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From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
Strictly an air passageway. Closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal
cavity.
The Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) that lie high on the posterior wall.
What are the tubes that open into the lateral walls of the Nasopharynx?
Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis.
What is the function of the Oropharynx?
The Palatine tonsils that lie in the lateral walls of the fauces (latin for throat), and the Lingual
tonsils that covers the base of the tongue.
To provide a patent airway, to route air and food into the proper chanels, to function in voice
production.
The glottis.
What is Speech?
Intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis.
What is Pitch?
What is Loudness?
Depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords.
Trachea.
What accounts for most of the lungs volume and are the mains ite for gas exchange?
300 million Alveoli.
Pulmonary veins.
What is Expiration?
760 mm Hg.
Relative to Patm.
Equal to Patm.
What is Intrapulmonary (Intra-Alveolar) Pressure?
Patm.
Negative pressure - always less than intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure (<Patm and
<Ppul).
Difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul - Pip). Keeps the airways
open.
What is Atelectasis?
Lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles that resulted in colapse of alveoli, or would that
admits air into pleural cavity (pneumothorax).
What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
Pressure changes.
The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. P varies inversely with V. P1V1 = P2V2.
An active processes. Inspiratory muscles contract. Thoracic volume increases. Lungs are stretched
and intrapulmonary volume increases. Intrapulmonary pressure drops. Air flows into the lungs,
down its pressure gradiant until Ppul = Patm.
- 1 mm Hg.
+1 mm HG.
What is the liquid coasting of the alveolar surface always acting to reduce?
What is Surfactant?
A detergent like complex, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing.
What is a Spirometer?
Obstructive pulmonary disease - increased airway resistances (e.g., chronic bronchitis), and
Restrictive disorders - reduction in total lung capacity due to structual or functional lung changes
(e.g., fibrosis or TB).
Obstructive diseases.
Restrictive diseases.
AVR - measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time.
Increases AVR.
Decreases AVR.
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by
each gas in the mixter.
What is the partial pressure of each gas directional proportional too?
What a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will disolve in the liquid in proportion
to its partial pressure.
What does the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depend on?
Its solubility.
Carbon dioxide.
Oxygen.
Nitrogen.
What is ventilation?
What is perfusion?
Blood flow reaching the alveoli.
Bound to hemoglobin (HB) within red blood cells and is dissolved in plasma.
Oxyhemoglobin (HBO2).
How does Po2 effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02?
How does temperature effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02?
How does Blood pH effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02?
How does Pco2 effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02?
What is Hypoxia?
Nitric oxide binds to a cysteine amino acid on hemoglobin, bound nitric oxide is protected from
degratation by hemoglobin's iron.
Binds nitric oxide and carries these gases to the lungs for unloading.
What are the three forms that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2, the more CO2 can be carried in the
blood.
What happens at the tissues as more carbon dioxide enters the blood?
More O2 dissociates from hemoglobin (Bohr effect). More Co2 combines with hemoglobine and
more bicarbonate ions are formed.
DRG - Near the root of cranial nerve IX. Integrates input from peripheral stretch and
chemoreceptors.
VRG - Rhythm generating and integrative center. Sets Eupnea. Inspiratory neurons excite the
inspiratory muscles via the phrenic and intercostal nerves. Expiratory neurons inhibit the
inspiratory neurons.
What is Eupnea?
Influence and modify activity of the VRG, smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration
and vice versa.
Stretch receptors in the pleurae and airs are stimulated by lung inflation. Inhibitory signals to the
medullary respiratory centers end inhalation and allow expiration to occur. Acts more as a
protective response.
Hypercapnia CO2 levels decline - results in increased depth and rate of breathing.
What is Hyperventilation?
Increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2. May cause
cerebral vasoconstriction and cerebral ischemia.
What is Apnea?
What are the three nerual factors that cause an increase in ventilation as exercise begins?
Psychological stimuli, simultaneous cortical motor activation of skeletal muscles and respiratory
centers. Excitatory impulses reaching respiratory centers from proprioceptors in moving muscles,
tendons and joints.
Carbon doxide retention, accumulation of lactic acid, excess fatty acids in patients with
diabeletes mellitus.
AMS - quick travel to altitutes above 8000 feet may produce symptoms.
Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness. Severe cases lethal cerebral and
pulmonary edema.
What is Acclimatization?
Respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude include increased ventilation and decline
in blood 02.
How long does it take to denefit from high altitude training for increased performance?
3 - 4 weeks.
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irreversible decrease in the ability to force air out of the
lungs.
History of smoking in 80% of patients, Dyspnea, Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections,
most victims develop respiratory failure accompanied by respiratory acidosis.
What is Asthma?
What is TB?
Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America. Metastasizes rapidly and widely; most victims
die within 1 year of diagnosis. 90 % of all cases are the result of smoking.