufficiently inside the river so that
demands of water are met with in all the seasons of the year, or they may be located near
the river bank where a sufficient depth of water is available.

2) Sometimes, an approach channel is constructed and water is led to the intake tower.

3) If the water level in the river is low, a weir may be constructed across it to raise the
water level and divert it to the intake tower.
Reservoir Intake Structures:
1) When the flow in the river is not guaranteed throughout the year, a dam is constructed
across it to store water in the reservoir so formed.

2) These are similar to river intake, except that these are located near the upstream face of
the dam where maximum depth of water is available.

3) Design of intake may vary based on the type of dam.

4) The intake pipes are located at different levels with common vertical pipe. Each intake
pipe is provided with bell mouth entry with perforations of fine screen on its surface.

5) The location of inlet pipes at different levels ensures supply of water from a level
lower than the surface level of water

Lake Intake Structures:

1) Generally submerged intakes are preferred for lake intakes.

2) These are constructed as cribs or bell mouths. The cribs are made of heavy timber
frame work which is partly or wholly filled with rip-rap to protect the intake conduit
against damage by waves etc.

3) The top of the crib is covered with cast iron or mesh

grating. Canal Intake Structures:

1) In some cases, source of water supply to a small town may be an irrigation canal
passing nearer or through the town. Then it will be constructed.

2) Generally it consists of masonry or concrete intake chamber of rectangular shape,

admitting water through a coarse screen.

3) A fine screen is provided over the bell mouth entry of the outlet pipe.

4) The intake chamber may be constructed inside the canal bank if it does not offer any
appreciable resistance to normal flow in the canal.

5) It‘s preferred to provide lining to the canal near the intake chamber.

2.16 Water treatment process:Water treatment is any process that makes water
more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water
supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses including
being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants or
reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end use.
2.17 Functions and benefits Water treatment process:
Sl Unit Function Benefits
no operation

1. Screening Removes floating It prevents

materials like leaves, blocking of pipes,
plastic materials, Chocking of
Branches. pumps and
machineries.

2. Aerators 1. The water is 1. It helps in

exposed to atmosphere increasing the
in the form of thin dissolved oxygen
sheets (cascades) this content in water
process is called as
2. It helps in
Aeration. During
removal of
which absorption and
dissolved gases
dis-absorption takes
like carbon-di-
place.
oxide, hydrogen
2. It is a function of sulphide,
Surface area. methane.

3. Sedimentation 1. It helps in removal 1.Helps in

of suspended particles removal of
having higher specific suspended
gravity than that of particles.
water bygravitation
2. Increases in
force and this type of
colour reduction,
settling is called as
turbidity
gravity or mechanical
reduction
settling. The settling
velocity can be 3. Reduces the
estimate using stokes volume of
law. Vs= (ʃs-ʃw/18µ)*gd2 coagulants
required during
ʃs= specific gravity of particle,
secondary
g=acc. due to gravityʃw= specific
sedimentation
gravity of water, d= smallest
size of particleµ= viscosity of fluid process.
in centistokes.
Sl Unit Function Benefits
no operation

4. Secondary 1. The process of 1. Helps in

sedimentation removal of suspended removal of finer
particles whose specific suspended
gravity is lesser than that particles and
of water using colloidal
coagulants for generating particles.
flocs.
2. Makes the
2.The coagulants used is water more
such that it does not alter clear.
the quality of water.
3. Reduces the
load on the
filtration unit.

5. Filtration 1. Removal of bacteria, 1. More clear

removal of finer particles water, low
which cannot be turbidity.
removed by coagulation
is achieved in the
filtration process.

6. Disinfection 1. Process involves 1. Helps in

removal of bacteria destroying the
using disinfectants like bacteria and
bleaching powder, makes water
gaseous chlorine, liquid safe for
chlorine, chlorine drinking.
compound, potassium
permanganate. Bleaching
powder is also used as a
disinfectant in water
treatment process.
 7. Storage and distribution:
Treated water is stored in overhead tanks. And he distribution system shall be designed as
gravity system but not be as pumping system. Network of distribution mains along both
sides of the Railways and National Highways falling within habitation/village, and bulk
water meters, valves, specials, valve chambers etc. shall be incorporated in the proposal.
The distribution layout should be such as to facilitate isolation of sections, metering for
assessment and control of leakage and wastage. Elevation of service reservoir shall be
kept so as to maintain minimum residual pressure. Zoning in the distribution system
ensures equalization of water supply in the area.

2.18 Aeration
Aeration is the process of bringing water and air into close contact in order to remove
dissolved gases, such as carbon dioxide, and to oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and
Manganese. It can also be used to remove volatile organic chemicals (VOC) in
the water. Aeration is the first major process at the treatment plant.

Types of Aerators

Aeration is done by the following main types of aerators

1. Free fall aerators or gravity

aerators 1.Cascade aerators
2.Inclined apron aerators
3.Splayed tray aerators
4.Gravel bed aerators(trickling beds)
2. Spray aerators
3. Air diffuser basins.
Cascade aerator: Cascade aerators consist of a series of steps that allows water to fall in
thin layers from one level to another, where aeration is accomplished in the splash zones.
The exposure time of air to water is increased by increasing number of steps, and the
area-volume ratio is improved by adding baffles to produce turbulence. The major
operating problems include corrosion and slime and algae build up.
 Fig 2.3 Cascade Aerator

2.19 Sedimentation
Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a
clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing floc to
settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin
so the transit between the two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up.
Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular
where flow is from the Centre outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a
weir so only a thin top layer of water that furthest from the sludge exits.

Fig 2.4 Sedimentation tank

Sludge storage and removal

As particles settle to the bottom of a sedimentation basin, a layer of sludge is formed on

the floor of the tank which must be removed and treated. The amount of sludge generated
is significant, often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water to be treated. The cost of
treating and disposing of the sludge can impact the operating cost of a water treatment
plant. The sedimentation basin may be equipped with mechanical cleaning devices that
continually clean its bottom, or the basin can be periodically taken out of service and
cleaned manually.

2.20 Flash Mixers

After screening out debris and testing the raw water, water treatment really begins
at the flash mix chamber. Here, chemicals are added to the water, primarily to aid in
coagulation and flocculation. In the flash mixer, the water is agitated violently for a short
period of time before being released into the flocculation basin.

The duration of mixing in the flash mix chamber is carefully controlled and is
usually between thirty seconds and one minute. If the water is mixed for less than thirty
seconds, then the chemicals will not be properly mixed into the water. But if the water is
mixed for more than sixty seconds, then the blades will shear the newly forming floc back
into smaller particles. When determining the length of time that water must spend in the
flash mix chamber, flow rates must be calculated. The volume of the flash mix chamber
and the amount of flow determine the contact time.

Fig:2.5 Flash mixer

2.21 Coagulation
Small and colloidal particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they
settle too slowly; they may also pass through filters. They would be easier to remove if
they coalesce together (coagulated) to form larger particles, but they don't because they
have a negative charge and repel each other (like two north poles of a magnet).

In coagulation, we add alum as coagulant which produces positive charges to neutralize

the negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can stick together, forming larger
particles which are more easily removed.
2.22 Clariflocculator
Clariflocculator is a combination of flocculator and clarifier fabricated to attain economic
and speedy construction. It‘s used at huge water treatment plants, industrial wastewater
treatment plants, and potable water treatment. It has two concentric tanks where inner
tank serves as a flocculation basin and the outer tank serves as a clarifier. These systems
are fabricated proficiently according to the varied requirements of the customers.
Clariflocculators generally are used to perform the chemical primary treatment of
effluents.

A circular clariflocculator is designed having vertical paddles. The water enters

through a central influent pipe and is fed into flocculator zone through ports. The effluent
from the flocculation passes below the partition wall dividing the flocculator portion and
the clarifier portion. The clarified effluent is collected by a peripheral effluent launder.

The components of clariflocculator to be designed include:

1) Influent vertical central pipe

2) Flocculator
3) Clarifier
4) Effluent Launder

Wier

Inlet channel
outlet channel

Settling Tank
Floc Chamber

Fig:2.6 Plan of Clariflocculator

2.23 Filtration
After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining
suspended particles and unsettled floc.

The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand
which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top
layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odor. The space between
sand particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not
enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or
adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This
property of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the
particles, the filter would quickly clog

Fig 4.7 Rapid Sand Filters

2.24 Disinfection
Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also by
adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass
through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate
potentially harmful micro-organisms in the storage and distribution systems. Possible
pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Salmonella, Cholera, Campylobacter and
aprotozoa, including Giardia lamblia and other cryptosporidium.
2.25 Chlorination
Chlorination commonly used to indicate broadly that the water has been treated with
a sterilizing agent.
Disinfecting Action of Chlorine When chlorine is added to water, it forms hypochlorous
acid or hypochloride ions, which have an immediate and disastrous effect on most forms
of microscope organisms. The reactions that take place are

Cl2 + H2O  HOCl (Hypochlorous acid) + HCl

The hypochlorous acid is unstable and may break into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite
ions

HOCl  H+ (Hydrogen ions) + OCl-(Hypochlorite ions)

The above reaction is reversible and depends upon the pH valve of water. The
dissociation of hypochlorous acid into ions is more effective at high pH valves and vice
versa. Thus, at pH valves greater than 10, only OCl ions are found; while in pH valves of
less than 7 (more than 5), HOCl will generally exist without dissociating into OCl ions;
and in the pH range of below 5, chlorine does not react and remains as elemental
chlorine.

Out of these forms of free available chlorine, the hypochlorous acid is the most
destructive, being about 80 times more effective than the hypochlorite ions. For this
reason, the pH valve of water during chlorination is generally maintained slightly less
than 7, so as to keep the dissociation of HOCl to minimum, and thereby keeping more
HOCl in solution compared to OCl ions.
Fig 2.8 Chlorine demand curve
 2.26 DESIGN OF SANITARY
2.27 Flow diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant
EQUILISATIO N TANKS AERATION TANKS
BAR SCREENS

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

DEWAT ERING PROCES SLUDG

E
TRICKLING FILTER UNIT

DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE
SECONDARY SEDIMENTAION TANK

Flow chart of Sewage Treatment Plant

2.28 Bar screens
Bar screens are typically at the head works (entrance) of a wastewater treatment plant ,
bar screens are used to remove large objects such as rags, plastics bottles, bricks, solids,
and toy action figures from the waste stream entering the treatment plant. Bar screens are
vital to the successful operation of a plant, they reduce the damage of valves, pumps, and
other appurtenances. Floatables are also removed at the entrance to a treatment plant,
these are objects that "float" on the surface of the water and if aren't removed end up in
the primaries or aeration tanks. It is not uncommon to see floatables hanging over the
weirs of some clarifiers. Though they don't diminish the function of those processes,
floatables are rather unsightly.
 Typically bar screens fall under two classifications, mechanical and manual bar
screens. Both manual and mechanical screens contain equally spaced vertical or
inclined bars that span the width of a channel.

Fig: 2.9 Plan and Section of Bar screen

2.29 Equalization tank

Grit Tanks:
Next, the sewage moves to the grit tanks. These tanks reduce the velocity of the
sewage so that heavy particles may fall to the bottom. The solids are pumped to an auger
pump which separates the water from the grit while the water moves onward. The grit
(mostly inorganic solids) goes to a dumpster which is taken to a landfill. There are two
complete grit removal systems which are rotated in operation for equal hours.
2.30 Primary Sedimentation Tank:
The Clarification of sewage by the process of ‗sedimentation‘ can be affected by
providing conditions under which the suspended material present in sewage can settle
out. This is brought about in specially designed tanks called Primary Sedimentation
Tanks.
2.31 Trickling Filters:
Trickling filters are now almost universally adopted for giving secondary treatment
to sewage. These filters, also called as percolating filters or sprinkling filters, consist of
tanks of coarser filtering media, over which the sewage is allowed to sprinkle or trickle
down, by means of spray nozzles or rotary distributors. The percolating sewage is
collected at the bottom of the tank through a well-designed under-drainage system. The
purification of the sewage is brought about mainly by the aerobic bacteria, which form a
bacterial film around the particles of the filtering media. The action due to the
mechanical straining of the filter bed is much less. In order to ensure the large scale
growth of the aerobic bacteria, sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied by providing
suitable ventilation facilities in the body of the filter; and also to some extent by the
intermittent functioning of the filter.

Fig 2.10 Circular Trickling Filter

2.32 Secondary Sedimentation Tank:

A filter does remove only a very small percentage of the finely divided suspended organic
matter present in sewage, while the majority of this organic matter undergoes a change of
character, only due to the biological oxidation and nitrification taking place in the filter.
Due to this aerobic oxidation and nitrification that takes place in the filter, the organic
solids are converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and
would thus settle down by gravity, if allowed to dos so in sedimentation tanks. The
effluent of the filter is, therefore, passed through a sedimentation tank, called Secondary
settling tank or Humus Tank.

2.33 Rapid sand filters

The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and
is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage
treatment system.
Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles
and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use
of flocculation chemicals—typically alum. The unfiltered water flows through the filter
medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the floc material is trapped in the
sand matrix Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages
that precede filtration. Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in
conjunction with the filtration system.
The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and pressure
type (e.g. Candy's filter).
A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following
filtration. Rapid sand filtration has very less effect on taste and smell and dissolved
impurities of drinking water, unless activated carbon is included in the filter medium.
Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing,
which involves reversing the direction of the water and adding compressed air. During
backwashing, the bed is fluidized and care must be taken not to wash away the media.

Fig 2.11 Rapid Sand Filters

 2.34 Sludge Digestion Tank:
The sludge withdrawn from the sedimentation basins contains a lot of putrescible
organic matter, and if disposed of without any treatment, the organic matter may
decompose, producing foul gases and a lot of nuisance, pollution, and health hazards. In
order to avoid such pollutions, the sludge is, first of all, stabilized by decomposing the
organic matter under controlled anaerobic conditions, and then disposed of suitably after
drying on drying beds, etc. The process of stabilization is called the sludge digestion; and
the tank where the process is carried out is called the sludge digestion tank.

Three distinct stages have been found to occur in the biological action involved in
the natural process of sludge digestion tank. These stages are:

(i) Acid fermentation,

(ii) Acid regression, and
(iii) Alkaline fermentation.
2.35 Dewatering
Sludge dewatering is the separation of a liquid and solid phase whereby, generally, the
least possible residual moisture is required in the solid phase and the lowest possible solid
particle residues are required in the separated liquid phase
Dewatering is used by large wastewater treatment plants to separate sludge into a liquid
and solid. The principle methods in wastewater are belt filter presses and centrifuges.
These systems are high maintenance and require a high degree of supervision and
operator training. They are usually only implemented at larger facilities and are not used
on a small scale.
2.36 Sludge drying beds
Conventional sand drying beds are the most extensively used types of Sludge
Drying Bed. It is often applied for small and medium sized facilities but however for
bigger capacity, alternative means of dewatering sludge should be used instead. In large
community with dense population, cost involved in regenerating the sands and later
removal of sludge cake means that use of sand drying beds is not suitable in the long run.
Normal operation of the system involved sludge being placed on a bed layer and then
allowed for drying to take place by either water draining through the mass and supporting
sand bed or evaporation from the surface. Since water drains through, having an
advanced drainage system is a must. The drying bed is typically partitioned into small
individual units. Concrete bund wall is also necessary if you have intention to cover the
beds.
After the sludge has been dried, the moisture level is usually left to about 60 percent.
Compared to mechanical sludge dryers, this is considered far more efficient on removal
of water. However, the only setback to the system is that sand drying beds will need large
open space area and away from residential population to avoid foul odour complaint.
There is also another type of system whereby it employs the use of greenhouse setup and
the advantages of this are that weather is not a restriction and this can located anywhere
since the odours generation can be contained.

Sludge drying beds are open beds of land, 45 to 60 cm deep, and consisting of
about 30 to 45 cm thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15
cm at bottom to 1.25 cm at top, and overlain by 10 to 15 cm thick coarse sand layer.
Open jointed under-drain pipes @ 5 to 7 cm c/c spacing are laid below the gravel layer in
valleys, at a longitudinal slope of about 1 in 100. The beds are around 15 X 30 m and are
surrounded by brick walls rising about 1 meter above the sand surface.

2.37 Disposal of sludge:

The solids that result from wastewater treatment may contain concentrated levels of
contaminants that were originally contained in the wastewater. A great deal of concern
must be directed to the proper disposal of these solids to protect environmental
considerations.
Failure to do this may result in a mere shifting of the original pollutants in the waste
stream to the final disposal site where they may again become free to contaminate the
environment.
A more reasonable approach to ultimate solids disposal is to view the sludge as a
resource.
All the sewage sludge produced at a treatment plant must be disposed of ultimately.
Treatment processes such as have been described may reduce its volume or so change its
character as to facilitate its disposal, but still leave a residue which in most cases must be
removed from the plant site. Like the liquid effluent from the treatment plant, there are
two broad methods for the disposal of sludge - (1) disposal in water, and (2) disposal on
land. This applies regardless of whether or not the sludge is treated to facilitate or permit
the selected method of disposal.

1 .Disposal in water
This is an economical but not common method because it is contingent on the availability
of bodies of water adequate to permit it. At some seacoast cities, sludge either raw or
digested is pumped to barges and carried to sea to be dumped in deep water far enough
off shore to provide huge dilution factors and prevent any ill effects along shore.
2 .Disposal in land
Under land disposal the following methods may be included :
1. Burial.
2. Fill.
3. Application as fertilizer or soil conditioner.
1. Burial disposal
This method is used principally for raw sludge, where, unless covered by earth, serious
odour nuisances are created. The sludge is run into trenches two to three feet wide and
about two feet deep. The raw sludge in the trenches should be covered by at least 12
inches of earth. Where large areas of land are available, burial of raw sludge is probably
the most economical method of sludge disposal as it eliminates the costs of all sludge
treatment processes. It is, however, rarely used and even then as a temporary makeshift
because of the land area required. The sludge in the trenches may remain moist and
malodorous for years so that an area once used cannot be reused for the same purpose or
for any other purpose for a long period of time.

2. Fill disposal
Use of sludge for fill is confined almost entirely to digested sludge which can be exposed
to the atmosphere without creating serious or widespread odour nuisances. The sludge
should be well digested without any appreciable amount of raw or undigested mixed with
it.
Either wet or partially dewatered sludge, such as obtained from drying beds or
vacuum filters can be used to fill low areas. Where wet sludge is used the area becomes a
sludge lagoon, which has been discussed. When used as a method of disposal, the lagoon
area is used only until filled, and then abandoned. When used as a method of treatment,
the sludge after some drying, is removed for final disposal and the lagoon reused.
Lagoons used for disposal are usually fairly deep. Sludge is added in successive layers
until the lagoon is completely filled. Final disposal of digested sludge by lagoons is
economical as it eliminates all dewatering treatments.
It is applicable, however, only where low waste areas are available on the plant site or
within reasonable piping distance. They are frequently used to supplement inadequate
drying bed facilities.

Dewatered digested sludge from drying beds and vacuum filters can be disposed of by
filling low areas at the plant site or hauled to similar areas elsewhere without creating
nuisances.
3. Application as fertilizer or soil conditioner.
Sewage sludge contains many elements essential to plant life, such as nitrogen,
phosphorous, potassium, and in addition, at least traces of minor nutrients which are
considered more or less indispensable for plant growth, such as boron, calcium, copper,
iron, magnesium, manganese, sulphur , and zinc. In fact, sometimes these trace elements
are found in concentrations, perhaps from industrial wastes, which may be detrimental.
The sludge humus, besides furnishing plant food, benefits the soil by increasing the water
holding capacity and improving the tilth, thus making possible the working of heavy soils
into satisfactory seed beds. It also reduces soil erosion.
Design of Water supply network
The population of PALPAL DINNE village by 2035 is estimated to be 7150 by
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD.

The design discharge is taken as 270 LPCD.

2.1. Design of intake structure:

Discharge,

Q= (270*7150)/(1000*60*60*24)= 0.0223 m3/sec

Q(Peak discharge) = 0.0223*1.5

Q = 0.0335m3/sec

Diameter of pipe, d = 0.97√Q to 0.12√Q

= 0.98√0.0335

d = 0.179m

Taking, d=0.2m

Area of pipe = Π*d2/4

A= 0.0314m2

Q=A*V

V=.0335/0.0314

V=1.07m/s

Area of bell mouth opening=2*area of pipe

=2*0.0314

=0.0628m2

Diameter of bell mouth opening= d =√(4A/ Π)

=0.28m ≈ 0.3m

Area of grating over bell mouth opening=4*area of pipe

=4*0.0314=0.1256m2

Provide a grating of 0.35m*0.35m over the bell mouth opening.

2.2 Design of collection well

Let the depth be restricted to 9m.

Provide a 4hr storage capacity tank.

Q=0.0335*3600*4= 482.4 m3

Provide collection well of diameter 10m and depth 9m.

2.3 Design of pump from collection well to treatment plant site

HS= (Pump level)-(collection well level)

Hs=887.65-879.75= 7.9m

Hd=OHT water level –Pump level

Hd=891.99-887.65= 4.34m

Length,,l=Distance between bund level and treatment plant = 57.8m

Hf= (4flv2/2gd)

= ((4*0.01*57.8*1.072)/(2*9.81*0.2))

=0.6746m

Hm=HS+Hd+Hf

=7.9+4.34+.6746= 12.9146m

Assume 10% losses

Therefore Hm=12.9146+1.2915=14.2061m

BHP of pump required=(w*Q*Hm)/(75*ηm* ηp)

= (1000*0.0335*14.2061/75*0.85*.85)

=10BHP
2.4 Ground level storage tank

Storage capacity=Q*60*60*3

=0.0335*60*60*3

=361.8m3

Assuming depth of storage tank= 2.5m and freeboard=0.6m

Considering square storage tank,

Area=L*B

Area=B2

Surface area A=361.8/2.5=144.72m2

Total depth=D=2.5+0.6=3.1m

B=√144.72=12.03m L=12.03m.

2.5 Design of aeration unit

Assuming thickness of 0.15 m

Area of cascade=hydraulic loading * discharge in hr.

=0.045*.0335*60*60

=5.7510m2

Diameter of lowest cascade=√(4A/Π)

=√(4*34.66)/ Π

= 2.63 m

Therefore provide 3 steps with

Rise of each cascade=0.2m

Thread of each cascade=0.35m

2.6 Design of sedimentation tank

Discharge Q,

Q=0.0335m3/s=120.6m3/hr=2894400.00 lpd

Let us assume detention period of sedimentation tank as 3hrs

Therefore effective storage of sedimentation tank=0.0335*3600*3

=361.8m3

Provide a rectangular sedimentation tank

Assume effective depth of settling zone as 2.5m

Total depth=effective depth + depth of sludge collector zone + free board

=2.5+0.6+0.45=3.55m

Therefore surface area of sedimentation tank required=volume/depth

=361.8/3.55

=101.9155m2

Provide L:B ratio=1.5L:B

1.5B2= 101.9155

B=√A/1.5=√101.9155/1.5 = 8.24m

Therefore L= 1.5*8.24=12.36m

B=8.25m

Surface loading=volume/area

=2894400.00/101.9155

=28340 lpd/m2

Weir loading=volume of water treated/overflow length

=2894400.00/8.24

=351262 lpd/m

Diameter of the inlet pipe

Q=0.0335m3/sec

Assume the operating head=7.5cm

v=√(2gh)= √(2*9.81*.075) =1.21m

Diameter of pipe, d=0.97√Q to 0.12√Q

=0.98√0.0335

d=0.179m

d=0.2m

Q=A*v

v=Q/A

v= .0335/0.0314

v=1.07m/s

Therefore velocity of the inlet pipe will be least of the above two velocities ,i.e

2.7 Design of rapid sand filter

v=1.07m

Maximum daily demand of water =0.0335*24*3600=120.6m3/day

Assumed rate of filtration =400 l/m2/hr =0.4 m3/hr/m2

Surface area=maximum daily demand /rate of filtration=120.6/.4

=301.5m2

Provide 5 filter units out of which 1 is standby.

Area of one filter unit =301.5/4 =75.37m2

Dimensions of each filtration tank ,L=1.5B

B=7m, L=1.5*7=10.7m

Provide each rapid sad filter tank of dimension 10.7m * 7m

Depth of sand bed= 0.9 m

Depth of gravel=5 cm
Effective size of sand=0.9 mm

Depth of tank=2m

2.8 To calculate volume of chlorine :

Assume dosage as 1.5mg/l

Volume of water to be treated =7150*270

1930500.00 l/day

Quantity of chlorine required per day=2.90kg

2.9 Design of pump from treatment plant to overhead tank:

Economical Diameter ,d= (0.97 to 1.22 )*√Q

=0.98 √Q

d =0.98√.0335

=0.2m

Q=A* V

A = Π*(0.2)2 / 4

A =0.0314m2

V= 1.07 m/s

Hs=0m

Hd= difference of levels between the pump station and overhead tank

Hd=(901.615+10)-(874.6)=37.015m

L= 1053m

Hf=(4flv2/2gd)

=((4*0.02*1053*1.072)/(2*9.81*0.2))

=24.58m

Hm=HS +Hd+Hf

=0+37.015+24.58=61.595m
 Assume 10% losses

Therefore Hm=61.595+6.1595=67.75m=68m

BHP of pump required=(w*Q*Hm)/(75*η)

=(1000*0.0355*68/75*0.8)

=40.233BHP =40BHP

2.10 Design of flash mixer

Discharge =0.0355m3/sec

Detention time =5min

Assume ht to diameter= 3m

Rotational speed of impeller=120 rpm

Volume=discharge x detention time

=0.0355*5* 60

=10.65m3

Area of tank =volume/height of tank

=10.65/3

=3.55m2

Diameter of tank=√(4A/Π)

=2.13m≈2.15m

2.11 Design of overhead tank

Discharge =0.0355m3/s

Detention time=1.5 hours

Let the depth of tank be restricted to 5m

Capacity of pure water sump=0.0355*3600*1.5

=191.7 m3
Area of sump=volume/depth

=191.7/5

=38.34 m2

Diameter of sump=√(4A/Π)

=6.98m ≈ 7m

SANITARY
2.12 Design of bar screens
Qav = 0.0284 m3/s
Qpeak = 1.5*0.0284
= 0.0426 m3/s
Q= A*V
0.0426= (Π*d2/4 )*(1/0.012)*(d/4)2/3 (√1/1000)
0.0426=0.8213*d8/3
0.0426=d2*d2/3*( Π*1/4*1/0.012*(1/4)2/3 *(1/1000)1/2 )
d8/3 = 0.0426/0.8213
d=0.33
d= 0.3m or 300mm diameter pipe
Vact= 1/n *R2/3*√s
Where,
n= 0.012
s= 1/1000
Vact= (1/0.012)*(0.3/4)2/3*(1/1000)1/2
Vact= 0.46 m/sec

2.13 Design of sewage treatment:

Quantity of water supplied = 0.0355m3/s
Assuming 80% of supplied becomes sewage,
 =0.80*.0355 = 0.0284m3/s

2.14 Aeration tank

Capacity of aeration tank = Q*t
= = 0.0284*60*60*6 = 613.44m3
Assume effective depth =3m and free board = 0.75m
Therefore Area=613.44/3
= 204.48m2
Provide a circular aeration tank
d= √(4A/Π)
=√(4*204.48)/ Π
= 16.5m
2.15 Equalisation tank
Detention time= 3hrs
Provide rectangular shape tank
Capacity = Q*t
= 0.0284*3*60*60
= 306.72m
Volume = Length*Breadth*Depth
= Area*Depth
Area = volume/depth = 306.72/2 = 153.36m2
Assume, L:B ratio as 1:2 ie., L=2*B
Area=L*B
153.36=2*B2
B=√153.36/2 = 8.76m
L= 2*8.76
L=17.52m
HIGHWAY
PROJECT
CHAPTER 3:
HIGHWAY PROJECT

3.1 : Introduction:
Preparation of highway project involves a chain of activities, such as, field surveys and
investigations, selection of alignment, carrying out various designs, preparations of
drawings and estimates, etc. The extent and quality of investigations have a strong
influence on selection of most cost-effective design, estimation of quantities cost and
execution of the job itself.
Administrative, developmental, strategic and other needs would determine the obligatory
points to be connected by a road. Control points will be governed by saddles, passes, river
crossing and other natural features like escarpments and unstable areas.

Optimum alignment will be one, which yields the least overall transportation cost, taking
into account the cost of construction and maintenance of the road as well as the recurring
cost of vehicle operation, and at the same time having least adverse impact on the
environmental and ecological balance.
The proposed highway projected is at latitude and longitude of 13 24‘ 15.4‖N 77 32‘
05.9‖E which connects the lagumenahalli mile stone, proposed town and Hanuman
temple at SS ghati.
3.2 : Objectives:
1. To propose new alignment to connect the town which has been planned i.e. from
lagumenahalli road to Hanuman Temple.
2. To reduce the number of curves by aligning as straight as possible.
3. To workout the area of land to be acquired, the quantities of materials required, like
earthwork and various pavement materials for the proposed road.
4. To provide a two lane road of 7.5m length with raised kerbs.
 Fig no. 3.1: Aerial view of Highway Project
3.3 : Map Study:
Toposheet of No. D43R11 is used for the reconnaissance survey. This map help us to
suggest the likely routes of the road. The main features like hills, valley, etc... Are
shown on the map. The probable alignment can be located on the map are as follows:

1. Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds or lake

2. When the road has to cross a row of hills or mountain, possibility of crossing through
mountain pass.
3. Approximate location of bridges crossing the rivers, if any.
 Fig 3.2: Toposheet of No. D43R11
3.4 : Reconnaissance survey:
The main objective of this survey is to estimate the general characteristics of the area for
determining the most feasible route or routes for further detailed investigation‘s...

1. Traffic reconnaissance survey: the data regarding the local industries, religion festival,
nature and volume of exports, existing transport, the amount of traffic served by the new
alignment can be determined.
2. Engineering Reconnaissance survey: This provide the information of availability of
water, material, nature of soil, position of hills and lakes, streams, etc.
The details to be collected from the reconnaissance survey are given below:

1. Marshy land, bridges, permanent structure and other obstructions not available on the
map.
2. Approximate values of gradient, length of gradients and radius of curves of alternate
alignments
3. Number and type of cross drainage structures, maximum flood level and natural ground
level along probable routes.
4. Sources of construction of materials, water and location of stone quarries near by the
probable routes.
5. If the route is passing through mountains, the details like type of rock, dip of strata,
seepage condition, etc.
3.5 : Preliminary survey: - The art of finding the details of alternative alignment
found suitable during the reconnaissance survey is known as preliminary survey.it is the
rough type of survey, which is conducted to have a fair idea of the surrounding areas. It is
carried by the survey instrument to calculate the rough earth work.

After the preliminary survey, the necessary plans are prepared to the survey work and
rough estimate is made. The most economical and the best of these alignment is selected.
The survey instruments used for the project are as fallows.

3.5.1: Establishing TBM: Dumpy level is used to fix the temporary Bench Mark
[T.B.M] which is to be laid on the Lagumenahalli mile stone [0 Mile stone] carrying the
fly levelling from known Bench Mark i.e. B.M at Makkalidurga railway Station. Now the
longitudinal and Cross sectional levelling, Block levelling is carried for the proposed
highway alignment from 0 mile stone t hanuman temple.

3.5.2 : Fixing Initial alignment using Plane table: on other side plain table is used to
draw the proposed alignment with existing features like tress, rocks, temples, curves etc.
The instruments like U-frame, plumb bob, Alidade, truff compass are used.

3.5.3 : Setting out of necessary curves: Two transition curves and one valley curve was
proposed based on the preliminary survey and the same were set on the field using the
transit theodolite and the gradients in case of valley curve was checked using Ceylon ghat
Tracer.

3.6 : Detailed and final location Survey: The detailed examination of the field
along the alignment finally recommended during the preliminary survey and Following
parameters were arrived.

1. The center line of the proposed road was fixed on the ground
2. The field data necessary was collected for the acquision of right of way.
3. The quantity of earthwork along the proposed alignment was computed.
3.7 : Geometric Design:
The physical features of road are known as road geometrics. Properly designed road
geometrics provide optimum efficiency in traffic operation, with maximum safety. Road
geometrics include the dimension of highway, features such as Design speed, Horizontal
Curve IRC NO 73 – 2007.

3.7.1: Design speed: The design speed is the most important factor controlling design
elements of highway. The design speed is taken into account the overall requirement of
the highway.in India different speed standard have been assigned depending upon the
 importance. The design speed in the rural terrain is standardized by the IRC for different
class of road.

Table 3.1: IRC value for Design speed in Rural Roads (Kmph)

Road Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep

classification
Ruling Minimum Ruling Minimum Ruling Min. Ruling Min.

N.H & S.H 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30

M.D.R 80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20

O.D.R 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20

V.R 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20

3.7.2: Horizontal curve: a horizontal curve is a curve in plan to provide change in direction
to the center line of a road. When a vehicle traverse a horizontal curve the centrifugal force
acts horizontally outwards through the center of gravity of the vehicle.

Table 3.2: IRC value for Min Horizontal curve in Rural Roads (M)

Sl Road Plain Rollin

. classificati terrai g
N on n terrain
o Rulin Absolut Rulin Absolut
g e g e
min Min Min
1 National & 100 80 80 65
State
Highways
2 Major 80 65 65 50
District
Roads
3 Other 65 50 50 40
District
Roads
4 Village 50 40 40 35
Roads
*For Highway Project we are proposed to provide Major District Road
3.8 : Cross-section Elements:
3.8.1: Right of way: the area of land for the road along its alignment is called right of
way. It should be adequate accommodate all the cross sectional elements of the highway
and may reasonably provide future development.

Table 3.3: IRC value for Right of Way

Roadway width m at

Sl.No Road classification

Plain and
Mountainous and
Rolling
steep terrain
terrain
National & state Highways
1 (a). Single Lane 12 6.25
(b). Two Lane 12 8.8
Major District Roads
2 (a). Single Lane 9 4.75
(b). Two Lane 9
Other District Roads
3 (a). Single Lane 7.5 4.75
(b). Two Lane 9
4 Village roads-single lane 7.5 4

3.8.2: Width of formation: width of formation or roadway width is the sum of the
widths of pavements or carriage way including separators and shoulders. The values
suggested by IRC are s given below:

Table 3.4: IRC value for Width of formation

Road classification
Width of Formation for various classed of Roads
NH/SH 12 6.25-8.88
MDR 9 1.75
ODR 7.5-9.0 1.75
VR 7.5 1

3.8.3: Carriage way width or pavement width: the portion of the roadway constructed
for movement of vehicular traffic is called carriage way. The width of carriage way shall
be decided by the number of traffic lanes. The carriage way intended for one line of
traffic movement is called traffic lane. The width of carriageway for various classes of
roads standardized by IRC are given below
Table 3.5: IRC value for width of carriage way (M)

Lane classification Carriageway width (m)

Single lane 3.75
Intermediate lane 5.50

Two lane without raised Kerbs 7.00

Two lane with raised Kerbs 7.50
Multi-Lane width per Lane 3.50
3.8.4: Camber or Cross Slope: The slope of the line which joins the crown and the edge
of the road surface is called camber. Crown is the highest point on the curved road
surface the IRC values for Camber are as given below.

Table 3.6: IRC value for Camber Slope

A. Earthen roads 3 to 4 percent (1 in 25 to 1
in 33)
B. Gravel or WBM 2.5 to 3 percent (1 in 33 to 1
surface in 40)
C. Thin bituminous 2 to 2.5 percent (1 in 40 to 1
surface in 50)
D. High type 1.7 to 2 percent (1 in 60 to 1
bituminous surface in 50)

3.8.5: Sight distance: the longest a driver can see in front of him, may be termed as sight
distance. In the design of roads following three type of sight distances should be given
due consideration:
3.8.5.1: Stopping sight Distance: The distance required for an emergency stop is
stopping sight distance.
 Fig 3.3: SSD at Horizontal Curve

Fig 3.4: SSD at Vertical Curve

3.8.5.2: Safe Overtaking distance: the distance required when vehicle can overtake and
pass each other is known as safe overtaking distance.
Safe sight distance for entering into intersection: the driver entering on uncontrolled
intersection should have sufficient visibility to enable him to take control of his vehicle
and avoid collision with other vehicle is termed s safe sight distance.

Fig 3.5: over taking sight Distance

Table 3.7: IRC value for SSD and ISD

Design values in
Speed meters
(Kmph) Stopping sight Intermediate sight
distance distance
20 20 40
25 25 50
30 30 60
35 40 80
 40 45 90

50 60 120

3.8.6 : Super elevation: the inward transverse inclination provided to the cross section of
the carriage way at horizontal curved portion of a road is called super elevation, cant or
banking.it help a fast moving vehicle to negotiate a curved path without overturning and
skidding.

Fig 3.6: Super Elevation

3.8.7: Widening of road at Horizontal Curves: The position of extra pavement width at
sharp horizontal curves is known as widening of road on curves.

Table 3.8: IRC value for Widening of roads

Extra widths to be provided for pavements according to IRC

1
6
U 2 4 0 Ab
1
pt 1 1 1 ov
-
o - - - e
1
2 4 6 3 30
0
Radius of curve in 0 1 0 0 0
0
meters 0
1 1 0 0
1.
Extra widths in . . . . nil
5
meters Two Lane 5 2 9 6
0 0 n
0. n
. . i nil
9 il
single lane 6 6 l
 3.8.8: Transition curve: a curve which is provided to effect an easy change of direction
of a pavement is called transition curve. The radius of the transition curve changes
gradually from infinite to finite value.

Fig 3.7: Transition Curve.

Table 3.9: IRC value for Transition curve

Curve Design speed (km/h)

radius 50 40 30 25 20
(m)
15 NA 30
20 35 20
25 NA 25 20
30 30 25 15
40 NA 25 20 15
50 40 20 15 15
55 40 20 15 15
70 NA 30 15 15 15
80 55 25 15 15 NA
90 45 25 15 15
 100 45 20 15 15
125 35 15 15 NA
150 30 15 15 15
170 25 15 NA
200 20 15
300 15 NA
400 15
500 NA

 3.8.9: Gradients: the rate of rise or fall of road level along its length is termed as
gradient.
The gradient of a pavement is governed by the following factors:
1.Topography of the country.
2.Drainage.
3.Nature of traffic.
4.Obligatory points.

Table 3.10: IRC Value for Gradients

S Gradient
l Limit
Type of terrain ing
n Rul or Excepti
o ing max onal
1 in 1 in
1 in 15
30 20
1
3.3
5% 6.70%
Plain or Rolling 0%
1 in 1 in 1 in
Mountainous and steep terrain with
2 20 16.7 14.3
elevation more than 3000m
5% 6% 7%
1 in
1 in 1 in
16.
3 14.3 12.7
7
steep terrain upto 3000m height 6% 7% 8%
3.1: Design details of alignment of village road
Design speed (v) = 80 Kmph

Rate of super elevation (e) = 0.07

Co-efficient of friction (f) = 0.15

Ruling radius R =

= 229.06m say 230m

3.1.1 : Check for super elevation

Super elevation e =

=
= 0.12 > 0.07

Therefore, the value of super elevation is greater than the maximum ‗e‘ of 0.07. So super
elevation to be provided is 0.07

e=

0.07 =

V = 60.18 Kmph.

But the design is for 80 Kmph which is safer.

3.1.2 : Check for friction developed

e+f=

0.07 + f =

f = 0.149 say 0.15

Therefore the value of friction is equal to‗f‘ of 0.15

3.1.3 : Widening at curves

Widening at curves = psychological widening + extra width for mechanics

We= Wm +Wps
Wps =
√
= = 0.56
√

Wm= = = 0.16
Maximum length of vehicle L = 6m
Extra widening at curve we = 0.56+0.16
= 0.72m
3.1.4 : Design of camber
Camber is provided based o rainfall range
Camber to be provided as 1 In 50
Width of carriage way = 5.5m

Width of road way = 7.5m

Right of way = 12m.

3.1.5 : Stopping sight distance [SSD]

Design speed v = 80 Kmph.

V = = 22.22 m/sec.

Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/sec2.

As per IRC Longitudinal co-efficient of friction f = 0.35 to 0.40

Drivers reaction time t = 2.5 sec

SSD = long distance + Breaking distance

=VXt+

= 22.22 X 2...5 +

=131.81m say 132m

3.1.6 : Sight distance [SD]

SD = lag distance + break distance

 SD = 0.278 X V X t +

SD = 0.278 X 80 X 2.5 +

SD = 123.7m Say 124m.

3.1.7 : Over taking sight distance [OSD]

OSD = d1+d2+d3 (For two way traffic)

OSD = (0.28Vb t) + (0.28 Vb T + 2.5) + (0.28 V T)

V = design speed = 80kmph

Vb = Speed of overtaking vehicle = v-16 = 64 Kmph

t = Reaction time of driver = 2 sec

A = Acceleration. = 2.5 Km/s2

S = Spacing of vehicle = 0.2 Vb+6 = 18.80m

T=√ =√ = 10.41
OSD = (0.28 x64 x 2.0) + (0.28 x64 x 10.41 + 2.0) + (0.28 x80 x10.41)
OSD = 457.57m say 458m

3.1.8 : Overtaking zone

Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 X OSD
= 3 x 458
=1374m
Desirable length of overtaking zone = 5 X OSD = 5 X 458
=2290M

3.1.9 : Set back Distance

Lc > S.D

( )
 M = 229 – [229 – 2.055] X COS 15.65
M = 10.46 m.

3.1.10 : Design of Horizontal Curve:

Design Speed (V) = 80 Kmph

Rate of Super elevation (e) = 0.07

Coefficient of Lateral Friction (f) = 0.15

Ruling Radius, R = 230 m

Length of Transition Curve

1. By rate of change of Centrifugal Acceleration

= = 0.52

= 92.73 m
2. By rate of introduction of Super elevation
(The pavement is rotated about the inner edge)
Rate of introduction of Super elevation, N= 1 in 60
Width of road at Curves= W + We = 7.5 + 0.95= 8.45 m
Ls= e (W + We) N= 0.07 x 8.45 x 60= 35.49 m

Therefore Length of Transition Curve= Ls= 92.73m

Shift, S= =
= 1.55 m

Chain age Point of Intersection= 120 m

Deflection Angle, ∆= 79ᵒ

= (230 +1.55) x tan ( + = 237.24 m

Tangent Length, T s= (R + S) tan ( +

Spiral
∆ angle
ᵒ
= = = 11.55
s
 Central angle for Circular Curve, ∆c= ∆ - 2∆s=79 – 2 x 11.55= 55.89ᵒ

Length of Circular Curve, L = = = 224.39 m

c

Length of Combined Curve= Lc + 2 Ls= 224.39+ 2 x 92.73=409.85 m

Chain age of point of intersection = 120 m

Subtract tangent length Ts = 120 – 237.24

Chain age of beginning transition curve= 117.24 m

Add length of transition curve= 117.247+92.73

Chain age of beginning of circular curve= 24.51 m

Add length of circular curve= 24.51+224.39

Chain age of end of circular curve= 199.87 m

Add length of transition curve= 199.87 +92.73

Chain age at end of transition curve= 292.61 m

Table 3.11: Transition Curve Angle.

Setting of Transition Curve

Let Chord Interval be 5m
Chord length Α α α set
0 0ᵒ 0ᵒ 0ᵒ
5 0.011193 0ᵒ0'40.29" ᵒ
0 3’20”
10 0.044774 02’41.19” 0ᵒ13’40”
15 0.10074 0ᵒ6’41.99” 0ᵒ30’40”
20 0.179094 0ᵒ54’34.65” 0ᵒ54’40”
25 0.279835 1ᵒ25’16.64” 1ᵒ25’20”
30 0.402962 2ᵒ2’ 47.97” 2ᵒ2’40”
35 0.548476 2ᵒ16’42.86” 2ᵒ16’40”
40 0.716376 3ᵒ38’18.61” 3ᵒ38’20”
45 0.906664 4ᵒ36’17.94” 4ᵒ6’20”
92.73043478 3.850045 4ᵒ57’ 2.04” 4ᵒ57’0”
 Table 3.12: Circular Curve Angle.
Setting of Circular Curve
Let chord interval be 5m
Chord length Δ δ set
0 0ᵒ
0ᵒ
0ᵒ
5 0.62279 0ᵒ37‘22.04‖ 0ᵒ37‘20‖
10 1.24558 1ᵒ14‘44.09‖ 1ᵒ14‘40‖
15 1.86837 1ᵒ52‘6.13‖ 1ᵒ52‘0‖
20 2.491159 2ᵒ29‘28.17‖ 2ᵒ29‘20‖
25 3.113949 3ᵒ6‘50.22‖ 3ᵒ7‘0‖
30 3.736739 3ᵒ44‘12.26‖ 3ᵒ44‘20‖
35 4.359529 4ᵒ21‘34.3‖ 4ᵒ21‘40‖
40 4.982319 4ᵒ58‘56.35‖ 4ᵒ59‘0‖
45 5.605109 5ᵒ36‘18.39‖ 5ᵒ36‘20‖
50 6.227899 6ᵒ13‘40.44‖ 6ᵒ13‘40‖
55 6.850688 6ᵒ51‘2.48‖ 6ᵒ51‘0‖
60 7.473478 7ᵒ28‘24.52‖ 7ᵒ28‘20‖
65 8.096268 8ᵒ5‘46.56‖ 8ᵒ5‘40‖
70 8.719058 8ᵒ44‘56.71‖ 8ᵒ45‘0‖
75 9.341848 9ᵒ20‘30.65‖ 9ᵒ20‘40‖
80 9.964638 9ᵒ57‘52.7‖ 9ᵒ58‘0‖
85 10.58743 10ᵒ35‘14.75‖ 10ᵒ35‘20‖
90 11.21022 11ᵒ12‘36.79‖ 11ᵒ12‘40‖
224.39 27.94956 27ᵒ56‘58.42‖ 27ᵒ57‘0‖
3.2.1 : Design of valley curve
Deviation angle

N= (-n1-n2) = (-1/19-0) = 0.05 radians.

SSD =131.81m say 132m.

a) Length of comfort condition

L = 2(NV3/C) 1/2

C - The allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration 0.60 m/sec3

V – Speed in m/sec (80/3.6=22.22 m/sec)

= 2(0.05*22.223/0.6)1/2 = 60.47m≈61m99

b) Length of curve for head light sight

distance Assuming L > SSD
L=N*S2 / (1.5+0.035*S)
=0.05*1322 / (1.5+0.035*132)
=142.35m≈143 m

3.2.2 : Design of valley curve

Peg interval (x) = 5m

No of stations = L/x=60/5=12 No‘s
No of stations on each curve= 12/2=6 No‘s
e1 = g1/100*x= -5.2/100*5= -0.226
e2 = g2/100*x= 0/100*5= 0
Elevation of beginning of the curve = elevation of point of intersection*xn –
(ne1)
= 901.20*1-(6*-0.226)
= 902.556m
Tangent correction with respect to first tangent point (h)
h = KN2
K = (e1-e2)/4n
 = (-0.238-0.0)/4*6
= -0.01
RL'S of the points on the curve = tangent elevation-tangent corrections = H –
h
RL'S of the nth point on the curve = RL of begning+n'e1-Kn'2
RL of 1st point on the curve = 902.556+1*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*12=902.318m
RL of 2rd point on the curve = 902.556 +2*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*22=901.604m
RL of 3rd point on the curve = 902.556 +3*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*32=900.414m
RL of 4th point on the curve = 902.556 +4*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*42=898.748m
RL of 5th point on the curve = 902.556 +5*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*52=896.606m
RL of 6th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*62=893.988m
RL of 7th point on the curve = 902.556 +7*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*72=890.894m
RL of 8th point on the curve = 902.556 +8*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*82=887.324m
RL of 9th point on the curve = 902.556 +9*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*92=883.278m
RL of 10th point on the curve = 902.556 +10*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*102=878.756m
RL of 11th point on the curve = 902.556 +11*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*112=873.758m
RL of 12th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*122=868.284m
RL of 13th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*132=862.334m
RL of 14th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*142=855.908m
RL of 15th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*152=849.006m
RL of 16th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*162=841.628m
RL of 17th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*172=833.774m
RL of 18th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*182=825.444m
RL of 19th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*192=816.638m
RL of 20th point on the curve = 902.556 +12*(-0.238)-(-0.0)*202=807.356m
 3.2.3 : DESIGN OF PAVEMENT:-
Computation of design traffic:
N = [2734]

N=
N = 68402715.38
N = 68.40 msa
Corresponding to this design traffic, pavement thickness can be calculated from IRC charts:
Corresponding to CBR 6%, pavement thickness required is 675mm for 50msa and 700mm for
100msa. Interpolating these values, the pavement thickness for 68.40msa.
t = 675 +

t = 684.2 mm say 685 mm.

The pavement composition maybe
Sub base = 260 mm
Base = 250 mm
DBM = 131 mm
BC = 44 mm

3.2.4 Highway Volume Calculation.

Ground mean depth SIDE SLOPE Volume

Formation
level chainage Distance Depth Cutting Filling in
level RL Cutting Filling Cutting Filling
RL in cub.m cub.m
918.74 918.74 0 0 0 0 1 2 0
918.77 918.63 10 10 -0.14 -0.07 1 2 -5.201 0
918.77 918.53 20 10 -0.24 -0.19 1 2 -13.889 0
-
918.7 918.43 30 10 -0.27 -0.255 1 2
18.47475 0
-
918.605 918.32 40 10 -0.29 -0.2775 1 2
20.04244 0
-
918.535 918.27 45 5 -0.26 -0.275 1 2
9.934375 0
918.405 918.23 50 5 -0.17 -0.22 1 2 -8.008 0
917.815 918.17 55 5 0.355 0.09 1 2 0 3.456
917.53 918.07 65 10 0.54 0.4475 1 2 0 37.56762
917.445 917.96 75 10 0.515 0.5275 1 2 0 45.12762
917.47 917.81 90 15 0.34 0.4275 1 2 0 53.57644
917.48 917.71 100 10 0.23 0.285 1 2 0 22.9995
917.475 917.6 110 10 0.125 0.1775 1 2 0 13.94262
917.505 917.5 120 10 -0 0.06 1 2 0 4.572
-
917.51 917.14 130 10 -0.37 -0.1875 1 2
13.71094 0
917.65 916.78 140 10 -0.87 -0.62 1 2 -42.656 0
-
917.615 916.42 150 10 -1.2 -1.0325 1 2
66.77694 0
-
917.25 916.06 160 10 -1.19 -1.1925 1 2
75.21694 0
-
917.035 915.7 170 10 -1.34 -1.2625 1 2
78.74844 0
-
915.97 915.34 180 10 -0.63 -0.9825 1 2
64.03444 0
-
915.6 914.98 190 10 -0.62 -0.625 1 2
42.96875 0
-
915.27 914.62 200 10 -0.65 -0.635 1 2
43.59275 0
915.03 914.26 210 10 -0.77 -0.71 1 2 -48.209 0
-
914.2 913.9 220 10 -0.3 -0.535 1 2
37.26275 0
-
913.89 913.54 230 10 -0.35 -0.325 1 2
23.31875 0
-
913.58 913.18 240 10 -0.4 -0.375 1 2
26.71875 0
-
913.215 912.82 250 10 -0.4 -0.3975 1 2
28.23244 0
-
912.9 912.46 260 10 -0.44 -0.4175 1 2
29.56944 0
-
912.67 912.1 270 10 -0.57 -0.505 1 2
35.32475 0
911.77 911.74 280 10 -0.03 -0.3 1 2 -21.6 0
-
911.405 911.38 290 10 -0.02 -0.0275 1 2
2.054937 0
-
911.02 911.02 300 10 0 -0.0125 1 2
0.935937 0
-
910.935 910.67 310 10 -0.26 -0.1325 1 2
9.761937 0
 -
910.98 910.33 320 10 -0.65 -0.4575 1 2
32.21944 0
-
909.545 909.99 330 10 0.445 -0.1025 1 2
7.582438 0
909.42 909.64 340 10 0.22 0.3325 1 2 0 27.14863
908.73 909.3 350 10 0.57 0.395 1 2 0 32.7455
908.515 908.96 360 10 0.445 0.5075 1 2 0 43.21362
908.32 908.62 370 10 0.3 0.3725 1 2 0 30.71262
908.04 908.27 380 10 0.23 0.265 1 2 0 21.2795
907.81 907.94 390 10 0.125 0.1775 1 2 0 13.94263
907.53 907.59 400 10 0.06 0.0925 1 2 0 7.108625
907.3 907.3 410 10 0 0.03 1 2 0 2.268
907.09 906.9 420 10 -0.19 -0.095 1 2 -7.03475 0
906.97 906.56 430 10 -0.41 -0.3 1 2 -21.6 0
-
906.84 906.22 440 10 -0.62 -0.515 1 2
35.97275 0
-
906.94 905.87 450 10 -1.07 -0.845 1 2
56.23475 0
-
906.77 905.53 460 10 -1.24 -1.155 1 2
73.28475 0
906.65 905.19 470 10 -1.46 -1.35 1 2 -83.025 0
906.63 904.85 480 10 -1.78 -1.62 1 2 -95.256 0
-
905.57 904.5 490 10 -1.07 -1.425 1 2
86.56875 0
-
905.44 904.16 500 10 -1.28 -1.175 1 2
74.31875 0
-
905.17 903.82 510 10 -1.35 -1.315 1 2
81.33275 0
-
903.49 903.49 520 10 0 -0.675 1 2
46.06875 0
903.29 903.13 530 10 -0.16 -0.08 1 2 -5.936 0
-
902.86 902.79 540 10 -0.07 -0.1135 1 2
8.383677 0
901.34 902.45 550 10 1.11 0.5215 1 2 0 44.55174
901.1 902.1 560 10 1 1.055 1 2 0 101.3855
901.2 901.92 570 10 0.72 0.86 1 2 0 79.292
901.01 901.99 580 10 0.98 0.85 1 2 0 78.2
901.01 902.15 590 10 1.14 1.06 1 2 0 101.972
900.91 902.3 600 10 1.39 1.265 1 2 0 126.8795
902.79 902.46 610 10 -0.33 0.53 1 2 0 45.368
902.81 902.62 620 10 -0.19 -0.26 1 2 -18.824 0
903.09 902.78 630 10 -0.31 -0.25 1 2 -18.125 0
-
903.36 902.94 640 10 -0.42 -0.365 1 2
26.04275 0
903.28 903.1 650 10 -0.18 -0.3 1 2 -21.6 0
903.26 903.26 660 10 0 -0.09 1 2 -6.669 0
-
903.805 903.62 670 10 -0.18 -0.0925 1 2
6.851937 0
904.155 903.98 680 10 -0.17 -0.18 1 2 -13.176 0
904.055 904.35 690 10 0.295 0.06 1 2 0 4.572
904.675 904.71 700 10 0.035 0.165 1 2 0 12.9195
-
905.35 905.08 710 10 -0.27 -0.1175 1 2
8.674438 0
905.39 905.44 720 10 0.05 -0.11 1 2 -8.129 0
905.705 905.7 727.7 7.7 -0.01 0.0225 1 2 0 1.307171
-
727.7 956.1084
1609.154

3.2.5 : DESIGN OF DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY

T1= Inlet Time, 15 min

T2=

T2= =24.23 min

D = T1+T2 =15+24.23 = 39.23 min

D= duration or time of concentration

i= = 0.021 m-sec

Ad= 590x727=428930
2
= =428.9 mm

= (0.3x0.021x429)

Q = 2.70 m/sec
Q1=1.35

V= 0.8 m/sec

ASSUME SIDE SLOPE 1V:1.5H

B = 0.75 M

V= ()

Q=

Q = 5.4m2

5.4= (dx0.5)+2((1/2)*d2)

5.4=0.5d+1.5d2

d = 1.73 say 1.75m P = 0.5+ √ +1.752

=6.03m

R= 0.89m
 OLD TANK
PROJECT
CHAPTER-4 OLD TANK PROJECT

4.1 Introduction

Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset.
Water as a resource is indivisible; rainfall, river waters, surface ponds and lakes and
ground water are part of a single unit, which needs a holistic and efficient management to
ensure their long-term quality and availability.

Agriculture is the main occupation of rural population in India. Irrigation has played a
pivotal role in India‘s agricultural production and growth. Both at national and regional
 levels, agricultural growth and overall development closely follow the growth pattern in
irrigation.

Minor Irrigation (MI) in India is defined as one with a command area of less than 2,000
hectares. There are mainly five types of MI structures that – dug wells, shallow tube
wells, deep tube wells, surface lift systems, and surface flow systems. Except the surface
flow systems, all others are groundwater structures. Through the ages, these surface flow
system or water bodies, either natural or man-made such as lakes, tanks, ponds and
similar structures have sustained the Indian agriculture. A water body is a structure where
water from ice-melt, streams, springs, rain or drainage of water from residential areas is
accumulated or water is stored by diversion from a stream, nala or river.

An irrigation tank generally consists of following

1. An earthen bund across the valley creating storage.
2. A surplus weir to dispose off hard storage.
3. Sluice to feed the channel to feed the command area.
4. The general problems of an irrigation tank are;
5. Reduction in the gross storage capacity of the tank due to silting.
6. Reduction in the safety of the bund due to wearing out of standard dimension of bund.
 The above problem can be overcome by restoring the tank. Restoration of tank is done by
raising the height of existing bund, these by allowing to increasing the storage and
improves the safety of the bund.

4.1.1 Necessity for restoration of tank:

Relative importance of some of these Water Bodies has waned due to a number of
reasons:

1. Shifting away from community based tank system to individual beneficiary

oriented ground water dependent system
2. Prolonged and continuous neglect of maintenance
3. Heavy silting of the tank bed,
4. Choked up feeder channels,
5. Leaking and weak bund, leaky sluices and dilapidated surplus weirs and ill maintained
distribution channels
6. Encroachments in the tank bund, foreshore, water-spread and supply channels
7. Deforestation and denudation in the catchments areas leading to extinction of
water bodies as a whole for housing and urbanization
8. Indiscriminate use of tank beds as dumping yards

. Due to progressive silting in the reservoir, its storage capacity gets reduced. The demand
for irrigation water cannot be met due to reduced storage.
Further, in future there may be demand for water cultivation of large area. In view of
these two factors it becomes necessary to restore the storage capacity of the reservoir to a
value equal to its original value.
The storage capacity is increased in two ways
1. Raising F.T.L of the reservoir after making suitable modifications in the profile of the
existing bund.
2. De-silting the reservoir: This would require the employment of sophisticated equipment
such as hydraulic dredges. Before taking up the project, it is necessary to study whether .
 4.2 Objectives:

(i) Comprehensive improvement and restoration of existing tank there by increasing

tank storage capacity
(ii) Ground Water Recharge
(iii) Increased availability of drinking water
(iv) Improvement in agriculture/horticulture productivity

4.3 Study Area: The tank which is supposed to be restored is Pal Paldinne kere
situated at a distance of approximately 2.5km along S.S.Ghati, Doddaballapura road. Due
to inadequate maintenance the downstream side slope of bund is eroded and due to silting
the quantity of water stored is less. Hence we have taken the restoration of this old tank
4.4 Investigations and Surveys:
The surveys are carried out to collect field data to obtain all information needed for
the restoration of the existing tank. The total survey is carried out using conventional
survey instrument.
4.5 Reconaissence :
The existing site condition are explored by visiting the OTP site and adequate data
of area is collected .
4.6 Preliminary Survey :
The temparory Bench Mark is established at the Ashwath Katte near OTP site.
4.7 Detailed Survey
Alignment of existing bund using plane table survey was carried out and the plan was
prepared showing all the salient features along the centre line of the bund.as shown in the
fig.no 1.
1. Longitudinal section along the existing centreline of the bund were carried out using
dumpy level and The cross sections are taken at regular intervals (3m, 6m, 9m etc.) along
the alignment
2. Details of existing waste weir and sluice points including block levelling at waste weir.
3. Water spread contour to explore the quantity.
 FIG NO 1

4.8 Capacity Contour Survey

Direct method of contour is adopted to draw capacity contour using plane table was
conducted; number of contours were drawn at a contour interval of 0.25 mtr. Based on
the area of contour and the interval the water storage capacity of the tank was computed.
Block levelling at the Surplus Weir:
It is proposed to raise the surplus weir by one meter. To obtain detailed profile of the
ground near the weir block levelling of the area of about 50.00mtrs x 50.00mtrs were
taken at the blocks measuring 5mtrs x5mtrs
 4.9 Calculation of Earthwork:
4.9.1 Existing features:
Length of bund = 328 m
Length of weir = 18.1 m
Width of weir= 0.7 m
Free board = 1m
Top bund level= 885.755 m
Maximum water level= 884.755 m
Full tank level= 883.755 m
4.9.2 Proposed features:
Proposed top bund level = 886.755 m
Proposed maximum water level = 884.755 m
Proposed full tank level = 883.755 m

4.10 Volume calculation of old tank project

EXISTING PROPOSED TOTAL

CHAINAGE (M) DISTANCE(M)
BUND LEVEL BUND LEVEL AREA(M²)

0 885.290 886.755 10.970 0

30 885.195 886.755 16.620 30
60 885.235 886.755 21.670 30
85 884.905 886.755 23.084 25
90 884.875 886.755 35.520 5
120 884.955 886.755 36.923 30
150 885.060 886.755 27.920 30
180 885.050 886.755 31.00 30
210 883.155 886.755 12.080 30
OLD TANK PROJECT

From 0-30m chainage

V1 = d {(A1+A2)/2}

= 30{(10.97+16.62)/2} = 413.85m3.

From 30-60m chainage :

V2 = d {(A2+A3)/2}

= 30{(16.62+21.67)/2}

= 574.35m3

From 60-85m chainage:

V3 = d {(A3+A4)/2}

= 30{(21.67+23.084)/2}

= 559.425m3.

From 85-90m chainage:

V4 = d {(A4+A5)/2}

= 30{(23.084+35.52)/2}

= 146.51m3.

From 90-120m chainage:

V5 = d {(A5+A6)/2}

= 30{(35.52+36.92)/2}

= 1086.65m

From 120-150m chainage:

V6 = d {(A6+A7)/2}

= 30{(36.93+27.92)/2}

= 972.645m3.
From 150-180m chainage:

V7 = d {(A7+A8)/2}

= 45{(27.92+31.0)/2}

= 883.8m3.

From 180-210m chainage:

V8 = d {(A8+A9)/2}

= 30{(31+12.08)/2} = 646.2m3.

From 210-240m chainage :

V9= d {(A9+A10)/2}

= 30{(12.08+15.96)/2}

= 420.6m3.

TOTAL VOLUME

V = V1+V2+V3+V4+V5+V6+V7+V8+V9+V10.

V=413.85+574.35+559.42+146.51+1086.65+972.64+883.8+646.2+420.6

=5704.02m3.

4.10.1 Using trapezoidal rule:

Volume of earthwork = {[(A1+An)/2]+A2+A3+…..+An-1}*d

Where, A1, A2.................An are the total area

Volume of earthwork = 988.2+559.425+146.51+4009.89 Total

volume of earthwork using trapezoidal rule = 5704.25m3
4.11 : Calculation Of Restoration Capacity Of The Reservoir

Reduced Level Area in m2

(Water Level) = 882.975 1134.81
FTL 883.235 1297.4036

883.735 1822.2145

883.985 1972.1201
(FTL+1)884.235 2100.179

Restored volume = ((A1+A2)/2)*H m3

Where,
A1=Area of tank at present full tank level (RL=886.640) = 1297.403 m 2
A2 = Area of tank at proposed full tank level (RL 887.640) = 2100.17m 2
H = Rise in full tank level = 1m
Restored volume (V) = ((A1+A2)/2)*H
= ((1297.40+2100.17)/2)*1
= 1698.78 m3
Remarks: The proposed restoration capacity of the reservoir is found to be 1698.78 m3
4.12 Bibliography:
1. Dr. B.C. Punmia and Dr. Pande. B. B. Lal ―Irrigation and Water Power
Engineering‖, Laxmi Publications, 2009.
2. S.R. Sahasrabudhe, ―Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures‖, SK
Kataria & Sons Publications, 2011.
3. Santosh Kumar Garg, ―Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures‖,
Khanna Publishers, 2006.
4. Dr. B.C. Punmia, ―Surveying‖, Laxmi Publications, 2005.
5. Dr. B.C. Punmia, ―Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering‖, Laxmi
Publications, 2005.
6. K. Subramanya, ―Engineering Hydrology‖, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
2008.
TOWN/LAYOUT
PLANNING
 TOWN PLANNING
5.1 Introduction

Township refers to an urban or rural settlement which consists of group of people living
within close vicinity. The group of people shares the privilege of the common utilities
available within the community, making such allowances more accessible, economically.
The design of such township is a process encompassing a number of civil egg aspects.
The main objective is to gain the practical knowledge about

 Feasibility studies
 Governmental approvals – environmental impact assessment
 Scientific planning and design of various infrastructures of the layout like Residential
units, Commercial units, Water supply lines, Sewerage lines, Roads networks, Rain water
harvesting units etc.
In order to promote public health, safety and general social welfare of the communities it
is necessary to apply reasonable limitations of the use of land and buildings. This is to
ensure that the most appropriate economical and healthy development of the proposed
city or townships or layout or any other purposes takes place in accordance with the land
use plan i.e. Comprehensive development plan (CDP). For these purposes classification
of land in to various uses or developments that are permissible in to following zones.
a. Residential
b. Commercial
c. Industrial
d. Public and Semi public
e. Utilities and Services
f. parks and open spaces, playground (including public recreational area)
g. Transportation and communication
h. Agricultural land and water sheet
 For the above said purposes land shall be non-agricultural land i.e. the agricultural land
converted in to non-agricultural land as per the land acquisition act. After completion of
the above procedure the land can be used for the above said zones.
Residential zones: After the land acquisition required extent the layout for residential
purpose shall be subjected to the following conditions.
i. 52% of the total area shall be earmarked for residential sites
ii. 48% of the area earmarked for civic amenities, such as Roads, Playground,
Hospitals, Parks and Play grounds and Public schools, Post office, police station,
fire station, Overhead tank, Library, religious groups etc.
5.2 Design requirements

 Residential Sites – Space for individual plots and mass housing (to cover approximately
50% of the proposed township area excluding the area for primary school and primary
health care centre).
 Civic Amenities – Space for offices, shops etc. (To cover approximately 5% of the
proposed township area excluding the area for primary school building and primary
health care centre).
 Park Area: (To cover approximately about 15% of the township area excluding the area
for primary school building and primary health care centre).
 Main Roads and internal roads – For accessibility to township area.
 Water Supply distribution system with overhead tank (OHT)
 Underground drainage (UGD) System for sewage and its connection to STP.
 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) With eventual disposal to natural drain.

5.3 Objectives:
1. To study the necessary approvals and to design the residential layout according to
the government bylaws.
2. To plan and prepare lay out plan of amenities, Road network, and layout of residential
area
3. To design Water supply system and Sewerage system for proposed residential layout
 5.4 Location of the township site

A small piece of land nearly 28 acres was identified near SS Ghatti, adjacent to
Doddaballapur and Ghatti road which is about 70km from Bangalore. The general
boundary of the township site is as shown in fig 5.1

Fig5. 1 Key map of proposed Layout

5.5 Methodology:

1. The land for the proposed layout was surveyed using total station and this data was
imported into the computer
2. Planning of the layout amenities. The whole area was divided into plots of various sizes
along with provision of other amenities of the layout such as main roads, arterial roads,
parks and public facilities using CADD and the planning of the layout is carried as per the
guidelines of local authorities. The guiding criteria are there must be adequate space for
Residential area
Commercial area
Recreational area
Must be according to by- laws
Planning must takes care of environmental considerations
 All necessary engineering aspect (including slope, aspect etc)
Planning should be such that Resources are optimally used.
The public space must be located away from the residential
area Easy access for all people to all amenities provided
3. Referring to the codal provisions the various necessities like water supply, sewerage
system of the residential layout was designed according to civil engineering practices
Designing of these features required inputs such as the slope of the land ,distance,
position of the various amenities of the layout, These inputs were used in the form of
different layers containing the location of the sites, another layer containing the details of
the position of Sewerage treatment plant, water tank etc were overlapped on each other
and by using various civil engineering methodologies the position of the water lines and
their diameter were fixed and then mapped along with their attribute values. The water
supply and sewer lines for layout is shown in figure:-
5.6 Drawings
The detailed survey was conducted using total station and all the data was transferred to
the computer. Planning of the layout amenities are carried out and the following drawings
are prepared.
5.6.1 Layout plan superimposing on existing contour map
Layout plan superimposing on existing contour map of the plot proposed to be developed.
The contour map of the township site is as shown in fig 2
 Fig5.2: The contour map of the proposed layout site

5.6.2 Road network and civic amenities

The drawing contained road network of layout and the civic amenities to be provided
for the layout is as shown in fig 3
 Fig 5.3: Road network and the civic amenities of layout

5.6.3 Drawing showing water supply and sanitary network of the layout

Following details are contained in the drawing shown in fig 5.4

1. Pipeline network across the layout including high side connectivity

2. Treatment plant, OHT, ground level storage reservoir (GLSR)

Fig 5.4 water supply and sanitary network of the layout

5.6.4 Plan of proposed township

 The proposed Township has a total Township area of 109748.75 m2
 Residential area consists of 45.33% of total Township area = 49754.54 m2
 Civic amenities of area consists of 54% of total Township area = 59994.21 m2.

All the above proposed township details are shown in fig 5.6

Fig 5.6 Plan of Proposed layout

5.7 Systems adopted in the township

1. For the development of areas, the Greenfield were protected i.e., around 13% of the
Township area consists of parks.
2. Services such as primary school, a primary health care centre, civic amenities
are provided.
3. Residential sites for Lower, Middle and Higher income group were provided.
4. The Township project site is designed to preserve the storm water i.e., Rain water
harvesting and Roof top harvesting
5. The excess storm water after filling the GLSR is used for recharging of the ground water.
6. Provision is made for the sewage treatment plant which treats the sewage produced by
Entire Township.

5.8 Bibliography

1. Venugopal T V, Prakash P S, Harkirat Singh, Shivanad P N. Planning and design of

residential layout using GIS12th Esri India User Conference 2011
2. Matt Freeman ‗Singapore Masters Land-Use Planning Using GIS
3. ESRI, white papers and product documentation.
4. Dr B C Punmia, Ashok Kr Jain and Arum Kr Jain edition,[2007].
New tank project
APPENDIX-I

1.2 Design of the Bund Components

1.2.1 Design of Surplus Weir
Design Data
Top Bund Level ( TBL = MWL + Freeboard) = 817.000 m
Maximum Water Level (MWL = FTL + 1m) = 815.000 m
Full tank level (obtained from graph) = 814.000 m
Ground Level on U/S = 815.551 m
Hard Soil Level (HSL) = 809 m
Side slope on U/S of bund = 1.5:1
Side Slopes on D/S of bund = 2:1
Catchment Area = 18.90 km2
Ryve's coefficient (C) = 10
Estimation of Flood Discharge Entering Tank
Flood Discharge
= 10 x (18.9)2/3 = 70.95 m3/s.
1.2.2 : Length of Waste Weir
Length of Waste Weir can be found using formula

√
Where, Cd = Coefficient of discharge assumed as 0.6
L = Length of waste Weir in m
h = Head over weir = MWL-FTL = 815.000-814.000= 1 m
Substituting the values, the Length of Waste Weir is found to be 39 m
Since arrangements are to be made on the top of the Waste Weir to store the water in
times of necessity, grooved dam stones of size 0.2mX0.2m will be fixed at the centre of
the weir at 1m centre to centre interval with its top at Maximum Water Level.
Number of Dam Stones to be provided = 39
Width of one Dam Stone = 0.20 m
Width of Dam Stones = 41 x 0.2 = 8.2 m
Therefore total length of the Waste Weir = 39+8.2 = 47.20 m
1.2.3: Design of Weir Wall
Crest Level of Weir Wall = FTL = 814.000 m
Top level of the Dam stone = MWL = 815.000 m
Bottom Level of foundation concrete = 810.699-0.50 = 813.500 m
Height of Masonry weir above foundation H= 814.000-810.699= 3.787 m.

1.2.4: Crest Width of Weir:

√ √
= 00.55[3.3+1]

= 1.55m ≈ 1.6 m.

Base Width of Waste Weir:

Bottom width = H+ (h/ (p-1)) (p=specific gravity of stone
masonry)

B = 3.3 + (1/ (2.4-1))

B =3.85 m.

1.2.5: Design of Abutments

RL of top of the bund =
817.000 m
Height of abutment above foundation = 817.000– 810.699 = 6.3
m
Top Width of abutment=Top width of bund = 4.0
m
Bottom width = 0.4 x h = 0.4 x 6.3 = 2.52
m

1.2.6: Design of Wing wall and Return Wall

At Upstream Side
Top width of the Wing Wall = 0.50 m.
Wing Wall slopes from the Level of the Abutment ( i.e. 819.787) to the Level of
MWL+0.3 (i.e. = 815.00 + 0.3 = 815.300) at a rate of slope of 1.5:1
Length of Wing wall = 1.5x(817.000 – 815.300) = 2.55 m
Height of wing Wall above top of foundation = 815.3-812.000 = 3.3 m
Bottom width of Wing wall at the junction of Abutment is same as that of Abutment.
In order to give easy approach wing wall may be splayed at 3:1
Bottom width of Wing Wall at the junction of return wall = 0.40H = 1.32 m
Top width of return wall = 0.50 m And Bottom width of return wall = 1.32 m
 At Downstream Side
Top width of Wing wall and Return Wall = 0.50 m
Wing Wall on the downstream side slopes from TBL (817.000) to ground level (811.800)
at a sloping rate of 5:1,

In order to give easy approach wing wall may be splayed at 1:5

Length of D/S Wing wall = 5x (5.2) = 26 m
Top width of Return wall = 0.5 m And Bottom width of Return wall = 0.4x5.2= 2.08 m

1.2.7: Design of Apron

Generally Number of Apron is required on the upstream side. Providing a nominal rough
stone Apron with puddle clay will considerably reduce the washing away of upstream
soil.
Downstream Aprons are designed for hydraulic gradient of 1 in 5.
Total Head of water causing the flow during maximum flood season = MWL – Bed Level
= 815.000 – 810.700 = 4.3`m
To lose this energy water has to travel a length of 5x4.3 = 16.18 m
Considering the distance covered by water crossing the weir and downward percolation,
provide length of Apron 17.00m.
The length of apron is provided as 5m of two steep apron
Thickness of Apron provided on the Downstream Side = 0.75m
Summary
Top Width of Bund =4m
U/S Slope = 1.5:1
D/S Slope = 2:1
Top Bund Level =817.000m
Maximum Water Level =815.000m
Full Tank Level =814.000m
Foundation soil level = 813.000m
Discharge of combined catchment area = 570.95m3/sec
Length of weir = 47.2m
Top width of weir wall = 1.6m
Bottom width of weir wall = 3.85m
Slope of stepped apron = 1 in 6
Hydraulic gradient = 1 in 5
Thickness of apron = 0.75m
Top width of the abutment = 4m
Bottom width of the abutment = 2.52m
Top width of the wing wall = 0.5m

Department Of Civil Engineering 110

 Bottom width of the wing wall = 1.32m
Upstream side slope of the wing wall = 1 in 3
Downstream side slope of the wing wall = 1 in 5

APPENDIX-II

1.3 Design of tank sluice

Top Width of Bund =4m
U/S Slope =1.5:1
D/S Slope =2:1
Top Bund Level =817.000m
Maximum Water Level =815.000m
Full Tank Level =814.000m
Ground Level @ Sluice point =805.090m
Foundation Soil Level =805.090m
Sill Bed Level =804.590m
Cultivable Commend Area = 67 Hectares
Average Duty Hect/Cumec = 2896 Hectares/Cumec

Solution:

1.3.1 : SLUICE OPENING

Discharge required =
=
Q = 0.0231 m

Add 20% of Conveyance loss

Design Discharge Q= (0.2X0.0231) +0.0231

Q = 0.0278 m

NOTE: Sluice Bed Level or Floor Level is located at canal bed level = 809.50m

Average Lowest Water Level = 806m

Total Head Available = LWL – SL

= 806 – 805.090 = 0.91 m

Effective Head (h) = 0.25m to 0.6 Total Head

h = 0.6X.85

Department Of Civil Engineering 111

 h = 0.6m

Velocity (V) = √

V=0.6 √

V = 2.06m/sec

Q=AXV

A = Q/V

A = 0.0278/2.06

A = 0.0135 m²

Dia of Opening (d) = √

d=√

d = 0.128m say 0.2m

Minimum Size of Rectangular Barrel = 0.6 X 0.75 m

1.3.2 : DESIGN OF CISTERN

A Rectangular Cistern is provided at D/S of barrel to dissipate Kinetic energy of Water.

Top Level of Cistern = Canal TBL =Sill bed Level + Canal depth + 0.3 Rise

= 804.59 + 0.6 + 0.3

=806.490 m

Water Face of Wall is kept vertical

Size of Cistern = 2.5 X 4.5

1.3.3 : Design of Plug in barrel:
Discharge of water required for the Irrigation = 0.0278 m3/s
Coefficient of Discharge, Cd = 0.600
Velocity of flow of Water , v= Cd√2gh = 2.060 m/s

Area of cross section of flow of water, A= Q/v = 0.013 m2

0.13
Diameter of the plug d= √4A/π = m
Teak wood conical plug is made to have 950 cm outer Dia at its top giving a seating of
5cm all-round the plug. This seating of 5cm is provided with metallic washer. The plug is
connected to corner end of an operating rod of 20mm diameter as shown in fig...

Height of the plug=2 x 0.85

= 2 x 0.85
= 1.70 m
Note: x = Dia of top of plug.
Bottom Dia of plug= (1/3) x Dia of plug
= (1/3) x 950
= 316.67 say 320mm.
 APPENDIX-III
1.5 Design of Canal drop
Table 1.10: Design a canal drop of the notch type for the following data.

Canal particulars Upstream canal Downstream canal

Bed width 8m 8m

Bed level 20.00 18.00

F.S.L 21.50 19.50
TBL Top of Bank level 22.50 20.00
The ground at site is at 20.50, Good foundation level= 18.50.The side slopes for the canal
may be
taken as 1:1 in cutting and 1 x/2 : 1 in filling.

Design the drop wall, the notches, solid apron. Draw to scale
x
1. /2 front and x/2 sectional elevation
x
2. /2 plan at bottom and x/2 at top
3. Cross section along the flow through one of the notches.

Solution : Notches : Assume 3 notches an consider one notch for analysis . The conditions of full
supply and x/2 supply will be as follows.
3
a) Full supply discharge / notch= 8.0/3 m /s
b) Full supply depth (d) = 1.5m (on upstream side)
3
c) Half supply discharge/notch= 4/3 m /s
d) Half supply depth (dc) = 2/3 x full supply depth
=2/3 x 1.5= 1m
Discharge through 1 trapezoidal notch is given by Q

Type formula

Cd= 0.7, dc= upstream depth Substituting the 2 conditions , we get

L+ 0.6n= 0.7443
L+ 0.4n= 0.6837,
Where n= 0.303 and l= 0.56, say 0.6m
Also top width of notch

= L+nDc( use full supply)

=0.6+0.303x1.5
=1.05
= 1.1mdc Notch wall or notch

1.5.1 Pier
The top of the notch wall will be kept at upstream FSL = 21.50m The notch wall rests on the drop
wall
Thickness of notch wall= dc/2= 80cm.
The sides of the notch wall are kept vertical.
(Note: The length of the notch wall i.e the distance from abutment to abutment measured at the
top of the notch wall should be about 7/8 canal bed width)

The top of the drop wall will be kept at the upstream bed level i.e at 20.00

The top width of the drop wall may be kept at 15-30cm more than that of the notch wall . Hence
assume top thickness of 1m

Note: The bottom width and R.L of bottom of the drop wall can be obtained only after designing
the water cushion.
1.5.2 : Water cushion:

The depth of water cushion x is obtained from x+ d1=0.91dcVHc X=0.4m

Height of drop wall H= Hl+x = 2.4m R.L of bottom of drop wall

= 20-2.4 = 17.60

( note The apron is extended to form the foundation for the drop wall , we see that the top of the
apron will also be at 17.60)
B=H+dc/ V(S
= 2.6m where G= 2.25
Provide symmetrical batter on upstream side and downstream sides for the drop wall
 1.5.3 :Solid apron
The top of the solid apron will be at 17.60. Thickness of apron t= V2 (VHl+dc) = lm

RL of bottom of apron= 16.60

The minimum and maximum length of the apron from the toe A are
L min= 1.5+ 2vT//rfc= 4.96m
L max= 2dc+ 2^/Hldc = 6.50m
Assume L= 5.5m (or 5m or 6m)

2.5.4 :Bed pitching and Revetment

2.5.5 :( Stone pitching provided on earth slopes is known as revetment)

2.5.6 :Length of upstream revetment= 3dc= 5m

Length of downstream revetment= 4(d+H)= 14mThe length of bed pitching will be kept
revetment = 7m
Provide a 1:5 reverse slope to connect apron and downstream bed.

1.5.5 :Abutment wing wall and return

Note : 1. For the drop wall, the abutment, wing wall, downstream return only, we extend the solid
apron in order to form the foundation. Thus the bottom of the above walls will be at 17.60, It in
the top of the apron.

But, this level should satisfy the good foundations requirement(18.50)

We see that in this case it is ok

17.60 well below good foundation level, however the apron is not extended below the upstream
wing wall. For this wall we provide a separate strip foundation based on good foundation level as
usual.

Note : 2. The top of the bank is the highest level of the earth in the canal. The top of any wall in
contact with the earth of the canal at respect to TBL. Thus on the upstream side the top of the wall
must be at
the upstream TBL of 22.50, similarly on the downstream side the top of the return which is in
contact with the canal should be at the downstream TBL of 20.50
The abutment is in contact with the upstream TBL.

Note: 3. Since the top of the upstream wing wall is kept level at the upstream TBL, we donot
provide return on the upstream side. Also the downstream wing wall will slope down from
22.50(u/s TBL to d/s TBL) the top of the downstream return wall will be kept at the downstream
TBL
Note 4: The end of downstream wing wall will lie both at the end of the apron and the canal bed
time. But on the upstream side there is no apron, hence it is the upstream wing wall will be
splayed at 45. Also the upstream wing wall will be extended 50cm into the upstream top of the
bank.
Similarly the downstream return will be extended by 50cm into the downstream top of the bank.
This will automatically fix the length of upstream wing wall and downstream return.

1.5.6 :Abutment

Top of the abutment will be at upstream TBL ie. 22.50.

Its bottom will be at 17.60
Bottom thickness= 0.4H=2m
Side slope 1:8 batter on water side.
Length of the abutment at the bottom ie. The distance at a will be kept = bottom width of the drop
wall is 2.6m.

1.5.7 : Downstream wing wall

Upstream TBL= 22.50= top of abutment
Downstream TBL= 20.50
The top of the abutment is at 22.50
Take of the downstream return at downstream TBLi.e 20.50
Thus top of upstream wing wall will slope down from 12.50 to 20.50
Top of the downstream return will be level at 22.50. Hence we have the following sections

The downstream return will be extended by 50cm into the downstream top of the bank. The splay
of the downstream will be automatically fixed in the drawing

1.5.8 : Upstream Wing Wall

The top of the upstream wing wall be kept level at the upstream TBL. Ie. At 22.50Good
foundation is at 18.50. Thus the bottom of the wall will be at the level as shown below.
The upstream wing wall will be splayed by 45 with the flow direction. It can be extended by
50cm into the upstream bank as shown.
Note 1. The free board in the canal is th evertical distance between the FSL to the TBL. If not
given it may be assumed between 75cm- 1.5m, depending on the site of the canal.

Note2. The Berm is the horizontal platform at Ground level but within the canl Cross section.
Assume berm width 0.5m-3m.

Note 3. Side slopes of the canal may be assumed as cutting—1:1 or 11/2 : 1 ( H:V)
Filling 11/2 :1 or 2:1

Note4. The top of the bank is the highest level of the earth in the canal . This level should be
above the FSL by a distance known as free board. The top width of the bank may be assumed
from 1m - 6m.

Note 5. Standard cross section of the canal. The canal may be partly in cutting and partly in filling
or it may be fully in cutting as .

In this case the ground level it gives sufficient free board. Hence cutting, filling is not required.
However we provide small banks known as spoil banks as shown. In this case the TBL will be at
Ground level. Large banks in filling are required if the Ground level is such that it cannot give
sufficient fee board as shown below.

Note 6. In our case the cross section of the upstream and downstream canals will be as follows.

1.5.9 :Up/stream
CBL = 20 m
FSL = 21.50 m
GL = 20.50 m
We should see whether ground level can provide sufficient free board or not. In this case ground
level cannot provided sufficient free board and hence we must provide fillings above ground
level. If we assume free board of 1mabove FSL the upstream TBL will be at 22.50, as given. Thus
the section will be partly in cutting and partly in filling.

1.5.10 : Downstream canal.

Bed level = 18.00 m

FSL = 19.50 m
GL = 0.50 m

The ground level in this case is sufficient to provide which is 1m in this case. Hence the canal is
in full cutting, and ground level itself becomes the TBL on the downstream side. However
provide small protection.

The length at the top of notch wall should be about 7/8canal bed with which becomes 7m in this
case. The length of the notch wall between notches should not be less than d c/2. Further the length
of the end notch walls should not be less than the intermediate walls. Also in this case the length
of the notch at the top is 1.1m . Hence the length of various portions of notch wall can be
assumed.

NOTE : please refer drawing from survey camp drawing report

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

HIGHWAY PROCJECT
APPENDIX-IV
3.4.1: DESIGN OF PAVEMENT:-
Computation of design traffic:
N = [2734]

N=
N = 68402715.38
N = 68.40 msa
Corresponding to this design traffic, pavement thickness can be calculated from IRC
charts:
Corresponding to CBR 6%, pavement thickness required is 675mm for 50msa and
700mm for 100msa. Interpolating these values, the pavement thickness for 68.40msa.
t = 675 +
 t = 684.2 mm say 685 mm.
The pavement composition maybe
Sub base = 260 mm
Base = 250 mm
DBM = 131 mm
BC = 44 mm

Department Of Civil Engineering 120

Department Of Civil Engineering 121