Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 2
RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................... 4
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 5
A. Status quo of Afghanistan ................................................................................................ 5
B. Taliban and Opium Trafficking in Afghanistan ............................................................... 7
C. Current Controls and Regulation by the Government of Afghanistan ............................. 8
D . Government Efforts on Opium Cultivation, establish NDCS ....................................... 10
CASE STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 12
Opium as a Non-Traditional Security Threat for Afghanistan............................................ 12
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 17

1
ABSTRACT

The needs of the electrical energy that increase continuously every year in Indonesia
and many of the development of industrial development in order to improve the
economy of Indonesia. Therefore the government should be better in the electricity
distribution system to consumers both the public and the industry in SUTT 150kV.

In the distribution of electricity transmission network is in the pipe from the power
plants to customers have lost power caused some disorders that occur on the
transmission channels. With more length conductor make power compensation be
greater. So the purpose of this research is to calculate the power is lost in the
transmission channel SUTT 150kV. The counting

The counting was done the highest power compensation and compensation
transmission power. The highest voltage fall is Saguling Baloi path to Saguling great
stone of 0.175 % and adds with existing transmission on the moon February 2016 of
303,380.33 KWh so that if in rupiah Rp 390,450,484.71. So from the final conclusion
that adds with existing happens in Batam continued to fall to 1 % invulnerable time 1
years.

Keywords: power compensation

INTRODUCTION
Drug, a substance that comes from plant or not plant that can cause the decrease
or changes in consciousness, loss of pain and cause dependency (Badan Narkotika
Nasional, 2019). Drug is usually used in medical field under the doctor’s instruction
and cannot be misused. The misuse of drugs can affect a person’s life that can even
takes them to death. Then why do people use drug? Some of people feel
undrepressure, lonely and some use it for fun. The drug’s user believes that drug

2
makes them relaxed. They do know the conscequences, but people’s demand is
higher than their consideration for not using drug. As the absence of drug’s used and
sold freely, people are trying to get it illicitly, globally. It is what we call drug
trafficking. Drug trafficking is included as a non traditional security threat.
According to United Nation Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC), a global
illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances
which are subject to drug prohibition laws is known as drug trafficking. It means that
drug trafficking is not only the transaction in selling and buying the drugs. It is the act
on illegal smugling of drugs from one country to another. As well as the importation
and exportation of the illegal or controlled substances between national borders or
countries (The History, Effect, and Cost of Drug Trafficking on Society, 2017). Drug
trafficking is often associated with other forms of crime, such as money laundering or
corruption. Trafficking routes can also be used by criminal networks to transport

other illicit products (Interpol, 날짜 정보 없음).

Drug trafficking could be happen in any kinds of state’s condition; it could be

a conflicting state, developing, developed, poor state or everywhere. USA, Mexico,
Colombia and Afghanistan are some of the countries that do drug trafficking. In 2016,
as much as 87 tons of global drug seizure was taken. In 2016-2017, production of
global opium was increased into 65% up to 10.500 tons, highest number that was
recorded by UNODC since the first monitoring opium. The marked increase in the
planting of opium poppy and the gradual increase in production in Afghanistan
resulted in opium production there last year reaching 9,000 tons. Moreover, this
journal will be specifically discusses about Afghanistan. In fact, Afghanistan
produces 90% of all opiate drugs in the world, but until recently was not a major
consumer. Now, out of a population of 35 million, more than a million are addicted to
drugs - proportionately the highest figure in the world (QadiryTahir, 2013). Opium
has been cultivated in Afghanistan for centuries. In 1980s, much of the countryside
became a battle zone. People were arrested, tortured, killed, and expelled the skilled
and educated people. Half of all farms were abandoned, and there was a 70% decline

3
in livestock. Opium then became one of the biggest resources for Afghanistan that
can increase their economic (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-
Narcotics, 2006). Between 1992 and 1995 Afghanistan produced 2200-2400 metric
tons every year. The drug money paid for arms, ammunition, soldiers’ salaries, fuel,
food etc.

No one is sure when the exact time of drug trafficking first happened. It is
because drug was finely used for good; medical, for example. Some countries that are
dealing with drug trafficking have different histories. But in case of opium, an illegal
drug trade emerged in China in 19th century. Started from 1800s, the importation of
foreign opium was declared illegal. In Afghanistan in 2001, the Taliban officially
declared opium cultivation illegal. But while cultivation was banned, the regime did
not attempt to ban the processing or trafficking of existing stocks, taxation of which
was a more important source of revenue for the regime and the traders who supported
them. As it was declared illegal, the cultivation of opium is still running. But it is also
believed that the actor behind drug trafficking in Afghanistan could be anyone that
has relation with Taliban. The relying on opium cultivation by the Afghanistan
farmer – especially in remote and mountainous regions – also became part of their
subsistence strategies. Opium poppy provided farmers a relatively secure and
substantial cash income. Opium generally offers higher returns than any other crop.
The poppy is also relatively weather resistant. Lastly, opium serves as a source of
credit where a formal financial system does not exist (Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, 2006).

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. How the government policy fails to regulate the rampant drug trafficking in
afghanistan?
2. How Afghanistan as constitunionally Islamic republic fails to reflect the
Islamic value –stopping the production of haram product –drug?

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DISCUSSION

A. Status quo of Afghanistan

[Fact sheet – Afghanistan opium survey 2018]

Table of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan

Sources: MCN/UNODC opium surveys 1994-2018.

[The Area Dominated by Opium Decreased by 20% but Remained at a High

Rate]

The total opium poppy cultivation area in Afghanistan was estimated at

328,000 hectares in 2017 and decreased up to 20% in the next year. In 2017, the area
dominated by opium was estimated only 263,000 hectares. Eventhough it has
declined but the amount still needs to be watched out. Most of the opium poppy
cultivation are located in Southern region, followed by Western region, Eastern
region, and Northen region. While the ‘free’ regions are counted as 10 region same

5
like a previous year. Opium poppy cultivation decreased about 24,000 hectares (-56%)
in the Northen region, 23,200 hectares (-43%) in the Western region and 15,000 (-8%)
in the Southern region. The strong decreases in the Northen and some parts of
Western region were mostly caused by a drought. The area under opium poppy
cultivation remined at a very high level in 2008, inspite of the decreasing price.
Opium poppy has become a crucial component of the Afghan economy that secure
many family there.

Opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, 1994-2018 (Hectares)

Sources: MCN/UNODC opium surveys 1994-

2018. The vertical lines represent the upper and
lower bounds of the 95% confidence interval. The
purple line represents the average farm-gate price
without inflation adjustment, the orange line the
farm-gate price after inflation adjustment.

Even if the number of field (Ha) used as a opium field but there is no decreasing in
term of threat posed by opium it self. In fact, drug use in Afghanistan has increased
markedly in recent years. It is estimated more than 920,000 problem of drug users. In

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Kabul, the number of heroin users has doubled in less than three years. (UNODC ,
2005 Drug Use Survey for Afghanistan. Kabul: UNODC). As the result, the impact of
drug users also led Afghanistan to face another crisis such as severe illnes
(HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C) caused by sharing injecting equipment done by the users.

B. Taliban and Opium Trafficking in Afghanistan

The problem of opium in Afghanistan is clearly not a new problem. Opium is
one of the effective commodity that give a big profit in short time. Since 1979,
Afghanistan experienced a massive conflict created an economic and political
unstability.

Experts stated that even though the tradition of opium poppy cultivation has been
started for a thousand years ago, but the big scale of distribution of opium just started
from 1970s. Accoring to Lacouture (2009), the catalyst of a rampant oppium poppy
cultivation in Afghanistan are :

1. Wars that last forever

2. The absence of centralized government historically valid
3. The increasing of strict prohibition of planting opium in other state, so that
Afghan opium production is very high ‘needed’ to fill the demand.

For the example, when the Taliban regime was overthrown in 2001, the legal
government of Afghanistan work together with United Nation strive to reduce the
production of opium and provide another alternative to plant other plant (Barton,
2007: 99-100). Unfortunatelly, this campaign didn’t give a big changes, even the
number of farmers keep increase rapidly.

After the withdrawal of the Soviet Union, various factions in Afghanistan fought
each other. It is the evidence, shows that local and foreign factions have obtained big
income from opium trafficking. This large income can provide resources funds that
allow rebellion actions to expand by recruiting new troops and add more weapons.
According to UNODC (United Nations of Drug and Crime), the number of people
who invole in opium trading keep increasing in the era of Taliban.

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 During the reign of the Taliban, due to the absence of other financial
resources, the regime this is funding 'government' with income from taxation to
farmers and opium traders who reached 75-100 million US Dollars. In 2000,
following an embargo from the UN Security Council, the Taliban had banned it hard
for farmers to grow opium. But this ban is only of a nature while. In 2005, after the
Taliban returned to active attacks and rebellion to the Afghan government, insistence
to fulfill operational needs became a strong push for the Taliban to return to plunge
into opium business (UNODC:2009). Another interesting argument was expressed by
United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP), that the prohibition
on planting opium is carried out only as a way to disrupt global opium supplies, and
has an impact on rising opium prices, and UNDCP reveals prices opium rose on the
global market in 2001 to US $ 301 / kg previously only in the range of US $ 30 / kg
(UNODC: 2001). No one knows for sure the nominal money that the Taliban gets
from the results of this opium business. Based on data from UNODC (2009), it is
possible The Taliban earn around 200-300 million US dollars per year. This entry
sourced from levies on opium farmers; lab processing costs; transit fees for drug
convoys; and taxation; and in line with the magnitude volume of opium planting.

C. Current Controls and Regulation by the Government of Afghanistan

“The state prevents all types of terrorist activities, cultivation and smuggling of
narcotic drugs and production and consumption of intoxicants.”
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

According to Afghan government officials, they already create a set of

strategy to control the sale and domestic manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs
through the Ministry of Health before the Soviet invasion in 1979. But, it was not
really effective, since in 1979 the illegal export and import of drugs seem like get
bigger because the company of psychotropics has increasingly become professional
due to the lack of institutional controls (Government). Even, most pharmaceuticals
imported legally came through the Ministry of Health by way of the state owned

8
enterprise, Avicenna, Pharmaceutical Institute. (Anna Paterson and Asif Karimi,
Understanding Markets in Afghanistan: A Study of the Market for
Pharmaceuticals(Kabul: AREU, 2005).)

It was become harder when Afghanistan experience many war and make the
regulatory bodies are not able to prevent any smuggled of psychotropics. “We
estimate that up to 80% of the psychotropics drugs brought into Afghanistan are
illegally smuggled in without an official government import licence” (Government
official, Kabul, April 2008)

In 2003, the Ministry of Public Health released a National Medicine Policy in

order to make sure that all medical drugs were effective, safe, good quality, and fairly
priced for all society. The policies were emphasised that the availibility of drugs such
as psychotropics with risks (use injection) should be use a particular restriction. In
order to avoid other bigger impact of drug uses. ( Ministry of Health, National
Medicine Policy (Kabul:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, 2003).)
Since 2007, under Article 5 of the National Drug Law, the Drug Regulation
Committee in the Ministry of Counter Narcotics has been responsible for controlling
psychotropics (and narcotics) as well as the chemical precursors that are imported
into Afghanistan and used in the manufacture of heroin. These drugs are on the
Controlled Substances List that is included in the government’s National Licensed
Drug List. They require a special import licence, and they are stored and tracked
differently compared to other medicines. The Drug Regulation Committee consists of
five members appointed for a four-year period: two experts from the Ministry of
Counter Narcotics; one medical and one pharmaceutical expert from the Ministry of
Public Health; and one customs expert from the Ministry of Finance. Anyone
intending to import psychotropics must first apply to the Directorate of Pharmacy in
the Ministry of Public Health and obtain a certifi cate from the National Board for
Psychotropics along with a licence from the Drug Regulation Committee. (Ministry
of Counter Narcotics, “List of Legally Imported Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs for
2007” and “List of Legally Imported Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs for 2008.”)

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D . Government Efforts on Opium Cultivation, establish NDCS
The government of Afghanistan launched a regulatory body called National
Drug Control Strategy that first launched in May 2003. Afghanistan has agreed to re-
built the basic institutions to solve this ‘permanent’ issue. The President of Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan mention that opium cultivation in Afghanistan is one of the
greatest challenge for the long term security and the stability of Afghanistan or
international it self. Afghanistan assumed as a real threat since it is the global supply
of opiates. This chaostic condition tend to undermines the rule that is key for bringing
safety and security to people. The opium trade reward those who plunged
Afghanistan into a many decades of lawlessness, chaos and left Afghanistan in the
hand of terrorists. (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics,
NDCS. Kabul, 2006)
The challenge of Afghanistan keeping increase when the cultivation of opium
also increase rapidly, In 2005, the opium poppy cultivation covered more than 2.3%
of the total country’s land (up to 10% of land in opium growing villages). The society
also seem like can’t avoid the opium poppy cultivation since it’s provide a jobs up to
12.6% of the population as a whole. (UNODC, 2005. Opium Survey. Kabul:
UNODC). The production of opium become higher and control a large land. The rich
farmers who have capital tend to cultivate oppium rather than other food , while the
poorer farmers who don’t have enough capital must either work as a labor or enter
into sharecropping contracts normally requiring the cultivation of opium. Eventhough
many people still reject it since it is ‘haram’ for Islam. (Byrd, W. and C. Ward, 2004.
Afghanistan’s Drug Economy. A Preliminary Overview and Analysis. Draft Technical
Annex 2. Washington: World Bank.)
Moreover, according to the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Afghanistan produced around 87% of illicit opium worldwide in 2005. Afghanistan
also one of the actors who must take the responsibility toward the opium users
worldwide, and has been become the concern of many parties. (UNODC, 2005.
Opium Survey. Kabul: UNODC; UNODC, 2005. World Opium Report. Vienna:
UNODC)

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 Response to this conditions, NDCS (National Drug Controls Strategy) create a set
of strategy and identify the Government’s policy goal and four key priorities. The
main goal is to secure a sustainable decrease in cultivation, production, trafficking
and consumption of illicit drugs. In working towards this, the government focus its
efforts on four national priorities, the four prioroties are :
1. Disrupting the drugs trade by targeting traffickers and their backers and
eliminating the basis for the trade;
2. Strengthening and diversifying legal rural livelihoods;
3. Reducing the demand for illicit drugs and treatment of problem drug users;
and
4. Developing state institutions both at the central and provincial
(Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, NDCS.
Kabul, 2006)
The NDCS create a systematic and clear approach to the drugs issue. the strategy
is centered on four keys priorities above. This approach recognises that the activities
need to be effectively sequenced rather than proceeding it one by one.
a. Priority one : Disrupting the drugs trade by targeting traffickers and their
backers and eliminating the basis for the trade
NDCS trying to give an attention to the traffickers who get the profit rather
than on a poor farmers who may have little choice to survive. Whereas the
extreme eradication can give an impact on its own security, governance and
economic development. NDCS focusing on the trafficking network with the
link to other kind of criminalities activity. NDCS also try to keep the pressure
on the poor farmers always low, who may have no choices except to grow
poppy in order to survive.
b. Priority Two: Strengthening and diversifying legal rural livelihoods
NDCS believes that the poppy farmers not mereley want to achieve profit, but
it is a result of complex reasong behind. It was predicted because the
influence of availability of credits, access to land, alternative employment
opportunities, and food security. Based on this rational assumption, NDCS

11
 use a ‘safe’ means by improving the social protection for the poor through the
work programme and social safety nets, or maybe provide an access to finance
and credit.
c. Priority Three: Reducing the demand for illicit and treatment of problem drug
users
Many indicators refers to the tragedy (war) in a few decades is the reason of
the drug uses by Afghan. Many Afghan feels insecure because the incidence
of injecting drug use is also of growing concern. The injectors are the figures
that likely increase the problems related to drug use. In this particular case, the
government should reduce the arrest and the punishment to the drug use by
diverted into treatment and harm reduction programmes. Currently we need
rapidly improving the demand reduction in healthcare, education, law
enforcement and makes a drug awareness and prevention campaigns.
d. Priority Four : Strengthening state institutions both at the centre and in the
provinces
NDCS believes that strong, effective and accountable institutions and law
enforcement agencies need to build at the central and the provincial level, it
will increase the ability and capacity within to the institutions and to extend to
reach to the provinces. The establishment of secure CN will be prioritize to
ensure the passage of effective CN legislation. The developing toward the
institutions will be have a big impact in the allocation process at both the
central and the provincial level in order to ensure resources are allocated
equitably and without corruption.

CASE STUDY

Opium as a Non-Traditional Security Threat for Afghanistan

Afghanistan continues to be the world’s biggest producer of opium. Opium is
a plant that generally grows in subtropical regions and the sap is extracted into

12
morphine and heroin. Opium has been cultivated since 1100 A.D., then the
production has steadly increasd since 1979. Afghanistan experienced various of
conflict since 1978, it cause an economic turmoil and politic that stands for opium
trade. Afghanistan has one of the biggest rates of drug use in the world, with and
estimated 3 million addicts, around 10 percent of its population of 30 million. The
Afghans drug addicts include more than 1 million women and more than 100,000
children. The program of eradication and subtitution have been largely abandoned as
foreign funding has ended and insurgent attack have increased, that’s why the users
of drug in Afghanistan also increase. There are at least 40,000 intravenous drug users
in Afghanistan, making them vulnerable to HIV and other infections. The UN
estimates that around 7,000 people in Afghanistan live with HIV (Chaterine S Todd,
t.thn.).

The Afghan drug economy is thriving. Although the United States has spent
almost $9 billion to stem narcotics production over the course of the war, the most
recent UN survey reports that opium cultivation in Afghanistan is at its second-
highest level since 1994. Largely based in the southern provinces of Helmand and
Kandahar, along the irrigated shores of the Helmand River, this multibillion-
dollar trade has turned the country into the “opium capital of the world.” The industry
makes up half of Afghanistan’s GDP and provides roughly 85 percent of the world’s
opium. Most important, the drug trade is a cash cow for terrorists. Its steep profits
make up 65 percent of the Taliban’s revenues and line the pockets of several other
groups that the U.S. State Department has designated as terrorist organizations. Al
Qaeda’s ties to Taliban-owned poppy fields are well documented. The Haqqani
network, one of the biggest threats to the NATO mission in Afghanistan, receives its
funding from taxes levied on the opium trade. (Matthew S. Reid, 2019)

The increasing of opium production is largely due to rapid expansion of

territory used to cultivate poppy, following advances by the Taliban, which have been
waging war against the Afghan government since 2001, are heavily involved in
promote and profit from the crop. In 2001, the last year of its rule, the Taliban

13
outlawed opium cultivation, but they have since reserved course. They now enjoy a
growing share of illicit business, partly due to territorial gains, which allow them to
promote poppy. Taliban interest in poppy is gaining support from the people and it is
a provocative act against the government. The use of drug in Taliban territory is not
tolerated and addicts are imprisoned (Rasmussen, 2017).

The government struggles to provide services, but can’t keep up the numbers
of addict in the country. Afghanistan’s government have established treatment centers,
and police with health officials often round up addicts from the streets and bring them
to the centers. Billions of dollars have been spent on counter-narcotics campaign. But
the number of drug users is growing. But the treatment is poor, in Helmand, where
the poppies grow and where the unemployment and poverty perpetuate the temptation
of readily available drugs, the government offer only 70 spots at two rehabilitation
clinic. Also in Helmand there is no clinic rehabilitation for women, although the
numbers are to be growing.

Most drug addicts use drugs to escape the difficulties of life. The number of users
will increase along with the increase in opium production. The large number of drug
addicts in Afghanistan is a non-traditional security threat. The increasing number of
users and opium production in Afghanistan poses threats both inside and outside. In-
depth in terms of dealing with domestic aspects of Afghanistan as a country, they are:

1. The survival of terrorist groups in Afghanistan, one of which is the Taliban,

because of the smooth funding of what they did through the opium trade.
2. With the survival of terrorist groups in Afghanistan (the Taliban), Afghanistan
will increasingly be trapped in conditions that threaten Afghanistan's national
stability in various aspects, such as economics and politics.
3. Inhibiting the progress of Afghanistan, because the government continues to
be preoccupied by acts of terrorism, especially in the breeding of opium by
the people masterminded by the Taliban.
4. Afghanistan will continue to collapse in long poverty.

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 5. Increasing the number of drug addicts in Afghanistan that will destroy the
social order.

Furthermore, the type of threat that comes out is a threat that affects other parties,
including:

1. Increased drug trafficking which causes transnational crime. Harvested opium

is traded in raw or processed conditions. Crossing other national borders
illegally, in Central Asia or even in Europe.
2. Increased drug trafficking will increase the number of drug addicts and drug-
related deaths in the world. Afghanistan is the biggest supplier of drugs to
Europe, which results in increased consumption of opium in Europe.
3. Opium trade has a health hazard, including HIV, liver and others.

Along with the end of the cold war, security issues are not only issues of conflict, but
also issues that are considered to protect state security, the issue being a non-
traditional security threat, one of which is drug trafficking.

CONCLUSION
Drug trafficking is a potential way to make a great income. But it is also a
threat. The fact that Afghanistan’s opium economy grew as a consequence of the
degradation of agricultural and economic infrastructure due to more than twenty years
of war. On the other hand, it shows the failure of the state for accepting opium as a
livelihood strategy. Despite its poor condition, we think that it is inappropriate for
making drug as their money resources, especially for being a Islamic country.
Government’s effort in eliminating drug trafficking under four priorities; 1.
Disrupting the drugs trade by targeting traffickers and their backers and eliminating
the basis for the trade; 2. Strengthening and diversifying legal rural livelihoods;
3.Reducing the demand for illicit drugs and treatment of problem drug users; and
4.Developing state institutions both at the central and provincial, are considered not
effevtive if the current situation of Afghanistan is still hold the record for providing

15
90% opiate drugs. Afghanistan’s opium economy has also affected its neighbours. As
long as large-scale opium production exists in Afghanistan, the threat to the security
of neighbouring countries will remain. The international support will have to be
targeted at solving the problems. As the large-scale destruction of agricultural
infrastructure, even small efforts can dramatically increase the yields of legal crops.
The infrastructure necessary to transport legal crops to markets will have to be
restored. Farmers should be provided to grow legal crops. Efforts to assist farmers
will have to go hand in hand with the maintenance and strengthening of the opium
monitoring system established in the country over the last few years. At last,
government and international actor should be the support for Afghanistan –and other
drug trafficking countries, to stop cultivating drugs. The beauty of opium flowers is
not worth the death for being addicted.

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Badan Narkotika Nasional. (2019, January 7). Pengertian Narkoba dan Bahaya Narkoba Bagi
kesehatan. Retrieved April 5, 2019, from Badan Narkotika Nasional Republik
Indonesia: bnn.go.id

Chaterine S Todd, N. S. (n.d.). Drug use and Harm reduction in afghanistan . Retrieved from
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Interpol. (n.d.). Drug Trafficking. Retrieved April 7, 2019, from International Criminal Police
Organization: https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Drug-trafficking

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics. (2006). An Updated Five-Year

Strategy for Tackling the Illicit Drug Problem. NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY,
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Matthew S. Reid, Cybele C. Greenberg. Helmand’s Flower That Threatens Us All. (2019).

Retrived April 7, 2019, from Foreign Affairs:

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2019-03-21/helmands-flower-
threatens-us-all

Qadiry, T. (2013, April 11). Afghanistan, the drug addiction capital. Retrieved April 8, 2019,
from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22091005

Rasmussen, S. E. (2017, November 16). Afghanistan's booming heroin trade leaves trail of
addiction at home. Retrieved April 6, 2019, from ww.guardian.com:
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addiction-treatment-opium-helmand

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