A Project Report

On
ULTRA LOW LATENCY HIL PLATFORM FOR RAPID DEVELOPMENT
OF COMPLEX POWER ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Award of the Degree
Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
POWER ELECTRONICS

By
P. SHALINI
(14AN1D4310)

Under the guidance of

Ms. RODA VISHAL
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
NARSAMPET, WARANGAL – 506 331
2014-16
 BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCES
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

NARSAMPET, WARANGAL - 506331

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the Project Report entitled “ULTRA LOW LATENCY HIL
PLATFORM FOR RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX POWER ELECTRONICS
SYSTEMS”, is a bonafide work carried out by P. SHALINI, bearing hall ticket No:
14AN1D4310 submitted to the faculty of Electrical Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY with specialization in
POWER ELECTRONICS during the period 2017-19 under our guidance and supervision.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Ms. RODA VISHAL Mr. Mallikarajun Reddy
Associate Professor Associate Professor

External Examiner
 DECLARATION

I P. SHALINI (14AN1D4310), hereby declare that the project entitled “ULTRA LOW
LATENCY HIL PLATFORM FOR RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX POWER
ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS”, submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of MASTER of TECHNOLOGY in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, to
Balaji Institute of Engineering & Sciences, (affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad) Narsampet,
Warangal, is an authentic work and has not been submitted to any other university or
institution for award of the degree.

P. SHALINI

14AN1D4310
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Starting with “THE CREATOR”, I know that my words are not enough to greet to HIM.
I am thankful to the “ALMIGHTY” for keeping me in a pleasant state of my mind and good
health throughout my task.

It is a great pleasure to express my deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness, to my

Internal guide Ms. RODA VISHAL, Associate Professor, Dept., of Electrical and electronics
Engineering, Balaji Institute of Engineering & Sciences, Narsampet, for having been a source
of constant inspiration, precious guidance and generous assistance during the project work. I deem
it as a privilege to have worked under his able guidance.

I am profoundly thankful to Ms. RODA VISHAL, Head, Dept. of Electrical and

electronics Engineering, BIES, Narsampet, for his cooperation and encouragement.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. V.S. HARIHARAN, Principal, BIES,

Narsampet, for providing the college facilities for the completion of the project.

I thank all the faculty members, supporting staff of EEE Department and friends for their
kind co-operation and valuable help for completing the project.

Finally I express my sincere thanks to everyone who was involved either directly or
indirectly in my project work and helped me in successful completion of my thesis.
 CONTENTS

PAGE NO.
Abstract i
List of Figure ii
List of Tables iv
Nomenclature v
Chapter-1

1.INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter-2

2.ROLE OF INVERTER 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Basic designs 5
2.3 Output waveforms 6
2.4 Types of Inverters 7
2.4.1. Voltage Source Inverter 7
2.4.1.1. Single-Phase Half-Bridge Voltage Source inverters 7
2.4.1.2. Single phase Full-Bridge VSI 13
2.4.2. Current Source Inverters 18
2.5. Applications 23
2.5.1. DC power source utilization 23
2.5.2. Uninterruptible power supplies 23
2.5.3. HVDC power transmission 23
2.5.4. Variable-frequency drives 23
2.5.5. Electric vehicle drives 24
2.5.6. Air conditioning 24
2.6. Summary 24
 Chapter-3

3. SWITCHED CONVERTER TOPLOGIES OVERVIEW 25

3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Buck Converter 25
3.2.1. Synchronous rectification 26
3.2.2. Component selection 26
3.3. Matlab 30
3.4. History 30

Chapter-4

4. SIMULINK 31
4.1. Introduction 31
4.2. key Features 31
4.3. Creating and working with Models 32
4.4. Selecting and Customizing Blocks 32
4.5. Building and Editing Your Model 32
4.6. Organizing Your Model 33
4.7. Configurable Subsystems 33
4.8. Conditionally Executed Subsystems 33
4.9. Defining and Managing Signals and Parameters 34
4.10. Running a Simulation 34
4.11. Using Solvers 34
4.12. Debugging a Simulation 35
4.13. Executing a Simulation 35
4.14. Profiling a Simulation 35
4.15. Analyzing Results 36
4.16. Visualizing Results 36
4.17. Testing And Validating Your Models 36
4.18. Coupled Inductors 37
 4.18.1. Introducing Coupled Inductors 37
4.18.2. The Coupling Coefficient 40
4.19. Ideal Transformers 41
4.19.1. Turns Ratio and Step Transformers 41
4.19.2. Modeling Transformers 44

Chapter-5

5.TOPOLOGY DERIVATION AND CIRCUIT OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS 45

5.1.Circui Performance Analysis 49
5.1.1. Voltage Gain Expression 49
5.1.2. Voltage Stresses Analysis 49
5.1.3. Current Stresses Analysis 50
5.1.4. Design Process of Capacitors 51
5.1.5. Soft-Switching Condition 52
5.1.6. Output Voltage Balance Capability 52
5.1.7. Performance Comparison 54

Chapter-6

6.EXPERIMENTAL RESULSTS AND ANALYSIS 56

7.CONCLUSION 59
8.REFERENCES 60
 ABSTRACT

In this paper, Prototyping and verification of complex power electronics (PE) systems and
control algorithms is a laborious and time-consuming process. Even when a low-power hardware
model is assembled, it enables only a limited insight into the large number of operating points;
changes in system parameters regularly demand hardware modifications and always there is the
risk of hardware damage. The ultralow-latency Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) platform proposed in
this paper combines the flexibility, accuracy, and ease of use of state-of-the-art-simulation
packages, with the response speed of small power-hardware models. In this way, PE systems-
optimization, code-development, and laboratory-testing can be combined into one step, which
dramatically accelerates the pace of product prototyping. Low-power hardware-models also suffer
from nonscalability, because some parameters such as electrical machine inertia cannot be properly
scaled. However, HIL enables control prototyping that covers all operational conditions. In order
to demonstrate HIL-based rapid development, the verification of an active damping algorithm for
a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) cascade is performed. Two goals are set in
this paper: to verify the developed HIL platform by means of comparison with a low-power
hardware setup and then to emulate the real, high-power system in order to test the active damping
algorithm.

By using power electronics we can display a wide range of technologies being developed
maximize the production & efficient usage of both old & renewable energy sources. We here help
electronic engineering students to get a hold of the most innovative, cost effective power electronic
projects along with this we assist students to address power challenges in down-hole applications.

Figure No List of Figures Page No

Fig.1.1 High step-up dc-dc converter for half-bridge-base inverter 2
Fig.1.2 Topology derivation: (a) active clamp-coupled inductor-based
Converter in; (b) symmetrical converter based on the converter
In; (c) Proposed converter; (d) equivalent converter 4
Fig.2.1 Adjustable speed drive 5
Fig.2.2 Transformer Tapings 6
Fig.2.3 Fundamental and harmonic wave form 7
Fig.2.4 Single-phase half-bridge VSI 8
Fig.2.5 The half-bridge VSI, Ideal waveforms for the SPWM: (a) carrier
And modulating signals; (b) switch S. state; (c) Switch Sy State;
(d) AC output voltage; (e) ac output Voltage spectrum; (f) ac output
Current; (g) dc current; (h) dc current spectrum; (i) switch S+ current;
(j) Diode + current. 9
Fig.2.6 Fundamental ac component of the output voltage in a half-bridge VSI
SPWM modulated. 10
Fig.2.7 The half bridge VSI. Ideal waveforms for the square-wave Modulating
Technique: (a) ac output voltage; (b) ac output voltage spectrum 11
Fig.2.8 Chopping angles for SHE and fundamental voltage control in Half-bridge
VSIs: (a) third and fifth harmonic elimination; (b) Third, fifth, and seventh
Harmonic elimination 13
Fig.2.9 Single-phase full-bridge VSI 14
Fig.2.10 The full-bridge VSI, Ideal waveforms for the uni-polar SPWM (a) Carrier
And modulating signals; (b) Switch 1+ state; (c) Switch 2+ State; (d) ac
Output voltage; (e) ac output voltage spectrum; (f) ac output current;
(g) Dc current; (h) dc current spectrum; (i) Switch 1+ current;
(j) Diode 1+ current. 17
Fig.2.11 The full-bridge VSI, Ideal waveforms for the SHE technique: (a) ac output
Voltage for third, fifth, and seventh harmonic Elimination; (b) spectrum
Of (a); (c) ac output voltage for Fundamental control; (d) spectrum of (c) 17
Fig.2.12 Chopping angles for SHE and fundamental voltage control in Full-bridge
VSIs: (a) fundamental control and third, fifth, and seventh harmonic
Elimination; (b) fundamental control 18
Fig.2.13 The full-bridge VSI, Ideal waveforms for the output control by Voltage
Cancellation: (a) switch 1+ state; (b) switch 2+ state; (c) ac output
Voltage; (d) ac output voltage spectrum 18
Fig.2.14 Current source inverter 19
Fig.2.15 The three- phase CSI. Ideal waveforms for the SPWM .ma 0.8, mf 9):
(a) carrier and modulating signals; (b) switch S1 state; (c) switch S3 state;
(d) Ac output current; (e) ac output current spectrum; (f) ac output voltage;
 (g) Dc voltage; (h) dc voltage spectrum; (i) switch S1current; (j) switch S1
Voltage 21
Fig.2.16 The three- phase CSI. Square-wave operation: (a) Switch S1 state; (b) switch
S3 state; (c) ac output current; (d) ac output current spectrum 22
Fig.2.17 Inverter waveforms 22
Fig.3.1 Buck Converter 26
Fig.3.2 Output filter section-buck converter 27
Fig.3.3 Boost Converter 29
Fig.3.4 Steady-state inductor voltage and current waveform, boost converter 29
Fig.4.1 Coupled Inductor Circuit 37
Fig.4.2 Two coils are magnetically coupled, wound around a magnetic core 38
Fig.4.3 Coupled inductor with dot notation 39
Fig.4.4 Induced voltage of coupled inductors 39
Fig.4.5 Flux lines cutting through the coils 41
Fig.4.6 Step-Up Transformer 42
Fig.4.7 Step-Down Transformer 43
Fig.4.8 An ideal transformer 43
Fig.4.9 A source circuit and local circuit connected with an ideal transformer 43
Fig.4.10 Inductors coupled via dependent voltage sources 44
Fig.4.11 Ideal transformers represented through dependant voltage and Current
Sources 44
Fig.5.1 Key waveforms of converter 48
Fig.5.2 Operation process of proposed converter 48
Fig.5.3 Voltage gain of the proposed converter with leakage inductance
(Fs=100 kHz, R0 1=577Ω). 52
Fig.5.4 Simulation of grid voltage and current waveforms 53
Fig.5.5 Simulation of voltage difference between two output capacitors 53
Fig.6.1 Simulation circuit 56
Fig.6.2 Voltage and current waveforms Clamp circuit 57
Fig.6.3 ZVS-on performance of main switch 57
Fig.6.4 Voltage and current waveforms of D0 1, Dr 1, and Do 2 (a) Voltage
and current waveforms of D0 1 and Dr 2, (b) Voltage and current waveforms
of Dr 1 and D0 2 58
Figure No List of Figures Page No

TABLE 2.1 Switch states for a half-bridge single-phase VSI 8

TABLE 2.2 Switch states for a full-bridge single-phase VSI 14

TABLE 5.1 Detailed Parameters of Simulation 53

TABLE 5.2 Performance Comparison between Conventional Boost Converters 55

TABLE 5.3 Parameters of Prototype 55

 NOMENCLATURE

HIL - Hardware-In-Loop

ULL - Ultra Low Latency

PMSG - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

SPWM - Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supplies

ASD - Adjustable Speed Drives

UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supplies

FACTS - Flexible Ac Transmission Systems

VSI - Voltage Source Inverters

CSI - Current Source Inverters

THD - Total Harmonic Distortion

PWM - Pulse width Modulation

PSRR - Power Supply Rejection Ratio

FSW - Switching Frequency

API - Application Programming Interfaces

GUI - Graphical User Interface