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RESUMEN:
Con el fin de estimar el ingreso de carbono orgánico en la tierra a la zona costera de la cuenca
boreal que contiene un humedal, se estimó la tasa de producción de carbono orgánico disuelto (DOC)
y comparado por medio de un enfoque basado en períodos de inundaciones y aguas bajas. Mediante
el uso del cromóforo de la materia orgánica disuelta (CDOM) con alta selectividad y sensibilidad, el
análisis de origen se examinó al mismo tiempo, y se examinó las características de escorrentía de
carbono orgánico disuelto en las cabeceras de los humedales de Kushiro. En la cuenca del río Kuchoro,
se ha estimado que las inundaciones tienen un impacto importante en el transporte de DOC. En el
caso de la inundación observada con una probabilidad de 1,3 años, el transporte DOC en el pico era
equivalente a aproximadamente 30 veces el transporte de DOC en aguas bajas. Se encontró que los
compuestos aromáticos, tales como lignina, que puede ser un carbono azul de la tierra tienen mayor
contribución en aguas bajas que durante la inundación en la cuenca del río Kuchoro. La fuente de
DOC puede variar con los caudales de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos de CDOM en la cuenca
del Rio Kuchoro. En las cuencas de los ríos Kuchoro y Onnenai, a causa de la agricultura y el uso del
suelo de naturaleza rica, el transporte de sustancias derivados de suelos aumenta con el caudal y
depende de la tasa de uso del suelo en la cuenca de acuerdo a la tasa de intensidad de fluorescencia
de lpk3/lpk4, comparar significativamente con estudios previos en otra cuenca templado.
ABSTRACT:
In order to estimate organic carbon input from land to coastal zone in boreal watershed
containing wetland, production rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was estimated and compared
by means of focusing on periods of flood and calm water. By using chromophoric dissolved organic
matter (CDOM) with high selectivity and sensitivity, origin analysis was examined at the same time,
and runoff characteristics of DOC in the headwaters of the Kushiro wetland was discussed. In Kutyoro
river catchment, it has been estimated that flood have a major impact on the transport of DOC. In
case of the observed flood with probability of 1.3 years, DOC transport at the peak was equivalent to
approximately 30 times of DOC transport during calm water. Aromatic compounds, such as Lignin,
which can be a blue carbon source from land was found to contribute larger during calm water than
during flood in the Kutyoro River catchment. Source of DOC can vary with flow rate according to
the results obtained from CDOM in Kutyoro River catchment. In Kutyoro and Onnenai River
catchments, because of agriculture and nature rich land use, the transport of soil-derived substances
increases with flow rate and depends on land use ratio in the catchment according to fluorescence
intensity ratio of Ipk3/Ipk4 significantly comparing with previous studies in the other temperate
catchment.
KEYWORDS: dissolved organic carbon; chromophoric dissolved organic matter; land use; boreal
watershed; wetland
Figs. 1.- Japan and Kushiro coastal zone Figs. 2.- Kutyoro and Onnenai Rivers’ water
catchment area. Dashed line is water
catchment area.
INTRODUCTION
In Kushiro coastal zone which is the most famous specialty areas of kelp in Japan, Oyashio,
cold current (Figs. 1), is possibly one of the major nutrient sources. On the other hand, its hinterland
consists of the headwaters of Lake Kussharo, domestic leading farming area, and the widest wetland
in Japan. Organic carbon originated from various sources is supplied from the hinterland though the
Kushiro coastal zone. In particular, since peat soil in wetlands contains rich organic carbon that has
been accumulated by corrosion of terrestrial plants, peat soil can be one of the major sources of
organic carbon that accumulated in ocean and coastal ecosystem (so-called blue carbon); however,
its contribution has been not clarified yet. In the present study, in order to estimate organic carbon
input from land to coastal zone, production rate of dissolved organic carbon (hereinafter, referred to
as DOC) was estimated and compared by means of focusing on the periods of flood and calm water.
By using chromophoric dissolved organic matter (hereinafter, referred to as CDOM) with high
selectivity and sensitivity, origin analysis was examined at the same time, runoff characteristics of
DOC in the headwaters of the Kushiro wetland was discussed.
METHODS
Sampling
Fig. 2 shows headwater catchments of Kushiro wetland, upstream reach of Kutyoro River (K1,
K2, and K3) and Onnenai River (O1, O2, O3, and O4), and observation stations. Table 1 shows land
use data in each catchment of observation station. The observation points were placed in consideration
of land use in each small catchment. The water samples were collected during rainfall and flood from
October 14 to 15, 2014, and during calm water on October 21, 2014. The water samples during flood
were collected seven times at time intervals in 2 hours or less.
During the flood, the estimation of the material generated amount of each land use
Plane source load from each land use were estimated from concentrations of DOC and SS,
river discharge, and precipitation. Based on the relationship between runoff surface substances at
outflow point K and total surface substances within the catchment area of the outflow point K, as
expressed in Equation [2], the optimal production rate from each land use were determined by
multivariate analysis.
n
4
r
C jK Q K Pij frA iK [2]
i 1 r0 K
where, Cjk: concentration of substance j at outflow point K (mg/L), Qk: flow rate at outflow point K
(m3/s), r: rainfall in the catchment area of outflow point K (mm/h), r0: reference precipitation (mm/h),
f: runoff rate, Pij: production rate of substance j per unit area of land use i (kg/km2y), Aik: the area of
land use i in a catchment area of outflow point K (km2).
Figs. 3.- Peak values of DOC concentration (a) and a254 (b) at each station during flood and calm water.
Blue line and bar chart are peak value during flood and calm water, respectively.
Fig. 4.- Peak values of SUVA254 at each station during flood. The bar graph shows the calm water data
RESULTS
Figs. 6.- Relative fluorescence intensity during flood and calm water at stations K1 and K3 in Kutyoro River
((a) K1 during calm water, (b) K1 during flood, (c) K3 during calm water, (d) K3 during flood)
Fig. 4 indicates that peak values of SUVA254 during flood have deviation and do not exceed
those of calm water. Peak value of SUVA254 at K2 during flood was 1.625 L mg-1 m -1 in the minimum
of Kutyoro River.
Ipk7 did not vary with flow rate (Fig. 5 (a)) in contrast to Ipk3. In addition, Ipk3 and Ipk7 show prominent
relative fluorescence intensity compared to the other peaks of CDOM.
DISCUSSIONS
In contrast, DOC concentration did not decrease immediately after their peaks and remained higher
than during calm water (Fig. 3 (a)).
At O4 shown in Fig. 9 (b), peak of SS in Onnenai River occurred fast relatively, according to
the fact that SS decrease sharply from 80 mg/L to less than 20 mg/L in short period of time between
the first and the second water samplings; DOC concentration remains high after the decrease of SS.
Fig 10 shows calculation results of DOC transport estimated from Equation (2), where pr0
and n are 5 mm/h and 0.01, respectively. In calculation results, correlation coefficient was R> 0.40.
As shown in Table 2, estimated production rates of SS and DOC in each land use have different
pattern. DOC transport possibly influences during flood in the long term, since the fact that high DOC
concentration retained longer during flood than during calm water even after peak of flow rate.
In Fig. 3 (a), DOC is larger at the flood peaks than during calm water, particularly in Onnenai
River. In contrast, since SUVA254 is associated with aromatic compounds derived from plant, such as
lignin, Fig. 4 suggests that the aromatic compounds contribute to DOC during flood, being different
from that of calm water. Therefore, although DOC transport from the headwaters of Kushiro impacts
largely during flood, aromatic compounds derived from plant, such as lignin, which can be blue
carbon alternatively (Watanabe et al, 2013) derived from the land, contribute less during flood than
in clam water.
CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, organic carbon transport in the headwater catchment of Kushiro wetland
was assessed and discussed.
(1) In Kutyoro river catchment, it has been estimated that flood have a major impact on the transport
of DOC. In case of the flood with probability of 1.3 years in the present study, DOC transport at
the peak was equivalent to approximately 30 times of DOC transport during calm water.
(2) Aromatic compounds, such as Lignin, which are of interest and can be a blue carbon from land
was found to contribute larger during calm water than during flood in the Kutyoro River
catchment.
(3) Source of DOC can vary with flow rate according to the results obtained from CDOM in Kutyoro
River catchment.
(4) In Kutyoro and Onnenai River catchments, because of agriculture and nature rich land use, the
transport of soil-derived substances increases with flow rate and depends on land use ratio in the
catchment according to fluorescence intensity ratio of Ipk3/Ipk4 significantly comparing with
previous studies in the other temperate catchment.
Acknowledgement: This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K00514. A
part of the observed water quality data and water samples were provided by Kushiro Development
and Construction Department, Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau, Japan. Precipitation data
used in runoff analysis were obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. The authors would like to
thank all these collaborators.
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