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“IAF IS A POTENT STRATEGIC FORCE” : P V NAIK

geopolitics
VOL I, ISSUE X, FEBRUARY 2011  ` 100

D E F E N C E  D I P L O M A C Y  S E C U R I T Y

INDIAN FIGHTER PILOTS

ARE THEY
THE BEST?

AIR
IAF AND
ELECTRONIC
WARFARE

POWER
FAULTY
PROCUREMENT
FOR A SECURE INDIA, MASTERY OVER SKY IS THE KEY PROCEDURE
Project1:Layout 1 2/2/2011 2:59 PM Page 1

By selecting the F/A-18IN as its next-generation fighter, India is assured of advanced capability and
proven value, mission after mission. Supported by Boeing’s award-winning performance-based
logistics program, already in place with the U.S. Navy, India can also count on the Super Hornet to
deliver outstanding readiness and superior life-cycle savings—real value now and for years to come.
EDIT 23.qxd 2/7/2011 7:20 PM Page 35
Publisher’s note
A full circle
A few stray thoughts on
the eve of Aero India
2009…
„ It is the biggest-
ever air show in the
K Srinivasan country and fighter
aircraft from the US,
France, Sweden and Russia are all par-
ticipating in a big way. All of them are in
the race for Air Force plans to acquire
multi-role combat aircraft. The Ameri-
cans have flown-in the F-16 (Lockheed
Martin) and have been providing “sor-
ties” to people before it flies Olympian
Abhinav Bindra, while Boeing will
showcase its F/A18 Hornet. Europe
plans to pitch the “Typhoon” while the
Russians are here with the MiG-35 with
CURTAIN RAISER: Scene from the Aero India 2009. The Sarang
Helicopter team of IAF making a colourful entry. Defence
Minister A K Antony and Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal
F H Major are seen in the foreground
(3)
www.geopolitics.in
GEOPOLITICS
g
an ad line, “For India, with India”, plas-
tered across billboards here. The French
Rafael and Swedish Grippen will also
mark their presence,” said one report.
„ India is the hottest global defence
market at the moment and the world
has made a beeline to Bengaluru for
Aero India 2009.The country is expected
to finalise orders worth $50 billion in
the next five years. It could go up to over
$100 billion over the course of the
next decade.
„ However, there is much clarity
needed in terms of what the govern-
ment expects from the offsets
programme that will run concurrent
with these big ticket orders.
„ There is also plenty of ambiguity
about transfer of technology, setting it
off against offsets and the parameters
under which these would work.
„ More FDI in the defence sector,
privatisation, etc. are all issues that
have been on the table for a long time.
Hopefully, Aero India 2009 will be the
catalyst to find workable long term
solutions to these issues.
These thoughts echoed two years
back and can easily be reaffirmed as we
celebrate yet another edition of Aero
India. The true test of a country's global
ambitions is also reflected by its capaci-
ty to outline policy and take decisions.
Unfortunately, two years down the line,
we seem to be where we were two years
ago: the MMRCA is still a work in
progress, just as much the offset policy
or transfer of technology in offset, FDI
or the private sector and defence is con-
cerned. Hopefully, two years hence,
when we celebrate edition 2013, India
would have spent a few billions,
ordered the fighter planes and have its
policy firmly in place.
It's been a delight putting this issue
together. Enjoy!
srini@newsline.in
February 2011
Contents feb.qxd 2/7/2011 5:11 PM Page 2

LEARNING
TOGETHER
(P55)
With India, of late, undertaking many
joint air exercises with friendly countries, it
is worth finding their role and importance.

AGAINST ALL ODDS (P12) FINALLY… TAKE OFF (P16)

Away from family, daily contests with challenges, keeping in After crossing a number of challenges, the
tune with flying techniques and technologies make the life home-grown Tejas, a fourth-generation-plus
tough of the men who fly our fighting machines, but they are aircraft, has finally arrived with Initial
not complaining. Operational Clearance.

SPACE AMBITIONS DIGITISING WARFARE SATELLITE CAPABILITY

(P20)
It is imperative for the IAF to establish
a dedicated space command. That will
not only enhance our military capabili-
ties but also contain the threats posed
by other nations.
(P28)
India is not far behind in developing a
defence system based on the merger of
both electronic and communications
intelligence with cyber techniques.
(P38)
Once blamed for its poor track
record, DRDO now feels confident
enough of looking at satellite
constellations.

(4)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Contents feb.qxd 2/7/2011 5:12 PM Page 3

THE EYES IN THE HARD TALK HOPE IN AIR TICK FOR

SKY (P42)
The upsurge in military
surveillance and reconnaissance
technology has brought the
importance of the UAVs and
India is very much on course in
developing them.
(P46)
Air Chief Marshal P V Naik
expresses his confidence that
in the coming decade, the IAF
will be a strategic force and
maintain air superiority with
cutting edge technologies.
(P52) AEROSPACE (P66)
The recent ISRO's GSLV F-06 As in IT, Bengaluru is
failure does not augur well for the becoming a major centre of the
Indian Space programme. What is world's aviation industry.
our space agenda and where do But before it does attain the top
we stand in comparison with slot, the city will need to spruce
China? A report. up its act.

PRIVATE PLAYERS IN RACE (P72)

Private participation in the

aerospace sector acts as a
stimulant for the growth of the
industry in the future, but still
it has to overcome a number
of challenges.

AN ACCENT OF

g INDIGENISATION (80)
Editor-in-Chief
K SRINIVASAN
EIGHT YEARS AND FIVE REVISIONS BUT
Editor
PRAKASH NANDA THE DEFENCE PROCUREMENT

Sr. Correspondent PROCEDURE HAS BELIED

ROHIT SRIVASTAVA EXPECTATIONS. IT IS TIME
GEOPOLITICS
Publishing Director Director (Corporate Affairs) NOW TO COME OUT WITH BOLD
ROHIT GOEL RAJIV SINGH
INITIATIVES.
Conceptualised and designed by Newsline Publications Pvt. Ltd., from
D-11 Basement, Nizamuddin (East), New Delhi -110 013, Tel: +91-11-41033381-82
for NEWSEYE MEDIA PVT. LTD.
Managing Editor: TIRTHANKAR GHOSH
All information in GEOPOLITICS is derived from sources we consider reliable. It is passed on to our
readers without any responsibility on our part. Opinions/views expressed by third parties in abstract or
“IAF IS A POTENT STRATEGIC FORCE” : P V NAIK

geopolitics
VOL I, ISSUE X, FEBRUARY 2011  ` 100

in interviews are not necessarily shared by us. Material appearing in the magazine cannot be
reproduced in whole or in part(s) without prior permission. The publisher assumes no responsibility for D E F E N C E  D I P L O M A C Y  S E C U R I T Y

material lost or damaged in transit. The publisher reserves the right to refuse, withdraw or otherwise
deal with all advertisements without explanation. All advertisements must comply with the Indian
Advertisements Code. The publisher will not be liable for any loss caused by any delay in publication,
error or failure of advertisement to appear. INDIAN FIGHTER PILOTS
ARE THEY
THE BEST?
Cover Photo:
Owned and published by K Srinivasan, 4C Pocket-IV, Mayur Vihar, Phase-I, Delhi-91 and printed by him
AIR Ministry of Defence
IAF AND
ELECTRONIC
at Nutech Photolithographers, B-240, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-110020. WARFARE

POWER Cover Design:

FAULTY

Readers are welcome to send their feedback at geopolitics@newsline.in. PROCUREMENT

PROCEDURE
Ruchi Sinha
FOR A SECURE INDIA, MASTERY OVER SKY IS THE KEY

www.geopolitics.in February 2011

(5)
Curtain raiser final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:16 PM Page 60

g
GEOPOLITICS

THE MOTHER OF ALL

AIR SHOWS
Aero India 2011, the country’s top air show, in
Bengaluru, takes place at a crucial juncture:
the nation has not only been able to keep its head
high in the global economic turndown but is on the
cusp of becoming a world power. The air show will
enable the country to showcase our progress in
indigenisation in a sector — aviation and aerospace
— that has virtually been the monopoly of the
western nations. A sneak peek at the show
“W
HILE INDIGENI-
SATION is neces-
sary for the
progress of the
nation, collabora-
tion and co-operation in development and
production would speed up the realisation
of the products and help in reducing the
costs,” stated Dr Vijay Kumar Saraswat, Sci-
entific Advisor to the Defence Minister and
Secretary, Department of Defence (R&D),
during a recent press meet at Bengaluru.
“Self-reliance needs to be redefined in
terms of the contemporary global econom-
ic scenario,” he emphasised. He underlined
the importance of the theme of “self-
reliance” that has been selected for “Air
Show 2011”.

CYNOSURE OF ALL
EYES: Aircraft at
Aero India 2009, held
at Yelahanka,
Bengaluru were on
grand display and
one of them was F-16
(also seen in the
picture)

(6)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Curtain raiser final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:16 PM
The eighth biennial edition of Asia’s
leading air show, organised by the Depart-
ment of Defence Production and managed
by the confederation of Indian Industry
(CII), will attract aerospace and defence
majors from across the world. New technol-
ogy, latest equipment, newer products will
mark Aero India 2011.
According to officials overseeing the Aero
India preparations at Yelahanka, Bengaluru,
this year’s show will be bigger in size with the
possibility of extra pavilions and exhibition
area. “The show was big enough in 2007.
Subsequently, in 2009 also the show turned
out to be good despite the economic slow-
down. This time, the responses so far clearly
indicates that we would need additional
space to accommodate exhibition pavilions
and aircraft parking slots,” said IAF officials.
The air show will be preceded by an
international seminar. Organised by the
Defence Research and Development Organ-
isation (DRDO) in association with the Aero-
nautical Society of India, it is likely to be
attended by more than 800 delegates from
India and abroad. While a large number of
delegates will be from the aerospace indus-
try, there will be others from R&D institu-
tions, academic institutions including stu-
dents, besides those from the armed forces
and DRDO laboratories.
The theme of the seminar, ‘Aero and
space technologies: Success through global
co-operation’, has been selected keeping in
mind the global scenario. The meet will see
38 speakers from abroad along with the
presentation of 64 papers. The speakers will
include CEOs and technologists from lead-
ing companies such as Eurojet, Boeing, Hin-
dustan Aeronautics Limited, SAAB,
Goodrich, professors from the Indian Insti-
tute of Science, MIT, USA, scientists from
DRDO, CSIR and BEL. Contemporary and
emerging technologies will be discussed
during the seminar.
The star attraction of the show will be
the flight displays of the Tejas Light Combat
Aircraft, Aerostat and live exhibits of
unmanned aerial vehicles. Keeping the
home-grown aircraft company will be the
Flying Bulls’ aerobatics team from the Czech
Republic, led by a woman pilot Radoslava
who currently flies Zlin 50LX aircraft. The
four-member team’s breathtaking displays
will include the signature mirror flight
manoeuvre. While performing this manoeu-
vre, the leading aircraft flies upside down,
immediately above a second aircraft flying
right side up, mirroring the leading aircraft’s
flight figures.
www.geopolitics.in
Page 61
g
GEOPOLITICS
GOOD RESPONSE: The five-day show in 2009 saw the largest number of business and
other visitors than in any Aero India Show before
Perhaps, the only aircraft that will attract
the most attention will be world’s most-
advanced combat aircraft, the F-22 Raptor
from the US. According to sources, two of
the stealth fighters will be showcased as a
static display. While it was inducted into the
US military in 2005, the Raptor has rarely
been seen outside its country and has made
appearances only at a few air shows, the first
being at Farnborough in 2008. According to a
release by the US State Department, the only
other participation has been at an air show
in Chile last year. However, the fighter has
also carried out flying demonstrations at the
Dubai air show.
Besides these, France will be sending
two Rafale fighters. This will be a first show-
ing of the Dassault Rafale in India. The
French fighter is a contender in the Indian
Air Force’s competition for 126 Medium Mul-
tirole Combat Aircraft (MMRCA), vying
against the Boeing F/A-18, Lockheed Martin
THE
ATTRACTION OF
THE SHOW WILL
BE THE TEJAS,
AEROSTAT, AND
LIVE EXHIBITS
OF UAVS
(7)
F-16, Eurofighter Typhoon, MiG-35, and
Saab Gripen. Eurofighter has also
announced that the Typhoon combat air-
craft from the Italian Air Force would also be
at the show.
The DRDO’s emphasis on self-reliance
will be on display through the government-
owned Bharat Electronic Limited (BEL)
showcasing its entire range of C4ISR capabil-
ities including Network Centric Warfare
technologies developed in-house. These will
include Command & Control System, Air
Space Management, Multi Sensor Tracking,
Situation Simulator and Tactical Algorithm
for Air Defence applications, Battlefield
Management System and an all-weather
24x7 coastal surveillance system.
In addition, new products and technolo-
gies including Software Defined Radios, Next
Generation Bulk Encryptor and High Data
Tactical Radio will also be on show. Airborne
products to be displayed include Radar Fin-
ger Printing System, Data Link, Digital Flight
Control Computer and Identification Friend
or Foe. Also on display would be the com-
plete range of Opto Electronic equipment,
including Night Vision Devices, Digital Hand
Held Compass and Advanced Land Naviga-
tion System.
Akash, the Indian-made guided missile
air defence weapon system, for which BEL is
the lead integrator, will be displayed among
the static displays. Another major system is
Weapon Locating Radar, the state-of-the-art
passive, phased array radar, which has
undergone successful user trials by our
armed forces.
February 2011
Onlooker Feb.qxd 2/7/2011 6:28 PM Page 4
gONLOOKER
BLOW HOT, BLOW COLD AND A JC
THE GOVERNMENTS of Pakistan and
Afghanistan have agreed to establish a joint
commission to enhance their fight against mil-
itancy. Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah
Mehmood Qureshi announced the formation
of the new commission at the end of a meeting
in Islamabad with his visiting Afghan counter-
part, Zalmay Rassoul.
Qureshi reiterated that
Pakistan is committed
to the fight against ter-
rorism.
"We will set up a
two-tiered joint com-
mission at the foreign
ministers’ level and at
the level of senior offi-
cials," he said. "And in this joint commission,
we will have the Foreign Office, the military and
the intelligence jointly engaging with each
other and working together to achieve peace
and security in the region. “The Pakistani For-
eign Minister says the continued high-level
process of engagements has helped build a
strong relationship and partnership between
Islamabad and Kabul to achieve their shared
objectives. He said the two sides also agreed to
set up joint working groups to enhance bilat-
eral trade, and economic and social ties.
Relations between the two countries
have been improving, but Pakistan
need to take measures for real imple-
mentation of the past agreements.
ZALMAY RASSOUL
Foreign Secretary , Afghanistan
Meanwhile in Delhi, Foreign Secretary
Nirupama Rao raised the volume a few
notches high and reiterated that there was a
constant threat (to Indians in Afghanistan).
"It is not over. We have taken measures to
strengthen security at embassy and projects.
We are working with the Afghanistan govern-
ment to be vigilant against the possibility of
such attacks," Rao told a group of 30 Afghan
journalists who were given media skills
training at the Indian
Institute of Mass
Communication and
added, "People who
are engaged (in ter-
rorism) need to be
dealt with. Safe
havens in the vicinity
of your country need
to be tackled.
"I am sure people of Pakistan want peace.
But there are some groups and people who
think violence is the way. There are elements in
the state of Pakistan who have not done any-
thing (to tackle terror). In fact they have allowed
www.geopolitics.in
it to grow," she told the Afghan journalists.
"Pakistan has created the Frankenstein.
They will have to deal with it. The sickness is
there. They have to cure it. They have to root
out this evil," she added. She said India was not
blaming Pakistan without any reason. "People
shouldn’t think that we are attacking Pakistan.
We will set up a two-tiered joint commis-
sion at the foreign ministers’ level and at
the level of senior officials
SHAH MEHMOOD QURESHI
Foreign Minister, Pakistan
The Mumbai attack is an evidence. The terror-
ists who attacked Mumbai in 2008 were from
Pakistan. Kasab, the lone surviving gunman in
the attack, is a Pakistani," she said.
Rao’s comments are no surprise coming
ahead of the scheduled February 6-8 Indo-Pak
talks in Thimphu between foreign secretaries
of the two countries on the sidelines of the
Standing Committee meeting of South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC).
In another corner of the globe, Pakistan’s
permanent represen-
tative to the Confer-
ence on Disarmament
told delegates that
Washington’s decision
would "destabilise the
security environment
in South Asia". "Mem-
bership of the NSG will
enable our neighbour
to further expand upon its nuclear co-opera-
tion agreements and enhance its nuclear
weapons and delivery capability. As a conse-
quence, Pakistan will be forced to take meas-
ures to ensure the credibility of its deterrence,"
Zamir Akram told the conference.
Vikram Sood, a former Indian intelligence
chief, said, "This is blackmail. India’s member-
ship [of the NSG] would work the other way, we
will be bound by rules and treaties, to ensure
the non-proliferation treaty is followed. This is
We have taken measures to strengthen
security at embassy and projects. We are
working with the Afghanistan govern-
ment to be vigilant against the possibili-
ty of such attacks
NIRUPAMA RAO
Foreign Secretary , India
a Pakistani cover-up," he said.
Pakistan’s military leadership is determined
to maintain the current ratio of nuclear war-
heads between India and Pakistan and is con-
cerned that India is pulling ahead following the
2009 launch of a domestically-produced nu-
clear submarine.
(8)
ZAKAT FUNDS
MISAPPROPRIATED
IN SAUDI!
IN DECEMBER US diplomatic cables post-
ed by WikiLeaks painted US officials as
unhappy with the Saudi Arabian actions on
the terror-financing front."Donors in Saudi
Arabia constitute the most significant
source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups
worldwide," says one cable from Decem-
ber 2009, adding that the groups "probably
raise millions of dollars annually from Sau-
di sources, often during Hajj and
Ramadan," quoted by The Washington
Post.
According to the Post, the assessment
clears the royals of involvement but shows
the politicians’ links to a complex web of
organisations established by a network of
Muslim Brotherhood leaders and support-
ers, including some that have been indict-
ed or designated as terrorist financiers by
US authorities. The assessment says that
"increased diligence and efforts are war-
ranted" to prevent further "misuse [of] the
Saudi charitable infrastructure," calling the
web of organisations "an example of the
extent to which the Muslim Brotherhood is
using moderate-seeming politicians to fur-
ther its extremist agenda".
"This network, which the authorities in
the kingdom and the United States have
never been able to get their arms around,
continues to purposely mislead individu-
als" in the kingdom about the ultimate
destination of the funds they are distribut-
ing, Saudi official said. The official said he
had provided the assessment to illustrate
the scale of the challenge Saudi authorities
face in trying to interdict funds provided by
wealthy individuals for extremists, when
the money flows through a huge network
of legitimate charities and other organisa-
tions, many of which are involved in fund-
ing non-violent Islamist political activities.
A report prepared recently for the Gulf
Cooperation Council — an association of
regional states — found that 86 per cent of
all private charitable organisations operat-
ing in the region are based in Saudi Arabia.
February 2011
Onlooker Feb.qxd 2/7/2011 6:29 PM Page 5
ELECTRONIC
VIGILANCE
ON NEPAL
BORDER
THE SASHASTRA Seema Bal (SSB) has de-
cided to install electronic cameras at almost
every point on the Indo-Nepal border in Uttar
Pradesh. Indians and Nepalese cross the bor-
ders via 11 transit points everyday but cam-
eras cover only a few points in Bahraich and
Siddharthnagar districts.
Once installed at every point, any unusual
activity could be recorded and instantly the
security forces nearest to the location would
be alerted. SSB says the border would still be
porous for illegal elements to cross at night
but at least daytime entry could be checked if
foreigners use entry points nearer to the
checkposts.
According to SSB, since China is setting up
study centres in Nepal, close to the border
with India, more Chinese would enter India
OBAMA TO TRAVEL FOR THE FIRST TIME
TO SOUTH AMERICA
BARACK OBAMA will travel to Brazil, Chile,
and El Salvador later this year. The trip would
be President’s first visit ever to the South
America as a President as well as a private cit-
izen and that it would be an important tour to
build partnerships with the three emerging
countries. The President said he planned to
www.geopolitics.in
O N L O O K E R
with the support of Maoists, pretending to be
tourists from Nepal. In a recent incident, three
Chinese including a woman were arrested in
Bahraich. They claimed to be tourists but
without any visa. Strangely, one of them had
an Indian PAN (Permanent Account Number)
card. They were caught filming important in-
stallations.
SSB said work on electronic surveillance
started about a year ago but recent develop-
ments had forced the authorities to expedite
the matter. The SSB as well as the border dis-
trict police are also seeking appointment of
personnel with working knowledge of Chinese
language, as the security personnel had diffi-
culty in understanding what the three caught
in Bahraich were saying, apart from some bro-
ken English that could be understood.
"forge new alliances across the
Americas," during his visit.
USA’s ties with Brazil have al-
ready been strong in clean energy,
global growth and the more recent
assistance to Haiti. However,
Obama’s visit to Brazil would be fo-
cussed on exploring more areas of
mutual interest, National Security
Council spokesman Mike Hammer
told media. Visit to Chile would fur-
ther help America discuss bilateral
and regional co-operation among
the two countries in matters in-
cluding nuclear security, clean en-
ergy and crisis management, Hammer
informed. The last phase of Obama’s March
tour to El Salvador will emphasise the impor-
tance of the large number of Salvadorans in
the United States who are contributing to-
wards American economy and creating "tight
links" between the two countries, he said.
(9)
g
EUROPE
DIVIDED OVER
CHINA ARMS
SALES
BRITAIN IS on a collision course with
the European Union over the sale of
arms to China. Since the Beijing govern-
ment’s crackdown on protestors in
Tiananmen Square in 1989, EU member
states have been banned from selling
goods that could be used by the Chinese
military.
Beijing has just signed a series of
multi-billion-dollar deals with Euro-
pean companies. China says it is also
prepared to buy up to $7.9 billion of
Spanish government
debt at a time of
heightened fears over
the future of the euro
currency.
Many EU leaders,
including the bloc’s
foreign affairs chief
Catherine Ashton,
have suggested it is
high time the arms
export ban to China was revised.
Britain, while welcoming its own slice of
Chinese investment, is at odds with EU
countries that want to repeal the
embargo. The UK’s position remains
exactly as it has been over the last few
years, which is now not the right time to
lift the ban.
Chinese President Hu Jintao visited
Washington in January and sought to
calm fears over China’s investment in its
military. He said China did not engage
in arms races or posed a military threat
to any country and would never seek
hegemony or pursue an expansionist
policy. Despite military spending esti-
mated at $78 billion in 2010, China’s
armed forces still lag behind the US and
NATO.
February 2011
Periscope Feb.qxd 2/7/2011 6:31 PM Page 12
PERISCOPE
TELLIS’
TAKE ON
MMRCA
INDIA’S ACQUISITION of 126 new
medium multi-role combat aircraft
will play an essential role in India’s
transformation from a regional power
to a global giant , according to a South
Asia expert.
Eight countries and six companies
eagerly await the Indian Air Force’s
selection of a new medium multi-role
combat aircraft. The winner of the
competition for the $10 billion deal
will also gain a toehold in a lucrative
market, writes Ashley J. Tellis, a senior
associate at the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, a Washington
think tank, in a paper.
Analysing the technical and polit-
ical factors India must consider in
awarding the contract, Tellis argues
that India needs to decide quickly,
avoid splitting the purchase between
competitors, and buy the "best" air-
craft to help India prepare for future
security competition in Southern
Asia. European aircraft are technically
superb, but US entrants are formida-
ble “best buys”.
“Unfortunately, the advantages in
the US fighters are not sufficiently
recognised, so if Washington wants
an American aircraft to win the game,
it must offer generous terms on the
transfer of technology, assure India
access to fifth-generation US combat
aircraft, and support India’s strategic
ambitions." India also needs to con-
sider its future force structure in mak-
ing its decision, states Tellis, suggest-
ing, “With combat aviation
technology rapidly evolving,
the Indian government
should select the least ex-
pensive, most mature,
combat-proven fourth-
generation fighter as a
bridge to procuring
more advanced stealth
aircraft in the future.”
www.geopolitics.in
g
GEOPOLITICS
IAF TO USE
LENGPUI
FIGHTER PILOTS ARE SMARTER
THE BRAINS of fighter pilots are smarter
and more sensitive than others, a new
study has found. For their study,
researchers from University College Lon-
don compared the cognitive perform-
ance of 11 frontline RAF (Royal Air Force)
Tornado fighter pilots to a control group
of a similar IQ with no previous experi-
ence of piloting aircraft.
All the participants completed two
‘cognitive control’ tasks used to investi-
gate rapid decision making. Diffusion
tensor imaging, a type of MRI brain scan,
was then used to examine the structure of
white matter connections between brain
regions associated with cognitive control.
The researchers found that fighter
pilots have superior cognitive control,
showing significantly greater accuracy on
one of the cognitive tasks, despite being
US EYE ATTACK COPTER DEAL
HAVING ALREADY bagged some mega
defence deals, the US now seems quite smug
about cornering an even greater share of the
lucrative Indian arms market.
The growing US confidence
can be gauged from the fact that
though the field trial evaluation
process for acquiring 22 heavy-
duty attack helicopters for IAF
is still in progress, the US Con-
gress has already been notified
by the Obama administration
about the impending $1.4 bil-
lion contract.
While India is still evaluating
the two helicopters (Apache
and Havoc) in contention
and the final selection will take some
time, it has not stopped the US
Defence Security Cooperation
(10)
THE INDIAN Air Force (IAF) has sought to use
Mizoram’s lone civil airport in Lengpui village,
nearly 38 km from Aizawl, on a long-term basis
to obtain help from the state government, to
land its transport aircraft and park them there.
The IAF has been using the Lengpui airport for
occasional landings and take-off under a short-
term arrangement worked out earlier with the
state government. The IAF has now proposed a
plan to set up an air defence radar station along
the state’s borders with Myanmar and
Bangladesh. Mizoram has 404 km and 318 km-
long international borders with Myanmar and
Bangladesh, respectively.
more sensitive to irrelevant, distracting
information.
"We were interested in the pilots
because they're operating at the limits of
human cognitive capability — they are an
expert group making precision choices at
high speed.
Agency from notifying its Congress in advance
so that, in the event that the proposal is select-
ed, the US may move as quickly as possible to
implement the sale.
The notification even lists
out what India “will request”
as part of the “complete pack-
age” which includes 812 AGM-
114L-3 Hellfire Longbow mis-
siles, 542 AGM-114R-3 Hell-
fire-II missiles, 245 Stinger
Block I-92H missiles, 12
AN/APG-78 fire-control radars
and the like.
Holding the “proposed sale”
will strengthen the Indo-US
strategic relationship, the noti-
fication says that the Apaches “will improve
India’s capability to strengthen its homeland
defence and deter regional threats”.
February 2011
Periscope Feb.qxd 2/7/2011 6:31 PM Page 13
IAF REFUELLER
RACE
A RACE to sell air-to-air tankers to the IAF for
about `6,000 crore that was cancelled last
year, is set for a re-run with a European and
a Russian competitor in the fray after the US's
Boeing has withdrawn.
Airbus Military has decided to re-bid for
the contract after the global tender was
reissued in September last year. The original
tender was scrapped last year due to Fi-
nance Ministry objections.
The Spain-based firm, part of European
conglomerate EADS, was on the verge of
clinching the two-cornered contest but Fi-
nance Ministry's reservations over the steep
MORE C-130 J FOR IAF
LOCKHEED MARTIN is in talks with the Indi-
an government for a follow-on order of six
additional C-130 J ‘Super Hercules’ transport
aircraft through the Foreign Military Sales
route. It is also, separately, in discussions
with the Ministry of Defence over the supply
of its Javelin anti-tank missile systems.
“Yes, we are in discussions. They are
COMSAT FOR IAF
THE INDIAN Air Force (IAF) will soon get its
first dedicated communication satellite for
networking its sensors and weapon platforms,
which will help in upgrading its war-fighting ca-
pabilities.
“We are going to soon get a dedicated satel-
lite for communications... Satellites are common
to all three services but under network centric
issues, they are primarily for addressing com-
munications,” Assistant Chief of Air Staff Air Vice
Marshal M Matheswaran said in New Delhi
recently and added that the IAF would contin-
ue to network its assets for the next five to sev-
en years to be a fully network-enabled force. He
www.geopolitics.in
g
GEOPOLITICS
price of the A330 multi-role tanker transport
(MRTT) led to the cancellation of the contract.
The IAF will use mid-air tankers to refuel
combat jets in flight to save time and multi-
ply its missions. The IAF's tanker aircraft ex-
pansion programme is already behind sched-
ule by three years and the cancellation last
year delayed it further. But the IAF's decision
to go in for a global competition signalled its
obviously very pleased with the first six air-
craft, and that is actually a better question
to the IAF as to when they are going to want
the follow-on aircraft,” Lockheed Martin
India chief Roger Rose said in an interview
recently.
However, there has been rampant spec-
ulation that the the aircraft will be without
a number of communication interfaces,
due to a combination of India's refusal to
sign two strategic pacts, the Communica-
tions Interoperability and Security Memo-
randum of Agreement (CISMOA), and the
Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agree-
ment for Geo-spatial Cooperation (BECA)
with the US government.
America's strict technology export regu-
lations forbid the transfer of critical tech-
nology to non-signatories. And New Del-
hi's position is shaped largely by the hard-
ball stand adopted by the Indian Air Force
that the said strategic agreements infringe
on its military sovereignty.
further added that network centricity improved
the awareness of pilots and battlefield com-
manders about the scenario during war time and
would help in “getting better utility from same
amount of resources by networking all the re-
sources”.
He said the IAF had already started working
on networks such as the integrated air command
and control system (IACCS) and the AFNET,
which will form the backbone of a network-en-
abled IAF. Asked to compare the developments
in China and Pakistan towards achieving network
centricity, he said India was “leapfrogging” to
the latest technology in the world, which
would give it “an advantage” over its adversaries
in both the east and the west.
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dissatisfaction with Moscow's after-sales
service.
As the Finance Ministry had objected to
the cost of about $1.5 billion for the MRTT,
this time the Defence Ministry is under-
stood to have gone in for a different model to
calculate the price that aims to take into ac-
count the expenses incurred on not just
buying but also on maintaining the aircraft.
BEL SUPPLIES
P-8I
DEFENCE PUBLIC sector undertaking
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has
supplied a critical equipment to US
aerospace major Boeing for the Navy's
P-8I maritime patrol aircraft that will
help it identify friendly and enemy
planes and forces.
BEL delivered the Indian-designed
Identification Friend or Foe (IFF)
Interrogator — a battle management
system — that will enable P-8I aircraft
to distinguish friendly aircraft and
forces. Boeing will install the system
during P-8I final assembly at its facility
in Renton, Washington.
Indian indigenous deliveries for P-
8I also include BEL's Data Link II com-
munications system, Avantel's mobile
satellite system and the Electronic
Corporation of India Limited's (ECIL)
speech secrecy system. Boeing will
deliver the first of eight P-8I aircraft to
India within 48 months of the original
contract signing, which took place in
January 2009. India is the first interna-
tional customer for the P-8 aircraft of
Boeing and P-8I is a variant of the P-8A
Poseidon that Boeing designed and is
building for the US Navy.
February 2011
Fifhter pilots final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:50 PM Page 60

g
GEOPOLITICS
MAN ON A
MISSION: A
fighter pilot's life
seems to be
glamorous but in
reality, it contains
considerable
prestige,
responsibility, risk
and much more

FIGHTERS OF OUR
FLYING MACHINES
F
A fighter pilot is IGHTER PILOTS are, perhaps, the both the fighting and the non-fighting
most romanticised among person- branches — the casualty is shared by all. In
always looked at with nel of the armed forces. The picture the Air Force, however, the battle casualty
awe and wonder. that we commoners have of him is a essentially involves fighter pilots. Although
smart, suave, daring young man full airmen (non-combatant service-staff) can get
Adulation apart, it is of life and enthusiasm, often sporting aviator killed during attack on an air base, the
a tough life: away glares. But behind this glamour is a whole lot instances are usually rare.
of really hard work. Pilots of other branches like transport and
from home and Controlling the fastest and most lethal helicopter also die in action, but most often
family, daily contests machines made by man that can hit deep do not operate in hostile conditions. As Air
within enemy country with precision makes Marshal Satish Inamdar, former Vice Chief of
with challenges, them the most admired soldiers. This requires Air Staff, said, “Transport being shot down is
keeping in tune with immense mental, physical and psychological exceptional while a fighter getting hit is a rule.
capabilities. The highest battle casualties in the IAF are the
flying techniques and wing commanders of the flying branch.”
technologies and AS AN AIR WARRIOR
much more. Today, a pilot may be alone in the air but cer- WHAT IT TAKES TO BE ONE
tainly not without the support of his col- It is said that you can never train one to be a
ROHIT SRIVASTAVA leagues on the ground. fighter pilot; he is born to be one. Such is the
finds out what it In India, the Air Force is a unique service: constitution of mind, spirit and body of a
its fighting arm comprises officer fighter fighter pilot.
takes to become one pilots. Every service has fighting branches and Said Wing Commander Praful Bakshi
of the young men non-fighting branches. In the Navy, an Admi- (Retd), “The fighter pilot remains the cream of
ral, who is commanding a ship, can sink with the fighting force of India, because he works in
who fly our fighting the ship. In the Army, the highest ranking offi- an environment where he is put under stress
machines cer directly involved in battle could be a to the limit of human endurance and beyond
Brigadier. But in the Army and the Navy — the envelope of performance. What is

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www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Fifhter pilots final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:50 PM
required is not only peak mental and physical
condition of the pilot but also his capability of
technical uptake and exceptional knowledge
of weapons and fighting systems.”
A fighter pilot’s reflexes have to be very fast.
The information available for decision-mak-
ing in a cockpit is immense and the time avail-
able to make one is in a few seconds. This puts
unbelievable pressures on a pilot. Constant
working in such an environment can take toll
on any human. This is where the IAF steps in
with support and training. A sound mental
state is a must in an air combat. The one who
loses his mental control loses the battle.
Remembering his training days, Air Mar-
shal Inamdar said, “They are constantly
indoctrinated for mental control. Once you
get angry, you lose in a dog fight (air battle).
Being resolute is not same thing as being
angry. There is an element of irrationality in an
angry person.” Irrationality has no place in
any combat, he pointed out. One has to be
rational to make correct decisions.
Explaining the concept, he mentioned,
“Vivek is part of resoluteness and Tamas is
part of anger. In air combat, one simple truth
is that there is no price for being a runner-up.
You have to save yourself in air combat by get-
ting into it. You don’t run away.”
To have this kind of dedication, family sup-
port is quite essential. Said Air Vice Marshal
Kapil Kak (Retd), “The wife of a pilot plays a
very important role. There is a sense of family
and fraternity, which have a positive impact
on the morale of the pilot.” Therefore, one hid-
den aspect of the strength of any fighting force
is support from family and society at large.
Tasks for fighter pilots are becoming more
exacting with every generation of technology.
Every successive generation aircraft may make
flying easier but the fighting is becoming more
difficult. With automatic electronic scanned
array radar, everything is now clear to the pilot
in cockpit.
AMONG THE
BEST: IAF pilots
have been rated
among the best in
the world. Thus,
their outstanding
performance is
the result of
scrupulous
training. Indeed!
Page 61
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GEOPOLITICS
TRAINING
IAF pilots are rated among the best in the
world. Air Marshal Inamdar, recalled, “I have
flown with many air forces; our pilots are
among the very best of them, thanks to our
painstaking training!” In fact, in a joint exer-
cise with the Americans in 2004, US F-15Cs
were said to have been defeated more than 90
per cent of the time in direct combat exercises
against the IAF pilots. The Americans openly
admitted that the numerical analysis and
problem-solving capability of IAF pilots were
the best in the world. On the face of it, the per-
formance of the IAF, with its oft-reported air
Pilot training in India
AB INITIO pilots course (Common for
fighter, transport and helicopter streams),
designed to train newly inducted cadets, is
conducted to impart basic flying training.
All individuals, who join the flying branch,
take this course for a year before specialis-
ing on fighter, helicopter and transport air-
craft.
_ Transport Conversion Course
The objective of this course is to pre-
pare an officer-in-training to operate as
pilot-in-command on a transport aircraft.
This course provides support to enable the
officer-in-training to handle initial conver-
sion on a turbo-prop twin-engine trans-
port aircraft.
_ Qualified Flying Instructors Course
After gaining expertise in the field, a
pilot in the Indian Air Force can become a
Flying Instructor. The objective of this
course is to teach the methodology of
imparting flying instructions on basic
trainer aircraft. On completion of training,
an experienced pilot is capable of prepar-
ing cadets for the flying branch of the Indi-
an Air Force.
_ Test Pilot Course
After relevant experience, a pilot can
become Test Pilot.
crashes in aging, non-American fleet, might
seem surprising. But US officials admitted that
Indians were much better than they had bar-
gained for.
That, however, does not distract from the
fact that Indian pilots will probably be the only
ones in the world to undertake flight training
for advanced fourth generation jets without
any jet trainer. Till now, most of the jet training
was done on the MiG 21, a third generation
fighter plane. In fact, the IAF has come under
criticism for the delay in acquiring jet trainers.
In the last one-and-a-half decade, more than
40 air crashes have taken place and Courts of
The purpose of this course is to train a
skilled pilot to undertake developmental
flight-testing of aircraft weapons, avionics
and other related systems. The course pro-
vides pilots the necessary expertise to sup-
port evaluation and testing of various
options before and after aircraft are select-
ed for final induction into service.
_ Flight Test Engineer Course
(fixed/rotary wing/avionics/instrumenta-
tion)
This course is aimed at veteran aeronauti-
cal engineers to help them gain expertise as
Flight Test Engineers on fixed/rotary wing.
They are also trained to estimate the fight
measurement operation cost with relevant
analysis and precision.
_ Pilot Attack Instructors Course
Select pilots of the fighter stream take the
Pilot Attack Instructors Course. The objec-
tive of the course is to introduce them to
details of air-launched weapons and their
effective employment.
_ Fighter Combat Leader Course
This course is targeted at veteran pilots of
the fighter stream to train them in the art
and science of aerial combat in a multi-air-
craft scenario. The course curriculum also
includes a wealth of information about air
weapons and strike tactics. This course is
the pinnacle of achievement for a Fighter
Pilot, a qualification that all aspire to.
(Source - IAF website)
Fifhter pilots final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:50 PM
Top of the line: Tested and tried
INDIAN AVIATION recently reached a
milestone by having the first combat air-
craft LCA Tejas, receiving Initial Opera-
tion Clearance. It was a moment of pride
for the nation. But in this euphoria, we
almost ignored the men who fly these
aircraft: the test pilots. A test pilot is the
one who flies an aircraft for the first time
after it is manufactured and its ground
testing completed.
India began sending its best pilots for
training to Europe and Russia to become
test pilots. Every year, a pilot was sent to
Russia, France and Britain after 1971 as
India didn't have the facility for training.
But in last decade, India's requirement of
test pilots has shot up.
Sharing his experience, Air Marshal
Satish Inamdar, a former test pilot,
explained, “Test pilots are the best of the
lot. To be a fighter pilot, one has to be a
test pilot. One should have aptitude, men-
tal alertness and ability to handle aca-
Inquiry has put the onus on either technical
fault or human error. It has been alleged that
the sudden jump from Surya Kirans (subsonic
trainers) to MiG 21, poses immense challenges
to a rookie pilot.
Air Marshal Inamdar opines: “Nowhere air
force pilots are trained on difficult aircraft like
MiG 21s and go to squadrons to fly simpler air-
craft. All modern aircraft are simpler aircraft
operationally. The MiG 21 is a very challenging
aircraft and it is not designed to be a trainer
but we had no choice.”
The lack of trainers has also impacted on
the time duration and effectiveness of the Air
Force and has also costs attached to it as the
pilots were trained on actual fighters, thus
reducing the life of planes as well. Said Wing
Commander Bakshi, “The lack of advance jet
trainers has been a continuous headache for
the Indian Air Force because young pilots are
forced to enter the realm of high performance
fighters flying right from basic jet flying and
skipping the most vital training in various
aspects of operational flying. This results in
the young pilot being unable to cope with not
only different situations in combat flying but
also take a huge amount of time in operational
cockpits to learn the tricks of the trade. This
shortcoming has resulted in loss of aircraft in
accidents and priceless lives of young pilots. It
may be noted here that the cost of training a
fighter pilot is around `8 crore and for a trans-
port pilot it is around `3 crore. It takes almost
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Page 62
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GEOPOLITICS
demics. He must have a scientific mind,
ability to understand, assimilate and mas-
ter technology. Along with mental ability,
a test pilot has to be physically extremely
gifted in terms of strength, endurance and
mental fitness.”
There are three types of test pilots on
the basis of the plane they fly. Production
test pilot who test fly the planes first time
after production, second is development
test pilot who fly upgrades of already
operational planes or newer version of
operational aircraft. In India, till now,
these were the two who were employed,
but with India developing its own indige-
nous aircraft like LCA, experimental test
pilot has begun to emerge. Out of all
three, the last one has the most difficult
and challenging job. It is these pilots who
test and evaluate an unproved, unused
system and analyses it. Or we can say,
they risk their life on an aircraft which
hasn't taken to sky ever.
20 years for the IAF to recover cost of training.
Today, things seem to be on the right track.
The Advanced Jet Trainer Hawk has been
inducted into the training and slowly the MiG
21s are being phased out. This will reduce the
time spent in training. For future pilots, the
training will be easier and shorter.
CAREER ASPIRATION
Liberalisation has put up numerous chal-
lenges at unexpected places. Better job oppor-
tunities available have lured away youngsters
from joining the forces. There is a serious
shortage of officers across the three services.
The problem has been compounded by the
fact that many fighter pilots have expressed
the desire to quit the service. At present, the
shortage is somewhere between 550 and 600
pilots. The sanctioned strength of the IAF is
39.5 squadrons (consisting of 12 to 24 planes),
but it actually has around 30. There is a short-
age of pilots for the current number of
squadrons. The problem will become more
acute, if the present trend continues, when the
IAF has 42 squadrons by 2022 as targeted.
Around 101 pilots of the IAF have applied
for premature retirement during the last one
year. In the Parliament last year, the Defence
Minister said, “The broad reasons furnished
by the applicants for grant of the premature
retirement are supercession, lack of career
progression, medical and compassionate
grounds.” The situation, of late, has changed
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WISDOM OF WARRIOR: Physical
strength along with mental endurance
and psychological capability makes the
most admired fighter pilot
and sources have suggested that due to down-
sizing among private civil carriers and the
acceptance of the sixth pay commission,
many fighter pilots have taken back their
retirement applications.
This does not, however, minimise the prob-
lem of career progression. The IAF’s pyramidi-
cal structure is not able to provide aspirational
fulfilment to the vast majority of pilots. Retire-
ment is associated with rank and thus there is
no fixed age of retirement. Putting things into
perspective, Air Vice Marshal Kak said, “The
civil services and political leadership are not
adequately sensitive to this human resource
constraint. Merely doing cadre review and
increasing senior ranks would not do what is
essential. I think the nation owes it to the high-
ly professional, motivated, aircrew to find
them alternative careers after they retire early
in life. This problem is unique for pilots.”
Fighter pilots form a very significant part of
the critical human resource of the nation. In
Pakistan and China, the national carriers are
flown by air force pilots, where they go for a
few years and then come back to fly air force
planes. As a result, those air forces do not have
a dearth of good pilots.
Wing Commander Bakshi added another
aspect. He said, “The main reason of shortage
among fighter pilots is that society at large
doesn’t consider fighter flying as a worthwhile
profession. This has resulted in the youth lack-
ing fire and enthusiasm to enter into the fight-
er cockpit as was in past.”
Fighter pilots are the cream of our society
in terms of their capabilities and quality. For a
country with security challenges and threat of
war, their importance is even more as they
would be the first line of attack. If nuclear
deterrence crumbles, it is the fighter pilots
who will be in the forefront of the country’s
credible second strike capability.
February 2011
Document3 2/27/2011 12:31 PM Page 1

www.eurofighter.com

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nothing comes close

Tejas final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:07 PM Page 60

g
GEOPOLITICS

TEJAS
TAKES OFF
O
VERCOMING A plethora of hur-
With the Initial dles and challenges for almost
Operational 27 years now, India’s home-
grown, supersonic fighter jet
Clearance (IOC), the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
home-grown Tejas, a Tejas, crossed a major milestone in its jour-
ney towards the ultimate induction into the
fourth-generation- frontline fighting formation of the Indian Air
plus aircraft, has Force (IAF) when it received the Initial Oper-
ational Clearance (IOC) on January 10, 2011.
finally arrived. After At an impressive ceremony held on the
crossing a number sprawling campus of the Hindustan Aero-
nautics Ltd (HAL) in Bangalore, Indian
of challenges, the Defence Minister A K Antony handed over
development of the the IOC certificate to IAF Chief P V Naik with
the assurance that this flagship aerospace
Tejas is witness to project would be backed to the hilt. Inciden-
the leap taken by tally, the IOC certification involves specific
Indian aviation processes including validation tests to deter-
mine the various operational parameters of
industry the fighter and functional fitness of its sub-
systems including avionics, propulsion and
radars to ensure safety at all levels of aircraft
operation. The multi-mission tactical fighter
Tejas, which was conceived way back in 1983
with a view to replace the aging Soviet era
Mig-21 combat aircraft in service with IAF, is,
however, far from a potent strike weapon in
its present configuration.
That is exactly why Antony said that Tejas
had now reached the “semi final stage”,
thereby implying that it needs further fine
tuning and qualitative improvements
through a series of rigorous flight trials that
IAF will carry out in the months ahead to
reach the goal of Final Operational Clear-
ance (FOC) for its eventual induction into
the fighting squadron. Antony made it clear
that money would not come in the way of
transforming Tejas into a formidable combat
platform. “After crossing a number of chal-
lenges and accomplishing significant series
of milestones of envelope expansion, sensor
integration and weapon delivery in over
1,500 sorties, the country is poised for a
major turning point with the declaration of
IOC by the Centre for Military Airworthiness
and Certification (CEMILAC). CEMILAC has

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www.geopolitics.in February 2011
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Tejas final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:09 PM Page 62
QUANTUM LEAP: Defence Minister A K Antony handing over the ‘service document of
Tejas’ to the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal P V Naik, during initial operational
clearance function of Tejas, held at Bengaluru on January 10, 2011
painstakingly evolved the roadmap for
release to service certification and finally
ensured all goals are accomplished,”
observed Antony. The minister also noted
that indigenous Tejas would go a long way in
enhancing national security and the pride of
the nation towards building our own combat
aircraft capability. Thanks to the Tejas pro-
gramme, noted Antony, India has now devel-
oped confidence and competence to take up
the challenge of building Advanced Medium
Combat Aircraft (AMCA) and Unmanned Air
Combat Vehicle (UACV ) incorporating the
technology of tomorrow.
With a take-off weight of around 13
tonnes, Tejas is capable of flying at superson-
ic speed at all altitudes and described as the
world’s smallest and lightest fighter jet in its
category. However, it is still not compliant
with the operational requirements of IAF. As
pointed out by Naik, “There are some areas
where work still needs to be done. There are
aspects that need to be improved. We have
agreed to a list of concessions for IOC. But
we are sure that the Aeronautical Develop-
ment Agency (ADA) will fulfil those by June.
We hope for full operational clearance in a
couple of years. The refinements we are
looking for include wake penetration tests,
all weather clearance and lightning clear-
ance”. He also revealed that IAF will station
the first two squadrons of Tejas at Sulur near
Coimbatore. While calling Tejas “a dream
come true”, Naik noted that in terms of capa-
bility and performance, it is comparable to
the Swedish Gripen fighter. But then, as of
now, Tejas is not yet a fourth-generation
fighter aircraft. “It can, of course, come up to
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g
GEOPOLITICS
A modern-day
Bhagiratha
DR KOTA Harinarayaan, the former
Programme Director of LCA Tejas, who
is currently a Raja Ramanna fellow at
the Bangalore-based National Aero-
space Laboratories (NAL), is widely
recognised as the “architect and
father” of this Indian fighter aircraft.
Not surprisingly then, he came in for
all round praise from Indian Defence
Minister A K Antony during the func-
tion held to mark the IOC of Tejas.
Drawing from Hindu mythological
lore, Antony described Kota as the
modern-day Bhagiratha of Tejas.
Antony’s observation was that like the
Bhagiratha of yore who brought the
river Ganga to the earth from the
celestial abode of Shiva, Kota was
instrumental in giving a “form and
shape” to the LCA which was named
Tejas (meaning radiance in Sanskrit)
by the then Indian Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee in 2004. According to
Antony, the carrot-and-stick policy
adopted by Kota was instrumental in
giving the required momentum for the
take off of the Tejas project. In a simi-
lar vein, DRDO chief V K Saraswat not-
ed that but for Kota’s leadership, the
Tejas would not have come to the
stage it is in now.
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that level given the technology but it needs
more work,” observed Naik. Without minc-
ing his words, Naik made it clear that Tejas
would be used for medium to low-end mis-
sions since it is not an air superiority fighter
like Su-30MKI. Tejas, however, has its own
utility in the overall configuration of the
front line fighting fleet of IAF. In particular,
the LCA can be used for offensive tactical
warfare and it is designed for air-to-air, air-
to-sea and air-to-ground roles. Aerial war-
fare experts are of view that Tejas is best suit-
ed for short duration missions while the
costlier and heavier class Su-30MKI can fly
long duration operations. Tejas has a tailless
compound delta configuration with size and
weight advantage and better close combat,
high speed and high angle of attack charac-
teristics. The longitudinal stability of the
fighter has been relaxed to enhance agility,
manoeuvrability and performance under
stringent battlefield conditions.
Meanwhile, India’s state-owned aeronau-
tical major Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL)
is gearing up for the production of eight Lim-
ited Series Tejas and 40 MK I versions of the
aircraft for which IAF has already placed
orders. Tejas MK1 will be powered by the US
made GE-404-IN 20 engines. As envisaged
now, HAL expects to deliver the first lot of
four limited series production Tejas to the
IAF by the end of this year. However, the
delivery of the full-fledged and totally
weaponised MK I version of Tejas will com-
mence from 2013. HAL Chairman Ashok
Nayak has expressed confidence that HAL
will be in a position to meet the require-
ments of the IAF within the stipulated time-
frame. But then whether HAL, which has
currently a capability to roll out just ten air-
craft a year, will be in a position to deliver
Tejas within the time slot projected by IAF,
no one is sure as yet. It is estimated that IAF
would need up to 200 Tejas, each of which
carries a price tag of around Rs 200 crore.
Similarly the Indian Navy, for which a naval
version of Tejas is now under development,
is expected to acquire 40 Tejas naval fighters
to replace its obsolete British-origin Sea Har-
riers. The operational version of naval Tejas
fighter too, is expected to be powered by the
higher thrust GE-F-414 engine. Also under
development is a trainer version of Tejas.
The IAF also plans to develop a base at the
strategically situated Kayathar, close to the
southern tip of the country, to station Tejas
fighters in the future. However, IAF sources
stated that it would take time to build the air
station at Kayathar which boasts of a World
War-II airstrip. Interestingly, all the pilots
who have flown Tejas aircraft have testified
February 2011
Tejas final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:09 PM Page 63
Indigenous fighter
with foreign help
THE TEJAS (formerly known as LCA or
Light Combat Aircraft) is India’s second
indigenous jet fighter design, after the
HF-24 Marut of the 1950s. It is supposed
to be the world’s smallest, lightweight,
multi-role combat aircraft. Its develop-
ment began in 1983 with a budget of Rs
560 crore. The basic design was finalised
in 1990 and the first prototype rolled
out on November 17, 1995. On January
4, 2001 at 10.18 am, the first LCA Proto-
type TD-1 (Technology Demonstrator-
1), finally took off on its first flight from
Yelahanka Air Force Station.
The configuration is a delta wing,
with no tailplanes or foreplanes, and a
single vertical fin. The LCA is construct-
ed of aluminium-lithium alloys, carbon-
fibre composites, and titanium. The
design incorporates “control-configured
vehicle” concepts to enhance manoeu-
vrability, and quadruplex fly-by-wire
controls. Both prototypes are powered
by General Electric F404-GE-F2J3
engines, but an indigenous engine, the
GTX-35VS Kaveri, is being developed for
the production of Tejas. Kaveri project is
getting delayed because of its failure in
achieving the required thrust-to-weight
ratio.
Following India’s nuclear weapons
tests in early 1998, the United States
placed an embargo on the sale of Gener-
al Electric 404 jet engines which are to
power the Tejas. The US also denied the
fly-by-wire system for the aircraft sold by
the US firm Lockheed-Martin. As of June
1998, the first flight of the Tejas had been
delayed due to systems integration tests.
Situation, however, improved, with the
consequent strengthening of Indo-US
relations, but not before the project cost
rising to a whopping Rs 5,778 crore from
the initial estimate of Rs 3,300 crore in
the mid-1980s.
The Indian government had a couple
of months ago chosen the GE-F414 as
the new engine for future LCAs after
rejecting its competitor Eurojet’s EJ200
engine. The situation may change only
after the indigenous Kaveri engine is
developed.
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GEOPOLITICS
to its unique handling quality. India has so
far invested ‘25,000 crore on LCA Tejas’
development programme.
Since the IAF has found MK I version of
Tejas to be far from adequate to meet many
of its operational requirements, an improved
MK II version of the aircraft powered by a
higher thrust GE-F-414 engine would be
developed. The first flight of MK II type of
Tejas with a retractable fuel system and
many other improvements over MK 1 ver-
sion is likely to take place in 2014 with a plan
to roll out the MKII fighter in 2016. The IAF
has expressed interest in acquiring 80 of the
MKII fighters. India would be importing 99
GE-F-414 engines from USA for the MKII
development programme. The home-grown
Kaveri engine which was taken up for devel-
opment by the Bangalore-based Gas Turbine
Research Establishment (GTRE) around two
decades back has been found to be far from
adequate to replace the US power plant of
Tejas. The Kaveri engine -- that has already
gone through a series of high-altitude tests
in Russia -- has been marred by the problem
of low thrust. As such, the Defence Research
and Development Organisation(DRDO) -
under which GTRE functions - has decided
to upgrade the engine in a tie-up with the
French engine major Snecma so that it can
power the AMCA that will feature stealth
and super cruise capabilities. According to
DRDO Director General V K Saraswat, it
could take up to five years for the upgraded
Kaveri to get ready.
The most striking, singular achievement
of the Tejas development programme, how-
ever, was that the aircraft went through more
than 1500 flights without a single mishap.
Even so, as repeatedly pointed out by
Antony, “sceptics and doubting Thomases”
had long back written off Tejas as a highly
unviable aeronautical project.
As it is, the Tejas development, involving
the mastery of a range complex and innova-
tive technologies, was ably supported by a
variety of organisations including ADA, HAL,
NAL (National Aerospace Laboratories), IAF
and DRDO in addition to a range of Indian
academic institutions and Indian industrial
entities in both the private and public sectors.
This public-private partnership helped take
up the challenge of successfully leapfrogging
into the fourth generation technology. Since
the first technology demonstrator was flown
in January 2001, the fighter development pro-
gramme has achieved a number of milestones
including cold and hot weather trials, sea level
trials, bombing trials as well as sensors and
weapons integration.
Clearly, the process of developing Tejas has
(19)
helped upgrade the manufacturing base of
Indian industry as well. The skill level and
“small and medium enterprises played a
major role in the production of test equip-
ment and components,” says Ashok Saxena,
Managing Director of Navv Avia Technologies.
“These companies are now getting business
from many foreign firms looking for good
quality, low cost outsourcing for their pro-
grammes,” he says. According to DRDO, Tejas
has helped rejuvenate the field of aeronautics
in India with the capability of research, design
and development, fabrication, assembly and
test facilities undergoing a radical upgrade.
Indeed as pointed out by P S Subramanyam,
Director, ADA, the creation of world class test-
ing and production facilities for the Tejas pro-
gramme along with the evolution of a well-
organised certification procedure and cre-
ation of a skilled and talented pool of man-
power would go a long way towards support-
ing the futuristic fighter aircraft development
projects in the country. The national asset cre-
ated as part of LCA programme,” observes
Subramnayam, “has contributed in a big way
to India’s growing self-reliance in the critical
aeronautical sector.”
Extensive use of high strength carbon
composites, digital glass cockpit, helmet
mounted display and sight (HDMS) for
enhanced situational awareness, integrated
digital avionics system, fly by wire flight con-
trol system and multi-mode radar (MMR)
are some of the advanced technology fea-
tures that makes Tejas a “unique flying and
fighting platform with multi role capabili-
ties”. More importantly, Tejas incorporates
open system computing interface in its
avionics system so that it can be progressive-
ly upgraded with the better and faster
processors for on-board computing. It is not
for nothing that P.Rajkumar, who was instru-
mental in setting up the National Flight Text
Centre (NFTC) for the LCA Tejas programme,
has described Tejas as superior to the
upgraded Mig-21 combat aircraft. The aero-
dynamically optimized Tejas can carry out
good transonic manoeuvres with low super-
sonic drag. The single seat, single engine
Tejas has a electronic warfare suite and
would be equipped with beyond-the-visual
range air-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles,
air-to-ground rockets and missiles, drop
tanks-guided and unguided bombs.
February 2011
New Relevance of Space for Indian final.qxd 2/7/2011 6:52 PM Page 60

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GEOPOLITICS
T
HE INDIAN Air Force (IAF) is
presently the fourth-largest air
force in the world after the US,
Russian and Chinese air forces.
The primary role of the air force is
obvious and that is to safeguard Indian terri-
tory from various threats in collaboration
with the other fighting arms. However, in the
21st century the role of Air Force is getting
redefined because of the changing nature of
threat. Today, the IAF is being bestowed with
diverse responsibilities. One of the major
issues is the unresolved legacy of partition
— the border issues with Pakistan and China
are still simmering. At times apart from the
fundamental dispute the situation on the
borders becomes tense either because of e
rhetoric or flaring-up of local issues. Such
situations demand constant vigilance by the
IAF units concerned. Currently, there is an
ongoing debate in regard to the use of IAF
for internal security duties particularly in
Naxal-infested areas. The lesser publicised

It is imperative for
the Indian Air Force
to redefine its role
and establish a

SPACE
dedicated space
command. That will
not only enhance
our military
capabilities but also
contain the threats
posed by China and
its proxy Pakistan in
the future, writes
AJEY LELE

(20)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
New Relevance of Space for Indian final.qxd
fact is that logistics and reconnaissance sup-
port is being provided by the Air Force for
these regions. Disaster Management is
another important area where the IAF plays
a major support. Apart from these duties, the
IAF is also involved in various United
Nations peacekeeping operations.
The primary function of the Air Force is
its responsibility in regard to the air defence
of the region. During various military cam-
paigns it is expected to achieve a favourable
air situation. It also plays a major support for
Army operations. To achieve all this, IAF
undertakes various missions for the purpos-
es of aerial reconnaissance, close air sup-
port, battlefield strikes, transport operations
for logistical purposes and also for dropping
troops and military hardware in battle zones.
Fighter and transport aircraft and helicop-
ters are used for this purpose depending on
the type and nature of the task. India is a
unique country as far as its topography, ter-
rain and climactic conditions are concerned.
COMMANDING SPACE: Being a dynamic process, the modernisation of IAF goes beyond the addition of the latest aircraft and missiles
ARSENAL
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GEOPOLITICS
strategic force. India being a nuclear weapon
INDIAN state, the aerial platform is of great signifi-
cance for completion of its nuclear triad.
AIR FORCE IS Military power of a state plays an important
ENGAGED role in the security dynamics of the region.
Naturally, the Air Force being an important
IN CARRYING element of any military architecture it has
geo-political and geo-strategic significance.
OUT VARIOUS A strong Air Force helps defiantly project the
RECONNAISSANCE military capabilities of the nation. Today, the
IAF is known for its professionalism. The
MISSIONS force has a lot of state-of-the-art technology
in its inventory. It flies a few of the best
planes in the world. It has also got a few of
the latest radar systems and other force mul-
It is important to note that the IAF has to tipliers like air-to-air refueling aircraft in its
operate its aircraft over deserts, tropical rain- possession.
drenched areas and over snow-clad moun- In India’s security scenario, a two-front
tain ranges. The varying nature of terrain war (engaging Pakistan and China simulta-
and climate brings in various limitations for neously) is a reality. If this theoretical possi-
air operations. bility becomes a reality then it could pose a
The various roles discussed are mainly major challenge to the country’s security
tactical in nature. However, the Air Force is a establishment. As a part of this scenario, the
(21)
February 2011
New Relevance of Space for Indian final.qxd
IAF being the only force capable of moving
quickly from one theatre to another in the
shortest possible time would be a major
responsibility. Today, the threat of terrorism
looms large and with the Naxal threat becom-
ing more prominent, there is a possibility that
the security forces would be required to wit-
ness a battle on two-and-a-half fronts: two
being external and the half being internal.
Today, the IAF needs to remain prepared to
address such a complex security scenario. In
order to undertake both conventional and
asymmetric tasks it is important to
categorise the priorities and bring in structur-
al changes in the force structure. In the 21st
century, the IAF understands that threat per-
ceptions have multiplied and the adversary is
arming itself with new technology. The mod-
ernisation of the IAF is a dynamic process and
goes beyond the addition of the latest aircraft
and missiles. The force has learnt various les-
sons from the 1971 operations and subse-
quent campaigns in Sri Lanka, Male and at
Kargil. The IAF leadership has also witnessed
the roles air forces have played in the Gulf
Wars, at Kosovo and in the conflict in
Afghanistan. All these experiences have guid-
ed the Air Force to think beyond increasing its
platforms and weapon inventory. Today, it
wants to expand its sphere of responsibilities
by widening the envelope in which it flies:
move from the air to outer space.
In modern-day combat, assets in space
play an important role. The 1991 Gulf War and
the subsequent military campaigns have
demonstrated what a military could gain if
there are satellites available at its service.
Space technologies have military utility main-
ly in regard to communication, reconnais-
sance and navigation. Such usage of space
assets is known as ‘militarisation of space’ and
the developed powers are successfully utilis-
ing these in modern-day warfare. ‘Militarisa-
tion of space’ is a globally-accepted phenom-
www.geopolitics.in
2/7/2011 6:53 PM Page 62
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GEOPOLITICS
enon and to coordinate all operations of space
assets, various states have formulated their
administrative structures. India’s armed forces
have envisaged a development of space com-
mand for this purpose.
Along with the IAF, the Indian Army and the
Indian Navy also would require help from the
satellites in space both for their tactical and
strategic tasks. Currently, India has already
established a space cell under its integrated
defence staff (IDS) headquarters. Looking at
the ever-expanding mandate of the Indian
armed forces, it is becoming essential that the
country’s security establishment graduates
further to establish a space command.
Whether to have this command as a part of
IAF or otherwise is a matter of administrative
detail but what is important is to have one.
From the Air Force point of view, the
dependence on space assets is increasing
eveyday. The Air Force has already requested
the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) to launch a dedicated satellite for
them. The main requirements of the Air Force
are for the purposes of communication and
navigation. Also, the IAF is engaged in carry-
ing out various reconnaissance missions and
a considerable amount of air effort is dedicat-
ed for this purpose. Modern-day satellites
offer sub-metre resolution and could reduce
the burden of the reconnaissance missions
from an air force to a certain extent. Also, sur-
veillance by space-based platforms using
optical and infrared sensors and radars could
enhance the IAF’s capability of gathering
intelligence. India has already launched a few
remote-sensing satellites that provide sub-
metre resolution imagery and also has devel-
oped Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technol-
ogy. All such developments would have an
impact on India’s defence preparedness. This
could also allow the IAF to divert some of its
air assets for other operations.
The Air Force has major plans for moderni-
(22)
NET-CENTRIC
WARFARE
IS FAST
BECOMING A
REALITY IN
THE INDIAN
CONTEXT
sation. It is a well-known fact that IAF is look-
ing for induction of 126 Multi Role Combat
Aircraft (MRCA). Also, there are plans for
induction of other types of aircraft and heli-
copters. Naturally, such an increase in the
high-tech force would mean a greater
dependence on space systems. The IAF would
have a major requirement in regard to satellite
navigation. There could be various options
available for the purposes of navigation like
GPS, Glonass and India’s own navigational
system, the Indian Regional Navigation Satel-
lite System (IRNSS), with seven satellites (is
supposed to start operations by the end of
2014). ISRO is also developing a satellite navi-
gation system GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Aug-
mented Navigation) for the purpose of assist-
ing air traffic controllers to track and improve
the efficiency of air traffic over Indian air
space. In the event of a military crisis, such a
system would also help air operations under-
taken by the armed forces. During peacetime
too, it would have its own importance for mil-
itary aviation.
Space technology offers significant benefits
for the purpose of gathering Electronics Intel-
ligence (ELINT), Communications Intelli-
gence (COMINT) and Imagery Intelligence
(IMINT). Also, in years to come, the IAF would
like to exploit various remote-sensing tech-
nologies towards building information superi-
ority. Net-centric warfare is fast becoming a
reality in the Indian context. Various modern-
day standoff munitions are precision-
guided/laser-based. Aircraft are in a position
to deliver the munitions like the Joint Direct
Attack Munitions (JDAMS) accurately on the
target only with the help of navigational satel-
lite constellations like the GPS.
Space technologies being inherently dual
use in nature, the Indian armed forces may be
receiving some help from the country’s exist-
ing space programme. However, by design,
India’s space programme has remained civil-
February 2011
New Relevance of Space for Indian final.qxd
PURPOSEFUL PLATFORM: The IAF is engaged in carrying out various reconnaissance missions and satellite
navigation is one of them. A considerable amount of air effort is dedicated for this purpose
ian in nature for all these years. With the
changed security dynamics of the region,
technological advancements and global
acceptability towards the use of space assets
for the purposes of assisting the military, the
time has come for India to develop its inde-
pendent military space programme. In the
backdrop of this, the present and future
requirements of the IAF and looking at the
overall importance of space technology for the
armed forces, India does need a separate
space command.
Such a command could have specially
trained space forces under its authority. These
forces could involve themselves with the
ground control centres to manage the assets
in space and collect real-time information
both during peace and war. They could evolve
strategies towards optimal uses of space
assets. Also, they could plan for future
requirements and coordinate with other
agencies in the designing and launch of
future satellite missions. Such a command
could effectively coordinate various types of
satellite, launch and cyber operations. Apart
from weather, communication, reconnais-
sance and navigation, it could also identify its
role in regards to asymmetric warfare.
The space command would have major
responsibilities in connection with the issues
related to the ‘weaponisation of space’. In the
21st century it is an accepted fact that space
is the latest frontier likely to be exploited for
warfare. ‘Weaponisation of Space’ involves
putting weapons in space and/or intention-
ally damaging space assets of other states by
using ASAT (anti-satellite weapons) or jam-
ming technologies. Presently, theoretical
2/7/2011 6:53 PM Page 63
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GEOPOLITICS
possibilities exist about putting space-based
lethal weapons systems in outer space to
attack targets on earth. Technologically,
since space weaponisation is not an easy
task, such weapons were not taken seriously
all these years. Global perceptions in this
regard have changed significantly after the
successful ASAT test conducted during Janu-
ary 2007 where China used a missile to ‘kill’
its own satellite.
In India’s neighbourhood, China is one
state which is progressing rapidly in the
space sector. Presently, China has got various
national and commercial communication
satellites in space. In fact, the China has
been using satellites for military needs for
more than a decade with the first military
communication satellite being launched in
January 2000. Recognised as China’s first
advanced technology spy satellite, the coun-
try uses space technologies for ELINT,
COMINT, SIGINT and IMINT purposes. The
Chinese military has been exploiting various
space technologies towards building their
strategic supremacy.
Currently, China is working towards devel-
oping a new generation photo-reconnaissance
satellite FSW Series (1 m or less resolution). It
also has a Yaogan satellite series — that origi-
nated in 2006 — and is used for the purposes
of remote sensing. The latest in this series Yao-
gan X was launched on August 12, 2010. In
addition, China has its Beidou Navigation
Satellites (BNTS) programme and it also has
plans to develop its own global positioning
systems on the lines of the US GPS constella-
tion. This Compass (Beidou 2)-Global system
is expected to offer China a global reach. The
(23)
system would have 35 satellites to cover China
and the entire Asia-Pacific region by 2012 and
seven satellites in the series have been
launched. The system comprises 30 satellites
orbiting at a height of 15,000 miles and prom-
ises accuracy within one metre. Incidentally,
China is also one of the major partners of
Europe’s (under production) satellite naviga-
tion and positioning system called Galileo.
On the other hand, Pakistan’s space pro-
gramme is still in a nascent stage. However,
Pakistan is expected to benefit from China to
procure intelligence inputs. Also, it is impor-
tant to note that Pakistan has a reasonably
well-developed missile programme and by
carrying some modifications, it may succeed
in developing an ASAT system capable of pos-
ing a threat to India’s satellites.
The IAF and other arms of India’s military
establishment could, therefore, be expected
to rely more on space assets both for strategic
and tactical purposes in years to come. India
needs to establish a dedicated space pro-
gramme for its armed forces and the estab-
lishment of a space command could be the
first step towards this. Induction of various
military satellites by India will enhance its
military capability manifold. The country’s
interests in space are restricted towards using
space assets for reconnaissance, navigation
and communication. At the same time, it is
also important for India to take a serious note
of the China’s ASAT capabilities and its
impact on geopolitics.
(The author was Wing Commander in
the Indian Air Force and is now a Research
Fellow at IDSA)
February 2011
Air Munitions final.qxd 2/7/2011 4:40 PM Page 60
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GEOPOLITICS
As technology
improves, newer
variations of
air-to-air missiles
AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES —
are being produced.
THE FIFTH
SAURAV JHA takes
a look at the latest
missiles and their
relevance for the
Indian armed
forces
A
NY COMBAT aircraft in an air
dominance role is ultimately as
effective as the weapons it car-
ries. Moreover, just as combat
aircraft have entered the so-
AIM 120: A called fifth-generation of evolution in tech-
market leader nology development, so have air-to-air mis-
in the class of siles (AAMs) in both the within visual range
BVR missiles (WVR) and beyond visual range (BVR) cate-
gories. Overall, AAMs are becoming longer
ranged, more manoeuvrable, sporting
“smart” seekers, and capable of both ‘lock on
before launch’ (LOBL) and ‘lock on after
launch’ (LOAL) homing modes. They are also
being optimised for engaging low radar cross
section (RCS) targets as well as internal car-
riage by fifth generation fighters. This piece
looks at emerging trends in air-to-air mis-
siles and surveys a range of products rele-
vant to the Indian scenario especially with
the Indian Air Force’ (IAF) Multi-role Medi-
um Range Aircraft (MMRCA) competition
nearing conclusion.
It is now universally accepted that
superiority in BVR capability enabled the
US Airforce (USAF) and US Navy (USN)
to dominate the skies over Iraq and the
former Yugoslavia. This superiority was
no doubt conferred by the AIM-120 or
AAMRAAM family of BVR missiles which is
the market leader in this class of
missiles today.
Nevertheless, it was evident
to Raytheon that the AIM-120
had to evolve to meet future threats such as
(24)
www.geopolitics.in
low-flying cruise missiles and low-observable
(LO) aircraft. As a result, Raytheon introduced
the AIM-120C7 variant of the AIM-120C
series, which has entered service with US
forces. The C-7 features a new guidance sec-
tion in the missile’s front end, that Raytheon,
says gives it an improved ability to detect,
track and home in on current and emerging
air threats, even when operating in a heavy
jamming environment. Its redesigned front
end also creates about 15.2 cm of space for
future enhancements. The 3.66-m long 157-
kg heavy AIM-120C-7 incorporates improved
electronic counter counter measures (ECCM )
with jamming detection, an upgraded seeker,
longer range and is compatible with both the
F-18 and F-16 both of which are contenders
in the MMRCA competition.
The AIM-120D, formerly known as AIM-
120 C-8, is a development of the AIM-120C
with a two-way data link, more accurate navi-
gation using a GPS-enhanced inertial meas-
urement unit (IMU), an expanded no-escape
envelope, improved high-angle off-boresight
(HOBS) capability — where the missile attacks
a target in the launch of aircraft’s rear hemi-
sphere, and a 50 per cent increase in range
with an effective envelope just over 100 km.
The new data link thereby replaces the
original AIM-120Cs existing receive-only link
and enables the missile to report back after its
launch position downrange to the launch air-
craft. This, according to, Raytheon, is precise-
ly what enables a credible HOBS capability —
an emerging feature in new generation AAMs.
February 2011
Air Munitions final.qxd 2/7/2011 4:40 PM
GENERATION
MBDA METEOR
Even as the Americans focus on improving
seeker heads of AAMs to operate in dense
electronic counter measure (ECM) environ-
ments over the skies of hostile integrated air
defences (IADS), Europe has been looking
seriously at another but long sought-after
aspect of BVRAAM capability — the ability
to chase down highly manoeuvrable and
agile fighters in the ‘coast phase’, that is, just
prior to intercept.
MBDA’s 185-kg Meteor seeks to accom-
plish this through its Bayern-Chemie solid-
propellant, throttle-able, ducted-ramjet
motor, which gives it a sustained Mach 4
speed even at the outer edges of the missile’s
range. Measuring 3.65 metres in length the
Meteor is expected to offer better kinematic
performance than even the AIM-120D
(which is believed to use the same motor as
the current C7). Moreover it is in the export
market earlier than the AIM-120D and is
being offered along with arm the Eurofighter
and Gripen NG in the event of an Indian pur-
chase of either aircraft.
It has also been reported that the Meteor
missile shows some early cloud shooting
capabilities as it can be ‘handed off’ to other
aircraft mid-flight. This is expected to
improve fighter survivability in head-on
engagements by avoiding situations in which
possibility of the opposing aircraft getting
close enough for second round shots with
WVRAAMs is high.
The meteor’s design, however, also led to
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Page 61
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GEOPOLITICS
initial problems in making the missile com-
patible with internal carriage in the F-35
which will of course feature in several Euro-
pean air forces. However this issue now
seems to have been sorted out.
Prior to the Meteor, MBDA developed the
MICA, which arms the Dassault Rafale as its
standard BVRAAM. This missile was explic-
itly designed for easy integration onto mul-
tiple fighter types and is available in both
infra-red (MICA IR) and radar-guided
(MICA RF) versions with a maximum range
of 60 km for either.
The MBDA MICA will be a part of the Indi-
an Mirage 2000 upgrade programme and was
one of the first missiles to feature a LOAL
mode. Its thrust vectoring capability and
high resistance to decoys make it a formida-
ble opponent or opposing fighter and have
contributed to its market prospects.
MBDA’S
METEOR
MISSILE IS
EXPECTED TO
IMPROVE
FIGHTER
SURVIVABILITY
(25)
The proliferation of Eastern Bloc cruise
missile technologies in Israel’s neighbour-
hood was certainly one of the impulses
behind its development of the Derby
BVRAAM, which already arms upgraded
Indian Navy Sea Harriers. The missile has
an active radar seeker, which allows look-
down/shoot-down capability against tar-
gets in background clutter. The Derby
reflects an increasing trend wherein an AAM
is useful for both short and medium-range
engagements. In the dogfighting role it
operates in LOBL mode. This 118-kg missile
also features an advanced ECCM that can
be programmemed for different jamming
environments. Rafale incidentally is offer-
ing to integrate the missile on whichever
aircraft wins the MMRCA tender.
The onset of fifth generation fighter avia-
tion has been taken note of by the Russians
as well. Tactical Missile Corp also known as
TRV now has two air-to-air products on offer
that are specifically designed for internal
carriage by the PAK-FA enabled through the
use of folding fins. These missiles were
revealed by TRV the first time at MAKS 2007,
Moscow. The RVV-SD is an improved version
of the R-77 (AA-Adder), while the RVV-MD is
a variant of the R-73 (AA-11 Archer). Both the
R-77 and R-73 are in service with the IAF.
According to information released by TRV,
the RVV-SD is 15 kg. (33 lb.) heavier than the
basic R-77/RVV-AE, weighing 190 kg rather
than 175 kg. Maximum range claimed is
increased to 110 km from 80 km. The missile
February 2011
Air Munitions final.qxd 2/7/2011 4:41 PM
is also slightly longer at 3.71 metres which is
11 cm more than the basic variant. Reports
suggest that the RVV-MD also features an
upgraded radar seeker. A further improve-
ment in range is suggested with the RVV-SD
subsequently incorporating a dual-pulse
motor configuration. Switching from the
basic R-77’s lattice fin configuration to a con-
ventional fin is also part of this programme.
In recent years, one of the big trends in
AAMs has been the advent of highly
manoeuvrable, short-range, off-boresight
missiles pioneered by the Russian R-73 and
the Israeli Python-4. Moving on to the short
range RVV-MD, TRV says that features all-
aspect passive IR guidance (two-color IR
seeker) with combined aero- gas dynamic
control, a fixed-thrust solid fuel motor, and
is available with both a laser proximity fuse
or a radar proximity fuse (for RVV-MD). The
warhead is said to be of rod type. The RVV-
MD is a kilogramme heavier than the R-73 at
106 kg and slightly longer at 2.92 metres
rather than 2.9 metres. The maximum
launch range has also been increased from
30 to 40 km. The RVV-MD may, however, be
an interim measure before a completely new
short-range missile; the K-30 wraps up
development.
Impressed with the off boresight capabili-
ties of the R-73, Europe decided to venture
down a similar path, the net result being the
IRIS-T programme managed by a six-nation
consortium formed in 1998 by Canada, Ger-
many, Greece, Italy, Norway and Sweden,
and headed by Germany’s BGT. IRIS-T has
AGILE FIGHTER: With its solid propellant, ducted-rainjet motor and Mach 4 speed,
MBDA meteor is expected to offer better kinetic performance in IAF
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Page 62
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GEOPOLITICS
DRDO
IS WORKING ON
THE ASTRA ,
A BEYOND
VISUAL USAGE
AIR-TO-AIR
MISSILE
been designed like the R-73 to be an all-
aspect missile following pilot line-of-sight or
cueing signals from target acquisition sys-
tems such as radar, infra-red search and
track, or threat warning devices. Despite
being a short range missile, it is capable of
LOAL.
The missile features extreme manoeuvra-
bility enabling pilots to shoot at targets flying
behind, or in very tight manoeuvres. The
flight control system, integrating rocket
thrust vectoring and aerodynamic control
surfaces, facilitates significant directional
and attitude changes, even at low velocities
and high angles of attack. According to BGT,
the missile is equipped with an advanced
stabilised seeker, which consists of a 128 x
128 scanning array. Due to its wide field of
view, its scanning operation, and advanced
ECCM, this seeker is claimed to be less sus-
ceptible to deception than ‘staring’ arrays.
(26)
America’s answer to the R-73 is the AIM-
9X which is described as a ‘launch-and-
leave’ air combat missile. It can be employed
in the near BVR and WVR arenas. The missile
boasts of HOBS and its thrust vectoring con-
trols give it a high probability of intercepting
manoeuvring aircraft.
As far as the AIM-9X pedigree is con-
cerned, it retains the MK 36 motor and the
WDU-17/B warhead of the AIM-9M. The air-
frame, however, is new and has smaller fins
and canards for lower drag and superior
flight performance also enabling internal
carriage. The guidance section features a
high-performance ‘staring’ FPA. The AIM-9X
also fully compatible with new JHMCS (Joint
Helmet-Mounted Cueing System) for target
acquisition.
Israel’s hostile neighbourhood also
means that it has to stay at the top of the air
interception game. Enabling it to do so is the
Python 5, Rafale’s fifth generation WVR and
near-BVR offering. Although based on the
Python-4 retaining its unique aerodynamic
airframe, rocket motor, warhead and prox-
imity fuze. The Python-5, according to
Rafael, incorporates a new dual waveband
imaging seeker, advanced computer archi-
tecture, inertial navigation system (INS),
sophisticated infrared counter-counter-
measures (IRCCM) and sophisticated flight
control algorithms enabling HOBS. The
programmemable IRCCM is touted in par-
ticular to make the Python-5 almost imper-
vious to standard countermeasures such as
decoy flares. The Python-5’s full sphere per-
formance is achieved by a combination of
LOAL and tracking capabilities. Its dual
waveband FPA seeker and sophisticated
algorithms according to Rafale enables
acquisition of even small, low signature tar-
gets against background clutter and cloudy
conditions. The Python-5, like the Derby,
will be a strong contender for arming the
MMRCA winning aircraft.
India’s DRDO is working on the Astra
BVRAAM. The ‘Astra’ is meant to engage
targets at 80-km range in head-on mode
and 20-km range in tail-chase mode. It is
designed to intercept fast-moving aerial
targets at supersonic speeds (1.2-1.4
Mach). It uses a single-stage, smokeless,
solid-fuel engine and has already been test-
ed successfully several times from the
ground. However, it is as yet unclear
whether it will feature as the winner of the
MMRCA competition although it has been
designed to be compatible with a wide
range of aircraft and features and will cer-
tainly make its way to India’s Light Combat
Aircraft (LCA) and the Su-30 MKI.
February 2011
Document5.qxd 2/7/2011 7:16 PM Page 1

MULTIPLE PLATFORMS BRAHMOS AEROSPACE

MULTIPLE MISSIONS 16, Cariappa Marg, Kirby Place, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi-110 010 INDIA
Tel. : +91 - 11-25684820-4822, 25682440-2445 Fax : +91-11-25684827
MULTIPLE TARGETS Website : www.brahmos.com Mail : mail@brahmos.com
Elint final New.qxd 2/7/2011 5:29 PM Page 60

g
GEOPOLITICS

Defence systems the

world over are TRENDS IN ELECTRONIC
WARFARE AND CURRENT
changing their tactics
and India is not far

INDIAN CAPABILITIES
behind. Spearheading
the move is the IAF that
is seeing the merger of
both electronic and
communications
intelligence with cyber
techniques, writes
SAURAV JHA

(28)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Elint final New.qxd 2/7/2011 5:29 PM
I
SRAEL’S AERIAL raid on a suspected
Syrian nuclear reprocessing facility in
2007 not just served to underline the fact
that warfare today is mostly electronic
but also highlighted a key trend in the
evolution of the same. Codenamed Operation
Orchard, the attack saw Israeli fighters pene-
trating what is, by any account, one of the
world’s densest centralised air defence net-
works and bomb with impunity (while incur-
ring no losses of their own) a prized Syrian
facility. It was later revealed that Israel had
shut down Syrian defences using novel
methods combining remote air-to-ground
electronic attack, penetration through
computer-to-computer links and non-tactical
diversions and spoofs, done through network
attack. It was the beginning of an era where
the inevitable merger of Signals Intelligence
(SIGINT) consisting of both electronic
(ELINT) and communications (COMINT)
intelligence with cyber techniques.
In the United States, the Pentagon’s latest
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GEOPOLITICS
budget clearly reveals that priority has been
accorded to network invasion and informa-
tion operations. Indeed, it is clear that US
investment will be focused primarily on
electronic attack (EA), cyber operations and
related ISR activities. This is no doubt a result
of the successes notched up by US forces since
the end of the Cold War on account of network
supremacy.
One of the key goals of melding ELINT with
a cyber attack is to develop technique genera-
tors that produce arbitrary waveforms and
algorithms that can be fired through enemy
radar aperture and other signals equipment to
plant viruses and/or take over as the adminis-
trator of the network. As a world leader in such
technologies, the US is currently looking to
make this capability available on fighter-sized
airborne platforms and this is indeed the
focus of the much-touted US Navy’s Next
Generation Jammer (NGJ) programme.
Trends in Israel, which is the other elec-
tronic superpower, indicate that airborne
(29)
electronically scanned array (AESA) antennas,
open-architecture digital exciters that can be
programmed to produce exotic waveforms
and algorithms on demand, and stronger
power sources in smaller packages with solid
state directional transmitters and digital RF
memory (DRFM) are increasingly going to
form the basis of integrated electronic support
measure (ESM) and electronic countermea-
sure (ECM) systems, thereby allowing tactical
aircraft to assume roles carried out today by
much bigger platforms. The move is to bring
together distributed elements through highly-
automated, electronic attack, battle manage-
ment processes that can more easily contend
with modern radar threats that are pulse-to-
pulse and frequency agile. The aim is to create
a convergence of passive and reactive systems
by operating in a network-centric manner.
Efforts are also underway to enable single
devices to perform multiple functions in
much the same way as software radios have
enabled the replacement of multiple
DIGITALISING WARFARE:
India is making steady
progress towards acquiring
electronic systems to detect,
intercept and jam the enemy’s
radar and communication
networks. Seen in the picture
is E-2D Hawkeye
February 2011
Elint final New.qxd 2/7/2011 5:30 PM Page 62
hardware packages. Network centricity and
smaller devices are also allowing combined
ELINT and cyber attack packages to move
onto very modest platforms such as
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) like Israeli
firm Elbit’s Skylark 1 LE mini-UAV that aims to
combine COMINT with electro-optical sens-
ing.
India has, of course, been co-operating
with Israel for sometime now in the SIGINT
sphere. India’s Aviation Research Centre (ARC)
is known to operate Israeli Gulfstream aircraft
in the ELINT and COMINT roles. The
inevitable merger of Signals Intelligence (SIG-
INT) consisting of both electronic (ELINT)
and communications (COMINT) intelligence
with cyber techniques has begun and are
already in the service of the Indian Air Force
(IAF). The Phalcon’s ESM system receives,
analyses and locates radar signals with 360
degree coverage combining high sensitivity
with high probability of intercept, and sup-
posedly achieves excellent accuracy in bearing
measurement. The use of narrow-band super-
heterodyne receivers and wide-band instanta-
neous frequency measurement (IFM) tech-
niques provide very high accuracy and proba-
bility of intercept of airborne and surface
emitters. The Phalcon gives the IAF exposure
to Differential Time of Arrival (DTOA) meas-
urement techniques that are crucial for
achieving high bearing accuracy. Onboard
cryptanalysis of ESM data is also available.
The onboard communications support
measures (CSM) receives in UHF, VHF and HF
frequency bands rapidly searching for air-
borne, shipborne or ground communications
signals of interest. Selected radio nets can be
monitored for signal activity. A Direction Find-
ing (DF) capability locates targets. Detected
signals can be assigned to monitoring
receivers instantaneously. The system, need-
less to say, is extensively computerised to
reduce operator load.
India’s own AEW&C programme under the
auspices of the Centre for Airborne Systems
(CABS) seems to be progressing well and will
consist of robust ESM and CSM suites. The
ESM system, in particular, has been designed
to operate in a wide frequency band with 360
degree coverage in azimuth and -5 to 15
degree in elevation. It augments primary radar
performance by providing the bearing and
location of hostile emitters. It is said to be
capable of a frequency accuracy of 1 MHz and
a directional accuracy of a couple of degrees.
The system will use a digital library of over
3000 emitters besides being able to make
additions to it via a recording and post mis-
sion data analysis function. The CSM system
being developed for the AEW&C programme
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GEOPOLITICS
PROVIDING EW CAPABILITY: Indra MK
II radar is one of the tactical systems
developed by DRDO. And it was also on
display at Republic Day parade
is standard and will have the capability to
search, intercept, detect, direction find, moni-
tor, identify, record and analyse communica-
tion signals and can report voice, data trans-
mission in fixed frequency and frequency
hopping modes. A comprehensive self-protec-
tion suite for AEW&C that includes dual
colour mid-air warning systems (MAWS),
radar warning receiver (RWR)/ESM, and laser
warning system is also available.
The SIGINT packages being deployed on
the AEW&C are migrating to the indigenous
Aerostat programme as well that aims to
deploy aerostats at altitudes ranging from
1,000 to 5,000 metres. Naturally scalability and
technology upgradation will feature in this
transition.
A number of tactical systems have been
developed for the IAF by DRDO’s Defence
INDIA
HAS BEEN
CO-OPERATING
WITH ISRAEL
FOR SOMETIME
NOW IN THE
SIGINT SPHERE
(30)
Avionics Research Establishment (DARE)
including RWRs podded self-protection sys-
tems and newer generation integrated elec-
tronic warfare systems. Its basic RWR, ‘Tarang’
can intercept and identify airborne and
ground-based acquisition, target tracking and
missile guidance radars in multi-octave fre-
quency bands. The system provides audio and
visual warnings in order to alert the pilot to
imminent threats. It integrates a high accuracy
direction finder (HADF), DRFM, video proces-
sor, advanced wide band receiver, microwave
antenna select switch and front end amplifier
for providing a more complete picture. A fol-
low- on to the Tarang, called the R118, seems
to have gone into production as well and is
said to exhibit superior sensor fusion and user
interface characteristics.
Leading the way in podded systems is the
SIVA pod, which is designed as a non-jettison-
able external store compatible with superson-
ic speeds. Capable of measuring fine direction
finding (FDF) of ground-based emitters, it
utilises phase interferometer technique for
FDF. The SIVA pod is 406 mm in diameter,
2,244 mm in length and weighs 100 kg with all
electronics included. Radio transparent GFRP
sandwich radome in the front provides pro-
tection to the antenna array and its rocket pod
mounting interface ensures installation
repeatability in assembly. The SIVA pod has
been successfully integrated with the Su-30
MKI.
DARE’s integrated EW suite is of course the
‘Tempest’ performing basic functions such as
threat identification and effective counter-
measure action. Tempest provides man-
machine interface in the form of an integrated
display/control unit based on active colour
matrix LCD display. Systems are flight line
programmable giving the operational crew
enough flexibility to optimise the system con-
figuration. Compatibility with on-board multi
mode radars (MMR), self-protection jammer
(SPJ) and other avionics through innovative
techniques in spectral, temporal and spatial
management has been achieved. The system’s
operational software is based on object-ori-
ented technology and ensures smooth
upgrades and reliable performance.
The HAL Tejas boasts of an EW Suite for
Fighter Aircraft (EWSFA) called Mayawi devel-
oped by DARE and the Mig-27 upgrade now
possesses an indigenous MAWS which may
also find its way into the Mig -29. DARE has
already supplied an Integrated Defensive Aids
Suite (IDAS) for the HAL Dhruv for self-pro-
tection against emerging battlefield threats.
The centerpiece DRDO solution for the
Army’s EW requirement is the mobile 145
vehicle based ‘Samyukta’ system. Samyukta
February 2011
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DRDO
Securing the Future
Defence Research & Development Organisation
Ministry of Defence, Govt of India www.drdo.org
Elint final New.qxd 2/7/2011 5:30 PM Page 64
has given the Indian Army for the first time an
integrated EW capability consisting of ELINT,
COMINT and ECM blocks covering both radar
(non com) and communication frequency
bands ranging from 1.5 MHz to 40 GHz.
Indeed, the Samyukta is India’s largest inte-
grated system till date that provides a family of
capabilities for surveillance, interception,
monitoring, analysis and jamming of all
voice/data and radar signals emanating from
both ground and airborne targets. It monitors
and analyses communication and radar activ-
ity across the forward edge of the battle area
(FEBA) and has an operational frontal cover-
age of 150/70 km. The lead agencies behind
the Samyukta are the Indian Army’s Signal
Corps along with DRDO’s Defence Electronics
& Research Laboratory (DLRL). A follow-on
system known as Sauhard is reportedly under
development.
‘Divya Drishti’ is another joint Signal Intel-
ligence Directorate-DRDO programme, with
the aim of interception, monitoring, direction
finding and analysis (IMDFAS) of communi-
cation signals. The system will be installed at
various locations on static and mobile sta-
tions. All stations will be connected through a
satellite communication network that will
apparently be achieved through multiple
launches by ISRO in the 2010-15 timeframe.
The system also caters to the mission of build-
ing aircraft flight profiles.
Realising that, though effective, the
Samyukta system is meant for largescale for-
ward deployment. DRDO is now venturing
into developing more compact and modular
ELINT systems such as the ‘Sujav’ ESM that, it
says, is meant for high accuracy direction find-
ing and jamming of communication trans-
ceivers. It covers HF, VHF and UHF ranges and
is available in cluster configuration for Army
use or in-suite configuration for naval usage.
Venturing further into counter-IED space,
DRDO has also developed the ‘Safari’ IED sup-
pression system for the Army and paramilitary
forces.
Developed somewhat concurrently with
the Samyukta is the ‘Sangraha’ system for the
Indian Navy. This includes five EW systems
with different capabilities for installation on
ships, submarines, helicopters and aircraft.
This system is a joint programme of the DLRL
and the Navy and has modular elements. Its
modular ESM suites, otherwise known as
‘Ajanta’, are capable of intercepting, detecting
and classifying pulsed, CW, PRF agile, fre-
quency agile and chirp radars. State-of-the-
art technologies like multiple-beam-phased
array jammers are employed in the Ajanta for
simultaneous handling of multiple threats. It
works in consonance with a high-power
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GEOPOLITICS
radar reflector antenna developed by DARE,
which is specifically designed to jam the
active radars of inbound anti-ship cruise
missiles. The Ajanta suite can also be inte-
grated with larger ECM systems of Russian
and Italian origin. So even though at the
moment, DARE is primarily tasked with air-
borne EW and DLRL is responsible for Army
and Navy programmes, there is some level of
co-operation between both.
DLRL, meanwhile, is developing a tri-sys-
tem radar finger printing system, which will
prove crucial to achieving cooperation in the
electronic realm. This system has the capabili-
ty of providing ‘Unique Identification of emit-
ters among a class of emitters’ based on intra-
pulse analysis of radar waveforms. The system
measures the frequency, phase and amplitude
variations within the radar pulse. Intra-pulse
analysis extracts as many parameters (fea-
tures) of radar pulses as possible with fine
grain accuracy.
A very big aspect of staying at the cutting
edge of EW is the availability of dedicated test-
ing and training ranges for the same. In this
context, the development of Chitradurga (Kar-
nataka) and Tandur (Andhra Pradesh) as EA
ranges is a very welcome development. These
ranges will, in all probability, see the use of
DARE’s Range On Wheels (ROW) concept.
ROW has been developed for evaluation of
installed specifications of airborne EW Sys-
tems and for fine-tuning EA techniques. This
mobile range consists of representative threat
radar, a reference radar, a slaved system
(DASA), a data acquisition station, a mission
MULTIPLE EFFECT: Pod system has a
vital role in enhancing the combat
effectiveness of IAF
(32)
control station and a generator vehicle. It can
also be used for avionics and weapon evalua-
tion since it is capable of studying aerody-
namic data in real time for aircraft, helicopters
and unmanned vehicles.
While DRDO chief VK Saraswat recently
remarked that India was ‘self-sufficient’ in the
field of electronic warfare, it is important that
while going forward far more attention will be
given to network centricity with greater joint-
ness between the three services in this
domain. The IAF seems first of the block on
this with the launch of AF-NET in 2010, which
replaces the old communication network set-
up using tropo-scatter technology from the
1950s. All major formations and static estab-
lishments have been linked through a secure
wide area network (WAN) and are accessible
through data communication lines. The
nationwide programme was launched by the
IAF in collaboration with private industry to
accelerate the use of IT as well as to link all
field units using a dedicated satellite, which is
expected to be launched soon.
AFNET incorporates the latest traffic trans-
portation technology in the form of internet
protocol (IP) packets over the network using
multi- protocol label switching (MPLS). A
large voice over internet protocol (VoIP) layer
with stringent quality of service enforcement
will hopefully for the IAF facilitate robust, high
quality voice, video and conferencing solu-
tions. Integrated Air Command and Control
System (IACCS), an automated command and
control system for air defence (AD) operations
will ride the AFNET backbone integrating all
ground-based and airborne sensors, AD
weapon systems and C2 nodes. Importantly,
the IAF says that in consonance with the IT
roadmap of the Ministry of Defence (MoD)
“Subsequent integration with other services
networks and civil radars will provide an inte-
grated air situation picture to operators to car-
ry out AD role”.
Indeed, AF-NET is well poised to serve as a
starting point for electronic and cyber integra-
tion by the three services, which possibly is the
key to successfully dealing with threats like the
two front war scenario. In the future AF-NET
could easily tie in with the Indian Navy’s Mar-
itime Domain Awareness (MDA) concept and
the Indian Army’s mutli-billion dollar optical
fibre network. Working out joint protocols for
a move from platform-based SIGINT to net-
work-based SIGINT-enabled via secure Bharat
Electronics Limited (BEL) datalinks and sen-
sor fusion will allow for unprecedented
actionable intelligence inputs. It will also
prove crucial in moving from having an elec-
tronic order of battle to a fully integrated cyber
order of battle.
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

The Indian Air Force

has demarcated
the need to evolve a
strategy for the
optimum utilisation
of space-based
assets which will
provide the service
that extra edge in
combat preparedness.
RADHAKRISNA RAO
analyses

TOWARDS A
NETWORK-CENTRIC
AEROSPACE
POWER

www.geopolitics.in February 2011

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g
GEOPOLITICS

T
HE 78-year-old Indian Air Force
(IAF) is seriously looking to
acquire a wide spectrum of satel-
lite resources to fine-tune its net-
work-centric warfare capability
and transform itself into a formidable aero-
space power with a transcontinental reach as
well as quick and deep strike capabilities.
Clearly and apparently, a robust network of
satellites meant for a variety of applications,
including communications, surveillance and
reconnaissance, navigation and ocean watch
holds the key to the adroit exploitation of net-
work-centric capability to realise the strategic
goals in both a short-lived conflagration and
a long-drawn battle. The urge of the IAF to set
up a tri-service Indian aerospace command
— along with two other wings of the services
— received the much-needed momentum in
the wake of the Chinese anti-satellite test of
2007. In the test meant to demonstrate Chi-
QUANTUM LEAP: Gagan is a next generation state-of-the-art navigation system that
only a handful of nations possess!
nese prowess in space warfare, an ageing
weather watch satellite, located at an altitude
of 800 km from the surface of the earth, was the Defence Research and Development ISRO in the purely defence-oriented exercise
knocked out by deploying a ground-based Organisation (DRDO) has hinted at working of setting up the aerospace command could
intermediate range ballistic missile. to keep ready building blocks of a satellite attract international outrage.
In fact, while addressing the United Com- killer device to counter the threats posed to In 2007, while addressing the fleet review
manders Conference in New Delhi in mid- Indian space assets by rogue satellites. of the IAF, the then Indian President and
2008, Indian Defence Minister A K Antony It is widely presumed that as and when the globally recognised space and missile scien-
had pointed out the threat to “Indian space Indian aerospace command finally takes off, tist Dr A P J Abdul Kalam had made a strong
assets” from the developments in the neigh- it would have some of the features of North plea for utilising Indian space strides to boost
bouring country. The minister did not mince American Aerospace Command (NORAD), a the fighting capabilities of the IAF. Said
his words when he pointed out that India was joint US-Canada set-up that keeps track of Kalam: “I visualise the IAF of 2025 to be based
concerned about the emergence of “anti manmade objects in outer space besides pro- on our scientific and technological compe-
satellite weaponry, a new class of heavy lift- viding warning of attacks against North tence in the development of communica-
off boosters and an array of military space America whether by an aircraft or space vehi- tions, high precision resources mapping
devices in our neighbourhood”. The question cles through the mutual support arrange- satellites, missile systems, unmanned super-
that pops up: How long can India “remain ment. To achieve its objectives, NORAD uses sonic aerial vehicles and advanced electron-
committed to the principle of non- a network of satellites, ground-based sys- ics systems.”
weaponization of outer space even as offen- tems, airborne radars and fighter aircraft. But The proposed tri-service aerospace com-
sive counter-space systems are emerging in then the biggest hitch is how to involve ISRO, mand would need a large satellite navigation
our neighbourhood”? Not surprisingly, the a civilian agency charged with the mandate of capability to boost its combat superiority and
minister announced the formation of the tri- diffusing the fruits of space technology into situational awareness in all its manifesta-
service space cell in the Integrated Services the mainstream of national development, in tions. Indeed, for the Indian tri-service aero-
Headquarters with a view to establishing the the overall institutional structure of the Indi- space command, access to GPS space seg-
much-awaited aerospace command specifi- an aerospace command. The involvement of ment along with other satellites meant for
cally configured to Indian needs. communication, surveillance and weather
Against this backdrop, Indian strategic watch would mean a quantum jump in meet-
analysts believe that given the current uncer- ing the challenges of the future with a height-
tainty about the weaponziation of outer THE URGE ened level of confidence.
space, the political leadership of the country With a view to gaining hands-on experi-
is likely to support the proposal for the OF THE IAF TO ence in the operation and management of a
exploitation of space technology at a height-
ened pace to boost military preparedness and
SET UP A GPS-aided system, ISRO in association with
the Airports Authority of India (AAI) has
give a go-ahead to the formation of the tri- TRI-SERVICE launched a project named Gagan that is
service aerospace command. The Indian aimed at enhancing the safety, reliability and
defence set-up is fully alive to the threat INDIAN efficiency of civilian air traffic by providing
posed by a massive surge in the Chinese
space programme that is frantically working
AEROSPACE augmented information for satellite naviga-
tion to aircraft flying over Indian airspace.
towards the realization of a range of heavy COMMAND AAI says that the Flight Management
lift-off boosters. It was not for nothing that System (FMS) being realised under Gagan

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www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Aero.qxd 2/1/2011 12:44 PM Page 1

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Gagan final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:58 PM Page 64

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GEOPOLITICS

will help aircraft save time and money by

managing climb, descent and engine profiles
while on a flight. Of course, in much the same
ISRO is ready for the future
way as civilian aircraft are being navigated by S SATISH, Director of the Publications flawless launch of the four-stage reliable
GPS, combat and military transport aircraft and Public Relations Unit of the Indian space workhorse PSLV (Polar Satellite
and helicopters could be guided through a Space Research Organisation (ISRO), told Launch Vehicle) on July 12, 2010, with
satellite navigation system to land and take Geopolitics that 2010 started with the India’s advanced earth observation satel-
off and also hit targets with deadly effect. successful static test firing of a S-200 solid lite Cartosat-2B as the primary payload
Interestingly, satellite navigation data is used rocket booster, one of the largest solid along with the Algerian remote-sensing
not only by individual soldiers to identify rocket boosters in the world, on January satellite Alsat-2A, Studsat, a mini satellite
their location but also fire missiles and smart 24, 2010. Satish described this as a major built by the students of a consortium of
weapons with a high degree of accuracy and milestone towards ISRO’s plan to develop engineering colleges from Bengaluru and
guide bombers to targets and allow infantry the 629-tonne heavy three-stage Geosyn- Hyderabad along with two foreign nano
and armoured units to plan their offensive chronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) satellites NLS-6.1 and 6.2 as piggyback
strategies. The US-led allied forces during Mark III. GSLV-MK III is being designed to payloads was another achievement dur-
their operations in both Afghanistan and Iraq orbit a four-tonne class satellite into a ing the year. This was the sixteenth con-
relied heavily on satellite-based navigation geostationary transfer orbit. secutive successful flight of PSLV which
with hand-held portable GPS devices to He, however, pointed out that the flight has proved its multiple launch capability
realise their strategic goals at a rapid pace. of GSLV-MK II carrying a home-grown, with a high degree of precision.
Also aiding operations in Afghanistan and cryogenic engine stage on April 15, 2010, Yet another feather in the cap of the
Iraq were US-operated space-based systems was not successful. ISRO has already Indian space programme was the suc-
for signal intelligence, image intelligence as analysed the data and arrived at the cessful launch of new generation Hylas
well as measurement and signature intelli- prime reason for the failure. Based on the communications spacecraft in Novem-
gence, the inputs from which clearly make for recommendations of the failure analysis ber. This 2,500-kg.satelltie was built at
information superiority and an enhanced sit- committee, efforts are on to take care of the ISRO Satellite Centre under a com-
uational awareness to launch precision the anomalies that caused the flight dis- mercial contract between Antrix Corp
strikes on a chosen target. ruption. and the European satellite major EADS
Beyond Gagan, ISRO with an eye on free- The full duration static test firing of the Astrium.
ing India from its dependence on the US L 110 core stage of GSLV-MK III in Sep- The December 25, 2010 flight of GSLV
Navstar GPS System for both civilian and mil- tember last year was another landmark in equipped with a Russian-supplied upper
itary uses has taken up a project to put in ISRO’s quest to speed up the development cryogenic engine stage that was meant to
place a constellation of seven GPS satellites, of this heavy lift-off space vehicle. The orbit GSAT-5P was not successful.
all of which will have continuous radio visi-
bility with the Indian control station. The
home-grown IRNSS (Indian Regional Naviga-
tion Satellite System) could provide tremen-
dous tactical and strategic advantages to the
Indian tri-service aerospace command.
IAF chief P V Naik, while expressing his
concern about the Chinese anti-satellite test,
has highlighted the need for the development
and deployment of Indian killer space devices
capable of knocking out rogue enemy satel-
lites. “Our satellites are vulnerable to anti-
satellite weapon systems because our neigh-
bourhood possesses one,” observed Naik the
other day. About the aerospace command, he
said that it was under evolution and the three
services were busy consolidating their space
requirements and coordinating through the
integrated space cell. In the immediate
future, the Indian aerospace command
would make extensive use of satellite systems
being operated by ISRO for communications,
weather watch, earth observation and navi-
gation. Further into the future, the proposed
aerospace command would work towards
acquiring a dedicated constellation of satel-
lites for a variety of end-uses. In fact, Space
Vision 2020 of the IAF outlines the need to
evolve a strategy for the optimum utilisation

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Gagan final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:58 PM Page 65
of space-based assets to sharpen the combat
preparedness with particular focus on net-
work-centric warfare capability. The IAF is
clear in its perception that a network-centric
capability would not only help expand
its strategic reach but also make for air
dominance.
The Indian aerospace command would
need to draw heavily from the expertise and
resources built by ISRO and DRDO. Indeed,
the striking success with which the US-led
allied forces operating in Afghanistan and
Iraq, used space assets to realise their strate-
gic goals in a time-bound manner, has
prompted the IAF to come out with its own
plan for the optimum utilisation of space
capabilities aimed at denying the adversaries
the opportunity to hit back. Against this back-
drop, for quite some time now, the IAF has
been projecting the need for exclusive satel-
lites for different end-uses with a view to
meeting its operational requirements and
boost its network-centric warfare capability.
Network-centric warfare relies as much on
rapid communications made possible by
high-performance satellites and high speed
ground based networks on computer pro-
cessing power to provide shared information
of the battlefield among the armed forces
spread thinly across a vast and sprawling geo-
graphic stretch.
Like the other two wings of the services,
the IAF has been making use of the capability
available on India’s INSAT domestic satellite
constellation and IRS earth observation
spacecraft series. For instance, the Air Force
Network (AFNET) inducted into the IAF in
mid-September 2009 as a base for communi-
cations on which an Integrated Air Control
and Command System is being built, will be
allotted a slew of transponders on-board the
INSAT series of satellites that ISRO would be
launching over the next two years. Naik has
said that AFNET was a giant stride “towards
attaining network-centric warfare capability”
and “an apt indicator” of that capability. He
said that the IAF had a compelling need to
consistently strive for an information advan-
tage enabled by a robust networking of deci-
sion makers, weapon systems and sensors.
“We need to leverage the advantages of net-
work by translating the information advan-
tages into a decisive fighting tool. AFNET is a
potent force multiplier and critical to becom-
ing a network-centric aerospace force,”
remarked Naik.
The Defence Minister has described
AFNET as a big step forward towards net-
work-centric capability acquisition. Accord-
ing to Antony, the key capabilities of network-
centric operations are three-fold: Adaptabili-
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GEOPOLITICS
ty, Availability and Inter-operability. Indeed,
the rapidly evolving network-centric warfare
concept centres on the coming together of
separate communications systems under a
single, composite synchronised network. This
is in sharp contrast to the traditional plat-
form-centric network based on separate and
often non-interoperable systems. The state-
of-the-art network-centric battlefield archi-
tecture is based on a fully-integrated network
that is ground as well as space-based. The
integration of the networks seeks to enhance
the ability to transmit voice, data and images
in a single stream and maximise flexibility by
sustaining communications in the event of
one of the components of the network going
haywire. And of course, inter-operability is
undoubtedly the very essence of the well-
endowed integrated networks.
The fibre-optic technology-based AFNET
grid will help link IAF’s command bases,
radars, missiles, batteries and airborne fight-
ers. Further, AFNET would pave the way for a
THE NETWORK-
CENTRIC
BATTLEFIELD
ARCHITECTURE IS
BASED ON
GROUND AND
SPACE-BASED
NETWORK
complete situational awareness of the area
that IAF wants to secure and dominate. More-
over, AFNET would mean a real time transfer
of information between sensors, command
and control centres. “AFNET holds the key to
the network-centric capability of IAF…The
air arm is where AWACS (Airborne Warning
and Control System) will come. The satellites
will come in and form the space arm of the
network. Two years is the time I am looking at
being network-centric,” noted Naik.
In a development of significance, Dr.V K
Saraswat, DRDO chief, has revealed that it
has planned to build and launch a series of
home-grown defence satellites with surveil-
lance, imaging and navigation capabilities
not only to keep a watch on hostile neighbour
but also to guide the cruise missiles and
smart weapons with precision and accuracy.
“There will be a series of defence satellites.
Each year, you will find one-two satellites
(37)
going up. I cannot reveal the numbers
because they are classified,” observes
Saraswat. The two-layered ballistic missile
defence shield being developed by DRDO will
form a crucial element of the Indian aero-
space command and will be integrated with
India’s futuristic space weaponisation pro-
gramme.
The success of network-centric warfare
relies on the smartness with which the infor-
mation superhighway and communications
channels are exploited for real time coordina-
tion of the “strategic moves” of defence forces
spread across and around the world — on
land as well as oceanic and air-borne plat-
forms. This clearly implies that all the wings
of the services should work in unison based
on the analysis of shared information. The
trend of individual approaches to network-
centric warfare could certainly prove to be
defeatist. As such if singular forces are
allowed to have their choice of network-cen-
tric operations, then the cohesive approach
to action in a battle theatre will continue to
evade the decision-makers. This was the logic
and the ground reality that compelled the
Indian defence establishment to go in for a
tri-service aerospace command with the IAF
in the forefront.
A versatile and well-endowed C4ISR
system is at the heart of the modern network-
centric battlefield configuration. While the
C4 components of the system — computers,
communications, command and control —
constitute the “backend”, ISR or intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance make up
the “front end”. ISR comprising the orbital,
airborne, maritime and fixed or mobile
ground-based sensor systems help find, fix
and track hostile targets and evaluate the
damage to enemy targets. On the other hand,
with an increasing number of smart weapons
including missiles rapidly becoming
autonomous, they would need to be con-
trolled and manipulated through a network-
enabled command and control structure.
The essence of network-centric warfare is
controlling and directing a battle theatre
from locations thousands of miles away by
using cyber space assets through C4ISR capa-
bility to take the enemy by surprise and inca-
pacitating him before he prepares to hit back.
At the operational level, network-centric
approach helps derive advantages in terms
of the ability to stay ahead of an opponent
and dictate the dynamics of engagement.
For the IAF, the acquisition of a network-
centric capability augmented by access to
satellite resources, would mean a greater
mobility and strategic depth required for a
global reach.
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS
ROOTING FOR
MILITARY
SATELLITES
With a satisfactory record on the missile-front, DRDO is now
looking at satellite constellations. A special report
F
OR MANY years now, India’s state-
owned Defence Research and
Development Organisation
(DRDO) has been at the receiving
end for its poor track record in
meeting the diverse needs of the Indian
defence forces in a cost-effective and timely
fashion. However, over the last couple of
years, many of the high-profile projects tak-
en up by DRDO including the supersonic
fourth-generation fighter LCA (Light Combat
Aircraft) Tejas, area defence system Akash
and main battle tank Arjun, that were
almost written off as unfeasible, are now
close to entering their “ready-to-use stage”.
In addition, DRDO has always provided the
impetus to the development of a range of
missiles — subsonic, supersonic and hyper-
sonic — to equip the Indian defence forces
face the “challenges of future” with confi-
dence. Indeed, this perspective of DRDO
takes into account the highly-volatile securi-
ty situation and geo-political uncertainties
in India’s immediate neighbourhood.
Significantly, having achieved a reason-
ably good degree of success on the missile
front, DRDO has now set its sights on the
INDIGENOUS: Developed by DRDO,
Agni III paves the way for induction of
the nuclear-capable missile into the
armed forces
(38)
www.geopolitics.in
final frontiers that, it says, could determine
the course of future warfare. This vision of
the DRDO is in keeping with the clamour for
exclusive satellite constellations by all the
three wings of the Indian defence forces. Ever
since the successful Chinese killer satellite
test of early 2007, the Indian defence estab-
lishment had been highlighting the “immedi-
ate and serious” need for India to prepare for
the “futuristic space war”. In order to protect
Indian “space assets” from the threat of
“rogue satellites”, DRDO has hinted at devel-
oping space-based laser sensor to monitor
and track space-based killer devices.
DRDO chief V K Saraswat recently drove
home the point that with a view to boosting
the fighting edge of the Indian defence
forces, it was planned to build and launch a
series of home-grown defence satellites with
surveillance, imaging, communications and
navigation capabilities. These exclusive
defence satellites would not only help India
keep an eye on “hostile neighbours’ but also
support the Indian defence forces to deliver
Cruise missiles and precision weapons sys-
tems with a high degree of accuracy to cho-
sen targets. “There will be a series of satel-
lites. Each year, you will find one or two
satellites going up. I cannot reveal the num-
bers because they are classified,” observed
Saraswat. However, he made it clear that
each of these satellites would be equipped
February 2011
DRDO final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:22 PM Page 61
A STEP TOWARDS SELF-RELIANCE: To boost fighting edge, DRDO is planning to launch defence satellites without
‘outside assistance’
for a specific mission and would carry pay-
loads for a variety of end uses including sur-
veillance and reconnaissance, imaging, navi-
gation and communications. Saraswat also
pointed out that the “Army, the Navy and the
Air Force each have their own requirements
and it would not be appropriate to say how
many each of them would need”. With these
satellites in place, said Saraswat, the Indian
defence forces would be able to view with
precision the movement of troops in the
neighbourhood.
Going further, he said that the roadmap
for the series of satellites required by the
Indian defence forces had been handed over
to the Department of Space (DOS), the par-
ent body of the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) and it was working out
its own schedule for launching these satel-
lites. But then ISRO, being a purely civilian
agency charged with a mandate to diffuse
the fruits of space technology into the main-
stream of national development, could find
it rather difficult to openly associate itself
with the Indian defence establishment. As it
is, ISRO was under US sanctions in the first
half of the 1990s after it tried to get cryogenic
engine technology from Russia for India’s
three-stage Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (GSLV). Though Russia went
back on its commitment of transferring the
critical cryogenic engine technology to India,
the USA said that ISRO was developing
“dual-use technology” that could easily be
exploited for military ends.
Notwithstanding the growing political
warmth and bonhomie between these “two
largest democracies” (US and India), some of
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GEOPOLITICS
the constituents of ISRO continue to be
under US sanctions. That implies ISRO can-
not import (from USA) hardware and com-
ponents that USA considers to be “sensitive
and strategically vital”. In the second half of
the 1990s, USA had tried to coerce India into
dropping its plan to develop the Agni inter-
mediate range, nuclear-capable strategic
missile. The developmental schedule of Agni,
forming part of the Integrated Guided Mis-
sile Development Programme (IGMDP), was
impeded by interference and technology-
denial regime brought into force by USA.
On its part, ISRO has consistently refuted
the allegation that it is diverting the tech-
nologies developed for Indian satellites and
launch vehicles to the laboratories of DRDO
for developing cutting-edge fighting sys-
tems. Many private think tanks in USA con-
tinue to hold the view that the Agni range of
missiles have benefited enormously from the
solid fuel propulsion technology that ISRO
had developed for its first civilian space vehi-
cle SLV-3.The four-stage, 17- tonne SLV-3
DRDO HAS
ALWAYS
PROVIDED THE
IMPETUS TO THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF A RANGE OF
MISSILES
(39)
which had its successful debut flight in 1980
was developed under the leadership of the
former Indian President Dr A P J Abdul
Kalam during his stint with ISRO. Incidental-
ly, Dr Kalam who subsequently moved to
DRDO spearheaded the IGMDP which
served as a launching pad for developing a
range of Indian missiles.
The big question that continues to loom
large is: whether with its limited infrastruc-
ture and resources and with just a single
launch complex at its disposal at Sriharikota
island on India’s eastern coast, would ISRO
be in a position to meet the huge require-
ments projected by DRDO? Unlike in West
Europe and USA, where satellites and launch
vehicles are delivered in ready-to-use condi-
tion by industrial contractors, India lacks the
“industrial culture” fine-tuned for building
spacecraft and space vehicles on a
turnkey basis.
Not surprisingly, India does not operate a
single exclusive defence satellite. Of course,
Indian defence forces have access to the
capabilities of the INSAT series of communi-
cations satellites and the IRS constellation of
remote-sensing satellites being operated by
ISRO, but then this limited access would not
fit the bill of the Indian defence forces whose
responsibilities have been increasing with
each passing day following the possibility of
terrorist attacks and incursions by China and
Pakistan along the international borders. The
Cartosat-2B high performance earth obser-
vation satellite that was launched last July
with the help of the four-stage space work-
horse PSLV (Polar Satelltie Launch Vehicle)
can easily be exploited by the Indian armed
February 2011
DRDO final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:23 PM Page 62
forces and security agencies for surveillance
and reconnaissance considering its resolu-
tion of 0.8 metre. Strategic analysts hold the
view that by combining the capabilities of
four Cartosat satellites being operated by
ISRO, it would be possible to monitor activi-
ties along India’s international borders with
China and Pakistan. Indian defence forces
are also known to be making use of the data
from Israel’s high resolution surveillance
satellites in the Ofeq series. The Ofeq-9
launched in June 2010 year has a resolution
better than 70 cm.
Incidentally, the trump card of the Indian
defence forces is the RISAT-II microwave
remote-sensing satellite launched in April
2009. This 300-kg satellite realised by ISRO in
AKASH MISSILE: An essential step of DRDO towards indigenously developing more
complex air defence weapons for the future
association with Israel Aerospace Industries
(IAI) is a highly beneficial platform for
reconnaissance. It can collect data even
under conditions of darkness, haze, cloud
and dust storm. In particular, RISAT-II is in a
position to revisit an area in about four to
five days. This quick revisit capability
is critical to intelligence-gathering and sur-
veillance.
Interestingly, early last year a leading
DRDO scientist had spoken about a plan to
build and launch a high-performance elec-
tronic intelligence satellite for the exclusive
use of the Indian defence forces. While the
payload of this satellite would be built by
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GEOPOLITICS
DRDO, the satellite bus and launch support
would be provided by ISRO. This satellite is
expected to be ready for launch by the mid-
dle of this decade. Similarly, Indian Defence
Minister A K Antony had stated that an
exclusive satellite for the use of the Indian
navy would be launched soon. He also
revealed that this satellite would be built and
launched by ISRO. The launch of this satellite
— believed to be the GSAT-7 — will take
place in 2011 as per the current ISRO projec-
tion. On its part, ISRO has described this as
an advanced multi-band communications
satellite carrying payloads in UHFs and Ku
bands. This 2330-kg satellite with a lifespan
of nine years will be launched by the three-
stage Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle (GSLV ) from the Satish Dhawan
Space Centre (SDSC) on Sriharikota island.
From the Navy’s perspective, this satellite
will help boost its strike capability by helping
to link its long-range missiles, radars and air
defence systems on all the sea-based assets
to a central control room through a highly
dedicated satellite link. For quite sometime
now, the Indian Navy has been looking at
acquiring a dedicated communications
satellite system to ensure a smooth, fast and
secure communications link for better coor-
dination of its assets. When this satellite is
positioned over the Indian ocean region
sometime next year, the Indian Navy would
(40)
become the youngest of the three services to
own a dedicated satellite system. The details
of the deal between ISRO and the Indian
Navy, however, for this satellite project have
not been made public.
The US navy has been in a position to
dominate a large part of the oceanic waters
through “sustained and creative” reliance on
a variety of space platforms including satel-
lites meant for communications and naviga-
tion as well as reconnaissance and surveil-
lance satellites.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) which will be
in the forefront of the plan to put in place
India’s tri-service aerospace command is
clear that satellites hold the key to its future
warfare strategy. In particular, satellites are
critical for the refinement of network-cen-
tric strategy that makes for vastly enhanced
“situational awareness”. As pointed out by
P V Naik, Chief of IAF, “The air arm is where
AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control)
and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) ele-
ments come in and the satellites will come
in and form the space arm of the network.
Two years is the time I am looking at being
network-centric.” The massive intelligence
failure experienced by the Indian Army pri-
or and during the short-lived 1999 Kargil
skirmish has been instrumental in spurring
the Army to come up with a demand for
“space resources” for a variety of applica-
tions including surveillance, navigation,
reconnaissance and communications.
Rapid advances in all the areas of satellite
technology matched by a stunning progress
in data processing and digital enhancement
have gone to provide a new edge to the tech-
nique of “reconnaissance from space”. Not
surprisingly then, today there are several
specialised satellites moving stealthily in the
depths of outer space, silently monitoring
satellite lift off, missile launch, nuclear tests,
naval movements, radio communications
and radar frequencies as well as troop build-
up and defence preparedness, virtually in
every part of the world.
However, because most of the civilian
space platforms double up as spy satellites,
it has not been possible to specify the exact
number of reconnaissance spacecraft now
in operation. Therefore, the statement that
remote-sensing and surveillance are the
two faces of the same coin holds a mirror to
ground reality. The earth-imaging satellites
with ultra-violet and infrared payloads as
well as radar systems could be used for
both civilian and defence purposes. The
Yaogan-9 satellite launched in March 2010,
for instance, that China describes as a
civilian resources prospecting space has
military reconnaissance capabilities.
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

SKY
UAVS — THE EYES IN THE
The upsurge in military surveillance
and reconnaissance technology have brought a
drastic change in warfare tactics, especially, in the
use of UAVs in the world over. India has not
been left out of the global UAV push and the
indigenous UAV projects are well on their way to
completion, writes SITAKANTA MISHRA
A MAJOR BOOST: India’s Rustom UAV has been
successfully test-flown on October 16, 2010
P
ERCEPTIBLY, CONTEMPORARY
war fighting has moved a long way
from the ‘line-of-sight attacking’
towards the ‘beyond-visual range’
targeting. This has been possible
generally for the revolution in military affairs
and specifically for phenomenal upsurge in
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
(ISR) technology that provide abundance real-
time information and sensory imagery of the
target area. Historically, information gathers
were scouts on foot but contemporary war
strategy relies on advanced sensors on
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for battle-
field intelligence. The concept of UAVs arose
early in the military’s past. In modern times,
reconnaissance drones started coming into
use in the 1950’s and the Vietnam and Cold
War spurred their evolution further. Over
time, beside the military applications, UAVs
are acquired by increasing number of coun-
tries and used extensively for civilian purposes
as well. If the idea of Unmanned Combat Aer-
ial Vehicle (UCAVs) is fully materialised, it
would change the war gaming completely.
Today, besides the combat purposes, more
than fifty-five countries are operating over 80
types of UAVs for different purposes that
ranges from border surveillance to emergency
response/ disaster relief, infrastructure moni-
toring, law enforcement and environmental
protection, counter-drug operations, anti-
piracy operations, illegal immigration and
fishing monitoring, nuclear power plant and
chemical plant discharge monitoring, etc.
Growth in the type and number of UAVs now
is a global phenomenon. Seventeen NATO
countries have 25 operational models of UAVs,
with more than 3,600 overall holding. United
States alone has at least 30 different types of
UAVs and their number exceeds 3,000. China
deploys around ten types of UAVs. Israel’s
Searcher and Herons models are widely pro-
cured world over. In 1994, Kenneth Munson,
the editor of Jane’s Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
and Targets, therefore, predicted appropriate-
ly the “worldwide interest in the development
and use of unmanned aircraft” amounting
“production of nearly 8,000 recoverable UAVs
and target drones, valued at almost $4 billion
during the decade 1994-2003”.

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UAV final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:12 PM Page 61
UAV NOMENCLATURE
UAV is an aircraft designed to operate with no
human pilot onboard but capable of sustained
flight by aerodynamic means. They are either
remotely piloted or can automatically fly a
pre-programmed flight profile. Though there
are many varieties available today, generally
they are classified according to their size (up
to 20 kg, 20-100 kg, 150 kg), structure (fixed
wing, rotary wing), fuel used (gasoline, solar,
electric) and the kind of power plant fixed
(propeller, jet, ducted fan). UAVs are also clas-
sified according to their roles: Aerial targets —
for weapon, system evaluation and gunnery
practice; Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle
(UCAV) — to carry weapon systems; Surveil-
lance/Reconnaissance UAVs — for data col-
lection and patrolling/spying.
The history and concept of modern UAVs
started nearly a century ago, and the modern
era of UAVs goes back nearly six decades. Ear-
ly UAVs took the form of balloons; Montgolfier
brothers in France were the first to experiment
with balloons in 1782. The forerunner of
today’s UAV is viewed to be the American Navy
Curtiss/Sperry “flying bomb” of 1918. The
Charles Kettering Aerial Torpedo, known as
‘Kettering Bug’, was a parallel American
Army’s effort. The 1950s and 60s saw advance-
ment of UAV mission parameters, propulsion
and guidance systems. Today, UAV technology
has gone from being curiosities to practical
autonomous systems, which are as big as
small airliners or as small as the size of insects.
Currently, micro-UAV is the hottest area of
aeronautical development.
The attitude towards UAVs changed with
the Israeli Air Force’s stunning victory over Syr-
ian Air Force in 1982. Israel’s coordinated use
of manned and unmanned aircraft allowed
them to destroy 86 Syrian aircraft in a short
time over the Bekaa Valley with minimal losses.
It is argued that this campaign ushered the
modern era of UAVs. Since then they have
come of age with the phenomenal advance-
ment in computer, communication and infor-
mation technology. During “Desert Storm” in
1991, the UAVs played remarkable roles. Since
then there has been no conflict where UAVs
have not been deployed. The global war on ter-
rorism has seen the expanding use of all forms
of UAVs. In 2002, a Hellfire missile was success-
fully launched from a “Predator” UAV at a mov-
ing car carrying an Al-Qaeda leader in Yemen.
UAVs could perform multi-tasks: equipage
of weapons that could hit its target from a dis-
tance. The CL-289, Phoenix and Predator
loaded with combat weaponry had been used
in war situation on a daily basis in Afghanistan
and Iraq. For example, in 2006, Predators
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GEOPOLITICS
DRDO HAS
SUCCESSFULLY
DESIGNED AND
DEVELOPED
MANY
VERSATILE UAV
SYSTEMS
played a key role in killing Al Qaeda leader Abu
Musab al Zarqawi in Iraq. They are also effec-
tively used for civilian functions: Kentron’s
Seeker, a tactical UAV, is currently deployed by
law enforcement in South Africa for crowd
monitoring and urban surveillance. Pakistan
Army’s Bravo tactical UAV is currently used for
border patrol and law enforcement. The Koso-
vo Force uses UAVs for persistent surveillance
of its borders.
MODERN WARFARE AND UAVS
Aerospace power has revolutionised warfare
mainly for availability of all-weather capability
to undertake precision strikes from extended
ranges. However, the major challenge for
decades has been how to improve survivabili-
ty of costly aircraft and the precious pilot.
Standoff weapons reduce this challenge and
UAVs, especially the UCAVs, would further
reduce the geographical barrier in war fight-
ing. But the question remains if UAVs will
replace the manned missions and space vehi-
cles or they would supplement each other.
According to Air Commodore Jasjit Singh,
“Employment of UAVs in wars since the 1991
Gulf War has
been in near total
air dominance by
the side using UAVs in
wars that were asymmet-
ric.” And air dominance would
assume even greater
importance if full exploita-
tion of UAV capabilities is
achieved. They will make seminal
impact on how wars are fought and
won. Therefore, as “mission enablers” or
“capability augmenters” they would form
a vital part of any force.
Most nations now face irregular
and guerrilla wars that are “asym-
metric” battles generally fought in an
urban landscape. This poses mul-
tiple challenges and demand
(43)
delicate military operations necessitating real-
time information on what is on the other side
of a wall or building. Particularly in Indian sce-
nario, terrorism, insurgency, Naxalism, etc.
have led to incidents of fighting in both urban
and forest areas, which is likely to increase in
years ahead. To reduce the attrition rate and
collateral damage in urban warfare, and selec-
tive engagement in case of fighting Maoists in
terrains, micro UAVs are of much use to direct
the fire. They can be used to dispense dis-
abling chemical agents/gases to temporarily
neutralise the enemy.
WHERE DOES INDIA STAND?
India has not been left out of the global UAV
push. Currently, it operates the Israeli
Searcher tactical UAVs and Heron medium
altitude long endurance (MALE) UAVs. Also
vibrant indigenous UAV projects are progress-
ing. India has been procuring unmanned
drones since the Indo-Pak Kargil conflict in
1999. It has inducted over 100 UAVs during the
last decade, but mainly for spying, detecting
incoming missile attacks and incursions at the
border. Official sources say that within the
next two years, India needs to possess a fleet of
at least 25-30 combat UAVs compared to less
than five now. Moves to acquire attack UAVs
has gained post-Mumbai terror attacks. The
IAF is reportedly looking to induct the Israeli
Harop attack UAVs from 2011 onwards. More-
over, India seems to have augmented its
indigenous UAV programme and Rustom
MALE UAV, a ‘1,500-crore project, got approval
of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS).
So far, DRDO has successfully designed
and developed many versatile UAV systems
that have already been inducted into the Indi-
an armed forces. As the nodal agency, the
Aeronautical Development Establishment
COST-EFFECTIVE AND VERSATILE:
India’s pilotless target aircraft Lakshay
February 2011
UAV final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:12 PM Page 62
A GLOBAL PUSH: India has been procuring unmanned drones to manage global UAV
upsurge and one such is Israeli Heron
(ADE), Bengaluru, is in the forefront of devel-
opment of UAVs. According to Technology
Focus (Bulletin of DRDO, vol. 18, no. 6,
December 2010), five UAV pilot projects have
been completed, three projects are ongoing
and many others are at the planned stage.
Kapothaka is a successful mini remotely pilot-
ed vehicle (RPV) demonstrator with an all-up-
weight of 130 kg and an endurance of 90 min-
utes. It is equipped with TV and panoramic
cameras. The Ulka is an air-launched target
with endurance of five minutes and range of
70 km. Nishant is a tactical UAV using a hydro-
pneumatic launcher. It can carry a stabilised
payload for both day and night missions. It
can fly in autonomous waypoint navigation
mode for the onboard flight control and navi-
gation system and can be used for day/night
reconnaissance, target tracking and extraction
of target coordinates, artillery fire correction,
and damage assessment. A wheeled version of
Nishant with use of colour video and synthet-
ic aperture radar (SAR) is in progress. Accord-
ing to Technology Focus, the Indian Army has
placed an order for four Nishant air vehicles
and ground systems.
The pilotless target aircraft (PTA) Lakshya
addresses the requirements of the Indian
defence forces. The main feature of Lakshya is
the tow target system that makes it cost-effec-
tive and versatile. Lakshya can carry two tow
targets on wing-mounted pylons. It also plays
an important role in training and assessment
of weapon systems and operators. Reportedly,
forty-two Lakshya systems have been deliv-
ered to the Indian Army. The ADE is also
developing an advanced digital PTA, named
Lakshya-2, with enhanced endurance,
autonomous and low-level flight capability.
Also an airborne guidance and control system
for controlled aerial delivery system (CADS)
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GEOPOLITICS
has been successfully developed by ADE.
According to Technology Focus, the CADS can
deliver a payload of 500 kg to a designated tar-
get within 100 m circular error probability
(CEP) using ram air parachute (RAP).
According to the DRDO bulletin, three oth-
er UAV projects are under progress in India.
First, Rustom is an indigenous all-weather,
medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE)
UAV. It has been successfully test flown on 16
October 2010. Second, a number of small
fixed-wing air vehicles have been developed
by ADE in collaboration with NAL. These
micro vehicles are man-portable and have
image-processing capabilities. Third, an
advanced laser-guidance bomb (LGB) kit,
Sudarshan, is being developed by ADE to
improve the accuracy of conventional 1,000 lb
class dumb bombs by using a laser designator
system. Indian Air Force has shown keen
interest in buying hundreds of these kits.
India envisages robust and advanced UAVs
for decades ahead with multi-mission capa-
bilities. Futuristic programmes of DRDO
include UCAVs, micro and mini, multi-role,
and solar- powered UAVs. According to Tech-
nology Focus, Rustom-H, a medium-altitude,
long-endurance UAV, is being developed
which would be capable of taking off from and
landing on a prepared runway, carrying pay-
loads up to 350 kg, operating at altitudes up to
30,000 feet (9.1 km). It can be programmed to
fly in waypoint navigation or in pre-defined
patterns up to 35 hours. The ADE and Defence
Avionics and Research Establishment (DARE)
are jointly developing an indigenous UCAV:
Aura. Flight control system and data-link
packages of Aura will be designed and devel-
oped jointly by ADE and Defence Electronic
Application Laboratory, Dehradun.
In fact, design and development of UAVs
(44)
involve multidisciplinary processes; therefore,
many DRDO labs are associated in the design
and development of subsystems. Though var-
ious sub-systems are being produced by pri-
vate vendors, quality control, integration,
flight tests, etc. are being carried out by
DRDO. Production of UAVs for the Services is
being done in partnership with defence PSUs
and private vendors. Technology is transferred
to the HAL and other production partners like
Bharat Electronic Limited (BEL), Bharat
Dynamics Limited (BDL), High Energy Batter-
ies (HEB), Electronic Corporation of India
Limited (ECIL), and Ordnance Factories are
coordinated for this purpose. Testing of aerial
targets is carried out at DRDO’s Integrated
Test Range (ITR), Chandipur. For tactical
UAVs, a range in Kolar, Karnataka, has been
established and a new aeronautical test range
at Chitradurga is under development.
LOOKING BEYOND
Decades ahead would see more robust use of
UAVs for multifarious purposes. Would they
really replace the manned aircraft or obsolete
them? It is sure that they are no more model
aeroplanes; they have been playing increas-
ingly important roles both in military opera-
tions and civilian usages. It was forecasted
that 1/3 of the USAF deep strike aircraft will be
unmanned by 2010. Even US expects 90 per
cent of its combat aircraft will be unmanned
by 2025. Worldwide UAV developments are in
progress and in a decade or two, the airspace
would be crowded with varieties of them lead-
ing to air traffic management (ATM) litiga-
tions. At present most UAVs are restricted to
designated airspace but once fully developed
this sector may demand use of commonly
used airspace.
The need, therefore, is to integrate UAVs
operations with rules governing ATM. As
military UAVs are not bound by the Chicago
Convention (Article 8 only address “Pilotless
Aircraft”), it would be prudent to devise an
international regime or broaden the scope of
Chicago Convention for ensuring safe use of
airspace for other usages. India may take the
lead by proposing a revised regulatory frame-
work in managing the global UAV upsurge
while building up its own capabilities by pri-
oritising its needs in a phased manner. Look-
ing to the unfolding strategic scenario, it is
prudent for India to envisage for four types of
UAVs in a phased manner, i.e. (1) high-alti-
tude, long-endurance UAVs, (2) medium-alti-
tude, long-endurance UAVs, (3) tactical ver-
sions for battle management, as well as (4) for
fighting close battles.
(The author is Research Fellow, Centre
for Air Power Studies)
February 2011
Interview with Airchief new 1.qxd 2/7/2011
IAF
”
IS TRANSFORMING INTO A
POTENT STRATEGIC FORCE”
Talking to GEOPOLITICS, Air Chief Marshal PRADEEP VASANT NAIK expresses his
confidence that in the coming decade, the IAF will be a modern force with cutting-
edge technologies that can be adapted to meet the country’s requirements and
provide the security forces with limitless options to overcome challenges
Q:
How does IAF compare itself
vis-à-vis the Air Forces of
leading countries in general
and that of China and Pak
istan in particular?
A:
In terms of professionalism,
training and commitment, the
Indian Air Force is at par with
the leading Air Forces of the
world. Huge amounts of experience and
exposure along with continuous refinement
of our tactics, technology and concepts of
operations has ensured that we maintain
the cutting edge. IAF has been exercising
with many advanced Air Forces in the world.
I must admit that the results in these exer-
cises have been very encouraging and the
experience is of great importance to us as
well as to our friendly countries.
Photo: H.C. Tiwari
In the modern battlefield, technological
edge is a decisive factor as opposed to mere
quantity. Therefore, keeping pace through
modernisation is a continuous process and
a necessity. The IAF’s modernisation plan is
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GEOPOLITICS
What is India’s
in place. However, it must be clearly under-
stood that as far as the numbers go China
has an advantage. It may not be possible to present aerospace
catch up on this deficit in the near future.
But, there are other aspects of warfare,
capability?
India has made
which I do not wish to specifically mention,
where we have a subtle advantage. Addi- considerable progress in
tionally, our numbers are also set to increase the aerospace arena and
rapidly. Overall the IAF is well positioned,
is regarded as one of the
both technologically as well as numbers
wise, with respect to any Air Force in the major players among
region or for that matter in the world. space-faring nations.
Our space capabilities
Does the IAF have some “forward-basing
arrangements” with friendly countries in
are mainly
the Asia-Pacific region? oriented towards civil
IAF has very cooperative and symbiotic rela- and developmental
tionship with most of the Air Forces in the needs. IAF is leveraging
Asia-Pacific region. Continuous coordina-
these exiting
tion is maintained through multi-level
interactions. We have conducted interna- capabilities as force
tional air exercises and other such lateral multipliers to meet
interactions for mutual understanding and its objectives.
cooperation.
(46)
February 2011
Interview with Airchief new 1.qxd 2/7/2011 6:17 PM Page 61

Is it time for the IAF to formulate an air

doctrine for India and if so what should be
its essential features?
The Indian Air Force Doctrine has been in
place for a long time and basically enunci-
ates IAF vision of being an aerospace power.
It has two parts: ‘Basic’ and ‘Operational’.
Part I of the doctrine is a guide on the basic
aspects of aerospace power with inputs
from old precepts and their subsequent
evolution including amalgamation of space
and its enormous force-enhancing impact.
Part II covers the operational aspects of the
employment of aerospace power. The doc-
trine is practised right down to the field lev-
el. It is helpful in understanding, planning
and employing aerospace power and pro-
vides the options for employment of air
power in various scenarios.

Would you please throw some light on the

modernisation process of the IAF?
Modernisation is a continuous process and
IAF is progressing well on its plan. IAF is in
the process of inducting many state-of-the-
art assets to enhance our preparedness. We
plan to induct additional Su-30 MKI, LCAs,
MMRCAs and the FGFA in the coming
decade. Presently, IAF transport fleet is a
mix of heavy, medium and light transport
Interview with Airchief new 1.qxd 2/7/2011
How is the IAF evolving under your leadership?
The IAF is transforming into a potent strategic force, keeping in line with our national aspirations. In the
coming decade, the IAF envisions itself to be a modern force with cutting-edge technologies that can be
adapted to meet our requirements and provide us with limitless options to overcome challenges. The
concepts, beliefs and practices are evolving with time to keep pace with advances in technology, vital
national interests, changing global environment and regional military capabilities.
aircraft. Our requirements are growing due
to enhanced national and international
commitments including UN commitments,
Defence Cooperation, Disaster Relief, etc.
IAF is in the process of procuring C-17
Globemaster-III and C-130J aircraft and we
aim to have a mix of transport fleets to meet
our commitments. Also, a proposal has
been mooted for joint development of
Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA) between
India and Russia for use by both countries.
We also have plans to modernise our heli-
copter fleet. Contract for procurement of 80
Medium Lift Helicopter and VVIP helicopter
has already been signed. Procurement
process for Reccee and Support Helicopters,
Attack Helicopters and Heavy Lift Heli-
copters is under progress. The IAF plans to
procure Light Combat Helicopters (LCH),
Light Utility Helicopters (LUH) and Multi-
role Helicopters (MRH) during the coming
decade.
Similarly, to transform our AD assets, we
have plans to induct a variety of radars and
sensors. Two Aerostat Systems have been
procured and installed. Induction of AWACS
has also improved our AD capability. As
regards surface-to-air guided weapons,
induction of modern systems is in progress.
IAF is in the process of modernising the
trainer aircraft fleet. The induction of Hawk
AJT has already brought in a qualitative
change in the flying training syllabi. A con-
tract to procure additional Hawk AJT has
also been signed. IAF is also processing cas-
es for induction of Basic Trainer and Inter-
mediate Jet Trainer (IJT). To meet immedi-
ate training requirements, a new Basic
Trainer Aircraft is being procured through
‘Buy (global)’ route to replace the HPT-32
and subsequently, the IAF plans to induct
indigenous Basic Trainer, which will be pro-
cured under ‘Make’ category. Presently IAF
has a variety of RPVs and their operational
capability is planned to be enhanced. IAF is
upgrading its fleet of MiG-29, Jaguar and
AN-32 aircraft. IAF is also progressing the
cases for upgradation of Mirage-2000, SU-30
MKI, Mi-17 IV helicopters.
Are you happy with IAF’s existing acquisi-
tion or procurement process, particularly
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GEOPOLITICS
keeping in mind the technological chal-
lenges and maintenance aspects?
The Air Force is a technology-intensive serv-
ice and hence quick redundancy is a chal-
lenge to both, operations and maintenance
philosophies. IAF’s modernisation is based
on its Long Term Perspective Plans (LTPP).
All sorts of procurements for inductions,
upgrades, infrastructure development and
manpower training are catered for in these
plans. From these plans flow out the Service
Capital Acquisition plan (SCAP), that is a
five-year plan for procurement of various
equipment. Based on these, the Annual
Acquisition Plan (AAP) is worked out. All
procurements are undertaken under the
laid down provisions of Defence Procure-
ment Procedures, within the specified time
frames. DPP-2008 and now DPP-2011 is for-
mulated by the Government to lay down the
procurement procedures. Amendments to
these policy matters are incorporated peri-
odically in consultation with various agen-
cies and the existing economic trends in the
market, so as to make the acquisition
process more responsive. The government
has supported the IAF adequately by provid-
ing adequate budgetary support to fructify
our plans. Procurement process is in accor-
dance with the security needs of our coun-
try and I am quite happy with the way our
acquisition plans are progressing.
Is the IAF attracting adequate skilled and
motivated manpower into its fold?
The three Air Force Selection Boards under-
take testing of prospective candidates who
wish to join the officer cadre in the IAF.
The QRs are such that they meet the
service requirements and there is absolutely
no compromise on these QRs. Proactive
publicity efforts are undertaken to recruit
the right material and today we have a much
larger pool of aspirants to choose from.
There has been a substantial increase in the
number of applicants over the last few years.
This has helped us in maintaining our qual-
ity standards. So, there is no shortage of
youth who are opting for the IAF.
We also have a Fast Track Selection
process which is something similar to cam-
pus placement. The response has been
(48)
extremely good. Over the last few years
there has been a significant increase in the
number of engineering graduates opting to
join the IAF. Our attempt is to reach out to
the entire country, especially the low
response and remote areas.
In the case of Personnel Below Officer
Rank (PBOR), the selection of candidates is
carried out through centralised Scheduled
Testings (STs) for which the applications
from eligible candidates are invited through
advertisements in national/regional
dailies/employment news. Approximately
three to four lakh applications are received
for about 7000-8000 vacancies every year,
which shows that there is no dearth of youth
willing to join the IAF. A large number of
candidates have diploma and few candi-
dates undergoing degree course also apply
for selection in the IAF as PBOR. In addi-
tion, recruitment rallies are also conducted
in order to give opportunities to the youth
hailing from remote/low
response/border/insurgency-affected or
hilly districts and island territories of the
country.
With FGFA scheduled to become opera-
tional and ready for induction by 2018,
what role will it have in the IAF? How will
that be different from MMRCA, particularly
when it is being criticised by some that we
are procuring wrong aircraft that are meant
for fighting in the air and exhibiting in the
air shows rather than helping the ground
operation, something that should be the
primary role of the IAF?
The FGFA will be a multi-role aircraft with
matching air-to-air and air-to-ground
weapons capability. It is different from
MMRCA in terms of certain characteristics
like stealth, super cruise, internal weapon
carriage, superior manoeuvorability, better
avionics and sensors. So, apart from its pri-
mary role as a domination platform in the
air, it will be equally potent in support of
surface operations, on ground or at sea. One
must not forget that the role of IAF is to car-
ry out all kinds of operations, in furthering
our objectives. The FGFA will be absolutely
capable of fighting in the air as well as sup-
porting ground operations. The IAF with
February 2011
Interview with Airchief new 1.qxd 2/7/2011
When do you see the LCA joining IAF?
LCA has obtained its Initial Operational Clearance and its induction is planned in June 2011, once all the
issues are sorted out. The first squadron will be formed at Bangaluru itself. Subsequently, the squadron will
be transferred to an appropriate location in the Southern peninsula. IAF is also in the process of procuring
an additional 20 LCA ac in Final Operation Clearance configuration. The government clearances and
approvals are under progress.
these inductions will be fully equipped for
prosecuting all kinds of campaigns and not
only just primary/secondary operations.
How do you see the role of combat helicop-
ters for the IAF?
Combat helicopters are a versatile platform
and greatly enhance the thrust of the
ground offensive in a conventional scenario.
They have the potential for employment in
sub-conventional roles also.
As far as IAF is concerned, the combat
helicopters would be very useful in SEAD
missions, escorts to SHBO operations, anti-
tank missions, combat SAR, CSFO missions
etc. Apart from these the helicopters have a
potential use for recce, surveillance, trans-
portation of troops etc. The IAF attack heli-
copters are also being deployed for both
peace keeping and peace enforcement by
the UN under specific mandates. Hence,
combat helicopters would be actively
involved in various combat operations.
Now that C-17 and C130J are going to be
part of IAF’s fleet, how significant will they
be in improving the IAF? What should be
the appropriate number for airlift capabili-
ty of IAF for a two front war?
The IAF plans to induct C-17 aircraft to meet
its strategic heavy-lift capability require-
ments in the coming decades. The C-17 air-
craft is one of the most advanced transport
aircraft in the world and is capable of carry-
ing large amount of payload. The aircraft is
capable of conveying more than 70 tonnes
of payloads over large distances and can
operate from small airfields. Once opera-
tional, they would significantly enhance our
strategic airlift capability. The C130-J aircraft
being acquired is a medium-lift transport
aircraft suitable for inter and intra-theatre
ops. These aircraft are calibrated for conduct
of special ops, delivering combat personnel
and equipment to austere and semi-pre-
pared strips/DZs, by day and night or in
adverse weather conditions. The first of the
six contracted aircraft are likely to arrive in
India in Feb 2011. We are working towards
acquiring the required number of assets to
meet our requirements.
How are the upgradation exercises in IAF’s
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GEOPOLITICS
forward bases progressing?
Upgradation of our assets is an ongoing
process and in the near future IAF is trying
to ensure that all its fleets are of fourth and
fifth generation platforms and the sensors
and equipment are upgraded to desired lev-
el. IAF is also in process of modernising all
our airfields in two phases. 30 Airfields are
planned to be upgraded in Phase-1, which
includes some major frontline bases. Rest of
the airfields would be upgraded in Phase-2
of the project. .
What role will the UAVs play in the IAF’s
operations in coming days? And how are
we developing/procuring them?
RPAs would be one of the key ‘Force
Enablers’ in the coming times. The main
roles envisaged for the RPAs include intelli-
gence, surveillance, reconnaissance and
designation. They would also provide real-
time actionable intelligence to the other ISR
platforms/sensors available with the IAF, so
as to reduce the sensor to shooter time.
IAF has been a key partner in encourag-
ing indigenous RPA development. The
indigenous ‘Rustom’, once proven opera-
tionally, would be a significant milestone for
us in our efforts towards indigenisation and
it will encourage the Indian industry to
develop a full range of high-altitude, long-
endurance RPAs to meet our requirements.
Meanwhile, the procurement plans of the
IAF need to cater for availability of RPAs for
all designated roles, for which additional
numbers are being procured. Technological-
ly, the IAF is looking at enhancing the oper-
ating range of the RPAs with SATCOM capa-
bility and induction of RPAs with higher
operational ceilings to enable operations in
the North and North- Eastern sectors.
How has the IAF prepared itself to work in a
net-centric environment with AWACS and
AFNET? How are modern sensors and long-
range radars going to be force-multipliers?
Network-centric warfare operations require
a robust and secure communication net-
work, sensor systems and efficient Com-
mand and Control (C2) in support of the
combat platforms. With the fielding of the
AFNET, robust and secure communication
network requirement, on ground, has been
(50)
met. Similarly, IAF is in the process of
acquiring an airborne data link communica-
tion network over Software Defined Radios
(SDR). All our ground-based and airborne
weapon platforms, sensors and C2 centres
including fighter aircraft, ground-based AD
weapons, AWACS, indigenous AEW&C etc.
would be integrated into a ‘Network of Net-
works’ over these two networks to share
real-time Air Situation Picture (ASP) and C2
information.
The entire range of modern sensors,
both ground-based and airborne, forms the
main source of real-time information and
will provide a comprehensive air situation
picture. Clear situational awareness
through a common ASP enables us to take
well-informed, timely and accurate deci-
sions, be it offensive or defensive opera-
tions, leading to mission success and
reduced OODA loop.
It is said that there will be dedicated satel-
lites for the services of the IAF. When do we
see them?
IAF has a roadmap for increased utilisation
of space to support its conventional war-
fighting capability. However, it is enmeshed
with the other two services plans for reasons
of synergy. Presently, ISRO is meeting our
needs and is assisting us in all areas of space
applications. Plans are also afoot to acquire
dedicated capability but no time frames can
be spelt out at this point of time.
How do you visualise the IAF 10 years from
now, given the projection that around 2020,
India will emerge as a great power? Will it
play a global role?
The Indian Air Force has come a long way
from its beginning as a tactical force. We are
transforming into a potent strategic force.
The IAF vision addresses not only the
defence of the Indian skies but the protec-
tion of our enhanced national interests
based on the country’s growth profile and
aspirations. In the coming decade the IAF
envisions itself to be a modern force with
cutting edge technologies which is flexible,
adaptable and has strategic reach to provide
limitless options to India by shaping any air
space to strike, defend and provide succor
anywhere in our area of interest.
February 2011
Document1 2/2/2011 3:07 PM Page 1
Enigma of Space final.qxd 2/7/2011
THE ENIGMA OF
PROVING SPACE AGILITY: NASA’s
experimental space plane will boost the
Indian space agenda
On December 25, 2010,
ISRO’s GSLV F-06 crashed
in its very ‘first stage’ itself.
It does not augur well for the
Indian space programme.
UDDIPAN MUKHERJEE
takes a look at our space
agenda and finds out where
we stand in comparison
with our powerful northern
neighbour, China
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GEOPOLITICS
A
PERUSAL OF the institutional
website of the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO)
shows the basic template of the
Indian space agenda. The words
of the father of Indian space programme, Dr
Vikram Sarabhai are embedded in it. It
reads: “There are some who question the
relevance of space activities in a developing
nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of pur-
pose. We do not have the fantasy of compet-
ing with the economically advanced nations
in the exploration of the moon or the plan-
ets or manned space-flight. But we are con-
vinced that if we are to play a meaningful
role nationally, we must be second to none
(52)
in the application of advanced technologies
to the real problems of man and society…”
In fact, such a vision is also seconded by
Rodham Narasimhan, the present director
of India’s Space Commission. He asserts that
India’s forays into space are basically along
the development paradigm, which concerns
among others, “communications, remote
sensing, and agricultural crop production”.
One thing is difficult to go unnoticed,
however. ISRO proclaims of a Human Space
Flight and overtly ambitious planetary
explorations as its envisaged missions by
2025. Furthermore, ISRO also adds a com-
paratively novel agenda that it aims to use
satellite-based communication and naviga-
February 2011
Enigma of Space final.qxd 2/7/2011 5:39 PM
tion systems for security needs.
Such declarations though, appearing as
deviations from the charted territory, proba-
bly have a sound logic, since on the other
hand, New Delhi’s ever-growing belligerent
neighbour China has a slightly different out-
look towards the agenda of utilising ‘space’.
In November 2000, Beijing published a
‘White Paper’ outlining the goals and
guiding principles for its space programme.
The core aspects can be enunciated in a nut-
shell: “…making the development of space
activities cater to and serve the state’s com-
prehensive development strategy. The Chi-
nese government attaches great importance
to the significant role of space activities in
implementing the strategy of revitalising the
country with science and education and
that of sustainable development, as well as
in economic construction, national security,
science and technology development and
social progress.”
A simple comparison will easily elucidate
the different regimes in which the two gov-
ernments tread in terms of space activities.
While Beijing also attaches importance to
development pertaining to communications
and socio-economic growth of a nation-
state, it is not at all averse to ‘national secu-
rity’ which arises as a spin-off from such
activities.
However, India appears to be reluctant to
ascribe any military significance to its space
programme, more so in an explicit form. The
phrase ‘security needs’ have necessarily
been kept vague and basically pertains to
internal security threats. Possibly such a
reluctance forces Johnson-Freese, a China
space specialist, to assert that both India
and Japan have space capabilities matching
China’s but, not the “political will” to use
them the way China has.
Based on official statistics placed by
ISRO, India has about 21 satellites. Out of
them, ten are communication satellites,
revolving in Geo-stationary Earth Orbits.
Moreover, there are four surveillance satel-
lites with imaging capabilities. They have
resolutions of less than 2.5 metre. Further-
more, there are seven earth observation
satellites.
Interestingly, these satellites are of dual
use; that is, they can be used for defence
purposes too. But, till date, a military satel-
lite per se, is absent.
However, the Indian Defence Ministry, in
May 2010, unveiled plans for dedicated mili-
tary satellites for the Navy, Air Force and the
Army. The purpose seems to address the
specific space-based communication
www.geopolitics.in
Page 61
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GEOPOLITICS
requirements of the defence forces. Apart
from this, there are some further develop-
ments which indicate that New Delhi is con-
sidering to widen its options regarding space
activities. Incidentally, ISRO has already
achieved considerable expertise with regard
to Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLVs)
and has gone for successive commercial
launches in a successful manner.
Nevertheless, there are still ‘more than
NOVEL AGENDA: ISRO envisages an
ambitious planetary exploration and also
aims to use satellite-based systems for
security needs
(53)
miles to march’ for ISRO as it is yet to acquire
efficiency in the Geo-stationary Launch
Vehicles (GSLVs). The GSLV Mark-III is an
ongoing project in that direction. It has been
the fallout of the American muscle-flexing in
a post-1991 world which coerced Russia not
to part with the Cryogenic technology to
India, citing obligations to the Missile Tech-
nology Control Regime (MTCR). In fact, the
lack of cryogenic technology has hindered
India’s growth trajectory in terms of Inter-
Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs),
which are perceived as effective deterrents in
an envisaged war-clime with Beijing.
In that regard, the ‘Christmas failure’ (on
December 25, 2010) of ISRO to successfully
launch the GSLV-F06 puts the Indian space
programme in a spot of bother. ISRO now
has only one Russian cryogenic engine at its
disposal. Hence, if future ventures of Chan-
drayan-II, heavy payload-based communi-
cations satellites and other ambitious pro-
grammes are to see the light of the day, ISRO
needs to bring the extraordinary out of its
bag. Moreover, a failure in the ‘first stage’ of
the rocket (as happened in the ‘Christmas
failure’) does not augur well for the Indian
space programme.
Actually, any space maneuvering by
India, though concealed within the yoke of
the socio-economic model, has a security
aspect naturally tied to it. And the rationale
is provided by the rapid strides made by its
northern neighbour, with which India has a
persistent border problem. Hence, any
move made by the Chinese in space, neces-
sarily has an Indian countermove coming
up. For instance, the Chinese have sent
humans to space thrice. They have devel-
oped their land-based ICBMs. Moreover,
they are in an apparently enviable position
in terms of Anti-Satellite (ASAT) and Anti-
Ballistic Missile (ABM) programmes, as far
as India is concerned. Thus, keeping in
mind not only the aspect of prestige of
matching China inch by inch, India is
forced, all the more by strategic demands, to
catapult its space programme to tally with
that of Beijing.
ISRO’s former Chairman Dr Kasturiran-
gan says that India has entered the “expan-
sion phase” of its space programme since it
has achieved the initial goals of economic
growth with the help of space technology.
Now, according to him, Indiacan afford the
luxuries of space science and possibly even
human spaceflight. And with the over-
whelming success of the nation-state’s first
lunar spacecraft Chandrayaan-I, probably
he is quite right.
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

India’s future ambitions are the
development of GSLVs, further
lunar exploratory missions (Chan-
drayan-II), a two-stage-to-orbit
reusable launch vehicle, human
spaceflight, and further interna-
tional cooperation to expand its
horizons. The commercialisation
in this venture has already
received a strong fillip with the
creation of Antrix Corporation,
which markets Indian space capa-
bilities around the world.
However, in a direct compari-
son with China, the Indian space
programme appears to be lack-
adaisical and lacklustre. While
both the countries started off
more or less at the same time in
the 1970s, China surely has out-
paced India.
Continuing the comparisons
between the two countries, it
goes to show that where China
has already exhibited its prowess
in ASAT capabilities by success-
fully destroying an old satellite
of itself in 2007, India is in a
rudimentary stage in that regard.
In fact, China also scores over
India in terms of the number of
satellites in orbit, with its 57 well
over India’s 21.
Very recently, China’s space
AMBITIOUS VENTURE: The development of GSLVs has
programme was in the news as already received a strong fillip as it markets Indian space
on October 1, 2010, it launched capabilities around the world
an unmanned lunar probe,
Chang’e-II. This was part of the
project to send a human being to the moon
around 2020. China has also announced that
it plans a manned space station by 2020.
Now, the moot question is whether both
India and China are embarking on a ‘head-
less’ competition to have an edge against
each other as the next leader in Asia? Or, is
venturing into space a natural consequence
of high growth in technology? Moreover, is
China over-stretching its resources like the
erstwhile Soviet Russia in showcasing its
that the dependence on space assets needs
to be reduced and in future, such a scenario
is likely because of induction of the latest
state-of-the art ‘other’ systems.
The negative aspects of weaponisation of
space and the empty notion of self-aggran-
disation notwithstanding, India certainly
cannot negate its prospects of bolstering the
space programme. With China’s ambitious
rise in the backdrop, it is not only
necessary, rather imperative for
India to build upon the space
activities and that too with alacrity
and without compromising quali-
ty. Nonetheless, a couple of things
are noteworthy in this regard.
One, India should not over-
stretch its financial resources so as
to ‘just compete’ with China. Bei-
jing may follow that particular
path vis-à-vis America and might
foment ambience of a new Cold
War in Asia. But India needs to be
prudent in that venture. Presently,
the Chinese space budget is
around US $2.2 billion per annum
whereas India is way behind at
almost one-third the amount.
Hence, India needs to activate its
budgetary allowances and aim for
targets within prescribed dura-
tions. At the same time, financial
destabilisation needs to be
thwarted by avoiding a blind
adherence to the China Model.
Second, the Indian policy-mak-
ers need to appreciate that space
is slowly emerging as the fourth
frontier of warfare as it is becom-
ing increasingly difficult to ignore
space-based technology in our
daily lives. And hence in the even-
tuality of a conventional war,
India faces the risk of being ren-
dered handicapped in terms of
communications if it does not
develop an effective deterrent in
that direction.
To be dependent on the satellites of oth-
er countries in order to decrease the risk
factor is a negative way of solving issues.
More so, when ISRO has already developed
a commercially viable space programme, a
natural shielding becomes a necessity.
Donald Rumsfeld’s vision of a ‘Space
Pearl Harbour’ and Ronald Reagan’s views
on Space Wars might be too extravagant at
present for the Indian scenario; however,

IN COMPARISON
space prowess? And if India follows China in that must not deter India to actively pursue
that path, will it not dig its own grave in an ambitious space programme with a
terms of the rationale of economics?
Furthermore, such developments por-
TO CHINA, THE vision of sending a human being to space
and or with an over-ambitious plan of
tend a vigorous militarisation of space which INDIAN SPACE reaching Mars.

is not desirable. In fact, Colonel Deepak
Sharma of the Institute of Defence Studies
and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi warns of
such a possibility. He opines: “The vulnera-
bility of space assets is a function of depend-
ence on those assets.” Thus higher the
dependence on space system, the higher will
be the vulnerability. Hence, he advocates
PROGRAMME
However, for such grand plans to fructi-
fy, international collaboration must be in
APPEARS the offing and in which both China and
India can play significant role. Since both
TO BE are yet to be parties to the International
Space Station, both of them shall keep on
LACKADAISICAL contesting, with each other and with the
rest of the world as well.

(54)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
New joint air exercises.qxd 2/7/2011
AERIAL ASSETS: Scene
from a Indo-UK joint
operations album. Seen in
the picture Air Marshal L K
Malhotra of the Eastern Air
Command with UK
counterpart
LEARNING FROM
EACH OTHER
Joint exercises that the IAF has been
conducting with its counterparts from
friendly countries add to the competence
of the Indian fighter pilots, explains
JASJIT SINGH
www.geopolitics.in
6:22 PM Page 55
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GEOPOLITICS
W
HEN INDIA accepted the
proposal from the United
States in the mid-1990s for
a naval exercise, a simple
one at that stage, the US
Navy was bamboozled when an Indian Navy
submarine surfaced next to the US Navy’s
large aircraft carrier defended by nearly 25
warships and airborne assets to ensure no
submarine can get close enough to the task
force leave alone within range of the sub-
marines weapons close to the 80,000 tonnes
displacement carrier. From then on the US
Navy has sought every possible opportunity
to undertake exercises with Indian Navy.
(55)
A similar experience was repeated when
the US Air Force undertook the first Cope
India exercise in 2004 when, in one mock
air combat exercise, their frontline air
superiority fighter, the F-15 suddenly
found the vintage MiG-21 (and much
maligned by Indian media at that time) on
its tail within gun firing range. USAF, of
course, had not brought all its parapherna-
lia like AWACS etc thinking it will be easy to
deal with IAF without these force multipli-
ers and combat support systems. I met
many USAF officers since then, and some
who were watching that unique exercise
could not reconcile them to the experi-
Photo courtesy: indiandefence.com
February 2011
New joint air exercises.qxd 2/7/2011 6:22 PM
ESTABLISHING COMPETENCE: Captain Munroe (961st Airborne Air Control
Squadron), talking to IAF officers during the air exercise at the Kalaikunda Air Station
ence. US Air Force even nominated some of
the participants to undertake academic
research studies on how the “Transforma-
tion of the IAF”. The RAND Corporation
was tasked by USAF HQ to undertake a two
year study on the Indian Air Force, the last
such study (rather pessimistic about IAF
capabilities and thinking) having been car-
ried out after the early naval exercise.
What does this amount to? Essentially
there is no cause for us to celebrate since
this is a demonstration of professional
competence in some aspects. Air opera-
tions go well beyond small components of
air campaigns. But we can be satisfied that
our armed forces (the Army experienced
similar results) are one of the most profes-
sional in the world; and air exercises prove
that point if one was needed. But the IAF is
wedded from its inception to be modest
about its capabilities — sort of an attitude
that ‘we just did our duty’ has prevailed for
the past nearly eight decades. But it under-
takes intensive air exercises and training
and that needs some explanation since
realistic training, close to the edge of the
limits of human limits and aircraft per-
formance inevitably also carries its own
risks and possibility of accidents. And here
comes a problem. The Air Force is normal-
ly outside the visual screen of our popula-
tion and media since it operates far away
and it is only when we lose an aircraft or a
new deal (like the MMRCA) comes up, peo-
ple take note of the Air Force.
But coming back to air exercises, we can
club them into three issues and types of
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GEOPOLITICS
exercises, all interlinked with each other.
The basic issue is that flying in the air is not
a natural activity for human beings. I recall
our Chief Flying instructor in the Air Force
Academy telling us greenhorns 56 years
ago that “If God wanted man to fly, He
would have given him wings.” This deficit
is to be made up by regular structured and
professional training, on the ground and in
the air. This must aim to build up skill lev-
els through repetitive air exercises so that
the aircrew in general and fighter pilots in
particular react in split second efficiency
correctly every time to a whole range of air
activities. Simulators can be of great help
to learn procedures but cannot replicate
the mental and physical stresses that are
part of flying. Mastery of the aircraft and its
performance in the vertical three-dimen-
sional environment, hence, become pre-
requisite.
One must not forget that the very raison
de etre of Indian Air Force is to defend the
THE IAF HAS
NOW
ESTABLISHED
CAPABILITIES TO
ASSIST IN
ASSESSING AIR
EXERCISES
(56)
nation from any threat and win the war
that may be imposed on it, normally in
conjunction with the other two compo-
nents of military power, but in unique cir-
cumstances (like that of Longewala in 1971
war) to do it by itself. Flying and undertak-
ing operational tasks clearly places a heavy
responsibility on young shoulders of air
warriors who must fly and defend the
country when called upon to do so. But this
also compounds the challenges to which
the answer lies in more and more realistic
training in air exercises. That also applies
to the technical personnel who have to
keep the machines (from jeeps, trucks, to
aircraft) in perfect state to meet all chal-
lenges when and if they suddenly emerge.
It is often not recognised that this high lev-
el of training and preparedness makes the
Indian Air Force the key force for rapid
responses and high levels of readiness in
hours if not minutes.
The IAF has now established capabilities
to assist in assessing air exercises and the
operational training tactics. We have come
a long way from the gun camera based
debriefs of air exercises to Air Combat
Manoeuvring Range (ACMR) to enhance
the value of air combat exercises and hone
the skills of air warriors. Similarly the Tac-
tics and Combat Development Establish-
ment continue to study and evolve tactics
and strategy for air operations. The IAF is
certainly undergoing transformation in
terms of its weapons and equipment and
this makes it necessary that transformation
of skills, tactics and operational employ-
ment of its aircraft and combat support
systems also are kept on a high priority.
The second main issue that we need to
address is air exercises in conjunction with
our Army and the Navy. It is perhaps not
appreciated — and this was so visible in
recent years in the debate about jointness
—- that it is the Air Force that provides the
lynch pin of joint operations. And there has
not been a single instance when the Indian
Air Force failed to rise to the challenge of
joint operations since the days the IAF was
established in the 1930s. Some misunder-
standings arise due to the fact that Air
Force would often be operating away from
visual contact of the surface forces in order
to keep the enemy air force at bay and off
the back of our surface forces. This is not
the private war of the Air Force; but it is
meshed into the overall joint approach to
warfighting. I am not aware of a single
instance since 1936 (when IAF started pro-
viding air support to the land forces) where
February 2011
AD dummy.qxd 10/7/2008 7:25 PM Page 1
New joint air exercises.qxd 2/7/2011 6:23 PM
AIR EXERCISE: Massive airpower helps evolve a new doctrine and tactics
the Air Force has not come to the aid of the
land forces even in most demanding cir-
cumstances, many of the pilots doing so
with the supreme sacrifice of their lives.
But this requires the Air Force and the sur-
face forces to frequently exercise with each
other to sort out procedures and tactics
etc.
And that brings us to the air exercises
with foreign air forces. There is an old say-
ing that you improve your game or profes-
sional competence when you practice or
carry out exercises with air forces better
equipped than we are. Almost all western
air forces have state-of-the-art technology
in regard to combat aircraft, air lift and
combat support (and force multipliers)
which they have fully integrated into their
air forces and used them since the 1991
Gulf War. New technology like the 4th gen-
eration fighters and force multiplier com-
bat support systems are just entering serv-
ice in IAF. However they are in the process
of integration into force structure besides
our doctrine and tactics. The Indian Air
Force would certainly evolve its doctrine
and tactics by its own efforts. But it would
be valuable to do so while exercising with
www.geopolitics.in
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GEOPOLITICS
air forces that have done this a long time
ago.
The air exercises help absorb new tech-
nology and share experiences in mock bat-
tles to evolve a new doctrine and tactics.
But in the true tradition of the Air Force,
while this experience would be valuable, it
is highly unlikely that the IAF would simply
adopt what the other air forces are doing in
air warfare training with new technology
systems. The experience would be evaluat-
ed and its positive and negative aspects
carefully assessed in our own environment
THE AIR
EXERCISES HELP
TO ABSORB NEW
TECHNOLOGY
AND SHARE
EXPERIENCES IN
MOCK BATTLES
(58)
and in relation to our own philosophy of
the employment of military power in the
coming years. It may be recalled that we
had been acquiring weapons and military
equipment from the Soviet Union/Russia
for decades. But we had never adopted
their doctrines and tactics in the employ-
ment of those weapons and equipment
unlike most other countries that did so and
were not able to cope with challenges they
had to face.
In recent years a new process, often
referred to as “defence diplomacy” has
emerged to support political and diplomat-
ic relations and create greater mutual con-
fidence. This diplomacy takes many shapes
and forms. One of them relies on high level
visits and exchange of visits at professional
delegation level. But the most important
aspect of that is to build military-to-mili-
tary contacts and mutual trust and confi-
dence. The air exercises (like those
between naval and land forces) serve this
purpose admirably. The United States may
perceive many parts of the exercises as
building “inter-operability” among the two
sides. This itself does not imply that under-
taking exercises would naturally or
February 2011
New joint air exercises.qxd 2/7/2011 6:23 PM
JOINT VENTURE: IAF and Omani Tango working in tandem during the air exercises
inevitably lead to US-India military coop-
eration which would actually be decided at
the political level on geopolitical grounds.
One of the crucial methods of realistic
training for air warfare is to practice com-
bat against dissimilar aircraft. This is
undertaken as a routine in the Indian Air
Force, but obviously there is a limit to the
types of aircraft available for such dissimi-
lar combat exercises. Air exercises with for-
eign air forces, especially air forces which
have high-technology aircraft and systems,
are very useful methods of enhancing the
combat skill of our air warriors in opera-
tions against dissimilar aircraft and
systems, something that they would in any
case have to deal with in actual combat
situations. For example, many of the exer-
cises have in mock air combat with Mirage
2000 and MiG-29 aircraft have been
conducted against F-16 aircraft of superior
capability rather than that available with
Pakistan or being supplied to it. Such exer-
cises are extremely valuable in enhancing
our combat capabilities. Many friendly
countries (like the UAE) have requested air
exercises based on the reputation of Indian
Air Forces; and it is in our national interests
www.geopolitics.in
Page 59
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GEOPOLITICS
with nearly 5 million Indians working in
the Arab states of the Gulf region to assist
them through defence diplomacy and
assist in providing crucial experience to the
UAE air force through such exercises. In
this and many other ways, air exercises
with foreign air forces promote our nation-
al interests and meanwhile provide valu-
able experience to our Air Force.
All said and done, these exercises are an
important step in enhancing the profes-
sional competence of our air warriors both
in the air and on ground. For example, the
MANY EXERCISES
IN MOCK AIR
COMBAT HAVE
BEEN
CONDUCTED
WITH MIRAGE
2000 AND MIG-29
(59)
USAF Red Flag Exercise is one of the most
rigorous air exercises in the world and had
been restricted to America’s close allies.
The endurance, professional competence
and even the ability to maintain a high lev-
el of aircraft and system serviceability is
tested over a couple of weeks especially in
case of air forces located across the globe
like IAF is. The United States Air Force,
after a number of exercises with Indian Air
Force in India and in USA (in Alaska) had
accepted the Indian Air Force into this elite
group where skills and sustainability are
tested to the limits of human endurance
and capability besides the reliability of air-
craft and their quality of maintenance. By
all accounts Indian Air Force gained enor-
mously in professional terms from this
exercise and it has been acknowledged by
all that it should be invited again on a reg-
ular basis with adequate breaks in between
to absorb the lessons and evolve our own
approach to employment of air power in
our environment.
(Former Director of IDSA, the author is
currently Head of the Centre of Air Power
Studies, New Delhi)
February 2011
ch self add new:ch self add one page new 2.qxd 5/25/2010 11:56 AM Page 4

CH cover may new:cover novemver NEW.qxd 5/3/2010 12:55 PM Page 1

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Wilbur Ross, Sanjay Aggarwal
Head, WL Ross CEO, SpiceJet

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Arvind Jadhav
CMD, Air India

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Chinese Rise in Aire FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 4:56 PM Page 60

g
GEOPOLITICS

The Chinese stealth

THE DELHI-BEIJING
GAP WIDENS
fighter only outlines
the long steps that
China has taken in its
ambition to be a global
aviation superpower.
ABHIJIT

T
BHATTACHARYYA HIRTY-ONE YEARS ago (in 1980),
Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, the
outlines how over the bible of world aviation, dedicated
years our Eastern 07 pages to Beijing and 05 to New
Delhi to report the aviation sce-
neighbour has steadily nario of the two neighbours. Two decades lat-
built its potential to er, in 2000 China got 25 pages and India 09
pages of space. And today, in 2011, China’s
design and build share has shot up to 50 in comparison to
global standard India’s 14 pages. China, in the 21st century,
fighter aircrafts clearly has taken a huge quantum leap, which
has virtually resulted in a long-term handicap
for not only India but a possible end of the
aerial hegemony of the western world at large.
So much so, that China today appears just
behind the USA and Russia to make up its lost
time in aviation development mission. No
doubt Beijing is yet to be anywhere near the
USA and the advanced aviation manufactur-
ing countries of Europe, but the gap between
the Orient’s Han and the Occident’s industry
appears to be narrowing by the day. And the
development thereof is so rapid and piercing
that it could be a revelation to analyse the
present scenario and the possible future ema-
nating there from.
One, therefore, needs to begin with Delhi
development to understand Beijing’s
advancement. Thus, almost simultaneously,
when India’s “fourth generation” light com-
bat aircraft Tejas took to the sky on January
10, 2011, with the hope and expectation to
get its final operational clearance in 2013,
China surprised and shocked the world
with its “fifth generation” J-20 stealth fight-
er. The sharp contrast between Beijing’s
“stealth” and India’s light combat aircraft is
too visible and marked to be missed. Bei-
jing’s fifth generation stealth J-20 was until
recently so secret that none had any clue
about its official name as it was only known
as J-XX among western defence, security

(62)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Chinese Rise in Aire FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011
and intelligence officials and analysts.
India’s Tejas (LCA), on the other hand, was
widely known to be repeatedly tried and
tested ever since feasibility study began 28
years ago, in 1983. With only one fighter
project in hand, the slow progress of the
Indian enterprise was indeed painful and
painstaking. Thus it took five years to com-
plete the project definition in 1988. Another
three years to start prototype construction in
1991. Thereafter the first prototype rolled
out on November 17, 1995. It again took 5
years 2 months for the first flight to operate
on January 04, 2001. Initial production
approval came in March 2002 and the public
debut was made by the machine on May 04,
2003. And finally the first flight production
on April 25, 2007!
Being single engine “light combat air-
craft”, Tejas is unlikely to be offensive plat-
form, notwithstanding its type definition
being “multirole”. With a reported maximum
takeoff weight between 10 and 11 tonnes
and with 3.5 to 4 tonnes armament, Tejas,
under no stretch of imagination can match
the latest state-of-the-art single-engine air-
craft like Lockheed Martin F-16, SAAB JAS-39
Gripen or the Lockheed Martin F-35 Light-
ning all of which are single-engine multirole
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GEOPOLITICS
fighters. The only consolation, however, is
that the Indian enterprise has at least seen
the light of day and a beginning has been
made at last. India would nevertheless
require an enormous amount of aviation
research and development to come out suc-
cessfully to match or counter the combat
aviation of the west as well as that of China
owing to loss of precious time.
In comparison to slow and erratic Indian
progress in combat aviation industry, Chi-
na’s performance, without doubt, has been
impressive and eye catching. Thus, the
lonely Tejas of India is confronted with an
array of Chinese fighters. Like a typical new
nation of the third world, Beijing made
modest beginning with borrowed technolo-
gy from the former Soviet Union’s sprawling
state-controlled, monopoly military-indus-
trial empire and the city of Chengdu (in
Sichuan province) emerged as major centre
for fighter development and production
since 1958. Reportedly, over 2000 fighters of
more than 10 models/variants and types
have been built. One of the earliest Chinese-
made combat craft Jianjiji-7/J-7 originated
from Soviet MiG-21 licensed manufacture
in the 1960s. And the Chinese were prag-
matic enough to make money by exporting
more than 550 aircraft to 13 developing
countries, with more than one-third (177 to
SENSATIONAL DEBUT: Fifth-
generation J-20 stealth fighter has
taken China a step ahead to be a
global aviation superpower
(63)
be exact) having gone to Pakistan.
It was a very clever Chinese move from
the beginning. China grasped the impor-
tance of technology and was also conscious
of the cost thereof. Hence, they understood
the need for reducing the rising expenditure
born out of high cost of imported and the
operational cost. Consequently, export to
the needy nations proved to be an unexpect-
ed windfall to the indigenous defence indus-
try of Beijing.
In the 1990s, China’s FC-1 Xiaolong fighter
programme virtually emerged as joint Sino-
Pakistani plan of action in air as collabora-
tion with Pakistan began with 1995 “memo-
randum of understanding”, leading to “joint
development and production contract in
June 1999”. Thereafter the Pakistani produc-
tion line “formally launched at Kamra on Jan-
uary 22, 2008; initially for final assembly and
flight test only, rising to provision of 60 per
cent of air frame and 80 per cent of avionics
by 2010”. Agreement for “serial production of
initial 42 JF-17” (which is the Pakistani Air
Force designation of FC-1 Xiaolong) “signed
on March 07, 2009”. Chinese wisdom for
wealth, influence and power ensured that the
aircraft is exported to Bangladesh, Egypt and
Nigeria in 2003 and Malaysia in 2007. Accord-
ing to Jane’s All the Worlds Aircraft, Pakistani
Chief of Air Staff demanded “250 aircraft to
form seven or eight squadrons”. Thus the first
recipient of the Chinese aircraft was
Peshawar-based 26 squadron, replacing
Hongdu A-5 III ‘Fantans’, followed by 16
squadron at the same base.
In fact, the unique nature of contempo-
rary Chinese fighter industry appears to be
surely and steadily emerging and entering
into an era of joint Sino-Paki production, dis-
tribution and consumption of aircraft con-
ceived, drawn, designed and commissioned
in Beijing. Thus the “hand-over of first two
(Chinese-built) JF-17s to Pakistani Air Force
(serials 07-101 and 102) took place at Kamra
on March 12, 2007, in time for participation
(statically and in flying display) during
National (Resolution) Day military parade on
March 23; remaining six pre-production air-
craft for PAF delivered on March 14, 2008”.
First Pakistan Aeronautical Complex ( Kamra,
District Attock) - assembled production JF-17
February 2011
Chinese Rise in Aire FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011
(serial 09-111) was handed over to Pakistani
Air Force on November 23, 2009.
That the makers, managers and marketing
men of Chinese fighters are extremely alert
and agile is to state the obvious. Seen in this
background, one can take the sensational
debut of J-20 “stealth fighter” of Beijing as
nothing extraordinary and unexpected. It
was long expected and it was just a question
of time, knowing Chinese desire to take their
place under the sun. Beijing’s national aim
and geopolitical/economic aspirations, at
present, are much higher than any other
nation outside the territory of Europe and the
USA. China appears hungry for food, fuel and
technology. And for that, there is no dearth of
cash in the kitty of the Hans at present.
Coming back to the picture of the silhou-
ette of Chinese J-20s, one has to appreciate
its overall configuration and design. With
two large engines and the vertical tail sur-
faces canted outwards, the comparative
clean and straight geometry, along with
canards (i.e. fixed foreplanes ahead of the
centre of gravity of the aircraft), the aircraft
looks big thereby implying (and possibly
revealing) the Chinese desire to pack superi-
or range, endurance, payload and combat
capability in both air-to-air and air-to-
ground operations. One may also need not
be surprised to find mid-air refuelling capa-
ble J-20 in future.
Prima facie, the Americans too appear to
be surprised, shocked, angry as well as
appreciative of the Chinese leapfrogging in
aviation technology. The United States is sur-
prised because it did not expect China to
show its craft “before-time”. USA is shocked,
perhaps more because of its own miscalcula-
tion about the gestation period than the Chi-
nese capability to deliver the craft in
advance. USA is angry because an unprece-
dented post-Cold War challenge has been
thrown at her for the first time. Professional
Americans, however, are appreciative of the
Chinese skill and success. Thus, opined
Matthew Buckley, a Top Gun graduate of the
Navy Fighter Weapon School: “J-20 was built
to reduce radar signature. You can tell it has
some serious stealth technology.” In com-
parison, “my F-18 looks like an 18-wheeler
on radar. That thing might not even show
up.” Coming, as it does, from a Top Gun pilot
of the USAF, one may be compelled to accept
his views and comments on Chinese J-20 as
serious, as well as potentially a serious secu-
rity reversal-of-roles between Washington
DC and Beijing. Nevertheless, there also
exists a counter-view; that the Chinese till
date have banked heavily on Moscow for
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GEOPOLITICS
OUTSTANDING: China’s performance in combat aviation industry, has been impressive
and eye-catching. Seen in the picture is Chinese Sukhoi Su-27
most of their military hardware as well as
software. Hence they still do not appear to be
sophisticated enough to challenge the exist-
ing stealth technology of the USA and the
reviving aviation industry of Russia. Hence a
streak of doubt, pertaining to the quantum
jump of Beijing’s technology quality, does
remain. Beijing is good no doubt. But is Bei-
jing good enough to openly challenge the US
hegemony in the air today? No not yet. But
the writings are now on the wall.
For USA, however, the fallout of J-20 is
bound to be problematic and turbulent. Dis-
play of a stealth fighter in the midst of state
visit of US Secretary of Defence to Beijing
implies open challenge to, and defiance of,
US superiority. Secondly, since the decision
of July 21, 2009, by Defence Secretary Robert
Gates to halt production of Lockheed Martin
stealth multi-role fighter, the military-indus-
trial complex of the USA is restive. The situa-
tion looks all the more gloomy because the
Pentagon has further decided to cut $78 bil-
lion in the next five years thereby slashing
J-20 “STEALTH
FIGHTER” OF
BEIJING WAS
LONG EXPECTED
AND WAS JUST
A QUESTION
OF TIME
(64)
into some of the big-ticket military hardware
of the US defence contractors. Understand-
ably the simultaneous induction of Chinese
stealth and closure of American stealth can-
not paint a rosy picture for any US Presi-
dent.
One, therefore, needs time to get the
hang of the quality of J-20. In fact, it can be
safely inferred that whatever be the quality
and rate of advancement, the J-20 is unlike-
ly to come into operational production
before another five years. It is not as easy as
it looks, denial of stealing US stealth tech-
nology by Chinese defence officials notwith-
standing. Paradoxically, however, there is a
sudden and freak triangle of murky and
strange connections between American pro-
duction, Indian distribution and Chinese
consumption of stealth technology. Report-
edly, the Chinese claim that J-20 is the prod-
uct of indigenously developed “supersonic
cruise ability and powerful air mobility”.
And coincidentally an Indian origin Noshir
Gowadia, a former B-2 stealth bomber engi-
neer, was sentenced by a US federal judge to
32 years of imprisonment for selling mili-
tary secrets to China. The Indo-American
was convicted of helping China design its
stealth cruise missile. All is fair, they say, in
love and war. To paraphrase it further, one
could also include “technology develop-
ment and Chinese aviation” thus, all is fair
in love, war, technology-demonstration and
development of Chinese stealth fighter.
(The author is an alumnus of the
National Defence College of India and a
member of International Institute for
Strategic Studies, London)
February 2011
Document1 11/26/2010 2:48 PM Page 1
Bangalore hub FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 4:52 PM Page 60
g
GEOPOLITICS
I
N LATE November 2010, after an Ari-
ane-V launch vehicle of the European
space transportation company Ariane-
space placed into orbit an advanced
communications satellite, all eyes were
on Bengaluru, the Indian aerospace hub,
which was taking measured steps to corner a
share of the global space market dominated
by the US and West European aerospace
giants. The Hylas-1 satellite meant to pro-
vide high-speed, broadband services across
Europe was built at the well-equipped Satel-
lite Centre of the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) as part of the commer-
cial agreement that the European satellite
builder EADS Astrium had entered into with
Antrix Corp, the commercial arm of the Indi-
an space programme. Prior to that, W2M
communications satellite built at ISRO Satel-
WHAT
lite Centre under the same strategic alliance
was launched in November 2008. This part-
nership with EADS Astrium is expected to
AEROSPACE HUB?
As in IT, Bengaluru is becoming a major centre of the world's aviation industry. But before it
does attain the top slot, the city will need to spruce up its act to ward off the threat posed by
Hyderabad, says RADHAKRISHNA RAO
(66)
www.geopolitics.in
yield `2,000-million a year to ISRO.
Prof U R Rao, a former ISRO chief, pointed
out: “India’s strength in satellite technology
is now globally recognised.” Similarly, the
high-resolution data provided by India’s IRS
series of remote-sensing satellites, marketed
by Antrix Corp now accounts for 15 per cent
of the satellite resources data sold world-
wide. The cosmic saga of Bengaluru began in
1972 when a modest satellite fabrication
facility was set up in one of the sheds in the
Peenya industrial area on the outskirts of the
city. This facility gave birth to India’s first
satellite Aryabhata launched in 1975. The
evolution of the ISRO Satellite Centre
equipped with a state-of-the-art infrastruc-
ture for building a range of high perform-
ance satellites is traced to this facility. Not
surprisingly then Antrix Corp is looking at
forging a “strategic partnership” with a
world-class satellite builder for the develop-
ment and marketing of custom-made com-
MAKES
BENGALURU
TICK AS AN
February 2011
Bangalore hub FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 4:52 PM
STELLAR CONTRIBUTION: HAL is all encompassing! It has helped Bengaluru
dominate the Indian aerospace sector. File picture of LCH with test crew!
mercial class communications satellites to
the global customers.
On another front, Bengaluru would also
play a crucial role in giving a practical shape
to India’s manned space flight slated for
2016. A well-equipped astronaut training
centre with facilities to expose the astronaut
candidates to the knitty-gritty of space travel
is planned to be set up on the outskirts of
Bengaluru by ISRO in association with the
Institute of Aviation Medicine (IAM), a part
of the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Bengaluru’s emergence as the nerve cen-
tre of satellite technology was not an
overnight development. For the presence of
the Indian aeronautical major Hindustan
Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) along with a sound
hi-tech industrial base and the expertise
built up at its research outfits and academic
institutions over the years acted as a catalyst
for the setting-up of India’s first satellite
building facility in the city. In fact, the state-
owned defence public sector enterprise,
HAL, has been contributing to India’s space
saga by providing light alloy satellite struc-
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GEOPOLITICS
tures. Natural then that HAL in tandem with
a string of state-funded research and devel-
opment outfits including NAL (National
Aerospace Laboratories) and laboratories of
Defence Research and Development Organi-
sation (DRDO) has helped Bengaluru domi-
nate the Indian aerospace sector growing at
the rate of 10 per cent per annum. NAL, the
only civilian aerospace laboratory
in the country, is a leader in the civilian
aircraft design.
Equally noteworthy is the role of the
aerospace engineering department of the
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), known for
its original contribution to the cutting-edge
research in the area of aeronautics and
space, in the shaping-up of Bengaluru as
India’s aerospace hub. The expertise built by
IISc in the frontier areas of aerospace tech-
nology is being eagerly sought by many
aerospace and defence entities from across
the world. Interestingly, Boeing has lever-
aged the talent pool at IISc for a project
aimed at developing a new material to make
its Dreamliner aircraft 30 per cent more fuel
(67)
efficient than any other aircraft.
On another front, the presence of a large
number of technical and engineering insti-
tutions in this Silicon Valley of India meant
skilled but affordable manpower could be
accessed by the aerospace sector. Further,
the high level of expertise built by its IT and
software industry has gone to provide a
quickening impetus to the qualitative and
quantitative growth of the aerospace indus-
try in Bengaluru. A fact-filled study carried
out by consulting firm Price Waterhouse
Cooper (PWC) and the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) says that several educa-
tional, scientific and technical institutions in
Bengaluru and other parts of the state are
fostering domain expertise in IT, engineering
and design skills that can easily be leveraged
by global aerospace majors. The study also
points out that Bengaluru-based software
majors like HCL, Infosys, TCS and Wipro
Technologies have, for many years now,
been serving clients in the global aviation
and aerospace industry.
On another front, the advantages in terms
February 2011
Bangalore hub FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 4:52 PM
THE AERO SHOW: The Aero India has always been held in Bengaluru, a reflection of
how the industry looks at the city
of manpower quality and production cost
that the Indian aerospace industry offers has
nudged the global aero engine majors like
Snecma and Rolls Royce to source a part of
their requirements from Bengaluru. As an
aerospace analyst put it, “Bengaluru
ranks ahead when it comes to attracting
attention from the global aerospace and
defence vendors.”
In the mid-1950s, the Indian Government
decided to set up military-oriented laborato-
ries and industries at Bengaluru, far away
from borders of China and Pakistan. And the
momentum provided by these entities
spurred the growth of the aeronautical sector
in the city. Besides HAL, Bengaluru is home
to two other state-owned defence enterpris-
es: BEL (Bharat Electronics Ltd) and Bharat
Earth Movers Ltd (BEML). BEL which has a
strong focus on defence and aerospace is
known for a range of products including a
wide variety of radars, command and control
systems, communication devices, software
packages for wide-ranging aerospace appli-
cations as well as air traffic control systems.
BEL also forms a part of the consortium that
is producing Akash surface-to-air, area
defence missile system for the Indian Air
Force (IAF). The feather in the cap of BEL is
its Data Link-II, a communications system
that would form a part of the Boeing-built
P-81 long-range maritime reconnaissance
aircraft. India has ordered eight P-81 aircraft
as part of a contract signed in January 2009.
On the other hand, BEML is busy working
towards making it big in the aerospace sector
of the country. Its aerospace division is
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GEOPOLITICS
planning to set up a facility at the aerospace
SEZ (Special Economic Zone) that Karnataka
Government plans to develop at Devanahalli
near the Bengaluru International airport.
This would focus on the production of
ground handling equipment, ground
support equipment, aerospace structures,
machining of aerospace components,
tooling of aerospace requirements and
sub-assembly of aircraft structures. BEML
Chairman and Managing Director V R S
Natarajan says that BEML is exploring the
possibility of entering into the business of
assembling small aircraft and helicopters.
“When you are in aerospace business,
assembly of small aircraft and helicopters
cannot be out of your radar,” observes
Natarajan. He also revealed that BEML,
which is already supplying components of
fighter aircraft to HAL, has made a set of
landing gears for HAL-built helicopters and
is expecting orders.
Bengaluru is also the proud birthplace of
BENGALURU
RANKS AHEAD
WHEN IT
COMES TO
THE GLOBAL
AEROSPACE
MAJORS
(68)
India’s first home-grown supersonic fighter
jet Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas. Tejas
was taken up for development in the 1980s
by the Bengaluru-based Aeronautical Devel-
opment Agency (ADA) — a DRDO set-up —
is now winging its way towards obtaining
Initial Operational Clearance (IOC). When
finally inducted into the IAF, Tejas will serve
as a frontline tactical fighter capable of deliv-
ering a range of smart and high-precision
weapons systems.
The 1000-acre aerospace SEZ that the
Karnataka government plans to promote at
Devanahalli in association with SIATI (Soci-
ety of Indian Aerospace Technologies and
Industries) will have among its clients,
BEML, HAL, Dynamatic Technologies and
Amada of Japan. This aerospace park will
have both production facilities and aviation-
related MRO units. In particular, HAL plans
to take up the production of TPE-31 engines
and engine components at this facility. HAL
also has a plan to set up an aviation-related
MRO here. “The aerospace park is being
located adjacent to a 1,000-acre electronics
hardware park and a 1,000-acre software
park with a view to enable the aerospace
industries to leverage the strength of the IT
sector,” says S V Ranganath, Chief Secretary
to the Government of Karnataka.
The aerospace division of the Indian
automobile giant Mahindra and Mahindra
(M&M) is planning to develop an aerospace
SEZ spread over 250 acres on the outskirts of
Bengaluru. Mahindra aerospace which has
acquired two Australian aviation companies
— one of which manufactures small aircraft
— has set up an aerospace components
manufacturing facility at Malur near Ben-
galuru. As stated by Anand Mahindra, M&M
Vice Chairman and Managing Director, “The
aim is to transform the company into an
Indian Embraer.”
Bengaluru-based QuEST Global, a preci-
sion engineering services and manufactur-
ing enterprise with a strong focus on aero-
space, has emerged as India’s first private
sector entity to supply components directly
to Airbus Industries. “This win highlights the
strength and strategic importance of QuEST
Global ‘s manufacturing capability,” says
Aravind Melligeri, Co-founder and Chair-
man of QuEST Global. Among the customers
of QuEST Global are EADS, Boeing, Pratt
&Whitney, GE Aviation, GKN Aerospace,
Magellan and Saab. For the global defence
and aerospace majors, QuEST Global pro-
vides services such as precision machining,
sheet metal fabrication, aerospace special
processing, design and development of tool-
February 2011
Bangalore hub FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 4:52 PM
ing and fixtures. Parts of the landing gear and
other components made by QuEST at Ben-
galuru are now an inseparable part of the
several Airbus and Boeing aircraft models.
QuEST Global also has a contract to supply
machined and sheet metal parts of
Boeing Dreamliner.
“Bengaluru will continue to thrive with
aerospace investments as there are major
public sector players like HAL being pres-
ent,” says Melligeri. In a development of sig-
nificance, QuEST Global will form a part of
the design team that NAL is setting up to
develop a 90-seater Regional Transport Air-
craft (RTA) which will be realised through
public-private partnership under a national
initiative. The highly fuel-efficient RTA incor-
porating the latest genre technologies will be
ideally suited for linking up short distance
routes and small towns and cities in the
country in an economically viable manner.
Another Bengaluru-based private sector
entity, Dynamatic Aerospace, a division of
Dynamatic Technologies Ltd, has now
emerged as a recognised leader in the devel-
opment of complex aero structures and the
production of high-precision aircraft parts
and components. It is working closely with
EADS and Spirit Aero systems, the world’s
largest independent supplier of structures
for commercial aircraft, to assemble
flap track beams for Airbus
single aisle A320 family
of aircraft.
As global aerospace majors make a
beeline for India, Bengaluru is becoming
a cutting-edge resources centre for Boeing
and Airbus, both of which outsource many
aspects of their projects to local ventures.
Boeing Research and Technology Centre
(RTC) in Bengaluru with local IT partners
provides engineering applications, design,
development and support for various prod-
ucts. “Boeing is investing in R&D and univer-
sity partnerships to leverage and enhance
India’s global aerospace capability and skill
base” says Boeing India President Dinesh
FRONTLINE FIGHTER: Bengaluru
is a birthplace of LCA Tejas
Page 63
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GEOPOLITICS
Keskar. Boeing RTC in Bengaluru now coor-
dinates the work of more than 1,500 engi-
neers on projects across various vendors
such as HCL, Infosys, TCS and Wipro.
In 2008, Airbus set up the Airbus Engi-
neering Centre India in Bengaluru where
local engineers help develop capabilities in
modelling and simulation, covering areas
such as flight management systems and
aerodynamics to help in the design and pro-
duction of aircraft such as the A 380 and the
A350. The Airbus Engineering Centre in Ben-
galuru plans to outsource about 40 per cent
of its aircraft designs to local companies. The
research and technology centre of the Euro-
pean aerospace and defence consortium
EADS in Bengaluru seeks to capitalise on the
Indian capability in the frontier areas includ-
ing simulation of complex physical systems,
multidisciplinary optimisation, high per-
formance computing and radar technology.
Some of the projects of EADS innovation
BENGALURU IS
MAKING WAVES
ON TRAINING
FRONT OF THE
AEROSPACE
SECTOR
(69)
work, the third such facility of EADS outside
Europe, are being carried out in tie-ups with
the Indian research and academic outfits like
IISc.
Honeywell Aerospace which provides
integrated avionic, engine systems and
allied products to the aerospace industry has
its design and development centre in Ben-
galuru. Honeywell has a collaboration with
HAL for producing TPE-331 aircraft engines
in India. In 2009, Honeywell Technology
Solutions opened its research and develop-
ment centre in Bengaluru. “India’s intellectu-
al capital has a competitive advantage. Our
team of engineers is working on developing
critical technologies ranging from safe land-
ing systems for aircraft to security solutions
for the homes,” said Dr Krishna Mikkilineni,
President, Honeywell Technology Solutions.
Bengaluru is also making waves on train-
ing and educational front of the aerospace
sector. World’s first integrated aviation uni-
versity and training campus will be set up in
Bengaluru with an initial investment of
$125-million.The well-endowed campus will
be developed on a 50-acre plot on the IT city
with satellite campuses in New Delhi and
Mumbai. Sydney-based aviation consultant
Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) and
Bengaluru-based Subramanya Construction
and Development Company (SCDC), have
already entered into an agreement to CAPA
Aeropark which will have under its wing a
full-fledged university and international
standard academy for airline and airport
management, pilots, engineers, air traffic
controllers, cabin crew and regulators.
“CAPA Aeropark is different in that it will
only work with the leading global education
and training providers,” says Peter Harbison,
Group Executive Chairman, CAPA. Bengalu-
ru was selected as the location for the cam-
pus due to the fact that it is India’s aerospace
hub with strong credentials in education and
research besides its safe and cosmopolitan
lifestyle, observes Harbison.
HAL (Hindustan Aircraft Ltd), set up in
February 2011
Bangalore hub FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 4:52 PM
1940 by the visionary entrepreneur Walc-
hand Hirachand to overhaul military aircraft
for the Royal Indian Air Force, could be con-
sidered a “mover and shaker” of the aero-
space sector in Bengaluru. Incidentally, HAL
(Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd) in its present
form came into being in 1964 when a merger
took place between Hindustan Aircraft Ltd,
Aeronautics India Ltd and the Aircraft Manu-
facturing depot at Kanpur.
HAL, which is today one of the largest
aerospace and defence enterprises in Asia,
ranks 38th among the top 100 global aero-
space and defence companies. This Indian
aeronautical giant boasts of 19 production
units and 9 R&D centres spread across sev-
en states. HAL boasts of an impressive
products profile — 12 types of aircraft man-
ufactured with in-house R&D and 14 types
produced under license. HAL has also man-
ufactured over 3,550 aircraft, 3,600 engines
and overhauled over 8,150 aircraft and
RIPPLE EFFECT: With one flows another and before you know it’s a dozen — that’s the
story of Bengaluru’s aviation!
27,300 engines. It is also in the supply
chain of global aircraft majors — it pro-
duces Airbus A320 doors and has been con-
tracted by Boeing to produce composite
777 flaperons. “The composite 777 flaper-
ons that HAL will produce represents a sig-
nificant leap forward in technological
capability and supports Boeing’s strategy to
work in partnership with India’s aerospace
industry for the long time,” says Keskar.
Being the only aeronautical outfit of its
kind in the country, HAL has been desig-
nated as the integrator of combat aircraft to
be acquired under MMRCA (Medium, Mul-
Page 64
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GEOPOLITICS
ti Role Combat Aircraft) bid. HAL will pro-
duce 108 of the 126 MMRCA aircraft that
India would order from the winner of the
bid for which there are six contenders.
Indeed, from an era of licensed produc-
tion of supply of spares and components to
the global aerospace and defence majors,
HAL has come of age to scale new heights
in aeronautics to take up the challenges of
the future with confidence. “HAL is trans-
forming gradually into a competitive play-
er in line with its vision to be a leading
global aerospace company. HAL’s current
exports are already moving in the direction
of building aero structures for aircraft of
leading international aerospace companies
including export and fully-built green air-
craft Dornier DO-228 to Germany,” says
HAL Chairman Ashok Nayak. With a view to
preparing the ground for the successful
realisation of a slew of high-ticket projects
and also with the focus on boosting HAL’s
BENGALURU IS
BECOMING A
CUTTING-EDGE
RESOURCE
CENTRE FOR
BOEING AND
AIRBUS
(70)
capability in assembly and production of
various types of aircraft, an investment
of `25,000 crore on creating new
facilities over the next one decade has been
envisaged.
As part of the move to focus greater
attention on its core competence and step
up the production of strategic systems, HAL
plans to boost outsourcing from Indian pri-
vate sector industries. “Infrastructure in the
Indian private industry is also coming up.
We would like to make use of that,” says
HAL Chairman. Nayak also refuted the oft-
repeated allegation that HAL’s monopoly
over the aerospace sector has stifled the
urge of private Indian industries to take up
challenging aerospace projects. In fact, he
specified that “HAL was no way trying to do
a monopoly”. Apparently, he was reacting to
the observation of IAF Vice Chief Pranab
Kumar Barbora who recently said that the
Government support and focus to HAL was
affecting the growth of private sector aero-
space manufacturers.
However, one big question that disturbs
the analyst of the Indian aerospace scenario
is why HAL, despite its excellent human
capital and a superior technological base,
could not transform itself into an Indian
Embraer that scripted the Brazilian aviation
industry success story. The argument is that
if ISRO could catapult India into the ranks
of the leading space-faring nations of the
world, there is no reason why HAL cannot
reinvent itself as one of the front-ranking
aeronautical entities capable of producing
both civilian and military aircraft meeting
global standards.
All said and done, everything is not
hunky dory for Bengaluru’s aerospace sec-
tor. Infrastructure deficiencies in the form of
poorly laid roads causing traffic jams, power
shortage, water crisis and prohibitively cost-
ly land along with bureaucratic red tape
could conspire to pose a threat to Bengalu-
ru’s pre-eminent position in aerospace. The
possibility of Hyderabad, which is being
projected vigorously as the best destination
for aerospace and defence investment,
threatening the supremacy of Bengaluru, is
not discounted. “Power is definitely a bottle-
neck. Additionally, land costs in Bengaluru
are higher compared to Hyderabad. There-
fore, initial costs which could potentially be
higher than Hyderabad, will play a role,”
says Aroon Raman, Chairman of CII, Kar-
nataka chapter. The moral of the story is that
Bengaluru would need to spruce up its act to
ward off the threat from Brand Hyderabad
and stay at the forefront of the Indian aero-
space sector.
February 2011
final geo subcscribe add:final geo subcscribe add.qxd 10/30/2010 2:19 PM Page 2

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Private Sector FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 6:38 PM Page 60

g
GEOPOLITICS

PRIVATE SECTOR
GETS READY TO ENTER
AEROSPACE
Opportunities in the aerospace industry in the
country are cropping up and the private sector is not
lagging behind. J V SINGH takes a look at the
aerospace industry in India and points out that while
private players will act as a stimulant for the growth
of the industry in the future, there are many
challenges to be overcome

(72)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Private Sector FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 6:38 PM
T
HE INDIAN aerospace industry,
both military and civil, stands
uniquely poised today, on the
threshold of catapulting itself into
the global arena. Due to the over-
whelming support and involvement of the
government in the demand and supply of
defence and civil aerospace products, the in-
dustry has set itself on the firm path towards
a transformational change. The process of
transformation has begun and there are en-
couraging signs of the aerospace industry
emerging as a major factor in our increasing
self-reliance as well as the export-oriented
sector. At the same time, the domestic capabil-
ity is being significantly enhanced, through ex-
tensive tie-ups, joint ventures and technology
transfers. Fundamental strength in the Indian
industry already exists, in the form of a large
number of Small and Medium-sized Enterpris-
es (SMEs), which in the past have been suppli-
ers at the sub-component and component lev-
el, for aerospace DPSUs, HAL, DRDO, ISRO, etc.
These companies are gradually transforming
themselves into major players in this sector,
modernising with cutting-edge technologies to
become suppliers for global aerospace
companies vying to outsource products and
components from India.
The Indian aerospace industry has histor-
ically been dominated by large Public
Sector Units (PSUs). In 1940, the first aircraft
company, Hindustan Aircraft Limited, was
formed, followed by formation of Indian Insti-
tute of Science (IISc) in 1942, Council of Scien-
tific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 1948,
Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI) in 1958,
Defence Research & Development Organisation
(DRDO) in 1959, National Aerospace Labora-
tories (NAL) and Hindustan Aeronautics Lim-
ited (HAL) in 1964. In 2001, defence
production opened up for private players.
The Indian aerospace industry is one of the
fastest-growing aerospace markets in the world
with an expanding consumer base comprising
airlines, businesses and high net worth individ-
uals. The rapid growth of this industry has at-
www.geopolitics.in
Page 61
g
GEOPOLITICS
tracted major global aerospace companies to
India. All segments in the aerospace industry,
including civil and military aviation and space,
are showing a significant level of growth.
Top growth drives for Indian Aerospace Indus-
try include high domestic demand, offset poli-
cy, cost advantages, talent base, and leveraging
IT competitiveness. The government support
and incentives include liberal licensing and
SEZ policies, easing and rationalisation of pro-
cedures, clarity in policy. In addition, Defence
Ministry has announced further liberalisation to
the offset policy; civil offset policy is also in the
pipeline. The support for growth of the aerospace
industry is through regulatory support and in-
frastructure development and government en-
courages private investment in both the civil and
defence aerospace sectors with the goal of en-
couraging technology transfers and achieving in-
digenisation. Government also welcomes do-
mestic private participation in manufacturing
and R&D in the aerospace sector with 100 per
cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) allowed in
most areas, the exceptions being air traffic serv-
ices and defence sector.
India produces close to 400,000 engineers
per year. Research institutes, academic insti-
tutes include IISc, IITs, NITs and many other
top-notch engineering colleges. Government
institutes are DRDO, CSIR, ISRO, Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited, Bharat Electronics Lim-
ited and Bharat Dynamics Limited. In addition,
a number of private sector companies (large
THE INDIAN
AEROSPACE
INDUSTRY IS ONE
OF THE FASTEST-
GROWING
MARKETS IN THE
WORLD
(73)
and SMEs) are engaged in engineering and
manufacturing (L&T, TATA, Godrej, and SLN
Technologies). Private sector companies such
as Infosys, Wipro, TCS, HCL, Quest, CADES, and
Infotech, are offering engineering services to
global aerospace companies. Many MNCs like
Airbus, Boeing, Honeywell, GE, Safron,
Goodreach, Thales, Rolls Royce and Mercedes
Benz have their own development centres.
The following factors provide the opportu-
nity and stimulus for driving growth in engi-
neering and manufacturing areas in India’s
aerospace industry. Strong economic growth,
growing domestic aircraft demand, offset re-
quirements, ability to leverage IT competitive-
ness, liberal special economic zones law that
provides attractive fiscal benefits for develop-
ers and manufacturers, skilled talent pool in the
public and private sector, MNC aerospace
companies in India and availability of manu-
facturing infrastructure. For India as an MRO
destination, the contributing factors include
potential for global/regional MRO hub, glob-
alisation of MRO services, manpower cost
competitiveness, availability of talent, location-
al advantages and growing domestic market.
India’s MRO segment is estimated to grow at 10
per cent and reach $ 2.6 bn by 2020.
Government bodies in the sector
Ministry of Defence
The main functions of MoD include obtain-
ing policy directions of the government on all
defence and security-related issues and com-
municating them for implementation to the
services headquarters, inter-services organisa-
tions, production establishments and research
and development organisations.
Directorate General of Civil Aviation
Functions include granting approval for
aircraft maintenance, repair and manufactur-
ing organisations and their continued oversight,
promoting indigenous design and manufacture
of aircraft and aircraft components by acting as
a catalytic agent; assessing the design and
suitability of aircraft components and equip-
February 2011
Private Sector FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 6:39 PM
ment and their approval for use in aircraft.
Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI)
The main objectives of the society are to
promote aerospace technologies and
industries in India, encourage potential entre-
preneurs to establish medium/small scale in-
dustries in this sector. to provide a forum for
interaction of industries and users, R&D in-
stitutions, universities etc, to participate in
and conduct national/international air
shows/seminars/ workshops, to encourage
education/research and sponsor institute
scholarships/fellowships, etc. in aerospace, to
collaborate with similar societies, trusts, pro-
fessional institutions and industries in India
and abroad for achieving its objectives.
Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)
ADA was created for the LCA programme by
Ministry of Defence. ADA is involved in activ-
ities related to the development of LCA. LCA is
built with the state-of-the-art technology de-
sign/analysis tools and production facilities
supported by capabilities in Indian aircraft de-
sign, production and product support.
National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), a
constituent institution under CSIR, is a high
technology-oriented institution concentrating
on advanced topics in the aerospace and relat-
ed disciplines. It is India’s only civilian aero-
space laboratory and has made significant
contributions to a large number of aerospace
programmes like aircraft (civil and military),
space, engine development, defence and
strategic programmes.
Defence Offset Policy
The latest Defence offset policy is effective
from September 2008 (DPP-2008). Key features
include mandatory offset requirement of a
minimum of 30 per cent for procurement of de-
fence equipment in excess of `3 Billion ($ 60
mn), only direct offsets allowed as of now, bank-
ing of direct offset credits permitted for up to
two years and transfer of technology is not
counted towards offset calculation. Also the
vendor is free to choose Indian offset part-
ner, Indian offset partner to comply with
only licensing requirements/guidelines,
offset obligations to be fulfilled within pe-
riod of main contract. Further, offsets
can be discharged by combination of the
methods namely direct purchase of, or, ex-
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Page 62
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GEOPOLITICS
ecuting export orders for defence products and
components manufactured by, or services
provided by Indian defence industries. Defence
Offset Facilitation Agency (DOFA) oversees
the offset policy.
From Wright Aeronautical Company to
Rolls-Royce, private companies have played a
part in shaping the global aerospace industry.
However, the government and the aerospace
sector are like Siamese twins. This dependence
carries risks, as spending is subject to the po-
litical process. Hence, it is one of the toughest
markets to tap. The government hopes to turn
this constraint into an advantage through the
offset clause, mentioned in the Defence Pro-
curement Procedure (DPP). It wishes to en-
courage private sector involvement, and is hop-
ing to have $30 billion (about `140,000 crore)
generated in offset opportunities.
India ranks among the top 10 countries in the
world in terms of military expenditure. The
country’s defence budget (capital plus revenue
expenditure) has grown significantly in recent
years. India is expected to spend close to $100
bn on defence procurements during the period
of implementation of the 11th Plan (2007-2012).
Considering that imports account for 70 per cent
of the expenditure on defence procurements, off-
set obligations worth $ 21.4 bn will be generat-
ed at 30 per cent of the contract value.
The largest contract for 126 medium mul-
ti-role combat aircraft (MMRCA) is estimated
to be worth about $ 10.5 bn. The tender doc-
ument places a 50 per cent offset liability on
vendors. This offset business is expected to flow
into India through Tier-I and Tier-II vendors of
global OEMs. SMEs can expect to corner a sub-
stantial chunk of this business.
India’s defence budget is expected to reach
the $100-bn mark in the next ten years. The
government has been undertaking initiatives
to encourage participation by the private sec-
P RIVAT E PL AY E
T HE RS
(74)
tor. Apart from defence, as the India economy
grows, civil and cargo aviation has recorded
CAGR of 18 per cent and 9.9 per cent, respec-
tively. Huge opportunities exist for mainte-
nance and repair, avionics, communication
systems, control system design, and software
design among others. Global recession and sig-
nificant margin pressures will continue to
force global OEM and Tier-1 suppliers to un-
dertake major restructuring and cost-cutting
exercises. Emerging economies like India,
which provide significant cost benefits, are be-
ing increasingly considered an outsourcing des-
tination for manufacturing. The defence off-
set policy and its inherent strengths position
India as an attractive investment destination
for the aerospace industry.
The aerospace sector has tremendous scope
for various industries. In the years to come, Asia
is going to be the nerve centre of sale of Main-
tenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) deliver-
ables.
The reform process in the defence sector
needs to be accelerated. The effective imple-
mentation of the defence offset policy can fa-
cilitate the absorption and indigenisation of
foreign aeronautic technologies that accrue to
the country by way of offset deals.
India needs to take bold steps in FDI poli-
cy for the defence sector. Additionally, offset ob-
ligations should be instrumental in inviting
technology to India. India needs national de-
fence policy wherein global interdependence
can be leveraged in the most optimal way. The
private sector must be allowed a freer hand
with accessible overseas market with a few reg-
ulations. A consortium approach must be for-
mulated to facilitate global partnerships and
joint ventures.
India should leverage its strengths in the in-
formation technology and automotive industries
to graduate into design, development and man-
ufacturing in the aerospace and defence sectors.
The Indian aerospace and defence industry
needs rapid development of domain knowledge.
This would require active industry-government-
academia partnership with leading technology
institutes across the globe, to upgrade, design
and offer tailor-made courses for the aerospace
and defence industry in India.
The government, on the advice of the
Kelkar Committee, has opened up the
aerospace industry to the private sector.
State governments are doing their bit by
setting up special economic zones (SEZs)
for the aerospace industry. These include:
February 2011
Private Sector FINAL.qxd 2/7/2011 6:39 PM
„ The `3,000-crore Aerospace and Precision
Engineering Special Economic Zone to be set
up at Adibatla, Ranga Reddy district in Andhra
Pradesh;
„ The specialised aerospace park of around
1,000 acres, proposed near the Bengaluru In-
ternational Airport;
„ The 2,500-acre SEZ for the aerospace
and avionics industry, is proposed to be estab-
lished in south Gujarat, close to the Delhi-
Mumbai industrial corridor. This is likely to
have a number of MRO facilities.
The cumulative value of the Indian defence
market for the next five years is approximately
`180,000 crore, which makes it one of the most
attractive in the world — especially, with the
capital outlay for defence hiked this year to
`54,824 crore, up from last year’s revised estimate
of `41,000 crore. Indian companies are all set to
supply in this market. Hero Motors plans to pro-
duce light aircraft at its 300-acre aerospace
park in Madhya Pradesh in partnership with an
unidentified European manufacturer.
The Tata group is keen to move into full-scale
aircraft assembly and production in both the
civil and military markets. The group has
sought approval to set up an aerospace man-
ufacturing facility on the outskirts of Hyderabad.
Tata has already signed deals with several In-
ternational companies, including one to man-
ufacture components for Boeing. It has taken
a one-third stake in Italy’s Piaggio Aero, while
Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Tata have
signed a memorandum of understanding to es-
tablish a new company to develop, manufac-
ture and support a wide range of defence and
aerospace products, including missiles, UAVs,
radars, electronic warfare systems and home-
land security systems. Mahindra & Mahindra,
meanwhile, has signed deals with BAE Systems,
and is jointly developing a five-seat light aircraft
with the National Aerospace Laboratories.
Larsen and Toubro (L&T) has formed a joint
venture with the European EADS to develop
high-tech defence electronics in Pune. This ven-
ture will focus on developing electronic warfare,
radar, military avionics and mobile systems for
military applications.
Punj Lloyd, a transnational company spe-
cialising in the energy and infrastructure sec-
tors, has its headquarters in Gurgaon. The com-
pany is present in six cities and maintains three
lines of service: business aerospace services in-
cluding aircraft management, airline MRO
including airframe, engine, components, sales
and non-scheduled charter operations in-
cluding offshore oil and gas transportation. The
company has serviced over 40 different types
of aircraft in its 40,000 sq ft hangar for main-
tenance activities. It also has plans to increase
Page 63
g
GEOPOLITICS
MADE IN CHINA: The Chinese are now making aircraft in collaboration with Airbus. They
are also producing their own domestic version. Will India ever be able to match them?
its presence in additional cities, such as Kolkata,
Hyderabad, Goa and Ahmedabad.
Max Aerospace and Aerospace Limited
established in 1994, provides engineering
support for all the major commercial airlines
and aircraft operators in India and the Mid-
dle East. Its engineering facility in Mumbai
supports a range of aircraft and components.
The company also maintains offices in New
Delhi, Goa and Bengaluru. The company of-
fers the following services namely avionics,
electrical, air frame, simulator division and
manufacturing services.
It is clear that private industry in the aero-
space sector in India will act as a growth stim-
ulant in the coming years. However, to fulfil its
potential, it must surmount challenges such as
inadequate R & D investment, dispersed pro-
duction centres, frequent change in regulations,
and poor co-ordination amongst the different
players. The Confederation of Indian Industry
(CII) has proposed to establish an aerospace
park in Chennai. The proposed park will attract
an investment of $10 billion and will create over
PRIVATE
INDUSTRY WILL
ACT AS A
GROWTH
STIMULANT IN
THE COMING
YEARS
(75)
100,000 jobs. SEZ, Quest, Belgaum, Karnata-
ka Quest Global is establishing an industry spe-
cific precision engineering SEZ in Belgaum,
Karnataka. Quest Global SEZ has already
signed three clients, namely Quest Global En-
gineering, Quest Global Manufacturing and
Aerospace Processing India (API) for the SEZ
APIIC, Hyderabad. This SEZ will focus on
avionics systems repair, precision component
fabrication, airframe and engine components,
mechanical, electrical and electronic com-
ponents. A group of approximately 35 compa-
nies, under the aegis of Samuha Engineering
Industries, will be developing units to supply
equipment and services to defence establish-
ments in the country, The SEZ will have an in-
tegrated ecosystem for research, design, man-
ufacture and maintenance of aircrafts, both civ-
il and defence. The 2,500 acre SEZ, in close
proximity to the Bengaluru International Air-
port, has received in principal approval from
the Board of Approvals on 15th January, 2009.
The Karnataka Industrial Areas Development
Board (KIADB) proposal has received in prin-
ciple clearance by the Karnataka government
for establishing an aerospace SEZ in Devana-
halli, Bengaluru. Taneja Aerospace & Aviation
Ltd (TAAL) has received in principle approval
from the government to set up a SEZ dedicat-
ed to aviation in Bengaluru.
On its part, the government has to ensure
that a level playing field is provided to private
industries vis-à-vis Public Sector Enterprises.
Also, the industry has to be treated as a
partner with mutual trust.
(The author is Senior Fellow, Centre
for Air Power Studies. He is a retired
group captain)
February 2011
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g
GEOPOLITICS

The friendship between

India and the then
INDO-RUSSIAN
COOPERATION
Soviet Union began
rather modestly with
the transfer of the first

ON A NEW HIGH
IL-14 in 1955. Since
then, the ties have
strengthened and today
the two nations are
involved in the joint
development of fifth
generation fighter
aircraft, multi-role
transport aircraft and
much more.
ARUN MOHANTY looks
at the strategic nature of
the Indo-Russian
relationship

SU-30 MKI: A successful chapter in the

history of Indo-Russian cooperation

I
NDIA AND Russia are natural and acquired new dimensions. Almost 85 per
genuine strategic partners and unpar- cent of the Indian Air Force is equipped with
alleled bilateral cooperation between ALMOST 85 PER military hardware of Soviet or Russian ori-

CENT OF THE
the two countries in the defence sector
constitutes an important pillar of our
special and privileged strategic partnership.
In fact, India’s unique defense cooperation
IAF IS EQUIPPED
with Russia began in 1955 when former Sovi- WITH MILITARY
gin. As we celebrate the 55th anniversary of
our cooperation in military aviation sector in
2010, we can proudly say that our relations
in the sector has acquired unprecedented
dimensions from mere buyer-seller relation-

HARDWARE OF
et leader Nikita Khruschev presented the IL-
14 aircraft — Meghdoot — to India’s first
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru for trans-
portation of VIPS. Over the last 55 years, our
RUSSIAN
productive cooperation in this vital sector ORIGIN
has grown from strength to strength and
ship to joint research, joint development and
joint production. The journey of our cooper-
ation beginning with procurement of IL-14
in 1955 to planned joint development and
joint production of fifth generation aircraft
and multi-role transport aircraft in 2010 has

(76)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Russia and IAF final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:00 PM
DEFENCE COOPERATION: India and Russia signing a deal for design and development of advanced fifth generation fighter aircraft.
The deal involves HAL from India and Sukhoi Design Bureau and Rosoboronexport from Russia
been unique and productive the kind of
which is unparalleled in the history of
defence cooperation between any two coun-
tries in the world.
Moscow obviously was not India’s first
choice for military procurement in the initial
post-independence years, nor was Stalin’s
Soviet Union enthusiastic about supplying
military hardware to “imperialist stooge”
India. However, a better understanding of
the Indian state, the logic of Cold War, grow-
ing Soviet-Chinese rift and appreciation of
India’s non-alignment policy motivated
Moscow to start meaningful defence cooper-
ation with India beginning from the second
half of the 1950s. India went for military pro-
curement from Moscow not because Soviet
weaponry was the first choice but because
the West was not willing to sell equipment
required for its armed forces even if India
was willing to pay in hard currency. It is
geopolitical compulsions coupled with the
West’s reluctance to supply military hard-
ware that pushed India into a meaningful
defence cooperation with Moscow. The main
reasons for India to chose Moscow as a part-
ner for defence cooperation were the Soviet
readiness to supply the required military
equipment, financial considerations like
low-cost, the need to save much-required
hard currency and Delhi’s quest for achiev-
ing self-reliance in the defence sector.
www.geopolitics.in
Page 61
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GEOPOLITICS
India’s non-aligned foreign policy was not
to the liking of the West, particularly to USA,
which resulted in the US refusal to provide
India with the required military hardware.
The USA turned down Indian requests to
procure 200 jet aircraft in 1952, denied to
supply Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, reject-
ed Indian request for supplying F-104 while
the aircraft was supplied to Pakistan in 1961-
62. Washington supplied F-16s to Pakistan
while the Indian request for the same aircraft
was turned down outright.
The Soviet leadership was not exactly
enthusiastic about building defence coopera-
tion with India. However, with Pakistan
turning out to be an US satellite in the region
coupled with the increasing western presence
in Asia through the formation of the Central
Treaty Organisation (CENTO) and the South-
East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and
cracks in the Sino-Soviet relationship,
Moscow realised the importance of India as a
counter-balancing force to both the West and
China and as a possible vehicle to expand the
Soviet influence in the Third World. On the
other hand, India to some extent was isolated
at that time. This isolation along with the dire
Indian requirement for weapons for its
expanding armed forces created a platform
for a strong Indo-Soviet defence cooperation.
Considerations of low-cost, easy credit
terms as well as Moscow’s willingness to help
(77)
build India’s self-reliant defence industry pro-
vided necessary impetus for constructing a
solid partnership with Moscow in the vital
defence sector.
As mentioned earlier, the first IL-14 medi-
um transport aircraft was gifted to India by
Soviet leaders Kruschev and Bulgalin during
their historic visit to India in 1955, which was
followed by the purchase of 24 Il-14 and 10
Mi-4 medium-lift helicopters in 1960. Eight
An-12 heavy transport aircraft and six jet
engines for the indigenous HF-24 aircraft
were bought in 1961.
As evident, the military aviation coopera-
tion between Delhi and Moscow began
much before the Indo-China military con-
flict in 1962. An-12 and the Mi-4 aircraft were
extensively used for logistic support during
the Indo-China war. While An-12s continued
in service as the backbone of the IAF’s trans-
port fleet till the mid-1990s, the IL-14s went
out of service in 1974 and the Mi-4s in 1981.
The agreement for supply of MiG-21 air-
craft and its licensed production in India,
signed in 1962, was of great importance for
the country. The contract signed in 1963
envisaged supply of 38 MiG-21 aircraft and
provision for technical assistance and
machinery for establishing production facili-
ties for these aircraft in India. The IAF
acquired an additional 16 Mi-4 helicopters
and eight An-12 aircraft, which was followed
February 2011
Russia and IAF final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:00 PM
by the purchase of SAM-11 surface-to air
missile system soon after the Indian debacle
in the war with China. These were primarily
meant for air defence of Indian cities like
New Delhi. Acquisition of Soviet equipment
got further impetus in the face of Western
embargo on arms supply over both Delhi
and Islamabad following Indo-Pak war in
1965. India received nearly seven squadrons
of SU-7 planes.
IAF procured a limited number of MiG-23
BN in 1981 in order to meet our requirement
for a tactical airstrike aircraft, which was fol-
lowed by the purchase of two squadrons of
MiG-23 MF — air superiority version of the
swing-wing fighter with beyond visual range
missiles in 1982 — as an interim solution to
counter the threat posed by new generation
of F-16 aircraft purchased by Pakistan. The
Indian Air Force acquired a small number of
MiG-25s in 1982, which gave the IAF an ultra-
high altitude tri-sonic strategic reconnais-
sance capability that surpassed any aircraft in
the region.
The aircraft that could match and surpass
the F-16 in its performance was the MiG-29
and that was procured by India in 1985. Apart
from the MiG-29, India also purchased 165
MiG-27 M airstrike aircraft that were pro-
duced in India under license.
The Soviet collapse combined with the
shift in Moscow’s foreign policy priorities
dealt a heavy blow to Indo-Russian defence
cooperation and the aerospace cooperation
was no exception. The disastrous market
reforms in Russia coupled with financial con-
straints in India inflicted a heavy damage to
bilateral cooperation including the aviation
sector. Normalcy in the relationship returned
only after the improvement of the political
and industrial spheres of Russia in the mid-
1990s. The turning point in the bilateral rela-
tionship came in 1996 when the contract for
the state-of-the-art fourth generation multi-
role combat aircraft was concluded. The same
year also witnessed the beginning of the sec-
ond and more qualitative stage of our cooper-
ation in the military aviation sector. The first
contract envisaged 8 SU-30K and 40 SU-30
MKI multi-role combat aircraft. While under
the second contract Russia was to supply 10
more SU-30 MKI aircraft, the third one stipu-
lated licensed production of 140 SU-30 MKIs
in India and the fourth one saw the transfer of
40 more SU-30 MKI planes by Russia to India.
The prime contractor for all these deals was
Russia’s Irkut Corporation.
The unprecedented contract signed in
December 2001 provided for licensed produc-
tion of 140 multi-role combat jets at HAL
facilities in India. Under the $3.3-billion deal
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GEOPOLITICS
India was given a ‘deep’ license, which envis-
aged indigenous production of all the com-
ponents of SU-30 MKI, including the AL-31
FP state-of-the-art thrust-vectoring engines
over a period of 20 years. India can use the
technological spin-off of the MKI project for
developing its light combat aircraft.
The SU-30MKI are the world’s first produc-
tion air superiority fighters and also the first
exported military aircraft that came with
phased-array radars. The fighters are also
considered to have achieved engineering
excellence in design among fourth-genera-
tion planes. The external design of the SU-
30Mki has been largely prepared by Indian
engineers.
Under the deal, Russia supplies aircraft
produced at the Irkutsk aviation plant and
also the complete sets of SU-30 MKI parts to
be assembled by HAL. India will have total of
230 SU-30 MKI fighters after all the contracts
are fulfilled. These aircraft already form the
backbone of the Indian Air Force and are
deployed in critical areas, ensuring absolute
air supremacy over potential enemies. In
mock dogfights, IAF pilots flying SU-30 MKI
usually defeat modern fighters of its class pro-
duced elsewhere.
A survey to choose the best fighter among
SU-30 MKI, F-22 and F-15 conducted by the
prestigious professional British journal Flight
among the visitors of its website placed SU-30
MKI far ahead of its competitors, with 59 per
cent respondents favoring SU-30s.
The SU-30 MKI programme opened a new
chapter in the history of Indo-Russian cooper-
ation in the aviation industry. Both countries
have moved from aircraft sales to joint
research and development and joint aircraft
production at HAL facilities. More important-
ly, these fighters will be equipped with Brah-
Mos missiles, jointly produced by both coun-
tries, which according to experts, will deliver
unrivalled combat performance.
Another project in Indo-Russian aviation
cooperation is the MiG-29 K. The contract
THE SU-30 MKI
OPENED A NEW
CHAPTER IN
THE HISTORY
OF INDO-
RUSSIAN
COOPERATION
(78)
signed in 2004 stipulates supply of 12 single-
seater MiG-29K and four two-seater MiG-
29KUB fighters. Under the deal, Indian pilots
and technicians would receive training from
the Russians. In addition, Russia would supply
flight simulators, spare parts and look after the
maintenance of new aircraft at IAF bases.
The first batch of sea-based MiG-29
K/KUB fighters was commissioned at a cere-
mony held at the Hansa naval base in Febru-
ary 2010. The aircraft have been inducted in
the Black Panthers squadron. Experts say the
MiG-29K/KUB fighter is one of the best carri-
er-borne combat aircraft in the world in terms
of cost and effect. The MiG-29K/KUB became
the basis for 4++ generation land-based air-
craft, notably including the MiG-35 multi-role
fighters.
The fighter combines excellent flight and
operational performance with reinforced
combat capability. The MiG-35 is fitted with
advanced onboard avionics, including active
electronically-scanned array (AESA) radar
and a unique optical locator system (OLS)
based on a technology originally designed for
space application. Russia, which is bidding
for the ‘mother of all defence deals’ — the
procurement of 126 combat aircraft by India
for $10 billion, has offered the MiG-35, and
hopes to win the contract on the basis of
merit of its aircraft coupled with its long his-
tory of productive cooperation with India in
the sector.
At present, India and Russia are poised to
enter an absolutely new stage of cooperation
in the aviation sector with two major projects
in the pipeline. They are: development of fifth
generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) and multi-
role transport aircraft (MRTA), which would
take our cooperation in the vital sector to a
higher level.
The fifth generation fghter aircraft (FGFA),
which India develops jointly with Russia, is a
derivative project from the PAK FA being
developed for the Indian Air Force. HAL will
largely contribute to composites, cockpits
and avionics. The FGFA will enter squadron
service by 2015, and will replace at least three
classes of aircraft in the IAF. Since this is a
futuristic aircraft, its development process is
rather slow.
It has been agreed to develop both single-
seater and double-seater versions of the
aircraft. Russia has been developing its own
fifth generation fighter since the 1990s. The
current prototype, known as T-50, is designed
by the Sukhoi design bureau and built at
Komsomolsk-on-Amur plant situated in the
Russian far east. The Indian fifth generation
aircraft will be based on T-50, which has
undertaken several flight tests. However T-50
February 2011
Russia and IAF final.qxd 2/7/2011 7:01 PM
FRIENDSHIP FOUNDATION: The journey of Indo-Russian cooperation began with
procurement of IL-14 in 1955
would be tailored to meet the requirements of
the Indian Air Force. The IAF’s priority is to
have a two-seater FGFA powered by a new
engine with higher thrust. The project design
cost of the aircraft is estimated at $295 million
that would be equally shared by both coun-
tries. The cost of the preliminary design con-
tract may be $ 295 mn but it will eventually
lead to India investing nearly $ 35 bn over the
next two decades to induct between 250 and
300 of the advanced stealth fighters from 2020
onwards. This will be India’s largest-ever
defence project.
Compared to the previous generation
fighters, the planned fifth generation aircraft
has several unique features, including the
combination of qualities of strike aircraft and
fighter. Experts emphasise its manoeuvrabili-
ty and the power of airborne weapons. It is
almost impossible to detect the aircraft
through radars. While the fifth generation air-
craft planned to be jointly developed by Delhi
and Moscow would be a direct competitor to
Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor and F-35
Lightning-11, many experts believe that the
Indian FGFA would have a number of advan-
tages over its competitors. USA does not have
any intention of supplying its FGFA to any
country — even to its closest allies.
India and Russia have embarked upon yet
another important project to launch the
multi-role transport aircraft programme for
developing a new aircraft capable of carrying
20 tons of cargo to replace the An-12, An-32
and other transport aircraft in the Indian and
Russian air fleets. Under the terms of the con-
tract, signed between HAL and UAC to design
and produce MRTA, both sides will invest
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GEOPOLITICS
$300 mn dollars. In this joint venture, the
MRTA manufacturing facilities would be
located both in India and Russia. While the
Indian Defence Ministry is expected to place
an order for 45 MRTAs, the Russian Air Force is
likely to purchase about 100 of this new air-
craft.
The initial plan is to produce 205 planes of
the new class, of which 30 per cent will be
sold in the global market. A joint venture has
been registered in India to run the MRTA
project and it is expected that the first aircraft
will take off in 2016-2018. The joint venture
will include HAL (50 per cent), Russian joint
aviation manufacturing corporation (25 per
cent) and Russia’s state-run arms export
monopoly Rosoboronexport (25 per cent).
The Russian company Ilyushin Aviation com-
plex, the designer of the IL-76, will participate
in the designing of the new aircraft.
Though India and Russia have been very
successful partners in the sphere of aerospace
cooperation over decades, bilateral relations
THE FIFTH
GENERATION
FIGHTER
AIRCRAFT WILL
ENTER INDIAN
AIR FORCE BY
2015
(79)
in the area are not without clouds. Russia’s
image as a reliable partner has taken a beat-
ing with its constant delays in fulfilling its
commitments and partial failure in ensuring
timely spare parts supplies. However, this
issue should not be blown out of proportion.
Russia, aware of the increasing presence of
other global players in India’s lucrative arms
market, seems to have learnt a few lessons
and is taking steps to address Indian concerns
in the sphere.
Our relations in aviation sector cannot but
leave out our cooperation in outer space,
where we have had ties for decades. India’s
first satellite Aryabhat was built with Russian
assistance and was sent to the orbit from the
Soviet cosmodrome. The first Indian cosmo-
naut Rakesh Sharma had gone to space in a
Russian spacecraft with Russian cosmonauts.
Apart from Russian participation in Chan-
drayan-2, the manned space mission and
Youth Satellite, both countries have decided
to further expand their relations in the aero-
space sphere. It has been agreed that India
would participate in Russia’s GLONASS satel-
lite navigation programme. Under the deal,
India would receive high-precision naviga-
tion signals from GLONASS for civilian as well
as military purposes, which would help us in
our socio-economic development and fight
against cross-border terrorism. GLONASS is
the Russian equivalent of the United States’
global positioning system that permits users
to determine the position of any object
almost with precision. India is the first coun-
try and Moscow’s most-preferred partner to
be permitted to participate in Russia’s highly-
sensitive satellite navigation system and to
receive both military and civilian signals.
Both countries have decided to set up a joint
venture for production of equipment for use
by GLONASS system.
The saga of the Indo-Russian aerospace
cooperation that began with the modest
transfer of the first IL-14 aircraft by Soviet
Union to India in 1955 has presently reached
its pinnacle in the joint development of the
fifth generation fighter aircraft, multi-role
transport aircraft and India’s participation in
GLONASS satellite navigation system, reflect-
ing the strategic nature of our relationship
and deep mutual trust existing between the
two countries. The unprecedented level of
bilateral cooperation in the sensitive sector
has contributed significantly in making Indo-
Russian strategic partnership unique, special
and privileged as distinct from our strategic
relationship with other countries.
(The author is Director, Eurasian
Foundation, New Delhi)
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

Eight years and five

revisions but the Defence
Procurement Procedure
has belied expectations.
MRINAL SUMAN points
out that the Ministry of
Defence should have used
the opportunity to come
out with bold initiatives;
instead, it has left the
major infirmities afflicting
the procurement regime
AN ACCENT OF INDIGENISATION: Defence Minister A K Antony unveiling the first-ever
untouched
Defence Procurement Policy

DEFENCE PROCUREMENT
PROCEDURE MUDDLES ALONG
T
HE MUCH-AWAITED Defence a period of last eight years reveals that the
Procurement Procedure - 2011 procedure has failed to achieve even a single
(DPP-2011) was formally released aspect of the said objective. India has failed
on January 13, 2011, and is appli- to conclude even a single major contract in
cable to all procurement cases in an open competitive environment under the
which Request for Proposals (RFP) is issued provisions of the procurement procedure,
after January 1, 2011. It is claimed by the forcing it to seek emergent requirements on
Ministry of Defence (MoD) that the new pro- a single vendor basis, outside the provisions
cedure aims at ‘expanding India’s defence of its own procurement policy.
industrial base, encourages indigenous
defence production and reduces defence SALIENT CHANGES
imports’. INCORPORATED
Although there have been five revisions The changes made in the procedure are:
during the last eight yea’, the basic aim of the
procedure remains unchanged. It is to a) Shipbuilding
ensure expeditious procurement with opti- The chapter on shipbuilding has been split
mal utilisation of budgetary resources, into two sections. The first section contains
demonstrating highest degree of probity, guidelines for placing orders on a nominated
transparency, free competition and impar- public sector shipyard for ships, submarines
tiality, while keeping the goal of self-reliance and other crafts. The second section allows
in mind. A review of the past experience over private sector shipyards to participate in

(80)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
New Procurement Policy final.qxd 2/7/2011
competitive bidding to bag orders. Although
it is claimed that seminal policy changes had
been incorporated in the ship building pro-
cedure to provide a level-playing field to the
private sector, knowledgeable observers are
skeptical about it. They fear that all major
proposals would be categorised under the
first section and the competitive section
would get activated only after the public sec-
tor shipyards are fully loaded.
Industry associations had recommended
that shipbuilding be kept under a single sec-
tion, providing equal opportunities to the pri-
vate sector shipyards to compete for orders,
thereby harnessing their potential as well.
With a view to providing protection to public
sector shipyards; MoD decided to reserve the
right to award shipbuilding contracts by nom-
ination. Private sector shipyards have reasons
to be highly disappointed. They know that
they will have to wait indefinitely to get over-
flow of a few minor contracts.
b) Offsets
Terming it as a major change, MoD has
announced inclusion of civil aerospace sec-
tor, internal security sector and training
within the ambit of eligible products and
services for the discharge of offset obliga-
tions. A comprehensive list of all such prod-
ucts and services has also been provided in
the procedure. It is claimed that the changes
will provide a wider range of offset opportu-
nities to vendors participating in defence
procurements.
At the face of it, this appears to be a pro-
gressive step. However, a close look at the
newly-included products and services
reveals an entirely different picture. As
regards the internal security sector, all prod-
ucts and services are the same as needed by
the armed forces. Their manufacturers are
already eligible to be offset partners and
interestingly, almost all are in the public sec-
tor. Similarly, inclusion of civil aviation will
make no discernible difference as HAL is the
only major aircraft manufacturer in the
country and negligible capacity exists in the
private sector. Therefore, expansion of offset
sectors will not increase offset opportunities
for foreign vendors but benefit the public
sector as the newly added products are in
their monopoly domain.
c) Commercial Terms
Commercial terms offered to vendors have
been modified to simplify and streamline the
procedure. Earlier, vendors had to submit
two separate financial bonds for perform-
ance of contract and warranty of equipment.
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GEOPOLITICS
Each bond had to be for five per cent of the
total contract value. Now vendors are
required to submit a single consolidated Per-
formance-cum-Warranty Bond of five per
cent of the total contract value. This change
will help vendors save considerable financial
overheads.
To rationalise evaluation of bids by dis-
counted cash flow method, it has now been
mandated that borrowing rate of nine per
cent would be considered instead of 9.5 per
cent as stipulated earlier. In an effort to
ensure that Indian industry is placed at par
with the public sector entities, Exchange
Rate Variation (ERV ) clause has now been
made applicable to all Indian vendors when
they compete with their foreign counterparts
under the ‘Buy Global’ category. ERV, howev-
er, shall not be available in cases categorised
as ‘Buy (Indian)’ except for public sector
units in ab-initio single vendor cases or
when nominated as production agency.
THE PENALTY
OF GETTING
BLACKLISTING
HAS NOW BEEN
REMOVED. IT IS
STEP IN RIGHT
DIRECTION.
Interestingly, Integrity Pact Bank Guaran-
tee (IPBG) has replaced earnest money/secu-
rity deposit. IPBG will be `1 crore in cases
where the cost as estimated by the buyer is
above `100 crore and up to `300 crore and `3
crore if above `300 crore. The validity of IPBG
will be 45 days post validity of commercial
offer and for the successful bidder this would
be extended unto the completion of contract.
As there is little change in content, nomencla-
ture has perhaps been changed to emphasise
the importance of Integrity Pact.
In case of delay in supplies under the Fast
Track Procedure, liquidated damages will be
levied on the vendor @ 1.5 per cent per week
subject to maximum of 15 per cent of value of
delayed stores. Earlier the upper cap was at 10
per cent. The penalty of getting blacklisted for
non-performance has now been removed. It
is a step in the right direction. Blacklisting of
vendors has proved counter-productive.
Financial penalty will prove to be a more
(81)
effective deterrent against deliberate default.
d) Transfer of Technology for
Maintenance
Earlier, MoD was required to specify a list in
RFP of public or private sector firms for
receipt of technology for maintenance and it
was for the foreign vendor to choose any one
of them. It provided adequate flexibility to
him to identify the most suitable entity after
carrying out an appraisal of their inter-se
capability to absorb technology concerned.
In a major turnaround, MoD has decided to
empower Department of Defence Produc-
tion (DDP) to nominate the recipient and the
vendor has to abide by that. The recipient
could be any Indian entity incorporated
under the Companies Act 1956, including
DPSU or entities like Ordnance
Factories/Army Base Workshops/Naval
Dockyards/Base Repair Depots.
This is a retrograde step, initiated with the
sole intent of aiding the public sector. As all
DPSUs and ordnance factories come under
DDP, no private sector company will ever get
nominated even if it is better equipped to
absorb technology.
e) Other Issues
MoD has introduced four other small but
significant changes as well. One, Service
Headquarters (SHQ) is now required to
include likely timelines for the procurement
to fructify in the proposal for procurement.
Two, in cases where the original RFP is issued
within the stipulated period of two years
from accord of Acceptance of Necessity
(AON) and later retracted for any reason,
AON would continue to remain valid as long
as the original decision and categorisation
remain unchanged. However, the subse-
quent RFP must be issued within one year
from the date of retraction of the original RFP.
Three, an additional grace period of 30
days can now be granted by respective SHQ to
vendors to field their equipment for field tri-
als. However, equal opportunity would have
to be provided to all vendors while granting
such grace period. Finally, in the Fast Track
Procedure, vendo’ are now required to be giv-
en 30-45 days instead of 30 days to respond
to RFP.
MAJOR INFIRMITIES
Every review of a policy must aim at its refor-
mation and refinement. It is generally a
three-stage process. To start with, failure of
the policy to meet envisaged objectives must
be accepted honestly with due focus on defi-
ciencies. Temptation to brush failings under
February 2011
New Procurement Policy final.qxd 2/7/2011
BOLD INITIATIVE: New policy takes
concrete steps towards ship building,
liberalising offsets and fast tracking the
existing procurement procedures
the carpet must be resisted. Secondly, an in-
depth diagnostic study should be carried out
to identify impeding provisions. Finally, bold
remedial initiatives must be initiated to cure
the infirmities. Unfortunately, MoD goes
through periodic reviews more as a routine rit-
ual than a sincere exercise to perfect the sys-
tem. Major weaknesses of the policy, though
well known to the officials, continue to remain
unaddressed.
a) Multitude of Categories and Resultant
Confusion
Every procurement proposal received from
SHQ is debated at length by the Defence
Acquisition Council to determine the route to
be followed for its execution and is categorised
accordingly. To start with, only three categories
(‘Buy’, ‘Buy and Make’ and ‘Make’) were speci-
fied in DPP-2002. Whereas ‘Buy’ means out-
right purchase of the complete requirement;
‘Buy and Make’ implies purchase of part
requirement from a foreign vendor and pro-
duction of the balance quantity under licence
in India; and ‘Make’ denotes indigenous devel-
opment of the equipment.
Progressively, there has been a proliferation
of newer categories — we have nine of them
now, thereby complicating and delaying the
whole process. For example, ‘Make (High
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6:26 PM Page 62
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GEOPOLITICS
Tech)’ category, introduced in 2006 has proved
to be a non-starter. Nearly four years have
passed and not a single case has taken off. Sim-
ilarly, ‘Buy and Make (Indian)’ category of 2009
has proved to be damp squib. Now, DPP-2011
has created two categories for ship-building -
one by nomination and the other by competi-
tive bidding.
CONFUSION COMPOUNDED
It will be prudent to revert to the erstwhile
three categories. ‘Buy’ category can be restrict-
ed to Indian industry on case-to-case basis. All
developmental activities must be under
DRDO. It is beyond the competence of SHQ to
oversee development of high-tech systems.
b) Lack of Equal Opportunities to Private
Sector
Despite MoD’s repeated assertions of provid-
ing equal opportunities to the private sector, it
continues to be treated unfairly. DPP-2011 has
introduced two measures that are likely to
affect the private sector adversely — place-
ment of ship-building orders on public sector
shipyards by nomination and nomination of
entity by DDP to receive transfer of mainte-
nance technology.
Both the above mentioned steps are retro-
grade in nature. Instead of harnessing the
potential of the private sector through open
competition, MoD has introduced partisan
provisions.
c) Excessive Centralisation of Decision Mak-
ing Powers
The complete procurement regime is con-
trolled by MoD. At every stage, reference has to
be made to the bureaucrats and Defence
Finance officials. Headquarters Integrated
Defence Staff (HQ IDS) and SHQ do secretarial
work and put up cases with noting sheets to
the bureaucracy for directions. Decision mak-
ing becomes the first casualty as the bureau-
crats possess little knowledge of military sys-
tems.
Once RFP is issued, the procurement
process consists of technical and commercial
evaluation. Technical evaluation entails exam-
ination of technical proposals submitted by
vendors, field trials and preparation of staff
report identifying vendors whose equipment is
considered fit for induction into the services.
As technical evaluation is purely in military
domain, MoD should delegate the authority to
oversee it to HQ IDS.
d) Archaic Methodology of Formulation of
Parameters
One of the main reasons for MoD to resort to
single vendor contracts is the procedure’s
(82)
inherent weakness of not according due
importance to technology. It is mandated that
parameters should be of “contemporary tech-
nology widely available in the world/indige-
nous market”. Such technology cannot be
exclusive. Further, all vendors whose equip-
ment satisfies all parameters are considered at
par and contract is signed with the lowest bid-
der. As high end technology will invariably be
more expensive than a mediocre one, services
are forced to accept commonplace technology.
It has been repeatedly suggested to MoD to
introduce matrix system for technical evalua-
tion wherein due credit is given to equipment
with better performance parameters (albeit
within the specified range). As performance is
a function of technology, such an arrangement
will help get latest equipment in inter se evalu-
ation in a competitive environment and fetch
best value for money.
e) Offset Muddle
Counter-trade in the form of export of sundry
low-tech items is considered to be the most
wasteful way of doing offset business. Despite
the fact that self-reliance is one of the stated
objectives of the defence procurement proce-
dure; India has failed to recognise potential of
offsets in infusing latest technology. Conse-
quently, India continues to incur cost penalty
of millions of dollars on account of offset over-
heads but gets no worthwhile benefits in
return.
India must make transfer of technology to
be the preferred offset route. Additionally it
must establish an empowered offset authority
to oversee all facets of offset regime and lay
down guidelines for approving, validating and
measuring offsets.
MoD has wasted yet another opportunity
by its failure to address major infirmities
afflicting the procurement regime. Instead
of resorting to mere window-dressing, MoD
should have taken bold initiatives to put the
system on track. Due to bureaucratic inertia
and prevailing sense of complacency,
review of DPP has turned out to be a self-
defeating exercise.
Regretfully, MoD is fast losing credibility
both amongst foreign vendors and the Indian
private sector. Foreign vendors find the
procurement regime to be ambiguous, sub-
jective, unpredictable and highly dissuasive.
Private sector companies are becoming
highly skeptical of MoD’s assertions of pro-
viding equal playing field to them. They find
the environment to be highly skewed in
favour of the public sector. Most critically,
due to an inefficient procurement regime,
modernisation of the armed forces is lagging
behind by 10-15 years.
February 2011
IAF and Preserving final.qxd 2/7/2011
Realising the need
for protecting the
ozone layer and
reducing the threat
of climate change,
the armed forces are
looking for ways to
phase out Ozone
Depleting
Substances and are
resorting to energy-
efficient practices,
writes A K SINGH
HIGH TALK: Air Chief Marshal P V
Naik, Chief of the Air Staff, delivering
speech at an International Workshop on
‘Benefit of Ozone Depleting Substances
(ODS) Phase-Out in Defence’
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GEOPOLITICS
PROTECTING THE
OZONE LAYER
S
AVING OUR planet from environ-
mental disasters is a collective
responsibility of human kind.
Towards this objective, protecting
the ozone layer and reducing the
threat of climate change are two of the
biggest challenges facing us today. Manage-
ment of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
within armed forces organisations, whether
as fire-fighting agents (halons), refrigerants
(CFCs/ HCFCs, etc.) or solvents (CTC, etc.),
require very careful planning and execution
as these are already scheduled to be phased
out under the Montreal Protocol. There is
now a growing realisation within the military
and amongst policymakers that environ-
mental leadership is an underpinning ele-
ment of defence objectives.
(83)
THE REALITY
1 January 2010 is a major milestone in the
history of Global Environmental Accords as
on this day the new production of CFCs,
Halons and other ODS has been halted as
per the stipulation in the Montreal Protocol.
The militaries around the world, which use
these substances in their combat prepared-
ness and operations, are now getting ready
for this new reality. However, though the
phase-out of ODSs continues, they are still
needed and used by the military to support
“mission critical” uses. Many legacy military
equipments continue to use CFCs and
halons primarily in the following areas:
„ CFCs in Refrigeration and Air-Condi-
tioning (RAC) applications in different
installations (e.g., weapon systems, crew
components, command and communi-
cation centres etc.)
„ Halons in fire-fighting applications in
army, navy and air force particularly for
protecting personnel in crew compart-
ments of vehicles, aircraft and ships
„ Solvents in cleaning applications
„ HCFCs mainly in RAC and foam applica-
tions besides some specialised solvent
applications.
To achieve complete phase-out of ODS,
militaries around the world would have to
demonstrate leadership and it is essential
that regular capacity building exercises for
them is carried out. Keeping this in mind, a
sub-regional two-day workshop on “Benefits
of Phase-Out of ODS in Defence” was organ-
ised in New Delhi on November 25-26, 2010
jointly by the Centre for Air Power Studies
(CAPS), New Delhi, and the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP). It
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

involved military officers of six sub-regional

countries besides India (namely Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and
Thailand) in the Asia-Pacific region.

THE IMPERATIVE
For any such initiative to enhance the aware-
ness and effort, the imperative at the outset is
to disseminate the basics of ODS manage-
ment systems and then its impact on the mili-
tary. In this pursuit, it is important for the mil-
itary of various countries to be equal partners
in the endeavour. This may necessitate
involvement of experts from environment
studies and UNEP resource persons. However,
militaries across the globe need to be con-
vinced that the realities of environment
change are now upon them and they need to
take this into account in their planning and
operations. Thereafter, incorporating energy
efficiency practices is a crucial and significant
step as this sector happens to be one of the
largest consumers of energy. Also ODS are PHASING IT OUT: ODS usage in IAF would be for mission critical equipment
used virtually in every weapon system. Given
the widespread reliance of armed forces on
ODS, its sudden shortage could pose serious Force”. He emphasised that ODS usage in the primary goal of providing national security,
impact both on their operations and efficien- Indian Air Force (IAF) would be for mission can equally ensure environmental security
cy. For example, without CFCs-based cooling critical equipments which remain para- by adopting environmentally responsible
systems and halon-based fire-protection sys- mount for any military. Even the Additional operating practices. Only the need is to
tems, aircraft, ships and tactical vehicles Secretary, Ministry of Environment and address (1) implementation of measures,
might not function. Therefore, the need is to Forestry, outlined how the military with its which would result in sustainable resource
find alternative chemicals, process and sys- disciplined approach can take the onerous utilisation along with material resource
tems and then retro-fitment coupled with a responsibility of dealing with ODS phase-out recovery and reuse; (2) to minimise and use
gradual phase-out. in its operations. It has also been realised of ozone depleting substances, energy use
Promotion of climate-friendly technolo- that availability of recycled halons for mis- and promoting energy-efficiency enhance-
gies, adoption of renewable energy, disposal sion-specific uses of the military is the pre- ment; and (3) adopting process to minimise
of lubricants in an environment-friendly liminary but important step in this regard. hazardous wastes emissions during opera-
manner are some important aspects the Other immediate requirements are country- tions and maintenance. This process can be
defence establishment as a whole may resolve wise data exchange on stocks holding of expedited if respective governments comply
for. A country-wise roadmap involving respec- halons, setting up a purity certifying agency with multilateral agreements primarily the
tive military organisations would be the next and availability of halon 1211 for immediate Montreal Protocol.
step in streamlining this effort. At the broader need of the IAF. However, there exists uncertainty within
level, international military-to-military coop- the military on how to procure ODS for mis-
eration in exchange of environmental expert- THE ROADMAP sion critical usage. Another important issue,
ise and programmes would strengthen the Military organisations that operate with the in fact, is the most optimum way to choose
national efforts. Mr Masa Nagai, Senior Legal the alternatives, especially in R&AC sector.
Officer, Division of Environment Law and These issues can be addressed by a planned
Convention, UNEP, speaking at the workshop,
emphasised that there is an urgent need for MILITARY military information exchange and manage-
ment programme world-wide, and more
military to be involved in furthering the Mon-
treal Protocol's objectives.
ORGANISATIONS importantly ensuring the arms manufactur-
ing countries/organisations change their
THAT PROVIDE supplies to non-ODS equipments. This
INDIA’S CONCERN
Indian defence establishment has never NATIONAL would additionally incorporate the concept
of energy efficiency and eco-friendly prac-
been callous about such a perspective as per
the views expressed by Indian Chief of the
SECURITY, CAN tices in the military. In this regard, the funda-
mentals of environmental management for
Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal P V Naik during EQUALLY ENSURE military organisations may be included in

ECO SECUIRTY
the workshop, when he mentioned “a multi- the curricula of soldiers. A strong commit-
pronged strategy for dealing with the ODS ment at the highest level among the armed
phase-out requirement within the Indian Air forces is the key to such an endeavour.

(84)
www.geopolitics.in February 2011
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Private Vedors part 211.qxd 2/7/2011 6:08 PM
A RAYTHEON PERSPECTIVE
Raytheon sees great opportunities in India as a strategic market
and seeks technology partnerships with Indian companies,
WILLIAM BLAIRE writes
A
S AERO India 2011 approaches,
we at Raytheon are excited for the
opportunity that the future holds
in the country. Raytheon isn’t new
to India — for more than 25 years
we’ve collaborate with the Indian government
in the areas of civil aviation, air traffic man-
agement, satellite navigation, and defence.
But, looking ahead, we see great prospects on
the horizon. The US and India are making
great progress in working together, and build-
ing closer relationships in areas such as
defence are mutually beneficial.
As we look forward, Raytheon is com-
mitted to enhancing its technology col-
laboration in India to share in the devel-
opment and delivery of the latest tech-
nologies, systems and industrial base.
And, Raytheon is dedicated to helping
strengthen India’s economy and local
industries as well as its defence and
technology capabilities. This leads us
towards Aero India — an event we’re
very excited to be a part of this year.
From our vantage point, Aero India
2011 is an opportunity for our company
to meet with key stakeholders in India,
continue strengthening the relation-
ships we’ve already built in the region,
and to proactively seek and establish
AIR TO GROUND: Raytheon leads the pack
new ones. Raytheon’s primary goal is to
share our innovative capabilities with
our customers and local communities. But,
this goal doesn’t stop when Aero India closes;
our focus and intention is to keep our com-
munication ties with India strong year-long.
Raytheon has several areas of business
focus for Aero India 2011; we are proud of the
breadth of technologies Raytheon will show-
case at this year’s event. Most importantly, we
will highlight technologies and solutions that
will be of great relevance to the Indian market,
including Combat Aircraft, Integrated Air &
www.geopolitics.in
Page 59
g
GEOPOLITICS
Missile Defense and Global Intelligence, Sur-
veillance & Reconnaissance (ISR).
In terms of building our business in India,
forging solid partnerships is critical. We are
proud to say as of today, Raytheon has already
built strong alliances with local Indian busi-
nesses and organizations in the region. We
have established positive ties with TATA Power
SED, Grintex, Larson & Tourbo, and Precision
Electronics, just to name a few. Our goal is to
continue developing strong, in-country part-
nerships that will support both our business
and Indian industry.
Along these lines, the MMRCA effort has
developed a number of important and long-
term opportunities. Specifically, Raytheon
has signed various MoUs with Indian compa-
nies, which were though originally put into
place in support of the MMRCA programme.
While that programme has not yet been
decided by India, Raytheon has continued to
develop relationships with these industry
(86)
partners. Through this work, though, there is a
real opportunity for Indian companies that
successfully complete Raytheon’s rigorous
supplier qualification process, to gain access
to our extensive global supply chain opportu-
nities in the future. We’re excited about the
prospects that MMRCA, as well as other
opportunities in India, offer to Raytheon and
its partners in the region.
In addition to our key strengths in the areas
of defence and civil aviation, Raytheon’s tech-
nology solutions are well suited to support
India’s needs to bolster its homeland security
capabilities. For example, in October 2010,
Raytheon launched the Clear View family of
solutions, and identifying opportunities for
Clear View in India is a priority. We’re con-
stantly on the lookout for opportunities to
market and demonstrate Clear View to poten-
tial users across the country.
In addition, as part of Aero India 2011, we
will demonstrate Raytheon’s non-lethal
Silent Guardian directed energy demon-
strator. This is the first time Silent
Guardian will be demonstrated in India.
Silent Guardian emits a focused beam of
millimeter wave energy that travels at the
speed of light and produces an intolerable
heating sensation that causes targeted
individuals to flee. The sensation immedi-
ately ceases when the targeted individual
moves away from the beam, and causes
no injury. This has generated interest
with global customers for both Defence
and Internal Security applications.
Also at Aero India, Raytheon will high-
light a new maritime surveillance tech-
nology that could have applicability for
India — the SeaVue XMC radar family. As
a company, we are ready to bring this
capability to India where maritime and
coastal surveillance are of paramount
importance.
Overall, it’s clear that Aero India offers a
wonderful forum for continuing to build
meaningful relationships in India, which will
benefit Raytheon, its customers, its partners
— and the people of India on the whole — for
the future. We’re excited to demonstrate our
skills and commitment and look forward to an
outstanding event.
(The author is President of Raytheon India)
February 2011
Private Vedors part 2.qxd 2/7/2011
To overcome the threat of
missing out on
comprehensive valuable
raw data during
international military
operation, Rafael
Advanced Defense
Systems has developed a
cost-effective system
designed to exploit
multiple standalone data,
says AMIT ZIMMER
MULTI-TASK SYSTEM: The Rafael’s ImiLite is implemented in a wide variety of combat
proven systems
www.geopolitics.in
6:56 PM Page 59
g
GEOPOLITICS
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
IMILITE SYSTEM
R
ECENT MILITARY, counter-terror
and international peacekeeping
operations show that the matter of
obtaining the right information at
the right time is no longer the sole
question of better sensors, but a question of
the commander’s immediate accessibility to
relevant data and the ability to integrate
different data and sources into a comprehen-
sive situational picture of threats, opportuni-
ties and course of action.
In most digital imagery collection systems
today, the exploitation station is designated to
operate with a specific sensor and hence raw
data from this sensor alone is processed. As a
result, most digital collection assets operate as
standalone systems; valuable raw data is
exploited only locally and is not available to
interested clients outside the immediate oper-
ating cycle.
To overcome this problem, Rafael
(87)
Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. has devel-
oped a cost-effective multi-source, multi-task
imagery intelligence system-ImiLite, which
receives, exploits and processes multiple
imagery sensors and data in a unified way,
and disseminates relevant reports, products
and materials over the network to authorise
end-users and clients.
ImiLite consists of three main subsystems:
(1) an advanced IP Server Unit (IPSU) that is
capable of simultaneously receiving and geo-
referencing raw data from multiple EO, IR,
SAR, GMTI, video sensors and sources in real
time, (2) a scalable GIS database, capable of
fast recording, archiving and retrieval of raw
and processed imagery data and data layers
for extensive imagery analysis and research,
and (3) an advanced multi-user imagery
exploitation system, capable of visualising,
processing, exploiting, analysing and report-
ing various standard and customised ISTAR
products and reports from all of the above
sources in a combined and a unified way.
ImiLite brings together Rafael’s unique
image processing technology, advanced GIS
solutions, high-end interface capabilities and
operational exploitation know-how, all of
which are implemented in a wide variety of
combat proven systems and solutions.
Specifically, ImiLite comes from the line of
advanced exploitation systems, such as
Rafael’s RecceLite Ground Exploitation Sys-
tem (GES) which provides a combat proven
solution for leading air force customers world-
wide.
The system is designed to operate indis-
criminately with Rafael’s ISR sensors as well as
with any other customer’s existing legacy ISR
system and sensors providing the needed IT
network and ICD.
ImiLite is based on high-end commercial
off-the-shelf hardware and software and is a
modular open-ended scalable architecture.
The system can be installed in a couple of
rugged trailers to serve as a compact, fast
deploying multi-source exploitation system,
or in a stationary site serving as a multi-user,
network-based integrative exploitation centre
on a regional or national level.
With available interfaces, ImiLite enables a
full end-to-end integrative data and product
distribution solution.
(The author is spokesperson for Rafael)
February 2011
Private Vedors final part 1.qxd 2/7/2011
The Globemaster
better known as C-17,
has captured the
imagination of many
nations. An airlifter
that defence
establishments
around the world are
opting for to
modernise airlift
capabilities, the C-17
will fulfil India’s needs
for military and
humanitarian airlift,
argues VIVEK LALL
www.geopolitics.in
6:45 PM Page 60
g
GEOPOLITICS
C-17 BRINGS
UNEQUALLED
CAPABILITIES TO INDIA
O
N DECEMBER 10, 2010, a C-17
Globemaster III lifted off from
Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, to
airdrop 74,000 pounds of avia-
tion fuel to coalition troops south
of Kabul. The mission, considered routine by its
US Air Force crew, turned out to be historic. And
one that would also symbolise what the acqui-
sition of C-17s will mean to the Indian Air Force
(IAF).
On this representative flight, the worldwide
fleet of C-17s achieved a remarkable milestone
— two million flight hours. Putting this in per-
spective that equates to 1.13 billion nautical
miles, would be the equivalent of a C-17 flying
to the moon and back 2,360 times. The fleet
achieved this milestone in less than half the time
it took to reach one million flight hours, which
is an amazing statement about the mission
(88)
readiness and reliability the C-17 will bring to
India.
That milestone mission over Afghanistan is
also the latest demonstration of why the C-17 re-
mains the world’s airlifter of choice for military,
humanitarian and disaster relief missions.
Now in its 18th year of service, the C-17
has supported numerous humanitarian and
disaster relief missions worldwide. It contin-
ues to operate at an accelerated rate due to
the recent troop surge in Afghanistan and
reached the historic milestone just five years
after hitting the one million flight hours
mark in March 2006, when there were 152 C-
17s in service worldwide. In 2010, lifesaving
aeromedical evacuations of wounded troops
from Afghanistan and Iraq, along with relief
missions for natural disasters such as
earthquakes in Pakistan, Chile and
POTENTIAL
AIRLIFTER: The
tactical and
strategic
capabilities of
C-17, have made it
ideal for IAF
February 2011
Private Vedors final part 1.qxd 2/7/2011
Haiti, intensified the C-17’s normal workload.
As US President Barack Obama announced
last November, India and the United States will
soon finalise India’s long-awaited purchase of ten
of the world’s most advanced airlifter, the
Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.
With the C-17, the IAF will enjoy proven
operational performance and versatility, along
with unequaled reliability in worldwide opera-
tions. It is an airlifter that a growing number of
nations are turning to for modernising their
airlift capabilities. In particular, India will be
well-positioned to rapidly respond to strategic
and tactical needs in country, around the region
and the world.
The C-17 meets India’s key airlift requirement
of providing rapid reaction and capability in re-
sponse to needs created by:
„ Advanced strategic and tactical capabilities
that far exceed the capabilities of airlifters
such as the IL 76 and C 130
„ Disaster relief and humanitarian relief/evac-
uation/air ambulance
„ Aid to civil power
„ Move of field ambulance and emergency re-
lief equipment
„ Transportation of troops and heavy equip-
ment, including artillery, helicopters, trucks
and tracked vehicles
„ Payload and personnel delivery to high al-
titude regions
„ Hot and high altitude air drops
„ Paratroop capabilities
„ Movement/logistic support for move of
armed force units and equipment
„ Move large contingent of paramilitary in
contingencies
„ Large payload delivery into austere and
semi-prepared environments
India will be joining a group of C-17 fleet oper-
ators that have experienced virtually every op-
erational scenario. With a worldwide logistics de-
parture reliability rate of 90 per cent, the C-17 air-
craft is ready to go anytime, anywhere.
With its tactical and strategic capabilities, the
C-17 can fulfill India’s needs for military and hu-
manitarian airlift. The fact that the C-17 can
transport large payloads across vast ranges,
land on short, austere runways, and operate in
extremely hot and cold climates makes it ideal
for the region.
Another attribute that makes the C-17 ideal
for the IAF is that it is the only airlifter that pos-
sesses true tactical and strategic capabilities, of-
fering rapid response capability for relief missions
anywhere in the world.
One capability customers find most attractive
about the C-17 is that it can land where it’s im-
possible for other large airlifters to operate -- on
a runway as short as 3,000 feet or an unpaved air-
www.geopolitics.in
6:45 PM Page 61
g
GEOPOLITICS
field with no infrastructure. Once on the ground,
the C-17 is extremely agile and requires minimal
support. Unlike other large transport aircraft, it
can turn around and park without assistance.
And, while other big airlifters have to kneel
down for offloading, the C-17 does not. This saves
considerable time when off-loading the air-
craft and returning it to service.
Only the C-17 can carry large combat equip-
ment and troops or humanitarian aid over long
distances and deliver them directly to short,
unimproved airfields anywhere in the world. It
can land combat-ready troops on semi-prepared
runways or airdrop them directly where need-
ed the most.
The C-17 off-loads cargo from the air when
it’s too dangerous to land or when an airfield is
not available. It can airdrop 60,000 pounds of
equipment and supplies on a single platform or
a total of 110,000 pounds on multiple plat-
forms right into a disaster site.
Equipped with an externally blown flap sys-
tem that allows a steep low-speed final ap-
proach for routine short-field landings, the C-17
can take off and land on a 3,000-foot runway. Even
on narrow runways, the C-17 can manoeuvre us-
ing a three-point star turn and its backing capa-
bility. This ability to “back up” allows it to oper-
ate on narrow taxiways and on congested ramps.
The C-17 is the only tactical aircraft capable
of performing all airlift missions, including
brigade airdrops and aeromedical evacuations.
Maximum payload capacity of the C-17 is 164,900
pounds, and its maximum gross takeoff weight
is 585,000 pounds. With its full payload and an ini-
tial cruise altitude of 28,000 feet, the C-17 has an
unrefueled range of approximately 2,400 nauti-
cal miles. The C-17 is also designed to airdrop 102
paratroopers and equipment.
With its unique ability to rapidly deliver car-
go directly to forward destinations and offload
with its engines running, the C-17 eliminates the
need for unnecessary transshipments and addi-
tional logistics support.
Another feature of the C-17 is that it only re-
THE C-17 IS THE
ONLY TACTICAL
AIRCRAFT
CAPABLE OF
PERFORMING
ALL AIRLIFT
MISSIONS
(89)
quires a crew of only three — a pilot, a co-pilot
and loadmaster — reducing personnel require-
ments, risk exposure and long-term operating
costs. Cargo is loaded onto the C-17 through a
large aft door that accommodates military vehi-
cles and palletised cargo. The C-17 can carry a full
array of wheeled vehicles in two side-by-side rows
in its cargo compartment and is completely
self-sufficient with patient litters, including oxy-
gen and medical equipment to support aero-
medical evacuations.
Ground vehicles and large transport heli-
copters are vital to the distribution of relief sup-
plies. Not only can both be transported on the C-
17, its large cargo box allows for minimal disas-
sembly/loading and unloading/reassembly time.
The large fuel capacity of the C-17 then allows it
to download fuel to the ground vehicles and hel-
icopters.
Significant modifications have been made
since the C-17 was first rolled out. From the ad-
dition of an extended range fuel tank and upgrad-
ed software to improvements to the Aerial Deliv-
ery System and communications architecture, the
C-17 is constantly upgraded to meet the world’s
changing environment. The aircraft is equipped
with Defensive Systems, an Electronic Flight
Control System and a Formation Flight System.
Today, the C-17 supports multinational
troops and responds to humanitarian disasters
around the world. In August, C-17s from the US,
the UK, Australia, and Qatar supported flood-
relief efforts in Pakistan. Earlier this year, C-17s
from the US, Qatar, Canada, the UK, and the
NATO-led 12-national strategic airlift capabil-
ity initiative supported relief efforts in earth-
quake-ravaged Haiti and Chile.
The support infrastructure for the C-17 is in
operation worldwide, and participation in the C-
17 Globemaster III Sustainment Partnership
provides a virtual fleet pool of C-17 unique
spares and support that ensures excellent oper-
ational availability and maintainability, resulting
in a significant cost savings.
In addition to India, the UK, Australia, Cana-
da, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and a
NATO-led multinational consortium of 12 coun-
tries have also selected the C-17 as their airlifter
of choice. Kuwait, which has expressed interest
in acquiring the C-17, had its Letter of Request
approved by the US Congress last fall.
As history has shown, countries that fly the
C-17 have a powerful tool at their disposal for
meeting their mobility requirements, saving
lives, and providing international good will to
those in need.
(The author is the Vice President, Boeing
Defense, Space & Security, India)
February 2011
Private Vedors final part 1.qxd 2/7/2011 6:45 PM Page 62
g
GEOPOLITICS
“F-16IN L
OCKHEED MARTIN is excited to
participate in India’s Medium Multi
Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) com-
SUPER
petition. At the very first, we recog-
nised that the MMRCA Programme
India envisions has many facets. The fighter
must have multi-role combat capability tai-
VIPER IS
lored for the Indian Air Force (IAF) unique roles
and missions. Consistent reliability, maintain-
ability, and supportability are required. Pro-
ducibility is a key consideration and technol-
THE RIGHT
ogy exchange will be the necessity.
Lockheed Martin has a record of accom-
plishment in every facet of the programme, and
CHOICE
a fighter for the IAF unlike any other. That fight-
er is not just an F-16, but the new F-16IN Su-
per Viper. Like a high performance sports car
that bears the name of its lineage yet employs
FOR INDIA”
the latest technology for performance and
reliability, the F-16IN Super Viper provides the
IAF the experience and expertise of a proven
company and product line. The result is a
unique multi-role F-16 with state-of-the-art ca-
pabilities designed to meet the IAF’s opera-
ORVILLE PRINS discusses tional needs today and into the future.
The ultimate fourth generation fighter, the
the characteristics of the Super Viper has a shared technology bridge
F-16IN Super Viper, that with the only fifth generation fighters in the
world today, such as the Lockheed Martin F-
has been offered to India 22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II. A flow of
(90)
www.geopolitics.in
knowledge and experience forms a bridge be-
tween the ultimate fourth generation fighter,
the F-16IN, and the evolving fifth generation
fighters. This bridge also allows the IAF to build
on a strategic partnership with the United
States Air Force — the operators of the only op-
erational fifth generation fighter in the world
today and leading the world in fifth generation
fighter tactics.
While the F-16IN is a unique design, all the
characteristics that F-16 fighter pilots love
about the legacy of F-16 are still available on
the F-16IN Super Viper. The exceptional ma-
neuverability with immediate response to the
pilot’s inputs, its small size and signatures, the
outstanding visibility afforded by the bowless
canopy, the side stick controller with user-
friendly Hands-On Throttle and Stick (HOTAS),
and the ACES II 30-degree reclined ejection seat
for a hand-in-glove feel has always made the
F-16 a pilot’s dream machine. The key to suc-
cess for a multi-role fighter, in both offensive
and defensive operations, has always been sit-
uation awareness. Not only does the F-16IN
Super Viper have a cockpit worthy of the ulti-
mate fourth generation fighter, but with cor-
relation and fusing of all onboard and off-board
data onto a common tactical situation display,
multi-role lethality and survivability are raised
to new levels of effectiveness.
February 2011
Private Vedors final part 1.qxd 2/7/2011
The APG-80 Active Electronically Scanned
Array (AESA) radar is the active eyes of the Su-
per Viper and is the centerpiece of a unique
multi-spectral offensive capability designed for
multi-role operation. Lockheed Martin, in
partnership with Northrop Grumman, has
the most experience with fighter AESA radars
having developed, tested, and fielded the
APG-77 AESA radar in the F-22 Raptor and is
now developing and testing the APG-81 AESA
radar in the F-35. The APG-80 is not just a de-
signer’s dream; it is operational today with an
international air force.
While the multi-spectral sensor suite is the
eyes of the F-16IN Super Viper, the General
Electric F110-132A engine is the muscle.
Being installed, it provides 32,000 pounds
(143 kN) of thrust — more thrust than any
other engine in the MMRCA competition.
This is the most reliable fighter engine ever
designed, with a reduced drag nozzle, re-
duced overall weight, an extended lifetime,
and modular growth capability. Numerous
improvements and new technologies ensure
this engine will exceed the MMRCA safety, re-
liability, and maintainability requirements to-
day and in the future. Advances in technol-
ogy have raised the level of engine-reliabili-
ty making them extremely safe to operate.
Engine reliability and safety has also
evolved. The integration of advanced technolo-
gies into the F-16IN propulsion system im-
proves reliability to the point where the engine
is not the driver in loss rate. The General Elec-
tric engine has a FOD tolerant design and be-
cause the nose wheel is aft of the intake inges-
tion of FOD into the engine is virtually elimi-
nated. All these safety features combined
with the excellent handling qualities of the F-
16IN make it the safest F-16 yet. In addition, a
VERSATILE AIRCRAFT: F-16IN Super Viper is touted by Lockheed Martin as the
ultimate fourth generation fighter aircraft and the right choice for India
www.geopolitics.in
6:46 PM Page 63
g
GEOPOLITICS
single-engine platform provides a huge cost ad-
vantage in procurement and over the opera-
tional life of the aircraft.
The F-16IN Super Viper will carry a re-
markable 8,000 kg of external stores and the F-
16IN benefits from over 25,000 flight hours of
weapon testing on F-16s. This means the
very first F-16IN on the tarmac will be fully
combat ready with all weapons, including
stand-off precision munitions, cleared for
their full flight envelope (over 3,000 different
weapon configurations). From its arrival at the
squadron, the F-16IN will have the flexibility
for complex, swing role missions with a vari-
ety of air-to-air and air-to-ground configura-
tions, including the heavy strike, maritime
strike, and mixed weapon close air support.
The electronic warfare system can detect,
identify, and locate threats and the pilot has
the ability to drag and drop a navigation
point on his mission display to re-route
around “pop-up” surface threats. To delay and
defeat threat engagements, the F-16IN uses an
intelligent choice of jamming and expendable
countermeasures. If it were hit, the F-16IN is
designed to survive the damage using redun-
dant and protected flight critical systems
and fuel tank inerting.
The F-16IN Super Viper is not only revolu-
tionary in multi-role capability; it is also rev-
olutionary in safety features. It incorporates
automatic critical altitude and pilot activated
recovery systems to assist the pilot through
dangerous and disorienting flight situations.
An automatic ground collision avoidance sys-
tem uses audio and display symbology to
warn the pilot of an impending impact with ter-
rain and if no action is taken, pulls the fight-
er up and away. When flying at low altitude,
warnings of proximity to an obstacle, such as
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a tower or antenna, are flashed on displays.
If the pilot finds himself disoriented, initi-
ation of an automatic recovery system re-
stores the fighter to wings level. A flight atti-
tude monitoring system alerts the pilot of a
deep stall situation and automatically initiates
recovery procedures.
While the Super Viper is a new design just
for India, it is also the starting point for future
growth. The F-16 has a well-documented
history of continuous evolution in capability.
This is very important since the F-16IN is in-
herently designed for a long service life (in ex-
cess of 6,500 flight hours). During this service
life, the desire will likely arise for significant
upgradation to add capability for expanded
mission roles, improved combat capability, and
reduced operating costs. Combining the lat-
est technologies with a long-term continuous
upgradation strategy will keep the F-16IN rel-
evant from the day it is first inducted until it is
finally retired from service.
With a proven record of evolving with the
needs of the warfighters, the F-16IN Super
Viper is designed to absorb new technologies
and fly with the IAF for the next 40 years. With
open architecture avionics connected by a
fiber-optic data bus that is ready for IP-based
Internet communication protocols, this fight-
er is ready to be part of evolving IAF networked
command, control and communications sys-
tem. With the F-16IN Super Viper, network-cen-
tric warfare capability is designed-in, not an
add-on or an upgrade.
Lockheed Martin is ready to be part of In-
dia’s MMRCA team and its growing defence
sector. Its internationally-based industrial
teams cover not only all aspects of aero-
space and defence, but represent the latest in-
novations in product and process technolo-
gies. Lockheed Martin has demonstrated its
ability to partner with major defence compa-
nies, supporting four international companies
that have successfully manufactured and de-
livered nearly a thousand licensed F-16s from
their own production lines. This is in addition
to the hundreds of companies all over the
world that provide component and assembly
manufacturing for the entire line of Lockheed
Martin products. This wide range of industri-
al partnerships in turn provides access to
aerospace and defence markets in the Unit-
ed States and worldwide; markets that Lock-
heed Martin’s partnerships in India will also
have access to.
Lockheed Martin believes all this is why the
F-16IN Super Viper is the ultimate fourth gen-
eration fighter and the right choice for India.
(The author is the Vice President, Busi-
ness Development, India, Lockheed Martin)
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

SAAB HAS ITS EYES ON INDIA

Sweden’s Saab is
enthusiastic about its
defence contracts with
India. The company is,
in fact, not averse to a
joint venture or a tie-
up with an Indian
company, its Country
Head INDERJIT SIAL
says

F
OR THE Swedish fighter aircraft
manufacturer Saab, India is now
deemed as a home market. What that
means is long-term commitment
to investments in India and taking
advantage of India’s manufacturing skills and
cost structures to the world. Equally important,
for all major future programmes, Saab will part-
ner an Indian company either through a team-
ing agreement or through a joint venture.
Saab will share technology with these com-
panies, localise production and offer it to
both Indian and global customers. Saab be-
lieves that these will deliver large benefits to
Saab as much as to Indian companies. For one,
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP: The main focus for Saab is to build business with reliable
by bringing its production to India, local adap-
Indian partners
tation will be easier and faster by being clos-
er to its customers here.
For Saab, India is more than a market. It is where in the world. They are legal commit- MRCA, Saab believes that the net result should
one of Saab’s home bases and, therefore, the fo- ments and must be met. be the creation of a defence industrial base that
cus is not simply on winning bids but on Saab has never failed an offset obligation will ensure that the country does not need to
building business in partnership with reli- and is quite confident that it will be able to ful- look out for its future fighter requirements.
able Indian partners across the entire hierar- fil the demanding offset commitments. How- Gripen, for instance, is the only option
chy of manufacturers, all the way from strate- ever, Saab believes that while offsets do meet that could fundamentally shift India’s defence
gic partners to sub-component suppliers. the requirement of a return on expenditure for technology prowess to one that is able to realise
Being looked at the Indian Industry as their a country, it is not adequate in developing an its ambition of being an independent global
potential partner in product development for industrial base in the purchasing country be- player.
the world market, Saab believes that the Indi- cause companies shut down and move on once The Gripen IN Demo is not just the first step
an Industry has the necessary capability and offsets are met. towards a new Gripen; it is driving the devel-
can absorb the state-of-the-art technology Saab believes that offsets must transition to opment of new technology for existing Gripen
for manufacturing world-class products. industrial cooperation to create a sustainable customers and for other applications. The
Saab’s concept of industrial cooperation industry that enables the purchasing country Demo aircraft is a platform for technology in-
goes well beyond the requirement of offsets to deliver to an economic need. In the case of sertion for the whole Gripen family.
which today are staple for defence sales any- large acquisition programmes like the M- Saab is able to transfer technology to

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www.geopolitics.in February 2011
Private Vedors final part 1.qxd 2/7/2011
Indian companies irrespective of, and far
exceeding, the offset requirements. It is now
creating a home market base across the entire
manufacturing chain from systems and prod-
uct development to a vendor base of compo-
nent and sub-component manufacturers.
The formation of long-term and direct
partnerships between Saab and local industries
is a key factor in delivering successful technol-
ogy transfer. Its transfer of technology (ToT)
programme will guarantee India full access to
all levels of Saab’s aircraft technology through
the transfer of unique and highly advanced
competencies supporting the development of
a self-reliant and world-leading aircraft
industry.
The first step in this direction is the collab-
oration between Mahindra Satyam and Saab,
which was announced in November 2009.
The two companies have already initiated
the set-up of a ‘centre of excellence’ for net-cen-
tric warfare that will be a development centre
for mission critical applications and com-
mand and control solutions for global oppor-
tunities, accessible to either of the partners.
With the backing of the Swedish govern-
ment and in close cooperation with Indian in-
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6:46 PM Page 65
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GEOPOLITICS
dustry, Saab is developing industrial cooper-
ation packages tailored to meet India’s strate-
gic priorities and create industrial development
and true economic growth.
Saab together with the Swedish government
has committed to working together with India
to deliver industrial co-operation programmes
that are tailor-made to meet India’s needs. Its
industrial co-operation package offers to Indi-
an defence companies direct involvement in
the Gripen continuous development pro-
gramme.
Saab has a proven track record in more than
20 countries and has always succeeded in
fulfilling its industrial cooperation commit-
ments, e.g. in South Africa, Hungary, and the
Czech Republic.
Saab has identified partner companies
who will be working on the Gripen India pro-
gramme, developing and participating in
the future of the platform. On an overall ba-
sis, Saab is currently working with a number
of large Indian companies and Saab sees
them as its partners on a long-term basis.
Saab sees the Indian industry willing to invest,
share risk and manufacture products, which
are globally competitive.
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MULTIROLE FIGHTER
AIRCRAFT: Designed by
Saab, Gripen is a fourth
generation light-weight
combat aircraft which can
perform variety of roles
Saab believes that defence purchases should
no longer be for the buying country — a
question of capital expenditure but an issue of
capital investment. Any fighter development
programme has a large civilian technology and
economic spillover.
According to a recent study by Professor
Gunnar Eliasson, the civilian value created
around Gripen was at least 2.6 times the invest-
ment over the entire period. This essentially
means that if a buying country becomes a part-
ner in the development of such an advanced
technological product as a fighter aircraft,
the overall economic spillover into civilian sec-
tors is far larger than the capital expenditure.
Simple offsets do not attain those goals and,
therefore, Saab is embarking on replicating its
efforts in other countries by working with In-
dian industry to create products and systems
that have a far larger economic growth impact.
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

PARTNERING WITH INDIA

Russia’s United Aircraft transport aircraft to replace the outdated
An-12. At present, the finance sources have
Corporation’s goal is not been designated and the organisation
be a mere niche player but structure has been set up.
In September 2010, an agreement on
become leader in the incorporation of the joint Russo-Indian
global aircraft market. venture was signed in New Delhi. The joint
enterprise will carry out work on design
ALEXEY I FEDOROV finds and development of the aircraft. The
out that Russia interprets shareholders are Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited (HAL), on one part, and UAC-
India to be a key country Transport Aircraft (UAC’s subsidiary) and
to achieve this Rosoboronexport, on the other part. The
headquarters of the joint venture will be in
India. It will have an affiliate in Russia as
conditions, with a capacity to land both on
surfaced on airfields and unpaved runways.
Our company is now working on a light
military transport aircraft — Il-112 — and a
heavy transport aircraft: Il-476. We have
completed preparation of manufacturing
documentation for the Il-112. The produc-
tion line at the Voronezh-based VASO plant is
being outfitted. Tooling is being purchased,
made and installed. We are planning to com-
plete the first operable prototype next year.
Incidentally, the Il-112 was developed from
scratch on computer screens, using
CAD/CAM technologies. Starting from 2010,
the VASO plant has been making real

L
ET ME make it clear that the goal of well. progress with installation of production tool-
the United Aircraft Corporation It is planned that the MTA in a basic ver- ing for the Il-112.
(UAC) of Russia is to become one of sion will be able to carry up to 18.5 tonnes The main focus in heavy military trans-
the leaders in the global aircraft of cargo on a range up to 2,500 km. The port aircraft is the Il-476. The Ilyushin-476
market, not a niche player. MTA can be operated in all regions of the will be produced by the Aviastar-SP plant in
We work in accordance with the Corpora- world, in different climatic and weather Ulianovsk and the first operable prototype is
tion’s Development Strategy 2025, the basic
provisions of which were approved by the
UAC Board of Directors last year. The strate-
gy, approved by the Russian government,
foresees a significant growth of the produc-
tion volume, determines a product range
and aircraft manufacturing programmes for
the next 10-15 years.
Today, the Corporation employs about
100,000 people. Our target is to decrease this
figure to 50,000 by 2025 that means a reduc-
tion of personnel by half. In this regard, the
key challenge is to raise productivity and
output per person drastically.
In order to realise the target, first of all, we
are implementing a new aircraft designing
technology. All our new models are designed
by means of digital technologies using state-
of-the-art software. This provides for deploy-
ment of new, efficient and high-performance
equipment.
Our strategy is to see to it that Russia’s
share on the world civil aircraft market
should increase from one per cent to five per
cent by 2025. This will place Russia in the
third place in the world aircraft-manufactur-
ing ranking.
India is a key country for us to realise
our goal. We are working with India on
many projects. The Multirole Transport STRATEGIC DEAL: Russia is
Aircraft (MTA) project has got a new strong offering India Il-476
impetus. Its aim is to create a medium

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Private Vedors part 2.qxd 2/7/2011 6:56 PM
taking shape. Sub-assemblies, sections of
fuselage and wing are being manufactured
and the maiden flight is set for 2011. Since
this aircraft is a further evolution of the base-
line model, the Ilyushin- 76, we do not
expect flight tests to take a long time. Deliv-
eries should start in 2012. Negotiations with
potential customers are ongoing, both inside
and outside Russia and a lot depends on
Russia’s Armament Procurement Program-
meme. The new version complies with the
ICAO Chapter 4 noise requirements and oth-
er strictest ecological standards. So, the Il-
476 will be allowed to enter European air-
space and land at European airports without
restrictions.
We are also working in the super-heavy
transport aircraft segment. The production
of the Antonov An-124, which was produced
in Russia at our Ulyanovsk plant, may be
restarted with an upgraded version of the
aircraft with increased payload/range capa-
bility and advanced engines. The latter
would allow the aircraft to comply with the
latest ICAO noise and emission standards.
We also have three projects for civilian
uses. Sukhoi SuperJet 100 is to start commer-
www.geopolitics.in
Page 61
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GEOPOLITICS
cial services with the first customers
(Armavia and Aeroflot) in February-March
2011. It has already accumulated a firm con-
tracts portfolio. The An-148 has been in oper-
ation for more than a year by Russian Rossia
airline. We’ve received high estimates of its
performance as well as new orders. And there
is MS-21, a new-generation civil airliner.
The portfolio of firm orders for Sukhoi
SuperJet 100 includes 170 aircraft (mainly
Russian and CIS countries’ airlines). One of
the key customers is Aeroflot, the Russian
flag carrier, which plans to acquire up to 40
planes. Among foreign customers are
Indonesian Kartika Airlines and Mexico’s
Interjet airline.
The An-148 production is ramping up at
VASO, Voronezh-based plant. We delivered
two airframes in 2009 and added four in
2010. We will deliver more in 2011, and then
gradually will raise annual production to 24
aircraft. We believe that is a sufficient num-
ber to meet the demand. As per the An-158,
it is a stretched version of the baseline An-
148. Its production is being set up in
Ukraine. The Ukrainians have their own
manufacturing capacities to produce the An-
158 locally. There is a plan to gradually
increase production of that type to 12 air-
frames a year. If we sum up figures for the
whole aircraft family, the combined produc-
tion output will amount to 36 units per year
and is enough for our current estimation of
the market demand. If it proves to be differ-
ent, we will address the issue again and
adjust production rates.
We estimate the global market for the
Antonov An-148 regional jet at 350-400 units
in the next 20 years. This estimation is made
for the airplane’s baseline version An-148-
100 and its variants, “A”, “B” and “E”. As of
today, only An-148-100B is operational, and
a few orders have been secured for the
“E”variant. IFC and United Aircraft Corpora-
tion (UAC) have already received orders and
commitments for more than a hundred An-
148s.
MS-21 is the Russian designation for the
mainline aircraft of the 21st century. The MS-
21 programme is aimed to create a family of
short- and medium-range narrow-body air-
liners for the Russian and international com-
mercial aviation markets. Its developers
promised a step change in operating effi-
ciency. The main task facing Irkut Corpora-
tion’s designers and their partners was a 15
per cent cut in operating costs against exist-
ing equivalents: the Boeing 737NG and the
Airbus ?320.
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The MS-21 family currently consists of
three models, with the following passenger
capacities in an all economy configuration,
at 32-inch seat pitch: MS-21-200, seating
150, MS-21-300, seating 181, MS-21-400,
seating 212. The family will also include a
210-passenger MS-21-400 stretch. That vari-
ant is viewed as a replacement for the
Tupolev Tu- 204/-214 family.
The Farnborough 2010 Air Show saw a
breakthrough of the MS-21 programme. On
July 19, 2010, a full-scale MS-21 cabin mock-
up was presented to the international public
and in two days, on July, 21, during the air
show, Irkut signed its first firm contract to
deliver MS-21 to the Malaysian Crecom Burj
Resources Ltd (a part of Crecom Holding).
According to the agreement, the Malaysian
company will get 25 MS-21-200 aircraft and
25 MS-21-300 aircraft starting from 2016.
The contract value exceeds $ 3 billion.
Additional agreements followed. An
agreement of intent was concluded with
Ilyushin Finance Co (Russia) on delivery of
28 MS-21s and an option for 22 more air-
craft. VEB-leasing (Russia) signed a contract
on delivery of 15 MS-21 and an option of 15
more planes. Russian Nord Wind airline also
signed up for 3 MS-21 aircraft and an option
for two more. An undisclosed company
signed a contract to acquire 5 MS-21s.
On September 17, 2010, within the frame-
work of the Sochi-2010 investment forum
Irkut Corporation and Russian Technologies
State Corporation signed an agreement on
delivery of 50 MS-21 aircraft in 2016- 2022.
All this contributed to the current 190 air-
craft MS-21 order portfolio. It may be noted
that from the outset, it was decided that the
aircraft would have two engine options: air-
lines would choose between a foreign-made
power plant and a Russian product. Increas-
ing the seating capacity to 210 passengers
required a corresponding increase in engine
thrust, from 11-13 tonnes to 13-15 tonnes.
The Perm-based Aviadvigatel plant proposed
a revised PD-14 engine. In 2008, the newly
created United Engine Corporation (UEC)
identified Aviadvigatel as the lead designer of
the MS-21 engine.
Aviadvigatel will create a new engine fam-
ily in the 9-18 tonnes thrust range. Estimates
indicate that the whole PD-14 family will be
10-11 per cent more efficient than the
CFM56-5B2/5B6 and the V 2524/2533
engines. Aviadvigatel plans to build a PD-14
demonstrator in 2011.
(The author is Chairman, UAC)
February 2011
Private Vedors part 2.qxd 2/7/2011
EUROCOPTER INDIA
OFF TO A FLYING START
STRONG INDIA CONNECTIONS: Eurocopter and Pawan Hans has a long relationship
www.geopolitics.in
6:57 PM Page 62
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GEOPOLITICS
Eurocopter group has
established its 25th
subsidiary to kick off its
full-fledged operations in
India. The leading
helicopter manufacturing
company is aiming to
become the largest
supplier for the civilian
and government markets
in India, too, writes
CECILE ARNAUD
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O
VER THE past several years,
the Eurocopter Group has con-
firmed its preeminent position
as the world’s top helicopter
manufacturer in the civil and
parapublic market. With a turnover of €4.8
billion, orders for 346 new helicopters, and
a 49 per cent market share in the civil and
parapublic sectors achieved in 2010, Euro-
copter commands over 33 per cent of the
total world civil and parapublic helicopter
fleet today. Offering the largest civil and
military helicopter range in the world, its
strong worldwide presence is ensured by its
27 subsidiaries and participations in five
continents, along with a dense network of
distributors, certified agents and mainte-
nance centres. More than 11,200 Euro-
copter helicopters are currently in service
with over 2,900 customers in more than 147
countries.
Towards the end of 2010, Eurocopter
created history with the inauguration of
Eurocopter India Pvt. Ltd. on October 20,
2010, as it became the first foreign helicop-
ter manufacturer to have a fully-fledged
subsidiary in India. This initiative is
arguably the most important milestone in
the Eurocopter-India journey, and is a
result of Eurocopter’s goal of expanding its
footprint in the highly-promising and
fastest-growing market of India. It also rein-
forces Eurocopter’s support and services
network throughout the country, further
developing the company’s four-decade-
long relationship with the Indian industry.
The global leader has continually bro-
ken new grounds in terms of technology,
growing product line and expanding inter-
national footprint. It believes very strongly
that in order to understand the market and
catch the pulse of a country, it is very
important to adapt to the local market and
absorb the local flavor in the way business
is conducted in that country. Be it adapting
to the local culture, or adding a local work-
force, being physically closer to the cus-
tomers is very important. Keeping this in
mind, Eurocopter chose to take on Indian
avatar, and unveiled a landmark initiative
in the process. Eurocopter India Pvt. Ltd. is
February 2011
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GEOPOLITICS

the 25th subsidiary established worldwide

by Eurocopter and the 10th in Asia. This
new subsidiary, headquartered in New Del-
hi, has an existing facility in Bengaluru for
the management of industrial activity.
“The Indian helicopter industry has great
potential for expansion, given the country’s
expanding economy, its size and challenging
terrain, as well as the industrial potential,”
says Eurocopter India CEO Marie-Agnès
Veve. She added, “Eurocopter is the world’s
first major helicopter manufacturer to estab-
lish a subsidiary in India, which underscores
our objective of being a key player in this very
important marketplace.”
The Eurocopter India subsidiary is part
of the company’s continuing investment in
staff, resources and services to achieve this
objective. It will address current and future
operators’ needs for maintenance and sup-
port by offering responsive, cost-effective
solutions for spares management, technical
documentation, warranty claims and train-
ing. A country-wide MRO (maintenance,
repair and overhaul) network will be devel-
oped by the subsidiary, building on Euro- IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES: Eurocopter’s plans for Indian market is its
copter’s existing local assets and partner- committment towards increasing industrial co-operation
ships within India.
A very important pillar of Eurocopter technology transfer. This association began and decisively contributes to the fact that
India’s plans for the Indian market is its in 1962 when Eurocopter joined hands with Eurocopter’s yearly production rate of all
commitment towards increasing industrial Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Ecureuil versions is more than twice that of
co-operation. With this as the context, through two cooperation agreements. its closest competitors.
Eurocopter plans to increase local sourcing These agreements enabled HAL to In the civilian space, Eurocopter has
as well as identify synergies for indigenous manufacture more than 600 helicopters of had a strong relationship with Pawan Hans
manufacturing. A planned engineering the Alouette III and Lama type Helicopter Limited, India’s largest civil and
centre is also part of the plan to help Euro- (Cheetah/Chetak). In 1984, HAL also assist- the only scheduled helicopter operator.
copter consolidate its position in the Indian ed Eurocopter in the development of the PHHL is Eurocopter’s biggest customer in
industry. While strengthening existing rela- Advanced Light Helicopter equipped with India, and owns a fleet of 30 Dauphin heli-
tionships with the public sector remains a twin-engine and 5-tonne capacity trans- copters, the biggest Civil Dauphin fleet
priority, Eurocopter is also in the process of port helicopter. A few years later, Euro- owned by a single operator in the world.
identifying opportunities for industrial copter began outsourcing exhaustive “We have shared a very special relation-
partnerships with private Indian compa- Ecureuil work packages to HAL for the glob- ship with Pawan Hans for the past 24 years,
nies in the aerospace segment. al market. Over the years, HAL has become and are very happy to further strengthen
Eurocopter India also has set the goal of a first line partner for the global supply this association. Through our association
applying Eurocopter’s culture of chain of Eurocopter’s Ecureuil and Fennec with Pawan Hans, wish to come closer to
excellence in assisting the country’s civil the Indian customers and serve them bet-
aviation authorities and operators to ter. We look forward to providing even bet-
further evolve and mature the helicopter ter support, service and fleet safety solu-
sector — with the focus on safety and infra- EUROCOPTER tions to the Indian market in the coming
structure. This will build on Eurocopter’s years,” adds Mrs. Veve.
demonstrated track record in other coun- IS IN THE Another key pillar of Eurocopter’s asso-
tries, where it has successfully established a
presence and worked cooperatively with
PROCESS OF ciation with India is the company’s rela-
tionship with Indocopters. Indocopters is a
helicopter operators and governments. IDENTIFYING key partner for Eurocopter, offering all Indi-
The setting-up of Eurocopter India Pvt. an customers a Eurocopter-approved
Ltd. is but a natural progression on the long OPPORTUNITIES maintenance centre in its state-of-the-art
tradition of cooperation and business that
Eurocopter has had with India. India was FOR INDUSTRIAL base in Greater Noida near Delhi.

the first nation with which Eurocopter

signed a license agreement which included
DEALS (The author is Sales & Marketing
Director - South Asia, Eurocopter)

February 2011

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EDIT Rigt Angle Feb.qxd 2/7/2011 6:59 PM Page 35
THE AEROSPACE POWER
W
ith Bengaluru staging arguably Asia’s
largest air show this month, in which
international defence and aerospace
companies are going to raise the sales
pitch, pursuing multi-billion-rupee con-
tract opportunities in India, a minority but powerful school
of thought is questioning its very relevance. The opposition
is not because the mega event will affect the daily lives of
the people of Bengaluru and add to the city’s noise and pol-
lution. These are the standard resentments of
the local populace against any air show any-
where in the world. But the question is more
fundamental. Should a developing country
like India think of acquiring the “technologi-
cal wonders” that will be displayed at the cost
of billions of rupees, which could be better
spent on healthcare, education or feeding and
housing the poor? Prakash
This school is not impressed by the count-
er-arguments that no nation has developed economically
without the corresponding military strength; that the two
are inexorably linked; that peace and tranquility, the two
essential prerequisites for sustained economic growth, can-
not be assured without adequate military power; and that
these days “Air Power” (“Aerospace Power”, to be more accu-
rate) is the most critical component of military power. For
this school, military power, which is “hard power”, is not
important. It is of the opinion that India’s “soft power” (eco-
nomic growth, social cohesion, democratic ethos, cultural
strength, civilisational legacy etc.) is sufficient to take the
country through.
It may be noted that ever since the American political
scientist Joseph S. Nye Jr. popularised the concept of soft
power, many countries have been witnessing debates over
whether raw military power is the most effective way of
serving national interests. The basic idea here is that if pow-
er is the ability to influence others to get them to do what
you want, then there are three major ways to do that: one is
to threaten them with sticks; the second, is to pay them with
carrots; and, the third, is to attract them or co-opt them, so
that they want what you want. If you can get others to be
attracted to want what you want, it costs you much less in
carrots and sticks. And for getting attracted many countries
have been promoting things like international reputation
(based on history, values and culture) and credibility, free
media, public diplomacy and international develop-
ment/humanitarian assistance.
India has not been immune to this trend. In fact, now we
have a full-fledged public diplomacy division in the Min-
istry of External Affairs, which, incidentally, had organised
recently an impressive international symposium on “Public
Diplomacy in the Information Age”. All elements of Indian
soft power, including “Bollywood”, Ayurveda, Indian
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GEOPOLITICS
g
Right Angle
cuisines and dances were comprehensively highlighted.
However, the votaries of soft power have a vision of the
world they want, not necessarily a world that one has. Obvi-
ously, soft power cannot be a solution to India’s problems
with Pakistan and China. Pakistan’s military elite is extreme-
ly fond of Bollywood films and music. But that does not
change their behaviour towards India. The Chinese are
highly impressed with Indians’ mastery over English and
mathematics. But that does not change their perceptions of
the vexed Sino-Indian boundary disputes.
Similarly, North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il
loves Hollywood movies, but that does not
affect his nuclear programme. American jeans
are still popular in Iran but that does not mean
that Iranians will listen to what Washington
says. In fact, recent studies have shown how
there has been a decline of American soft pow-
Nanda er not because of American culture or values
but due to the faulty and actual policies in var-
ious parts of the world.
It is no wonder why none other than Nye himself is now
propagating the concept of “smart power”, which is defined
as “the capacity of an actor to combine elements of hard
power and soft power in ways that are mutually reinforcing
such that the actor’s purposes are advanced effectively and
efficiently”. Nye says that America can become a smart
America — a smart power — by investing in global public
goods, providing things people and governments of the
world want but have not been able to get in the absence of
leadership by the strongest country. “By complementing US
military and economic might with greater investments in
soft power, and focusing on global public goods, the US can
rebuild the framework that it needs to tackle tough global
challenges”, he argues.
The truth is that soft power is not a substitute of hard
power. But soft power can be a great force multiplier of the
hard power. Viewed thus, while India must project its soft
power (and this the country has been doing with great
effect, particularly in Afghanistan of late), it cannot compro-
mise on its military prowess, given the prevailing security
environment — the Arab world is under great turmoil;
South Asia has turned into a region of “failed states”; and
China is flexing its muscles in central, east and south-east
Asia. In this environment, the nature of the warfare is
changing, with Aerospace Power becoming the primary tool
of deterrence, and punishment if deterrence fails.
In other words, Aerospace Power is going to be a critical
component of India’s military power. That means we must
have the best of the aircraft and ammunition to achieve our
air and space superiority. So, let us welcome the Aero India
Show 2011.
prakashnanda@newsline.in
January 2011
Smith Back cover.qxd 2/2/2011 3:12 PM Page 1

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