Power Oil & Gas

- Recirculation (High - Quick Open/Close

DP) - leak proof(Bellow
- Heater Drain Seal)
(Flashing) - Shut down/Safety
- Flow Control (High Valves
Cv)
 Final Control Element
 Level control for Heater, Hotwell, Deareator
 Flow Control for Boiler feedwater
 (Indirect)Temperature Control for PRDS spray
water
 Timely feedback to DCS for corrective
measures to maintain plant efficiency (Smart
positioner with diagnostic features)
 Pump Protection : efficient way(Modulating
Control Valves for Recirc service)
 A valve is a device that regulates, directs or
controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,
fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing,
or partially obstructing various passageways.
Valves are technically valves fittings, but are
usually discussed as a separate category. In an
open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher
pressure to lower pressure.
1. body
2. ports
3. seat
4. stem
5. disc when valve is open
6. handle or handwheel when
valve is open
7. bonnet
8. packing
9. gland nut
10. fluid flow when valve is open
11. position of disc if valve were
shut
12. position of handle or
handwheel if valve were shut
 Valves are quite diverse and may be classified into a
number of basic types. Valves may also be classified
by how they are actuated:
 Hydraulic
 Pneumatic
 Manual
 Solenoid
 Motor
 The valve's body is the outer casing of most
or all of the valve that contains the internal
parts or trim. The bonnet is the part of the
encasing through which the stem (see below)
passes and that forms a guide and seal for
the stem. The bonnet typically screws into or
is bolted to the valve body.
 Valve bodies are usually metallic or plastic.
Brass, bronze, gunmetal, cast iron, steel,
alloy steels and stainless steels are very
common
 A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is
commonly semi-permanently screwed into the
valve body or bolted onto it. During manufacture
of the valve, the internal parts are put into the
body and then the bonnet is attached to hold
everything together inside. To access internal
parts of a valve, a user would take off the bonnet,
usually for maintenance. Many valves do not have
bonnets; for example, plug valves usually do not
have bonnets. Many ball valves do not have
bonnets since the valve body is put together in a
different style, such as being screwed together at
the middle of the valve body.
 Ports are passages that allow fluid to pass
through the valve. Ports are obstructed by the
valve member or disc to control flow. Valves
most commonly have 2 ports, but may have
as many as 20. The valve is almost always
connected at its ports to pipes or other
components. Connection methods include
threadings, compression fittings, glue,
cement, flanges, or welding
 A handle is used to manually control a valve from
outside the valve body. Automatically controlled
valves often do not have handles, but some may
have a handle (or something similar) anyway to
manually override automatic control, such as a
stop-check valve. An actuator is a mechanism or
device to automatically or remotely control a
valve from outside the body. Some valves have
neither handle nor actuator because they
automatically control themselves from inside; for
example, check valves and relief valves may have
neither.
 A disc or valve member is a movable
obstruction inside the stationary body that
adjustably restricts flow through the valve.
Although traditionally disc-shaped, discs
come in various shapes. Depending on the
type of valve, a disc can move linearly inside
a valve, or rotate on the stem (as in a
butterfly valve), or rotate on a hinge or
trunnion (as in a check valve).
 The seat is the interior surface of the body which contacts the
disc to form a leak-tight seal. In discs that move linearly or
swing on a hinge or trunnion, the disc comes into contact with
the seat only when the valve is shut. In disks that rotate, the seat
is always in contact with the disk, but the area of contact
changes as the disc is turned. The seat always remains stationary
relative to the body.
 Seats are classified by whether they are cut directly into the
body, or if they are made of a different material:
 Hard seats are integral to the valve body. Nearly all hard seated
metal valves have a small amount of leakage.
 Soft seats are fitted to the valve body and made of softer
materials such as PTFE or various elastomers such as NBR, EPDM,
or FKM depending on the maximum operating temperature.
 A closed soft seated valve is much less liable to leak when shut
while hard seated valves are more durable. Gate, globe, and
check valves are usually hard seated while butterfly, ball, plug,
and diaphragm valves are usually soft seated
Multi stage Anticavitation, Top Guided
Cage Guided
 The stem transmits motion from the handle
or controlling device to the disc. The stem
typically passes through the bonnet when
present. In some cases, the stem and the disc
can be combined in one piece, or the stem
and the handle are combined in one piece.
 Gaskets are the mechanical seals, or
packings, used to prevent the leakage of a
gas or fluids from valves.
 Many valves have a spring for spring-loading,
to normally shift the disc into some position
by default but allow control to reposition the
disc. Relief valves commonly use a spring to
keep the valve shut, but allow excessive
pressure to force the valve open against the
spring-loading. Coil springs are normally
used. Typical spring materials include zinc
plated steel, stainless steel, and for high
temperature applications Inconel X750
 The internal elements of a valve are collectively
referred to as a valve's trim. According to API
Standards 600, "Steel Gate Valve-Flanged and
Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets", the trim
consists of stem, seating surface in the body,
gate seating surface, bushing or a deposited
weld for the backseat and stem hole guide, and
small internal parts that normally contact the
service fluid, excluding the pin that is used to
make a stem-to-gate connection (this pin shall
be made of an austenitic stainless steel material).
 The number of US gallons of water per minute at
60 F temperature, that will flow through a valve
with a pressure drop of 1 psi.

 General Formula (Irrespective of Manufacturer) :

◦ Q = Cv * sqrt { Delta P/G }
 The relationship between control valve capacity
and valve stem travel is known as the Flow
Characteristic of the Control Valve
 Trim design of the valve affects how the control
valve capacity changes as the valve moves
through its complete travel. Because of the
variation in trim design, many valves are not
linear in nature. Valve trims are instead designed,
or characterized, in order to meet the large
variety of control application needs. Many control
loops have inherent non linearity's, which may be
possible to compensate selecting the control
valve trim.
 The most common characteristics are shown in the figure above. The
percent of flow through the valve is plotted against valve stem position.
The curves shown are typical of those available from valve
manufacturers. These curves are based on constant pressure drop across
the valve and are called inherent flow characteristics.
 Linear - flow capacity increases linearly with valve travel.
 Equal percentage - flow capacity increases exponentially with valve trim
travel. Equal increments of valve travel produce equal percentage
changes in the existing Cv.
 A modified parabolic characteristic is approximately midway between
linear and equal-percentage characteristics. It provides fine throttling at
low flow capacity and approximately linear characteristics at higher flow
capacity.
 Quick opening provides large changes in flow for very small changes in
lift. It usually has too high a valve gain for use in modulating control. So
it is limited to on-off service, such as sequential operation in either
batch or semi-continuous processes.
 The majority of control applications are valves with linear, equal-
percentage, or modified-flow characteristics.